Biology (Mader) Exam Study Guide
Biology (Mader) Exam Study Guide
i.
Present-day mitochondria and chloroplasts have a size of
bacteria.
ii. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA
iii. Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by binary fission similar
to bacteria.
4 Multicellularity Arises
a. Separating germ cells from somatic cells may have contributed to
the diversity of organisms.
c. Fossils of the Ediacara Hills of South Australia, were soft-bodied early
invertebrates.
1) lived on mudflats in shallow marine waters.
2) lacked internal organs - could have absorbed nutrients from the
sea.
C. The Paleozoic Era
1. Very active period with three major mass extinctions.
a. Mass extinction - disappearance of large numbers of species in a
few million years.
2. Cambrian Animals
a. Invertebrates flourish; invertebrates lack a vertebral column.
b. A molecular clock, based on a fixed rate of changes in base pair
sequences
3. Invasion of Land
D. The Mesozoic Era
1. Triassic - Gymnosperms (cycads)
2. The Jurassic Period - dinosaurs flourished in the sea, on land, and in air.
3. The Cretaceous Period - era of dinosaurs ended in a mass extinction
E. The Cenozoic Era
1. Mammals with hair and mammary glands diversified and human
evolution began.
2. Mammalian Diversification
3. Evolution of Primates
a. Flowering plants were diverse, monkeys and apes - humans.
18.3 Geological Factors That Influence Evolution
A. Continental Drift - continents moved with respect to one another.
1. One supercontinent called Pangaea - later divided into Gondwana and
Laurasia
2. Continental drift explains why coastlines of several continents are
mirror images
Feedback: No; diverse life forms were abundant during the Paleocene period.
17.The great Carboniferous forests turned into the coal we use today to fuel our modern
society.
Feedback: No; there were no forests during this early period (Precambrian) in Earth's
development.
18.The concept that the Earth's crust is divided into a number of fairly rigid plates whose
movements account for continental drift is Plate tectonics
19.When two continents collide a mountain range often forms.
Feedback: Yes; for example, the Himalayas developed when India collided with Eurasia.
20.Jawless fishes first appeared during the Ordovician period.
Feedback: No; the presence of Ice Age mammals and modern day humans first appeared
in the Pleistocene period.
Online Quiz
1. Which of the following molecules are believed to have been absent from the primitive
reducing atmosphere? Oxygen
2. All of the following statements concerning the theory of continental drift are true except:
the unique distribution patterns of several fossils is explained by continental drift
similar geological structures are found in areas wher the continents touched
continental drift ceased
the coastlines of several continents are mirror images
3. Mass extinctions
a. Have occurred at least 5 times in the earths history
b. May have been due to changes in meteorite collisions
c. May have been due to changing environments caused by continental drift
d. All of the above are correct
4. Organisms today are living in the Pleistocene epoch of the Cenozoic era.
a. True
b. False
5. The greek term for small and ball are the root words for
a. Microsphere
6. The carboniferous period is extremely significant to our current society because
a. The forests turned into the coal that fuels modern society
7. Which piece of evidence would best support the theory of continental drift?
a. The east coast of Africa matches up with the western coast of South America
Reptilian diversity
8. The dilemma of whether proteins or nucleic acids were formed first is avoided by the
a. RNA-first hypothesis
Protein-first hypothesis
9. Huge craters have been discovered through satellite imagery that support the theory of
mass extinctions being caused by bolides that initiated climatic changes
a. True
10. Fossils from the Paleozoic are plentiful because
a. Mammals greatly diversified during this time
Hard body parts evolved in plants and animals
11. The time that it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to change into another stable
element is its half-life
12. Some viruses never use DNA to carry out protein synthesis and have only RNA
a. RNA first hypothesis
13. The formation of simple monomers, such as sugars, amino acids
a. Abiotic synthesis
14. Hypothesis of the continental drift during 1920s
a. Alfred Wegener
15. Fossils used to define and identify geologic periods are
a. Index fossils
16. Place where two plates meet and scrape past one another
a. Transform boundary