Convection Summary
Convection Summary
where
= heat rate
= heat flux
2. Nusselt number
=
3. Prandtl number refering to relative width of hydrodynamic layer to thermal boundary layer
=
( /
4. Grashoff number
=
Note : Red-coloured equation refers to forced convection while green one refers to natural convection.
Purple one holds for both.
FORCED CONVECTION
< 2100 )
) =
= 1,86
) =
= 0,027
at wall temperature
h value for non-circular conduits can be evaluated by using equivalent diameter (Recall what we
learnt in Fluid Mechanics course)
Annulus : DEFF = Outer diameter Inner diameter
effect of L/D
.
= 1+
; 2 < < 20
=1+6
; 20 < < 60
h is the average value for a tube of finite length L and hL is the value for a very long tube.
For liquid metal (i.e. Hg). Peclet number: NPe = NRe . NPr
(1) If the flow is turbulent and L/D > 60, 100 < NPe < 10000
=
= 0.625
(2) If the wall temperature is constant, L/D > 60 , NPe > 100
=
= 5 + 0.025
=
= 0,664 , ,
b. Turbulent flow :
> 3 10 and
> 0,7
=
= 0,0366 , ,
;
with D is outside tube diameter ( can be either outter diameter if the tube is monolayer or outtest
diameter if the tube is multilayer). All physical properties are evaluated at the film temperature (Tf).
The velocity is undisturbed free stream velocity approaching the cylinder.
; 1 <
< 400
NATURAL CONVECTION
For various geometry
These equations in the table below are simplified form of equations to calculate h value at 1 atm
absolute pressure BUT IT PREVAILS ONLY WHEN (T.L3) < 4.7 m3K AND 255 K < Tf <533 K
The corresponding information to the simplified equations is given in Table 4.7-2 on previous page.
WARNING: Notice if the absolute pressure is not 1 atm but p pascal, the h value calculated from the table above
needs to be multiplied by the following factors:
-
=
=
.
.
and
Heat flux : = (
< 2 10 :
=1
If 6 10 <
< 2 10 :
= 0.2
If 2 10 <
< 2 10 :
= 0.073
=1
If the fluid is liquid, the plate is vertical as shown in Figure 1, theres no specific restriction for value of L/.
Calculate the NGr.NPr and then choose one of these satifying conditions:
If
If 10 <
< 10 :
,
< 10 :
=1
,
= 0.28
How about liquids or gases in vertical annulus? The same equation holds for case of vertical plates.
How about the plates are horizontal plates? If the lower plate is hotter than the upper:
- If the fluid is gas, calculate the NGr.NPr and then choose one of these satified conditions:
If 7 10 <
< 3 10 :
= 0.21
If
> 3 10 :
,
, = 0.061
,
If the fluid is liquid, this equation below holds if 1.5 10 <
,
= 0.069
< 10
,
.
( kW m ) < 16 (W m
5000 <
( btu h ft
16 <
) = 151(T())
) = 1043 (T(K))
( kW m ) < 240 (W m
) = 0.168(T())
) = 5.56(T(K))
( kW m ) < 3 (W m
1000 <
( btu h ft
3<
) = 87(T())
) = 537(T(K))
) < 2 10 ( btu h ft
( kW m ) < 63 (W m
) = 0.24(T())
) = 7.95(T(K))
in K or
If the pressure is p atm abs, the vaolue of h at 1 atm calculated above are multiplied py (p/1)0.4. The red box
equations are in the natural convection region. What about forced convection boiling inside tubes?
= 2.55 ( )
= 0.077( ())
where p is in kPa or psia (English units).
(Wm K
(btu h
)
)
= 1,13
(1)
T=TSAT - TWALL
L : vertical height of surface or tube
hfg : latent heat of condensation in J/kg at TSAT
All phyisical properties except hfg are evaluated at Tf = 0,5(TSAT + TWALL)
2. TURBULENT FLOW
Turbulent flow occurs when Re > 1800
=
= 0,0077
. (2)
The solution of that equation is obtained bt Trial and Error method. Use this
following equation:
Figure 2. Film condensation on a vertical plate
= =
(3)
Adapted from Figure 4.8-3 Geankoplis
GENERAL FOR BOTH:
Reynold number can be calculated by these following equations:
4
4
=
=
; vertical tube, diamater D
=
1. Knowing the case whether the fluid is one phase or two phases
2. If it appears to be one phase: check whether its natural or forced
convection
3. If it appears to be two phases: check whether its boiling or
condensation
4. Knowing the geometry of body where heat transfer occurs
5. Notice the restriction of conditions (when it prevails) of all equations
(Reynold num., L/D)
6. Notice at what temperature will the properties of fluid be evaluated
then.
7. Notice if the pressure may affect.
8. BE METICULOUS on putting UNIT of any variables involved in all
related equations.