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1 IER Fundamentals
1 IER Fundamentals
Marc Slagt
Technical Support Specialist
EMEA
3.The system
4.Exchange reactions
5.Ion exchange process
6.Safety and Awareness
Cl-
resin
IEX
resin
H+
+ H2O
Na+
chemicals
Na+
Drinking water
(water + ions)
Cl
Na+ + Cl-
RO
H2O
pressure
membrane
H
H
FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CARBON CHAINS
NETWORK
H
H
H
H
H
H
SOLVENT (WATER)
IN THE POROSITY
Na+
Drinking water
(water + ions)
Cl-
Cl-
Static
RESIN
bed
Na+
H 2O
2. Resins
What are ion exchange resins?
CH=CH2
A. Chemical structure
Styrene
B. Matrix
C. Functionality
SO3-H+
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH=CH2
Styrene
Divinylbenzene
CH=CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
Cross linkage
IF % DVB
Water retention
Swelling
Kinetics
Regenerability/Operating capacity
Organic desorption ability
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH
COOCH3
CH
COCH3
CH
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
Polymerisation
+ NH2CH2CH2CH2N
CH3
+ CH3OH
CH
Amidation
CH3
Dimethylaminopropylamine
Same
polymerisation
as WAC !
C NHCH2CH2CH2N
O
WBA
Amberlite IRA67
CH3
CH3
(I)
Sulfonating acid
/ swelling
(II)
Styrene-DVB copolymer
Divinylbenzene
SO3-H+
Strong Acid Cation Resin
(I)
ClCH2OCH3
(II)
CH2Cl
Styrene-DVB copolymer
:N(CH3)2R
(III)
Divinylbenzene
R = CH3 (Type 1)
R = CH2-CH2-OH (Type 2)
R = 0 (WBA)
2. Resins : matrix
Gel
Po r es
Cross-linking is evenly
distributed in the matrix
Pseudo-crystalline structure
Natural porosity
2. Resins : matrix
Macroporosity
Macropore
Macropore
Macropore
2. Resin: Functionality
a lot of choice..
Cation Exchange Resins
Weak Acid
Strong Acid
Anion Exchange Resins
Weak base
Strong Base
Type 1
Type 2
Acrylic
special chemical groups
2.Resins: functionality
Cation Exchange Resin
Strong Acid Cation (SAC)
Exchange Resin
SO3-
H+
O
H+
C
O-
SO3-
Removes hardness
in ratio to alkalinity
2.Resins: Functionality
Anion Exchange Resin Weak Base (WBA)
CH3
N:
HCl
CH3
High Operating Capacity smaller vessels
High Regeneration Efficiency less chemicals
Good for organics removal less fouling
2.Resins: Functionality
Anion Exchange Resin Strong Base
Type 1 Anion
Exchange Resin
Type 2 Anion
Exchange Resin
CH3
CH3
OH-
N+ CH3
N+ CH3
OH-
CH2 CH2 OH
CH3
High Chemical Stability
High Silica Removal
2.Resins: functionality
acrylic anion
CH2
CH
CH
C
O
CH2
Quaternisation
CH3
NHCH2CH2N
CH3Cl
or (CH3)2SO4
O
CH
CH
CH3 ClNHCH2CH2N+-CH3
CH3
WBA
Amberlite IRA67
CH3
SBA
Amberlite IRA458 Cl
2.Manufacturing steps
Cation
CO-POLYMERIZATION
Anion
DRYING
SIEVING
SULFONATION
HYDRATION
CHLOROMETHYLATION
AMINATION
WASHING
DEWATERING
PACKAGING
2.Stirred reactor
MONOMERS
STYRENE
DIVINYLBENZENE
CATALYSTS
(POROGENIC CHEM.)
CONTROL
TEMPERATURE
STIRRING
SUSPENSION MEDIUM
WATER + STABILISER
HEATING
Suspension solution
Monomer feed
Orifice plate
Chamber
Piston
Motor
Volume Percent
90%
90%
40%
200
400
Volume Percent
40%
600
800
1000
1200
1400
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
B
0
Bead diameter
50%
90%
3. The System
Application (softening, demin, polishing,
boron, nitrate, scavenging, etc)
Vessels + operational logic
Distribution system
Piping + valves
Regeneration station + chemical storage
Waste discharge / Neutralization facilities
Feed water and product water distribution
PLC control system
Regeneration
Na+
H+
H+
Cation
resin
bead
Na+
H+
Na+
H+
H+
H+
H+
Na+
Cation
resin
bead
H+
H+
Na+
H+
H+
H+
DEGREE OF CROSS-LINKAGE
4% DVB
8% DVB
16% DVB
MONOVALENT IONS
H
Li
Na
NH4
K
Cs
Ag
1.0
0.90
1.3
1.6
1.75
2.0
6.0
1.0
0.85
1.5
1.95
2.5
2.7
7.6
1.0
0.7
1.9
2.5
3.3
3.4
17.0
DIVALENT IONS
Mn
Mg
Zn
Cu
Ca
Pb
Ba
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.7
3.4
5.4
6.15
2.35
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.9
7.5
8.7
2.7
2.8
3.0
3.6
5.8
14.5
16.5
KHNa > 1 means that the affinity for Na is higher than that for H
TYPE 2
OH
1.0
1.0
FLUORIDE
ACETATE
BICARBONATE
CHLORIDE
BISULFITE
NITRATE
CITRATE
1.6
3.2
6.0
22
27
65
220
0.3
0.5
1.2
2.3
3
8
23
R-Na+ + HCl
R-H + Na+Cl
pH = 7
Outlet ions:
Na+
K+
ClSO42NO3-
Ca2+
2H+
In service
CO2
HSiO3pH ~ 5
RFR
Na+
ClSO42NO3-
H+
In service
CO2
HSiO3-
= pH
RFR
Outlet ions:
Cl-
Na+ leakage
OH-
CO2
HSiO3-
CO2
HSiO3-
End of
regeneration
In service
Inlet ions:
Na+ leakage
CO2
HSiO3-
RFR
HSiO3-
Outlet ions:
OHNa+ leakage
OHEnd of
regeneration
In service
= pH
H to Ca + 15%
H to Na + 60%
H to Na + 90%
Fresh bed
exhaustion
regeneration
exhaustion
Common regenerants:
HCl / H2SO4
NaCl
NaOH
NaCl
=
=
=
=
Cation resin
Cation softening
Anion resin
Anion organic scavenger
End
Regenerated
resin
Exhausted resin
Reaction zone
Total capacity
100%
Conductivity
Leakage
Operating capacity
75% of total
(spent
regenerant)
Before
regeneration
Regenerant
(upflow)
Reverse flow
regeneration
Feed water
After
regeneration
UPCORE
Amberpack
Clean
polishing
zone
Feed water
Co flow regeneration
Before
regeneration
After
regeneration
Eluate
(spent regenerant)
Residual
close to
column
outlet
CFR
Na
H
H
Na
H
H H
Na
End of
regeneration
InHservice
Na H
Co-flow regeneration:
H
The badly regenerated bottom layers cause ionic leakage
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
co-flow
80
counter flow
100
120
TVC
OC
The amount of chemicals per volume of resin makes a certain amount of the
total volume capacity available (as equivalents per liter) = operating
capacity. For that you need 1 eq HCl for 1 eq cations + excess as
stoichiometry to the ionic load.
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Weak
cation
Strong
cation
Weak
anion
Strong
anion
type 1
Strong
anion
type 2
Additional support
More information is available on the web:
http://www.dowwaterandprocess.com/
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- The Answer center
Thank
You