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Pakistan
Pakistan
This article is about the country. For other uses, see terms of purchasing power and 45th largest in terms
Pakistan (disambiguation).
of nominal GDP and is also characterized among the
emerging and growth-leading economies of the world.
i
Pakistan ( i /pkstn/ or
/pkistn/; Urdu:
ALA-LC: Pkistn, pronounced [pkstn]), ocially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu:
1 Etymology
The name Pakistan literally means "Land of the Pure
in Urdu and Persian. It was coined in 1933 as Pakstan
by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist,
who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never,[19] using
it as an acronym (thirty million Muslim brethren who
live in PAKSTAN) referring to the names of the ve
northern regions of the British Raj: Punjab, Afghania,
Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan".[20][21][22] The letter i
was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name.[23]
2 History
Main articles: History of Pakistan and History of South
Asia
HISTORY
majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam.[38] The Rai Dynasty (489632 CE) of
Sindh, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surrounding territories.[39] The Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist
empire that under Dharampala and Devapala stretched
across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through
Northern India to Pakistan and later to Kamboj region in
Afghanistan.
The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered
Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in
711 CE.[40] The Pakistan governments ocial chronology identies this as the point where the foundation
of Pakistan was laid.[40] This conquest set the stage for
the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (9751187 CE),
the Ghorid Kingdom and the Delhi Sultanate (12061526
CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate,
was replaced by the Mughal Empire (15261857 CE).
The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the
region.[41] In the early 16th century, the region remained
under the Mughal Empire ruled by Muslim emperors.[42]
By the early 18th century, the increasing European inuence caused to slowly disintegrate the empire with the
lines between commercial and political dominance being
increasingly blurred.[42]
Punjab.[25] The Indus region, which covers most of Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures
including the Neolithic Mehrgarh[26] and the Bronze Age
Indus Valley Civilisation (28001800 BCE) at Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro.[27][28]
The Vedic Civilization (1500500 BCE), characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of
Hinduism, which would become well established in the
region.[29][30] Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage
centre.[31] The Vedic civilisation ourished in the ancient
Gandhran city of Takail, now Taxila in Punjab.[26]
Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Achaemenid Empire around 519 BCE,
Alexander the Great's empire in 326 BCE[32] and the
Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya and
extended by Ashoka the Great until 185 BCE.[26] The
Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria
(180165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and
reached its greatest extent under Menander (165150
BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the
region.[26][33] Taxila had one of the earliest universities
and centres of higher education in the world.[34][35][36][37]
2.2
Colonial period
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (18761948) served as Pakistans rst Governor-General and the leader of Pakistan
Movement
The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early
18th century enabled Sikh Empire's inuence to control larger areas until the British East-India Company
gained ascendancy over the Indian subcontinent.[46] The
rebellion in 1857 (or Sepoy mutiny) was the regions major armed and serious struggle against the British Empire
and Queen Victoria.[47] Divergence in the relationship between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in British
India; thus instigating racially-motivated religious violence in India.[48] The language controversy further esca-
HISTORY
power and independence in June 1947.[62] As United in 1969, President Yahya Khan had to deal with a devasKingdom agreeing on partitioning of India in 1947, the tating cyclone which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakmodern state of Pakistan was established on 14 Au- istan.[70]
gust 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar) in amalgamating the Muslim-majority eastern and
northwestern regions of British India.[57] It comprised the
provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West
Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh; thus forming
Pakistan.[46][62] The partitioning of Punjab and Bengal
led to the series of violent communal riots across India
and Pakistan; millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and
millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India.[63] Dispute
over Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War
in 1948.[64][65]
2.3
5
was replaced by Zulkar Ali Bhutto as President; the
country worked towards promulgating constitution and
putting the country on roads of democracy. Democratic
rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 an era of selfconsciousness, intellectual leftism, nationalism, and nationwide reconstruction.[76] During this period, Pakistan
embarked on ambitiously developing the nuclear deterrence in 1972 in a view to prevent any foreign invasion; the countrys rst nuclear power plant was inaugurated, also the same year.[77][78] Accelerated in response
to rst nuclear test by India in 1974, this crash program
completed in 1979.[78] Democracy ended with a military
coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP, which saw General Zia-ul-Haq becoming the president in 1978. From
197788, President Zia's corporatisation and economic
Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one
of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.[79]
While consolidating the nuclear development, increasing Islamization,[80] and the rise homegrown conservative
philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidize and distribute
U.S. resources to factions of the mujahideen against the
USSR's intervention in communist Afghanistan.[81][82]
3.2
Administrative divisions
target Pakistan specically.[111] In most of its 20th century history, Pakistans nuclear deterrence program focused on countering Indias nuclear ambitions in the
region, and nuclear tests by India eventually led Pakistan
to reciprocate the event to maintain geopolitical balance
as becoming nuclear power.[112] As of current, Pakistan
now maintains a policy of credible minimum deterrence,
terming its program as vital nuclear deterrence against
any foreign aggression.[113]
Located in strategic and geopolitical corridor of the
worlds major maritime oil supply lines, communication
ber optics, Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.[114] Pakistan is an
inuential and founding member of the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and is a major non-NATO
ally of the United States in the war against terrorism
a status achieved in 2004.[115] Pakistans foreign policy and geostrategy mainly focuses on economy and security against threats to its national identity and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with Muslim countries.[116] Brieng on countrys
foreign policy in 2004, the Pakistani senator reportedly explains: Pakistan highlights sovereign equality
of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and noninterference in each others domestic aairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy.[117] Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a Permanent
Representative to represent Pakistans policy in international politics.[118] Recently, Pakistan has previously
lobbied for the concept of "Enlightened Moderation"
in the Muslim world.[119][120] Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations,[121] the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the
Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO)[122][123] and
the G20 developing nations.[124] Pakistan does not have
diplomatic relations with Israel;[125] nonetheless some Israeli citizens visited the country on a tourist visas.[126]
Based on mutual cooperation, the security security exchange have taken place between two countries using
Turkey as a communication conduit.[127] Despite Pakistan being the only country in the world that has not
established a diplomatic relations with Armenia, the
Armenian community still resides in Pakistan.[128]
7
tions with the Arab world and other countries in Muslim
World is vital factor in Pakistans foreign policy.[130] Pakistan was the rst country to have established diplomatic
relations with China and relations continues to be warm
since Chinas war with India in 1962.[131] In 1960s
80s, Pakistan greatly helped China in reaching out to the
worlds major countries and helped facilitate U.S. President Nixon's state visit to China.[131] Despite the change
of governments in Pakistan, variations in the regional and
global situation, China policy in Pakistan continues to be
dominant factor at all time.[131] In return, China is Pakistans largest trading partner and economic cooperation
have reached high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistans infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at Gwadar.[132][133][134]
Both countries have signed the Free Trade Agreement in
2000s, and Pakistan continues to serve as China's communication bridge in the Muslim World.[135]
Diculties in relations and geopolitical rivalry with India,
Pakistan maintains close cultural and political relations
with Turkey and Iran.[136] Pakistan has a second largest
Shia Islam follower, after Iran, and has maintains close
cultural, political, economic, and military relations with
Iran.[137] Iran was the rst country to establish relations
with Pakistan, and since then, Iran has occupied inuential place in Pakistans foreign policy.[137] Turkey and
Saudi Arabia also maintains respected position in Pakistans foreign policy, and both countries has been a focal
point in Pakistans foreign policy.[136] The Kashmir conict remains the major point of rift; three of their four
wars were over this territory.[138] Due to ideological differences, Pakistan opposed the Soviet Union in 1950s
and during Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan
was one of the closest allies of the United States.[117][139]
Relations with Russia has greatly improved since 1999
and cooperation with various sectors have increased between Russia and Pakistan.[140] Pakistan has had on-ando relations with the United States. A close ally of the
United States in the Cold war, Pakistans relation with the
United States relations soured in the 1990s when the U.S.
imposed sanctions because of Pakistans secretive nuclear
development.[141]
The United States-led war on terrorism led initially to
an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained
by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the war in Afghanistan and by issues related to
terrorism.[142][143][144][145] Since 1948, there has been an
ongoing, and at times uctuating, violent conict in the
southwestern province of Balochistan between various
Baloch separatist groups, who seek greater political autonomy, and the central government of Pakistan.[146]
A federal parliamentary republic state, Pakistan is a federation that is comprised of four provinces: Punjab,
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan.[147] In addition, the state also comprised with four territories: the
Tribal belt, GilgitBaltistan, Islamabad Capital Territory,
and Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan exercises the
de facto jurisdiction over the Frontier Regions and the
western parts of the Kashmir Regions, which are organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and
GilgitBaltistan (formerly Northern Areas). In 2009, the
constitutional assignment (the GilgitBaltistan Empowerment
and Self-Governance Order) awarded the GilgitBaltistan a
semi-provincial status, giving it self-government.[148]
The local government system consists of a three-tier system of districts, tehsils and union councils, with an elected
body at each tier.[149] There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten[150] and Gilgit
Baltistan seven.[151] The Tribal Areas comprise seven
tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached
from neighbouring districts.[152]
Clickable map of the four provinces and four federal territories
of Pakistan.
3.3
Military
3.5
Law enforcement
istani military are the largest troop contributors to UN dia, or in special cases to remain independent.[183] India
peacekeeping missions.[173]
claims Kashmir on the basis of the Instrument of AccesPakistan has deployed its military in some Arab coun- sion, a legal agreement with Kashmirs leaders executed
of Kashmir, agreetries, providing defence, training, and playing advisory by Maharaja Hari Singh, then ruler
[184][185]
ing
to
accede
the
area
to
India.
Pakistan claims
[174][175]
roles.
The PAF and Navy's ghter pilots have volKashmir
on
the
basis
of
a
Muslim
majority
and of geoguntarily served in Arab nations military against Israel in
raphy,
the
same
principles
that
were
applied
for the creSix-Day War (1967) and the Yom Kippur War (1973),
[186][187]
India
referred
ation
of
the
two
independent
states.
of which, the Pakistans ghter pilots shot down ten Isthe dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948.[188]
[170]
raeli planes in the Six-Day War.
Requested by the
Saudi monarchy in 1979, the special forces units, opera- In a resolution in 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove
most of its troops. A plebiscite would then be held. Howtives, and commandos were rushed to assist Saudi forces
ever, Pakistan failed to vacate the region. A ceasere was
[176]
in Mecca to lead the operation of the Grand Mosque.
reached in 1949 and a Line of Control was established,
In 1991 Pakistan got involved with the Gulf War and sent
[183]
5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition, specically for dividing Kashmir between the two countries.
the defence of Saudi Arabia.[177]
Since 2004, the military has been engaged in a war
in North-West Pakistan, mainly against the homegrown
Taliban factions.[178][179] Major operations undertaken by
the Army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and
Operation Rah-e-Nijat.[180][181]
3.4
Kashmir conict
Law enforcement
Main articles: Law enforcement in Pakistan, Pakistan Intelligence Community and National Intelligence Directorate
The law enforcement in Pakistan is carried out by
10
The most senior ocers of all the civilian police forces
also form part of the Police Service, which is a component of the civil service of Pakistan. Namely, there are
four provincial police service including the Punjab Police, Sindh Police, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police, and the
Balochistan Police; all headed by the appointed senior
Inspector-Generals. The Islamabad has its own police
component, the Capital Police, to maintain law and order
in the capital. The CID bureaus are the crime investigation unit and forms a vital part in each provincial police
service.
The law enforcement in Pakistan also has a Motorway Patrol which is responsible for enforcement of trac and
safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistans interprovincial motorway network. In each of provincial
Police Service, it also maintains a respective Elite Police units led by the NACTA a counter-terrorism police unit as well as providing VIP escorts. In Punjab and
Sindh, the Pakistan Rangers are an internal security force
with the prime objective to provide and maintain security
in war zones and areas of conict as well as maintaining
law and order which includes providing assistance to the
police.[191] The Frontier Corps serves the similar purpose
in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and the Balochistan.[191]
4.2
11
can still be found in signicant numbers in Cholistan.
A small number of nilgai are found along the PakistanIndia border and in some parts of Cholistan.[209][211] A
wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north,
including the Marco Polo sheep, the urial (a subspecies
of wild sheep), Markhor and Ibex goats, the Asian black
bear and the Himalayan brown bear.[209][212][213] Among
the rare animals found in the area are the snow leopard,[212] the Asiatic cheetah[214] and the blind Indus river
dolphin, of which there are believed to be about 1,100
remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve
in Sindh.[212][215] In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22
amphibians, 198 freshwater sh species and 5,000 species
of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in
Pakistan.[205][206]
The ora and fauna of Pakistan suer from a number of
problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world. This, along with hunting and pollution, is causing adverse eects on the ecosystem. The
government has established a large number of protected
areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to deal with
these issues.[205][206]
to juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses and scrub plants. Main article: Protected areas of Pakistan
Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands As of present, there are around 157 protected areas in
along the coast in the south.[202]
Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from
1,000 to 4,000 metres in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the xeric regions of Balochistan, date palm and Ephedra are common. In most of
Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and
subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forestry as well as
tropical and xeric shrublands. These forests are mostly
of mulberry, acacia, and eucalyptus.[203] About 2.2%
or 1,687,000 hectares (16,870 km2 ) of Pakistan was
forested in 2010.[204]
The fauna of Pakistan reects its varied climates too.
Around 668 bird species are found there:[205][206] crows,
sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons and eagles commonly
occur. Palas, Kohistan, has a signicant population of Plain of Deosai National Park.
Western Tragopan.[207] Many birds sighted in Pakistan
are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia and Pakistan that are recognized by IUCN. According to the
India.[208]
'Modern Protected Areas legislation, a national park is
The southern plains are home to mongooses, civets, hares, a protected area set aside by the government for the prothe Asiatic jackal, the Indian pangolin, the jungle cat and tection and conservation of its outstanding scenery and
the desert cat. There are mugger crocodiles in the In- wildlife in a natural state. The oldest national park is Lal
dus, and wild boar, deer, porcupines and small rodents Suhanra in Bahawalpur District, established in 1972.[216]
are common in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrub- It is also the only biosphere reserve of Pakistan. Lal
lands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals, Suhanra is the only national park established before the
striped hyenas, wildcats and leopards.[209][210] The lack independence of the nation in August 1947. Central
of vegetative cover, the severe climate and the impact of Karakoram in Gilgit Baltistan is currently the largest nagrazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a pre- tional park in the country, spanning over a total approxicarious position. The chinkara is the only animal that mate area of 1,390,100 hectares (3,435,011.9 acres). The
12
5 INFRASTRUCTURE
smallest national park is the Ayub, covering a total ap- tio is 55.5%.[226][227] According to the World Bank, Pakproximate area of 931 hectares (2,300.6 acres).
istan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistans
youth provides the country with a potential demographic
dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and
5 Infrastructure
employment.[228]
5.1
Economy
A 2013 report by World Bank positioned Pakistans economy at 24th largest in the world by purchasing power and
45th largest in absolute dollars.[224] It is South Asias second largest economy, representing about 15 percent of regional GDP.[230][231] Pakistans economic growth since its
inception has been varied. It has been slow during periods
of civilian rule, but excellent during the three periods of
military rule, although the foundation for sustainable and
equitable growth was not formed.[69] The early to middle 2000s was a period of rapid reform; the government
raised development spending, which reduced poverty levels by 10% and increased GDP by 3%.[100][232] The economy cooled again from 2007.[100] Ination reached 25%
in 2008[233] and Pakistan had to depend on a scal policy backed by the International Monetary Fund to avoid
possible bankruptcy.[234][235] A year later, the Asian Development Bank reported that Pakistans economic crisis
was easing.[236] The ination rate for the scal year 2010
11 was 14.1%.[237] On January 2014, a survey conducted
by the Japan External Trade Organization placed Pakistan just behind Taiwan in terms of business generated
by Japanese companies. Pakistans data was generated
from 27 Japanese rms doing business here. The results
found that 74.1% of the Japanese companies estimated
operating prot in 2013.[238]
Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities, and its labour market is the 10th largest in the
world. The 7 million strong Pakistani diaspora, contributed US$11.2 billion to the economy in FY2011.[241]
The major source countries of remittances to Pakistan
include UAE, USA, Saudi Arabia, GCC countries (inHabib Bank Plaza, located in Karachi was designed by cluding Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman), Australia,
Canada, Japan, UK and EU countries like Norway,
Leo A Daly
Switzerland, etc. .[242][243] According to the World Trade
Organization Pakistans share of overall world exports is
Pakistan is a rapidly developing country[217][218][219] declining; it contributed only 0.128% in 2007.[244] The
and is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries trade decit in the scal year 201011 was US$11.217
that, along with the BRICs, have a high potential billion.[245]
to become the worlds largest economies in the 21st
century.[220] However, after decades of social instabil- The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from
ity, as of 2013, serious deciencies in macromangament a mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculand unbalanced macroeconomics in basic services such ture as of 2010 accounts for only 21.2% of the GDP.
as train transportation and electrical energy generation Even so, according to the United Nations Food and
had developed.[221] The economy is semi-industrialized, Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400
with centres of growth along the Indus River.[222][223][224] metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa
as all of
The diversied economies of Karachi and Punjabs ur- (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much
[246]
Between
South
America
(24,557,784
metric
tons).
ban centres coexist with less developed areas in other
investment
parts of the country.[223] Pakistans estimated nominal 2002 and 2007 there was substantial foreign
[247]
Other imin
Pakistans
banking
and
energy
sectors.
GDP as of 2011 is US$202 billion. The GDP by
[225]
portant
industries
include
clothing
and
textiles
(accountPPP is US$ 838,164 million.
The estimated nomiing
for
nearly
60%
of
exports),
food
processing,
cheminal per capita GDP is US$1,197, GDP (PPP) per capita
[248]
There
is
great
potencals
manufacture,
iron
and
steel.
is US$4,602 (international dollars), and debt-to-GDP ra-
5.2
Nuclear power
13
ownership due to an active participation of foreign and
local stakeholders. It has resulted into an increased competition among banks to attract a greater number of customers by the provision of quality services for long-term
benets. Now there are 6 full-edged Islamic banks and
13 conventional banks oering products and services. Islamic banking and nance in Pakistan has experienced
phenomenal growth. Islamic deposits held by fulledged Islamic banks and Islamic windows of conventional banks at present stand at 9.7% of total bank deposits in the country.[256] The list includes the largest Pakistani companies by revenue in 2012:
Main articles: Nuclear power in Pakistan, Energy in Pakistan and Electricity sector in Pakistan
Energy from the nuclear power source is provided by
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission contributed in the development of Compact Muon Solenoid.
14
5 INFRASTRUCTURE
clear power plants generate roughly 5.8% of Pakistans
electricity, compared with about 64.0% from thermal,
29.9% from hydroelectric power, and ~0.3% from the
Coal source.[275]
5.3 Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Pakistan
Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and land-
both countries reached out towards working on joint energy security plan, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more than 160,000 MWe by 2030. OrigiNew Year Fireworks over the Derawar Fort.
nal admissions by Pakistan, the government plans for lifting nuclear capacity to 8800 MWe, 900 MWe of it by scapes attracted 1 million tourists in 2012.[278] Pakistans
2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020.[273]
tourism industry was in its heyday during the 1970s when
In June 2008, the nuclear commercial complex was ex- the country received unprecedented amounts of foreign
panded with the ground work of installing and oper- tourists. The main destinations of choice for these tourists
ationalizing the Chashma-III and ChashmaIV nuclear were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat
power plants at Chashma, Punjab Province, each with and Rawalpindi.[279]
320340 MWe and costing . 129 billion,; from which The countrys attraction range from the ruin of civilithe . 80 billion of this from international sources, prin- sation such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to
cipally China.
the Himalayan hill stations. Pakistan is home to sevA further agreement for Chinas help with the project
was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as
a counter to the U.S.India agreement shortly preceding
it. Cost quoted then was US$1.7 billion, with a foreign
loan component of $1.07 billion. In 2013, the second
nuclear commercial complex in Karachi was marginalized and expanded to additional reactors, based on the
Chashma complex.[274]
The electrical energy is generated by various energy
corporations and evenly distributed by the National
Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) among
the four provinces. However, the Karachi-based KElectric and the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) generates much of the electrical energy
as well as gathering revenue nationwide.[275] Capacity
to generate ~22,797MWt electricity has been installed in
2014, with the initiation of several energy projects in
2014.[267] Energy from the nuclear sources is provided
by three licensed commercial nuclear power plants operated Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority.[276]
Pakistan is the rst Muslim country in the world to embark on a nuclear power program.[277] Commercial nu-
5.5
15
south links, connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Although this network only accounts for 4.2% of total road
length, it carries 85% of the countrys trac.[289][290]
The Meto Bus System in Lahore is countrys rst bus rapid transit,
while Metrobus Rawalpindi-Islamabad is under construction.
16
5 INFRASTRUCTURE
coming the seventh country in the world to successfully
develop nuclear weapons.[308]
After establishing an Antarctic program, Pakistan is one
of the small number of countries that have an active research presence in Antarctica. The Antarctic program
oversees two summer research stations on the continent
and plans to open another base, which will operate all year
round.[309] Energy consumption by computers and usage
has grown since 1990s when the PCs were introduced;
Pakistan has over 20 million internet users and is ranked
as one of the top countries that have registered a high
growth rate in internet penetration, as of 2011.[310] Key
publications has been produced by Pakistan, and domestic software development has gained a lot international
praise.[311]
Abdus Salam won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to electroweak interaction.
5.6 Education
In chemistry, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the rst Pakistani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of Main articles: Education in Pakistan and Higher Educathe Neem tree to the attention of natural products tion Commission
chemists.[299][300][301] Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Om- The Constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide
maya invented the Ommaya reservoir, a system for treatment of brain tumours and other brain conditions.[302]
Scientic research and development plays a pivotal role
in Pakistani universities, collaboration with the government sponsored national laboratories, science parks, and
co-operation with the industry.[303] In 2010, Pakistan was
ranked 43rd in the world in terms of published scientic
papers.[304] The Pakistan Academy of Sciences, a strong
scientic community, plays an inuential and vital role in
formulating the science policies recommendation to the
government.[305]
The 1960s era saw the emergence of the active space program led by the SUPARCO that produced advances in
domestic rocketry, electronics, and aeronomy.[306] The
space program recorded few notable feats and achievements; the successful launch of the rst rocket into the
space that made Pakistan as rst South Asian country to achieve such task.[306] Successfully producing and
launching nations rst space satellite in 1990, Pakistan
became the rst Muslim country and second South Asian
country to put a satellite into space.[307]
As an aftermath of the 1971 war with India, the clandestine crash program developed atomic weapons in a fear
and to prevent any foreign intervention, while ushering
in the atomic age in the post cold war era. Competition
with India and tensions eventually led Pakistans decision Government College University in Lahore is the oldest institution
[314]
of conducting underground nuclear tests in 1998; thus be- of higher education in the Muslim world.
17
free primary and secondary education.[315][316] At the
time of establishment of Pakistan as state, the country had
only one university, the Punjab University in Lahore.[317]
On immediate basis, the Pakistan government established
public universities in each four provinices including the
Sindh University (1949), Peshawar University (1950),
Karachi University (1953), and Balochistan University
(1970). As of September 2011, Pakistan has a large network of both public and private universities; a collaboration of public-private universities to provide research
and higher education in the country.[318] It is estimated
that there are 3193 technical and vocational institutions in
Pakistan,[319] and there are also madrassahs that provide
free Islamic education and oer free board and lodging
to students, who come mainly from the poorer strata of
society.[320] Strongly instigated public pressure and popular criticism over the extremists usage of madrassahs for
recruitment, the Pakistan government has made repeated
eorts to regulate and monitor the quality of education in
the madrassahs.[321][322]
6 Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Pakistan, Demographic
history of Pakistan, Pakistani people and Indo-European
people
Unocial Pakistan Census estimates the countrys
Education in Pakistan is divided into six main levels: nursery (preparatory classes); primary (grades
one through ve); middle (grades six through eight);
matriculation (grades nine and ten, leading to the
secondary certicate); intermediate (grades eleven and
twelve, leading to a higher secondary certicate); and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate
programs.[319] Network of Pakistani private schools also
operate a parallel secondary education system based on
the curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge International Examinations of the United Kingdom. Some
students choose to take the O-level and A level exams
conducted by the British Council.[323]
Initiatives taken in 2007, the English medium education has been made compulsory to all schools across the
country.[324][325] Additional reforms taken in 2013, all
educational institutions in Sindh began instructions in
Chinese language courses, reecting Chinas growing role
as a superpower and increasing inuence in Pakistan.[326]
The literacy rate of the population above ten years of age
in the country is ~58.5%. Male literacy is ~70.2% while
female literacy rate is 46.3%.[237] Literacy rates vary by
region and particularly by sex; for instance, female literacy in tribal areas is 3.0%.[327] With the launch of
the computer literacy in 1995, the government launched
a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all
children.[328] Through various educational reforms, by
2015 the MoEd expects to attain 100.00% enrollment
levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of ~86% among people aged over 10.[329]
Population density
At the time of the partition in 1947, Pakistan had a population was at 32.5 million,[243][332] but the population
increased by ~57.2% from 1990-2009.[333] By 2030, it
is expected to surpass Indonesia as the largest Muslimmajority country in the world.[334][335] Classied as a
young nation, with a median age of about 22 and 104
After earning their HSC, students may study in a profes- million people under 30 in 2010. Pakistans fertility rate
sional college or the university for bachelorate program stands at 3.07, higher than its neighbors India (2.57) and
[243]
courses such as science and engineering (BEng, BS/BSc, Iran (1.73). Around 35% of the people are under 15.
BTech) surgery and medicine (MBBS, MD), dentistry Vast majority residing in southern skirts lives along
(BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), criminal justice and the Indus River, with Karachi being its most poplaw (LLB, LLM, JD), architecture (BArch), pharmacy ulous commercial city.[336] In the eastern, western,
18
and northern skirts, most of the population lives in
an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad,
Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat,
Jhelum, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and
Peshawar.[100] During 19902008, the city dwellers made
up 36% of Pakistans population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia.[100][243] Furthermore, 50%
of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.[337]
6 DEMOGRAPHICS
11.1 million (4.66%) belong to various ethnic minorities
such as Hazaras and Kalashs.[347] There is also a large
worldwide Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million residing worldwide.[348]
6.1 Religion
Expenditure spend on healthcare was ~2.6% of GDP in Main article: Religion in Pakistan
2009.[338] Life expectancy at birth was 65.4 years for fe- Pakistan is the second most populous Muslim-majority
males and 63.6 years for males in 2010. The private
sector accounts for about 80% of outpatient visits. Approximately 19% of the population and 30% of children
under ve are malnourished.[224] Mortality of the underves was 87 per 1,000 live births in 2009.[338] About 20%
of the population live below the international poverty line
of US$1.25 a day.[339]
Race/Ethnicity Composition
More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan, including a number of provincial languages. Urdu the
lingua franca, a symbol of Muslim identity, and national
unity is the national language which is understood by
over 75% of Pakistanis, and main source of nationwide
communication.[196][340] English is the ocial language
of Pakistan which is primarily used in ocial business,
government, and legal contracts;[100] the local dialect is
known as Pakistani English. The Punjabi language is
the most common Punjab and has many native speakers while the Saraiki is mainly spoken in South Punjab. In Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, the Pashto language is the
provincial language and is well understood in Sindh and
Balochistan.[5] The Sindhi language is the common language spoken in Sindh while the Balochi language is dominant in Balochistan.[5][46][341]
Faisal Mosque, was built in 1986 by Turkish architect Vedat
The Pakistan Census excludes the immigrants such as Dalokay on behalf of King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz.
the 1.7 million registered Afghans from Afghanistan,
[354]
and has the second largest Shia population
who are found mainly in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and country
in
the
world
after Iran.[355][356][357] About 97.0% of
tribal belt with small numbers residing in Karachi and
Quetta.[342][343] As of 1995, there were more than 1.6 Pakistanis are Muslims. The majority are Sunni, with
[46][356][358]
A further 2.3% are
million Bengalis, 650,000 Afghans, 200,000 Burmese, an estimated 520% Shia.
[359]
Ahmadis,
who
are
ocially
considered
non-Muslims
2,320 Iranians, and Filipinos, and hundreds of Nepalese,
[360]
[344][345]
by
virtue
of
the
constitutional
amendment.
There
Sri Lankans, and Indians living in Karachi.
Pak[361][362]
Afistan hosts more refugees than any other country in the are also several Quraniyoon communities.
ter the 9/11 attacks in the United States, the sectarian
world.[346]
violence among Muslim denominations have increased
The population is dominated by four main social groups:
with systematic targeted killings of both sect, Sunni and
Punjabis, Pathans, Sindhis, and Balochs.[347] Rough acShias.[363][364] In 2013, there were country-wide protests
counts from 2009 indicates that the Punjabis domiby both Shia and Sunnis calling an end to sectarian
nates with 76.3 million (~44.15%) while the Pashtuns
violence in the country, toughen up the law and orare the second dominated group with ~29.3 million
and urging for Shia-Sunni unity in the country.[365]
der,
(15.42%).[347] The Sindhis are estimated at 24.8 milThe Ahmadis are particularly persecuted, especially
lion (14.1%) with Seraikis approximated at 14.8 million
since 1974 when they were banned from calling them(10.53%).[347] The Urdu-speaking Muhajirs (the Indian
selves Muslims. In 1984, Ahmadiyya places of woremigrants) stands at ~13.3 million (7.57%) while and
ship were banned from being called mosques.[366] As
Balochs are accounted at 6.3 million (3.57%) the smallof 2012, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as nonest group in population terms.[347][348] The remaining
denominational Muslims.[367]
7.1
19
Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic inuences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world.[368] Two Sus whose
shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri
in Lahore (ca. 12th century)[369] and Shahbaz Qalander
in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. 12th century). Susm, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Su culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Su music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular
character, which in their view, does not accurately reect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his
companions.[370][371]
20
theatrical performances are widely popular in the country, as many entertainment media air the series regularly. From 1960s70s, the pop music and disco (1970s)
dominated the countrys music industry. In 1980s
90s, the British inuenced rock music began to be notice by the public and jolted the countrys entertainment
industry.[383] In 2000s, the introduction and emergence
of the heavy metal music countrys entertainment circle
was highly appreciated and gained critical acclaim by the
public.[384] To many observers, the Pakistans ingenious
rock music is the only arsenal the country had against
Indias encroaching entertainment industry.[385]
Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal
Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western
music.[386][387] Pakistan has many famous folk singers.
The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces
has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there
has been intolerance of it in some places.[388] Pakistan has
some of the worlds modern vibrant and open media.[389]
Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing
corruption.[390]
7.3
Urbanisation
7.4 Diaspora
Main articles: Cinema of Pakistan and Overseas Pakistani
Statistics approximated by the Pakistan government,
there are around 7 million Pakistanis residing abroad with
vast majority living in the Middle East, Europe and the
North America.[392] Pakistan ranks 10th in the world for
remittances sent home in 2012 at $13 billion.[393][394]
The term Overseas Pakistani is ocially recognized by
the Government of Pakistan; the Ministry of Overseas
Pakistanis was established in 2008 to exclusively deal
with all the matters and aairs of the overseas Pakistanis
7.5
21
Pakistanis.
22
dul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh and
Khawaja Farid are very popular in Pakistan.[402] Mirza
Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi
prose.[403]
Historically, the philosophical development in the country was dominated from the ideas of Muhammad Iqbal,
Sir Syed, Muhammad Asad, Maududi, and Ali Johar.[404]
Cues picked from the English philosophy (later American
philosophy) greatly shaped the philosophical development in the country. Analyst such as M.M. Sharif and
Zafar Hassan, established the rst major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947.[405] After the 1971 war,
Jalaludin Abdur Rahim, Gianchandani, and Malik Khalid
were primary leading gures in the growth of Marxism
ideas incorporated in Pakistans philosophical development.[406] Inuential work by Manzoor Ahmad, Jon Elia,
Hasan Askari Rizvi, and Abdul Khaliq brought the mainstream social, political, and analytical philosophy to
the fore of Pakistani philosophical academia.[406] Global
works by Noam Chomsky has been far reaching and inuential in the development of philosophical ideas to impact
various elds in social and political philosophy.[407][408]
23
sub-continent and most of those dishes have their roots
in Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine. Pakistani
cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chilli and garam masala
are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry. Chapati, a thin at bread made from wheat,
is a staple food, served with curry, meat, vegetables and
lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain or fried
with spices and is also used in sweet dishes.[196][413][414]
Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Black tea
with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and
is taken daily by most of the population.[31][415] Sohan
Halwa is a very popular sweet dish of southern region of
Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan.[416]
The A1 car of A1 Team Pakistan driven by the motorsport driver,
Adam Khan.
7.8
Sports
for Pakistan.[421]
Main article: Sports in Pakistan
The majority of the sports played in Pakistan are origi- In squash, world-class players such as Jahangir Khan,
widely considered to be the greatest player in the
sports history,[422] and Jansher Khan won the World
Open Squash Championship several times during their
careers.[423] Jahangir Khan also won the British Open a
record ten times.[422]
Pakistan has competed many times at the Olympics
in eld hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and
shooting.[424] Pakistans Olympic medal tally stands
at 10 of which 8 were earned in hockey.[425] The
Commonwealth Games and Asian Games medal tallies
stand at 65 and 160 respectively.[426][427]
At national level, polo is popular, with regular national
events in dierent parts of the country. Boxing, bilThe Gadda Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lahore, liards, snooker, rowing, kayaking, caving, tennis, contract
mainly used for Cricket.
bridge, golf and volleyball are also actively pursued, and
Pakistan has produced regional and international champinated and were substantially developed from the United ons in these sports.[29][423][424] Basketball enjoys regional
Kingdom who introduced in the British India. Field popularity especially in Lahore and Karachi.[428]
Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan; it has won three
Gold medallions in the Olympic Games held in 1960,
1968, and 1984.[417] Pakistan has also won the Hockey 8 See also
World Cup a record four times held in 1971, 1978, 1982,
and in 1994.[418]
Outline of Pakistan
Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the
Index of Pakistan-related articles
country.[419] The Cricket team (popular as Shaheen) has
won the Cricket World Cup held in 1992; it had been been
24
10
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EXTERNAL LINKS
Population Of Pakistan
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11
Further reading
Ahmed, Akbar (1997). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2
Cohen, Stephen Philip (2006). The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press ISBN 978-08157-1503-0
Lieven, Anatol (2012). Pakistan: A Hard Country.
PublicAairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-145-0
Malik, Hafeez (2006). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19597735-6
Malik, Iftikhar (2005). Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia). Greenwood.
ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8
McCartney, Matthew (2011). Pakistan The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State,
19512009 Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-57747-2
Raja, Masood Ashraf (2010) [18571947]. Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise
of Muslim National Identity. Oxford. ISBN 978-019-547811-2
Spear, Percival (2007). India, Pakistan and the
West. Read Books Publishers. ISBN 1-4067-12159
12
External links
Ocial website
Pakistan entry at The World Factbook
Pakistan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Pakistan at DMOZ
Pakistan from the BBC News
Pakistan at Encyclopdia Britannica
Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan
37
13
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