PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Outline
Introduction
Elements of the PSTN
Circuit Switching
Local Loop Technologies
Transmitted Signal in the PSTN
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Transport Core and Signaling
April 2013
Introduction
PSTN is a technology based on circuit switching by duplex
connections.
Temporary bidirectional connections are set.
Originally it was used for speech (voice) only at 300-3400 Hz.
Earlier two subscribers were connected by purely physical
connection (physical switch contacts).
Nowadays different time slots are assigned for different
subscribers.
The digital PSTN system uses PCM for speech coding and TDM
for multiplexing.
The PSTN is integrated with other telecommunication networks
such as ISDN and PLMN.
3
April 2013
Elements of the PSTN

The main components of a PSTN include:
Customer premises equipment
Access system
Local loop and termination equipment at the end office switch
Transport core
Transport is the carriage of voice
Signaling
Signaling is the control of calling
Elements of the PSTN Contd.

April 2013

5
The main elements of the PSTN Contd.
The Access System consists of

the access line to the customer
(called the local loop)
and termination equipment at the end office
(nearest telephone office switch)
Access Line
(Local Loop)
Access Line
(Local Loop)
End office
Switch
April 2013
Transport Core
Switch
Trunk
Line
The Transport Core connects end office

switches (5 classes, with 1 being highest)
Trunk lines to connect switches
April 2013
Signaling System
(SS7 in the U.S.)
Signaling is the control of calling

(setup, teardown, billing, etc.)
Transport is the actual transmission of voice
April 2013
Circuit Switching
A circuit is an end-to-end connection between two subscribers.
Capacity is reserved on all trunk lines and switches along the
way.
April 2013
Circuit Switching Contd.

Users are served by an access network that connects them to the
local central office (CO) switch.
The CO switches themselves are interconnected with higher-speed
communication lines through tandem switches.
Tandem switches, in turn, connect to toll switches that are used to
provide long-distance connections.
April 2013
10
Development of circuit switching technology
SPC: Stored program control
April 2013
11
Local Loop Technologies
Technology
Use
Status
1-Pair Voice-Grade Residences

Already installed
UTP
2-Pair Data-Grade Businesses for high- Must be pulled to the
UTP
Speed access lines customer premises
(this is expensive)
Optical Fiber
April 2013
Businesses for high- Must be pulled to the

Speed access lines customer premises
(this is expensive)
12
Transmitted signal in the PSTN

Todays PSTN is predominantly digital with analog
local loops
Local
Loop
(Analog)
Residential
Telephone
(Analog)
April 2013
Local
Loop
(Digital)
Switch
(Digital)
Switch
(Digital)
Trunk Line
(Digital)
Switch
(Digital)
PBX
(Digital)
13
Codec at the end office switch

The codec at the end office translates between analog
customer signals and digital internal signals.
End Office
Analog
Signal
ADC
Digital
Internal
Signal
Digital
Switch
Codec
Local Loop
Home
Telephone
April 2013
DAC
14
Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)

Bandpass filtering to limit voice to 4 kHz is carried out at
the end office switch.
Bandpass Filtering
Analog
Voice
Signal
Subscriber
April 2013
Analog
Electric
Signal
Filter at End Office Switch
15
Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Contd.

The human voice can produce sounds up to 20 kHz, but
most sound is between 300 Hz and 3.4 kHz.
Signal
Bandpass Filtering
Energy Distribution for

Human Speech
0 Hz
300 Hz
3,400 Hz
20 kHz
Bandwidth (3.1 kHz)
The bandpass filter only passes this sound to reduce bandwidth.
April 2013
16

In pulse code modulation (PCM), the bandwidth is assumed to
be 4 kHz. This adds guard bands to the actual 300 Hz - 3.1
kHz signal.
PCM
Signal
Amplitude
Analog
Signal
Duration of Sample
(1/8000 sec.)
0
Sample
April 2013
Time
17

For signals going to the customer, sample bits are converted to
amplitude levels for each sample.
8,000 samples per second, will sound smooth to the ear.
One
Sample
One 8-bit
Sample
00000100 00000011 00000111
Generated
Analog Signal
April 2013
DAC
Arriving Digital Signal

(8000 Samples/Second)
18
TDM and ATM switch connections in the PSTN transport Core

Traditionally, the transport core used TDM trunk lines both
point-to-point and ring trunk lines.
Transport Core
Point-to-Point
TDM
Trunk Line
April 2013
SONET/SDH
Ring
19
Speech Codecs
Several different codecs can be used.
The codecs vary in compression and sound quality.
Codec
G.711
G.721
G.722
G.722.1
G.723
G.723.1A
G.726
G.728
G.729AB
April 2013
Transmission Rate
64 kbps
32 kbps
48, 56, 64 kbps
24, 32 kbps
5.33, 6.4 kbps
5.3, 6.3 kbps
16, 24, 32, 40 kbps
16 kbps
8 kbps
20
Transport Core and Signaling

Transport Core
TDM: point-to-point and ring
SONET uses dual rings for reliability
If there is a break, the rings are wrapped
ATM uses packet switching
More efficient than TDM, replacing TDM
Signaling
SS7 in the United States, C7 in Europe
Interoperable
April 2013
21
Switching systems at ETC

Analog Switches/Exchanges
Previously ARF-102 and AGF (of ERICSSON product),
C400 (of NEC product) were analog automatic exchanges
used for local services and their capacity extends from 500 to
10,000.
For small capacity of rural services there was an exchange
called ARK (ERICSSON product).
ARM-201 and NC-82 exchange were used for national and
international (one way) service.
April 2013
22
Switching systems at ETC Contd

Digital Switches/Exchanges:
Nowadays the switches that we have through out the country
are all digital automatic switches
At the moment there are 4 main types of switches used
through out the country. These are:
1. AXE-10.ERICSSON product (Sweden)
2. DMS-10..TELRAD (NORTEL) product (Israel)
3. DMS-100TELRAD (NORTEL) product (Israel)
4. C&C08HUAWEI product (China)
April 2013
23
Types of Switches/Exchanges
The switches/exchanges at ETC can in general be classified as:
i. Combined national/international transit exchanges: AXE-10,
C&C08
ii. National transit exchange: C&C08
iii. Local Tandem exchange: AXE-10, C&C08, DMS-10, DMS100
iv. Local (Parent, Stand alone, Remote subscriber stage)
exchange: AXE-10, C&C08, DMS-10
Previously AXE-10 at Nazret, D/Dawa, Jimma, Nekemt, B/Dar
and DMS-100 at Dessie, Mekele, Shashemene were used as local
transit exchange. But nowadays they are replaced by C&C08
(HUAWEI) national transit exchange.
Nowadays, there are 2 combined national/international transit
exchanges (1 AXE-10, 1 C&C08) and there are 8 national transit
(C&C08) exchanges all over the country.
April 2013
24
Types of local exchanges

There are 3 types of local exchanges. These are:
i. Parent Exchange
ii. Stand alone
iii. Remote Subscriber Subsystems (RSS)
April 2013
25
Digital Switches/Exchanges Contd..

AXE-10 serves for medium, large and very large capacity
demand with a maximum capacity of around 50,000.
All AXE-10 exchanges are installed in a building.
DMS-10 serves for small, medium and large capacity demand
with a maximum capacity of around 10,000.
DMS-10 can be installed in a building as well as in a container.
DMS-100 is used for large capacity services and it serves as
local and transit (combined) exchange when the need arises.
C&C08 extends from small capacity of 500 to large capacity of
10,000 subscriber lines.
C&C08 can be installed in buildings as well as a container and
April
2013
26
serves
as local and national/international transit exchange.
Distribution of Switches/Exchanges
AXE-10:
1 national/international switch
28 parent local switches
5 RSS
DMS-100:
DMS-10:
8 UNIREM
C&C08:
1 national/international switch
Totally 160 switches/exchanges are under installation from
these 98 are operational
April 2013
27

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PSTN

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Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Elements of the PSTN

Elements of the PSTN Contd.

Customer premises equipment

Customer premises equipment

The main elements of the PSTN Contd.

The Access System consists of

Elements of the PSTN Contd.

The Transport Core connects end office

Elements of the PSTN Contd.

Signaling is the control of calling

Circuit Switching Contd.

Development of circuit switching technology

SPC: Stored program control

Local Loop Technologies

1-Pair Voice-Grade Residences

Businesses for high- Must be pulled to the

Transmitted signal in the PSTN

Codec at the end office switch

Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)

Filter at End Office Switch

Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Contd.

Energy Distribution for

Bandwidth (3.1 kHz)

The bandpass filter only passes this sound to reduce bandwidth.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Contd.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Contd.

Arriving Digital Signal

TDM and ATM switch connections in the PSTN transport Core

Transport Core and Signaling

Switching systems at ETC

Switching systems at ETC Contd

Types of local exchanges

Digital Switches/Exchanges Contd..

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