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LAB Plug Flow
LAB Plug Flow
TITLE
PAGES
Abstract / Summary
Introduction
Objectives
Theory
Apparatus
Procedures
Results
11
Sample calculation
14
Discussion
17
Conclusion
19
Recommendation
20
Reference
21
Appendix
22
ABSTRACT
Reactors are used in the chemical industry for the millions of processes. One of
many different types of reactors is plug flow reactor (PFR). A plug flow reactor is a pipe1
shaped tank where a chemical reaction takes place with walls coated with a catalyst and an
inlet flow of pure reactant. The plug flow reactor (PFR) is used in this experiment. There
are a few of objectives that are needed to achieved in this experiment such as to find out
the calibration curve of conversion of sodium hydroxide, NaOH versus conductivity, to
carry out a saponification reaction between NaOH and Et(Ac) in a PFR, and to determine
the rate of reaction, rate law, and the reaction rate constant. Besides that, this experiment
also wants to determine the conversion of NaOH in the reactor and the effect of residence
time on the conversion in a PFR. There are few of graph being plotted with the results that
are got from the experiment. One of them is the graph conductivity versus conversion for
experiment 1. This graph that had being plotted is inversely proportional. Next graph is
plotted between conversions of NaOH in reactor versus residence time distribution. This
shows that the residence time is increased as the conversion of NaOH increased. The rate
of reaction and rate constant can be calculated after know the values of conversions.
However, the value of conversion in this experiment is exceed 100% and this affect the
value of rate of reaction.
INTRODUCTION
Reactors are used in the chemical industry for the millions of processes. There are
2
many different types of reactors due to many different factors that can control the
formation of product during the reaction. One of many different types of reactors is plug
flow reactor (PFR).
A plug flow reactor is a pipe-shaped tank where a chemical reaction takes place
with walls coated with a catalyst and an inlet flow of pure reactant 1. The plug flow reactor
has an inlet flow composed of the reactants. The reactant flow into the reactor and is the
converted into the product by certain chemical reaction. The product flows out of the
reactor through the outlet flow. In many scenarios, a catalyst is involved in the reaction.
Figure below shows that how the enzyme coats the interior of the wall.
Plug flow reactors are frequently used in the chemical industry due to the nonmixing property of the reactors. Plug flow reactors are frequently used in biological
reactions when the substrate flows into the reactor and is converted to product with the
use of an enzyme. Besides that, plug flow reactor are useful for continuous production
because they have an inlet and outlet stream. In a conclusion, plug flow reactors are most
useful for continuous production, large-scale reactions, or fast reactions.
OBJECTIVE
Experiment 1:
1. To find the calibration curve of conversion versus conductivity.
Experiment 2 and 3:
1. To carry out a saponification reaction between NaOH and Et(Ac) in a plug flow
reactor (PFR).
2. To determine the rate of reaction, rate law, and raction rate constant.
3. To determine the conversion of NaOH in the reactor.
4. To determine the effect of residence time on the conversion in a plug flow reactor
(PFR).
THEORY
5
Conversion
The conversion, XA is the number of moles of reactant that have reacted per mole of
reactant fed to the system.
XA =
Residence time,
The residence time distribution (RTD) of a reactor is a characteristic of the mixing that
occurs in the chemical reactor.
Residence time, =
where:
V PFR
V0
V PFR
V0
= reactor volume
= total feed flow rates
reaction rate law. From equation above, the overall order of the reaction, n is,
n=+
For this experiment, this reaction is a second order equimolar with the same initial
reactant concentration (CAo = CBo), the rate law shown to be:
where:
= extent of conversion
CA
VO
CAo
Vo
X
V PFR C Ao 1X
APPARATUS:
Beaker
Conical flask
Burette
Conductivity meter
Measuring cylinder
MATERIAL:
PROCEDURES
EXPERIMENT 1
2. The conductivity and NaOH concentration for each conversion values was
determined by mixing the following solutions into 100 ml of deionised water:
0% conversion
: 100 ml NaOH
25% conversion
: 75 ml NaOH + 25 ml Na(Ac)
50% conversion
: 50 ml NaOH + 50 ml Na(Ac)
75% conversion
: 25 ml NaOH + 75 ml Na(Ac)
100% conversion
: 100 ml Na(Ac)
4. The calibration curve of conductivity versus conversion was plotted. The slope and
y-axis intercept was determined.
EXPERIMENT 2
EXPERIMENT 3
RESULTS
Experiment 1:
SOLUTION MIXTURES
CONVERSION
CONDUCTIVITY
0.1 M
0.1 M
H2O
(%)
(mS)
NaOH
100 mL
75 mL
50 mL
25 mL
-
Na(Ac)
25 mL
50 mL
75 mL
100 mL
100 mL
100 mL
100 mL
100 mL
100 mL
0
25
50
75
100
12.46
10.46
8.72
6.50
4.66
11
10
8
CONDUCTIVITY (mS)
6
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CONVERSION (%)
12
Experiment 2:
Reactor volume
= 0.4 L
= 0.1 M
= 0.1 M
FLOW
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
FLOW
RATE OF RATE OF
OUTLET
TOTAL FLOW
RATE OF
RESIDENCE
TIME (min)
NaOH
Et(Ac)
SOLUTION
(mL/min)
(mL/min)
V0 (mL/min)
313
256
206
152
101
53
331
253
204
154
103
51
644
509
410
306
204
104
0.621
0.786
0.976
1.307
1.961
3.846
CONDUCTIVITY
CONVERSION,
(mS/cm)
1
2nd
st
inlet
7.2
7.1
6.9
6.5
6.1
5.3
outlet
6.6
5.8
5.6
5.1
4.8
4.2
(%)
101.8
103.0
102.6
103.2
106.2
108.2
REACTION
RATE
CONSTANT
(L/mol.min)
-910.54
-436.89
-404.48
-246.71
-87.36
-0.20
RATE OF
REACTION
(mol/L.min)
-2.95 x 10-3
-3.93 x 10-3
-2.73 x 10-3
-2.53 x 10-3
-3.36 x 10-3
-1.34 x 10-5
13
106
Conversion, X (%)
104
102
100
98
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Experiment 3:
14
TITRATION SAMPLE
AVERAGE VOLUME of
1st TRIAL
2nd TRIAL
300
25.00
25.90
25.45
250
25.50
26.00
25.75
200
25.90
25.40
25.65
150
25.90
26.00
25.80
100
26.10
27.00
26.55
50
25.70
26.60
27.05
(mL)
NaOH (mL)
SAMPLE CALCULATION
EXPERIMENT 2 and 3:
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
Unknown quantity
Concentration of NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH
= 0.1 M
Known quantities
Volume of sample, Vs
= 50 mL
= 0.1 M
= 10 mL
= 0.25 M
= 25.45 mL
= 0.1 M
15
0.1
2
= 0.05 mol/L
C NaOH , s
C HCI , s
0.1
0.25
x V1
x 25.45
= 10.18 mL
0.18
1000
16
4.5 x 105
50
1000
C NaOH
C NaOH ,o
9.0 10
= (1
0.05
) x 100%
) x 100 %
= 101.8 %
Residence time,
=
V ( PFR )
Vo
0.4 L
644 mL/min
1000 mL
1L
= 0.621 min
Rate constant, k
=
Vo
V ( PFR ) CA 0
X
1X
644 /1000
0.4 x 0.1
1.018
11.018
= -910.54 L/mol.min
17
Rate of reaction, -r
2
= k C A 0 (1-X)2
= (-910.54)(0.1)2(1-1.018)2
= -2.95 x 10-3 moL/L.min
DISCUSSION
There are three experiments for plug flow reactor (PFR). These experiments are
conducted to achieve a few objectives, which are to carry out a saponification reaction
between NaOH and Et(Ac) in a PFR, to determine the rate of reaction, the conversion of
NaOH in the reactor and to find the effect of residence time on the conversion in a plug
flow reactor (PFR).
18
5 Research Saponification of Ethyl Acetate by Sodium Hydroxide in a Plug Flow Reactor by Lindsey Kato, Shawna Togioka,
Luke Sugie (February 2, 2005)
19
exactly in light pink. So, it might affect the value of NaOH use and affect the calculations.
Plug flow reactors are frequently used in the chemical due to the non-mixing
property of the reactors. Plug flow reactors are used for some of the following applications
such as large-scale reactions, fast reactions, homogenous or heterogeneous reactions,
continuous production, and high-temperature reactions6.
CONCLUSION
This experiment is not perfectly success; however, the objectives of this experiment were
achieved. From this experiment, the collected data are sufficient but there are some errors
that are happened during run the experiment. For experiment 1, the graph of conductivity
versus conversion of sodium hydroxide using conductivity meter is inversely proportional.
Then, for next experiment, it can be concluded that the conversion of sodium hydroxide is
increase as the residence time increase. The graph shows that the conversion versus
6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_flow_reactor_model#Applications
20
RECOMMENDATION
There are a few suggestions to get more precise result for this experiment:
Run more trial on the experiment to get precise value especially in back titration
Ensure there are no leakage at the valve on the equipment
Make sure all the colour of titration should be in same colour which is light pink.
Make sure all valve correctly set up and are in right position.
21
REFERENCES
Books:
1. H. Scott Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 4 th Edition, Pearson
International Edition (2006).
2. Levenspiel, O., Chemical Reaction Engineering (3rd edition). John Wiley & Sons, USA
(1999).
3. Smith J.M., Chemical Engineering Kinetics, Mc Graw Hill (Singapore), 1981.
4. Astarita G., Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction, Elsevier, 1967.
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Internet:
1. http://www.scribd.com/doc/29195386/Plug-Flow-Reactor
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_flow_reactor_model
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_flow_reactor_model#Applications
Others:
1. Plug Flow Reactor, Product Description by Matthew Grisewood
2. Research Saponification of Ethyl Acetate by Sodium Hydroxide in a Plug Flow
Reactor by Lindsey Kato, Shawna Togioka, Luke Sugie (February 2, 2005)
APPENDIX
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Conductivity meter
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