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Theses and Dissertations

2000

Madonna, an American pop icon of feminism and

counter-hegemony : blurring the boundries of race,
gender, and sexuality by Audra Gaugler.
Audra Gaugler
Lehigh University

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Ga~ler,Audra
_.

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Madonna: An " , ' '

American Pop'
Icon of Feminism'
and CounterHegemony""
Blurring ... , .
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-January 2001,~<
,

Madonna: An American'Pop Icon of Feminism and Counter-Hegemony

Blurring the Boundaries ojRace~ Gender, and Sexuality
.

by
Audra Gaugler .

A Thesis
Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee
of Lehigh University
in Candidacy for the Degree of
Master of Arts

In

American Studies

Lehigh University

September 8, 200b

Table of Contents

Abstract

-- 1

...<,.

Thesis

Bibliography

57

Vita

60

iii

Abstract
Pop star Madonna has faced much criticism throughout her career, but
much of it is unjust. Instead of Madonna's actions eliciting criticism, they should
elicit praise because she is both a leading counter-hegemonic force and a feminist.
Madonna is both a counter-hegemonic force and a feminist for two main reasons:
she radically tries to change society by blurring the boundaries that separate
different groups of people in society and she urges all people to gain power in their,
lives and lift themselves out of subordinate positions. Madonna blurs the
boundaries that exist in society and separate people in society in two distinct ways.
First, she demonstrates through her work how to deconstruct identity, and urges
people to first deconstruct the identity that society has dictated to them and then
create their own identity. She debunks societal constrictions, and she,encourages
ambiguity in terms of race, gender, and sexuality., The second way in which
Madonna blurs boundaries, which is directly tied to her promotion of people
deconstructing their identities, is through a kind of humanism. After she has helps
people decon,struct their own identities, she tries to protect them andpromotes an
acceptance of all people regardless of who they are. Aside from blurring
,u'

boundaries in society, Madonna is both a counter-hegemonic force and a feminist

because she is all about power. Specifically, she encourages people to take control
over their lives and take power a~om the hegemony. She isa role model for'
power, because she wields so much power and control herself both in her
professional and personal lives.

Because she has come to occupy such a large portion of

public media attention, Madonna functions rather like what
environmentalists call a charismatic megafauna: a highly
visible, and lovable, species, like the whale or the spotted
owl;--inwhose sympathetic name entire ecosystems can be
protected and safeguarded through public patronage. For
sex radicals, Madonna now plays thisrole, as she herself
has put it, ofbringing 'subversive sexuality into the
mainstream, ' and has accepted the challenge for the most
part, even reveling in the risk ofher potential martyrdom as
a celebrity. (Ross 52)
Throughout society, there are many varied images of Madonna Louise
Veronica Ciccone, a woman who has seemingly done it all in a career that has
,

spanned- two decades. Madonna has made over a dozen full~length

recordings, and
,
she has had dozens of Top Forty hits in the Top Ten. Her career has skyrocketed
through the help ofMTVTM, and she has starred in over 40 dynamic videos. She
has become a stage star, appearing in plays, such as David Mamet's Speed-the-

Plow, as well as nearly two dozen movies, in most of which, like Evita and
Desperately Seeking Susan, she has commanded the starring role. For her
portrayal of Eva Peron in Evita, she captured a Golden Globe Avyard as Best
Actress. Afraid of never revealing too much, she has authored a book, aptly titled

Sex (1992), which details sexual fantasies: "Madonna has always related sexuality
to health, treated sex as another way of working out. Her slogan--sex is good for
you-~seeID;s

less a call to self-indulgence than a call to self-improvement." (Frith

90) Aside from her controversial openness about sex, Madonna has hosted
concerts around the globe, transforming her stardom in the United States into
international stardom. She has ~tarred in the appropriately titled Truth ()r Dare, a
video expose on herself and her 1990 Blond Ambition tour. She has been th~
2

subject of seve!al unauthorized biographies, ~nd she has made her pitch to get
Americans to vote by appearing in a 1992 "Rock the Vote" commercial, "
patriotically wearing an American flag--onlyan American flag. Her life has
attracted muchirtterest--from the fans, as well as from the critics. People have
followed Madonna's career, learned of her life, and watched as she skyrocketed
from anonymity to iconic.status, according to Holly George-Warren, yditot ofthe
Rolling Stone Press:
As we watched, she progressed from homeless, down-and-out .
musician crashing with friends; at the notorious rehearsal hall called
the Music Building; to dance-club enfant terrible, performing to .
tapes on the roof of.Danceteria; to star of a film attempting to depict'
the Lower East Side punk-rock lifestyle (Despera~ely Seeking
Susan); to full-blown icon, trend-setter and idol (as well as nemesis)
to millions. (xi)
Madonna serves as a role model for people to lift themselves up to superstar status,
and with her acquisition of her MaverickRecording Company, she has also
subscribed.to the theory of lifting as you go and is helping other artists, such as
Alanis Morissette, to reach stardom. Madonna readily admits that she is not
necessarily best known for the lyrics or music of the songs she writes and sings,
and she i~ also not best known for her acting ability in films, videos, or movies.
Anthony Blake argues that before analyzing Madonna people must appreciate her
musical talent: "Madonna is first and foremost a musician, and a musician whom
we.have to take seriously." (Blake 28) Fans and critics can argue that Madonna
has or does not have genuine vocal talent, but her constant pushing of boundaries
has propelled her to superstar status. Madonna has become an expert at

",

':t

"

reinventing herself as she journeys from female pop singerto star of music videos
.to an aspiring movie actress to an A~erican

~0P

culture legend to a mother.

Despite the numerous achievements Madonna has made during the course
of her career, critics have been extremely vocal in finding fault with her for going
against feminism and being too outlandish, specifically in terms of her projections
of sexuality. Although many critics have always disliked Madonna, there exists a
large band of critics that at first praised her, but then became disillusioned with her
as she became more and more controversial. At first, bell hooks, praised Madonna
as a feminist revolutionary:
Her image, like that of the black Madonna, evoked a sense of
promise and possibility, a vision of freedom; feminist in that she
was daring to transgress sexist boundaries; Bohemian in that she
was an adventurer, a risk taker; daring in that she presented a.
complex non-static ever changing subjectivity. (hook~ 66-67)
Madonna emerged at a conservative time when women desperately wanted to rally
behind someone to combat patriarchy. Her strength and conviction to not be
silenced won the praise of even the most ardent feminists. Hooks, like many
.others, praised this new Madonna for giving women a sense of freedom: "For me
and many other young 'hip' feminist women confined in the academy; Madonna
was a symbol of unrepressed female creativity and power--sexy, seductive,

serious, and strong.'1 (hooks 67) Ironically, as Madonna took more risks in her
work, those same women who praised her became her most vocal critics.
Individuals, such as hooks, censored her for overstepping those same boundaries
that she tried to eliminate:
The image of a grown, over thirty, Madonna recreating herself as a
little girl sex kitten, presumably for the thrill of gaining and holding
4

.-

onto-the sustained m~s'patriarchal pornographic gaze for as long as

she can keep, the public's attention, exposes the way female aging in
a sexist society can undermine any woman's allegiance to radical
politics, to feminism. (hooks (8)
Hooks stresses that the very same behavior that had people praising Madonna for
.J

being a revolutionary also had them criticizing herJor degrading one of the sects
of society--women-- that she attempts to elevate.
While few critics argue that she is a blessing or at least started out as a.
blessing, most critics admonish her as a true thorn in their side: "While some
celebrate her as'a subversive cultural revolutionary, others attack her as
antifeminist, or as irredeemably trashy and vulgar." (Kellner 263) Many critics
argue that Madonna only does what she does to further her own career.
Specifically, some critics only give Madonna credit for mastering self-promotion
by objectifying the body. Bell hooks criticizes Madonna as buying into a society'
.

"'-

focused on marketing oneself in order to reach her stardom:

Despite Madonna's hype that would have the public believe she is
the radical visionary introducing transgressive subject matter t~ a
mass audience, thy reality 'is that advertisements; videos, movies,
. and.television were already exploiting these images. Madonna is
really only a link in the marketing chain-that exploits
representations of sexuality and the body for profit, a chain which
focuses on images that were once deemed 'taboo.' (hooks 70)
Douglas Rushkoff, another critic, agrees that Madonna's success stems from her
adeptness to marketing herself, rather than her conviction to any of the issues that
she presents. He argues that while Madonna may be obsessed with marketing
herself, she is equally transfixed by the attention that she receives from the media:
A consummate media professional, Madonna regularly reinvents
herself much as [Michael] Jackson does, but with a more intentional
.agenda and carefully conceived selection of memes. Madonna's
5

.,

'machinists' are based on a version of social consciousness and a

desire to provoke a negative but fascinated response from the
public. (Rushkoff 141)

Rushkoff argues that Madonna pulls all her stunts, from dressipg provocatively to
wearing a collar and chain in her Express Yourself video, because she thrives on
the attention she gets from her fans, as well asfrom the media, which explains why
he has termed her a "media virus."
Many critics view Madonna as the lowest form of female entertainment.
They chastise her by using the most derogatory of terms for females: "In other
words, the perception of Madonna's control relatesto precisely the same
characteristics that lead some to cart her a prostitute--her outspokenness in both
her songs Wld press about her own sexual desires and her sexual attractiveness." .
(Robertson 127) Critics and society in general seem to have the biggest problems
with Madonna in terms of the outlandish way she deals with gender and sexuality:
"Most ofthe negative criticism of Madonna relates to her sexuality and gender-her image as a kind of female grotesque and as the antithesis of feminism and
feminist identity politics." (Robertson 125) Some critics stigmatize her as going
against feminism. Criticisms of Madonna seem to point to the same argument that
has existed for decades: if a man is outgoing and projects power he is assertive; if
a woman is outgoing and projects power she is a "prostitute" or bitch. Because
Madonna goes to such extremes and allows no boundaries to stop her--the
language used to describe her is also extreme.
Another group of critics find fault that Madonna's continuous reinventing
of herself raises the question as to whether she is for real or if she is just a master
" 6

at sirimlating reality, or, as Jean Baudrillard puts it, at creating "simulacra," -- a

~

'possibility that has opef!.ed Madonna up to much criticism: "The implicit question
behind all of these images of Madonna is: who is she, really? Who is the 'real'
person, Madonna? And the implicit answer: she's a fake. S4e falsely adopts these
sexual personae in order to make obscene amounts of money. (Lentz 166) Again,
II

the real root of the critics' condemnation of Madonna stems. from the beliefthat
~

herincredible succt:(ss has come at the hands of her exploitation of herselfand her
manipulation of her audiences.
Overwhelmingly, the praise for Madonna shifted when her radical Sex
book and Justify My Love album were released. Critics inundated her with the

harsh~t criticism that she had ever faced: "In holy war terms, this was the militant
speech of bitch/saint commitment, and the evidence of Sex is that Madonna has
.indeed found her cause--a public use for sex that she can call political, a bridge
called her pussy." (Ross 52) Critics became focused on the graphic sexual images
. she had the courage to present rather than the fact that she sought to battle .a
society. that blanketed sexuality rather than relished it. Specifically, in academia,
Madonna spurred a complicated debate about her role with feminism:
"...feminists query whether Madonna represents parody or pastiche, a healthy
break from essentialism or a rejection of traditional feminist concerns." (Robertson
118) Is Madonna really the image that women want to look up to? Does she
portray women in a way that is complimentary to them and shatters old patriarchal
stereotypes? It is difficult to understand how in one breath Madonna can be
praised, and in the very next one criticized: "Madonna has been heralded as the
"

".

'Post-Feminist heroine', a figure of 'empowerment' for females, ethnic minorities,

gays and lesbians, a postmodern cultural icon--or, conversely, a perpetuator of
patriarchal values, a corrupter of morals, a super bimbo or simply a 'material girl'. II
(Lloyd 9) An iconic bimbo presents an interesting oxymoron. What Madonna
exemplifies by the contradictory opinions she generates is the chaos in society
because of the battle between the hegemonic force and the counter-hegemony.
Madonna has faced much criticism throughout her career, but much of it is
unjust. Although Madonna is controversial in all that she does, her fight to push
the boundaries and present society with alternatives to the way in which it has
always functioned is what makes her a revolutionary. lnstead of Madonna's
actions eliciting criticism, they should elicit praise because she is both a leading
counter-hegemonic force and a feminist. Madonna is both a counter-heg~monic
force and a feminist for two main reaso~s: she radically tries to change society by
blurring the boundaries that separate different groups of peop!e in society and she
urges all people to gilin power in their lives and lift themselves qut of subordinate,
positions. Madonna blurs the boundaries that exist in society and separate people
in society in two distinct ways. First, she demonstrates through her work how to

'

deconstruct identity, and urges people to first deconstruct the identity that society
has dictated to them and then create their own identity. 'She debunks societal
constrictions, and she encourages ambiguity in terms of race, gender, and
'sexuality,~so

that people cannot be labeled as one thing or another. Her logic in

creating this ambiguity is that then it becomes difficult for people to be branded as
,

being different than the majority or the hegemony. When taking a look at
8

Madonna in terms of gender, sexuality, and race, it becomes obvious that her
depictions bfthese ideologies go against the established norm in society. Life,
through the eyes of Madonna, does not rest on being black or white, gay or
straight, or even masculine or feminine--life is always juxtaposing the two, as she
does, in her musk; videos, books, and movies. According to Douglas Kellner,
"Madonna pushes the most sensitive buttons of sexuality, gender, race, and class,
offering challenging and provocative images ~d cultural artifacts ...." (263)
People do not have to be thought of in one term instead of another than can appear
p

any place on the continuum of one extreme and another. She exemplifies th.is.
because she herself can ,appear completely masculine in a dark suit, grabbing her
crotch, and yet, she can appear completely comfortable in a pink gown as men
swoon over her femininity. She constantly reinvents herself in order to show that
people are not really one thing or another. She treads the water between various
sets of binaries so fluidly that it-becomes clear that people do not have to be'
gendered as either masculine or feminine, be defined as heterosexual or
homosexual, or even be black or white. Madonna demonstrates vividly-in both her
work and in her personal life that people can have traits of both binaries at the
same time, and, because the boundaries become so blurred, it becomes not as
important that people are one thing or another. Instead, they can be "other," and
\'--

still incorporate traits

of the binaries.

Most importantly, Madonna promotes,

through her music and actions, that people have the power to control the labels that
are us~4 to define them, andthey have the right to reject those labels by using the
term "other." She urges people not to use the terms straight or gay or black or
9

white because they create boundaries that divide people. The second way ~n which
Madonna blurs boundaries, which is diroctly tied to her promotion of people
"
deconstructi)1g their identities, is through a kind of humanism. After she has helps
people deco;;,struct th'eir own identities, she tries to' protect them and promotes an
acceptance of all people regardless of who they are. She specifically tries to erase
boundaries so people are not stigmatized by being one thing or another. Instead,

'

she helps to create a place for people in a society that is safe and where they do not
.feel threatened. She stands behind all people and helps them fight against being
ostracized in society.
Aside from blurring boundaries in society, Madonna is both a counterhegemonic force and a feminist because she is all about power. Specifically, she
encourages people to take control over their lives and take power away from the
hegemony. She is a role model for power, becaus~he wields so much power ~d
control herself both in her professional and personal lives. Her videos and music,
such as Express Yourself, are filled examples and phrasing designed to help people
gain power, such as the title itself. Madonna encourages people to have power and
to express who they really are. She encourages women, and all people? to follow
her example and to seize power and rise up from subordinate positions. No matter
what group of people Madonna i,s fighting for-whet~ it be gays or Hispanicsshe always manages to include her fight for women in her message, which is
undoubtedly the counter-hegemonic force with which she identifies the most. This
not only also attributes to her being a feminist, but it-also demonstrates how s~e is
,

a master at mixing messages in her work. In her videos and music, she not only
10

presents examples of having power, but she also details how people in the worst possible situations in society, such as abused women, can rise up and gain control
of their lives.

It
was during the 1980s, a time of extreme conservatism led by the Reagan
.

administration that Madonna first came into the limelight. Before the United
States was caught up in multiculturalism, Madonna decided to push the boundaries
of race by trying to eliminate separating black from white, Hispapic from white,
and even black from Hispanic. Undoubtedly, at least part"ofMadonna's appeal is
that she goes against the ruling hegemony, such as the white majority; she is a
counter-hegemonic force with which to be reckoned. Her trademark lies in the
fact that she keeps changing as the dynamics ?fher audiences change and as the
dominant hegemonic forces change. At times she champions African Americans
or at other times, she champions Hispanics. At this particular time in society,
people were leading highly conservative lives .and seemed .content to not mix with
people who had different colored skin than their own. But, there was this growing
group of people, Hispanics and African Americans, along with some whites, a
counter-hegemony, who seemed eager to tear down the walls that were separating
different races of people.
Madonna went against the grain with regards to race, as she also does in
terms of gender and sexuality, and helped to lead this counter-hegemonic group to
both blur the boundaries between races and also gain power for the African
Americans and Hispanics. As TJ. Jackson Lears articulates in his article, "The
Concept of Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities," people usually do not try to
11

'

go against the dominant culture simply because they feel a part of it. It seems safe
to infer that Madonna does not feel a strong connection to the domjnant cuiture,
and so she has found it easy to go against the dominant "norms," with regards to
sexuality, gender, and race. Particularly with race, Madonna did not seem to feel a
strong tie to a culture that isolated one race from another. Madonna is all about
power, and she gains more and more power as she strays farther and farther away
from cultural norms. According to Lears, Gramsci articulated cultural hegemony
as depending "not on the brainwashing of lithe masses" but on the tendency of
public discourse to make some forms of experience readily available to .
consciousness while ignoring or suppressing other." (577) The key to Madonna's
appeal is that she constantly brings to light all the thoughts and ideas in society
that the dominant groups have tried to suppress JUld deemed "the other,"
-------

.the races together, both in her professional and personal life. Madonna's fans seem
to appreciate and identify with what she is doing, because she has such a large fan
base of young and old, black and white, straight and gay, male and female. A
study of Madonna is aBtudy in how counter-hegemonic forces are b,uilt. One
person or a small group of people (in this case Madonna) gains power. ,Slowly,
thatpers.sm or group adds to their following and gains not only appeal, but power.
However, as is truly the case with Madonna, even though the counter..hegemonic
force may grow, it never becomes the hegemonic force. Because, again, as is the
case with Madonna, there are still those--the power bloc, or in this case, the,
12

. . . . _ - ~..

_--

whites--who remain sho.cked and appalled by this force. People still remain who
never buy-in to the counter-hegemonic way ofthinking or beliefs. Although
sometimes the hegemony can become such a minority that it actually becomes the
counter-hegemony, usually the counter-hegemony does not become the hegemony,
but instead, retains its roots in resisting the status quo.
The first way in which Madonna addresses race is that she includes a
multicultural set of characters in her videos. One of the first videos in which
Madonna tackles race is the 1984 video Borderline, which is set in a very
'.,

multicultural ,community. The video focuses on this c0mmunity and on the

character that Madonna portrays, who keeps moving between her high society life
as a model and the community in which she seems most comfortable. In this video
Madonna completely integrates the races. And by including Hispanics and blacks,
she gives them a voice in mainstream society, which is something that had been
lacking. She makes them central characters in her work, rather than place them on
the fringe of society, which is where the ruling hegemony has them placed. But,
Madonna does not seem content only to place, a white character amidst Hispanics
and blacks.. She pushes the boundaries even further in this video by promoting
interracial relationships. In the Borderline video, she is paired romantically with a
Hispanic male, or, in this case, with what society has come to deem as the
II

otherII-a person outside ofthe ruling white patriarchy. A few years later,

Madonna continu~s to put herself in a community of II others II and, even tho?gh she
is unlike them, she completely fits in, such is the case with her. 1987 hit "La Isla
Bonita," which is sung partially in Spanish. Not ~nly does Madonna imm~rse
13 '

herself in a Hispanic community, but she also accentuates her femininity by

dressing in a bright traditional Spanish dress in the video. Again in this video,
Madonna flirts with Hispanic men and crosses the boundaries of interracial
-relationships. She makes it unimportant that one person is w .ite while .the other is
Hispanic, and she stresses that society should not dictate with whd~~~uM'rtl
- relationship.
Madonna involves herself as intimately with the African-American
community as she does with the Hispanic community,- Both groups-are outside of
the- ruling white majority:
. Madonna is notthe first artist to utilize minority characters in
videos or borrow icons from diverse cultures in her expressions, but
she is unique in her consistent presentation of her characters as
integral parts of each video's narrative. This use of minorities as
central actors in the narratives and the heavy reliance on icons from
diverse cultures in her videos is particularly important in
understanding her appeal to nonwhite viewers. (Scott 63)

Madonna does not become the voice of one culture, instead she speaks for all
cultures. In her 1993 Rain video, she kisses a black man just as she had kissed a
Hispanic man. Madonna shows that people who have power ill society, in this
case, whites, do not always have to be paired with people Who are like them, both .
in terms of the color of their skin and the fact that they are a member of the power
bloc in society. Instead, people can step over that boundary that keeps those with
power separated from those without power by not seeing people only by their race
in order to fonn successful relationships with all people in society.
As Madonna works hard in boththe videos to give a voice to minority
groups and blur the boundaries between white and "other," she also seeks to
14

--_.~---

. remind viewers not to lose s-ight of the strong female character that she pres~nts,
which is one way in which she mixes messages in her work. Even though she
tackles racial issues, she simultaneously.takes women out oftheir traditional
submissive roles. Madonna becomes a woman who takes the brave steps to enter a

. f

world unfamiliar to her in order to help ~ridge the gap between groups of "others":
"The street setting in Borderline, which is framed by and set predominately within
a working-class neighborhood, for example, counters female passivity because
Madonna enters and engages in the outside, public realm, which violates the
conventional male dominance of the street:" (Hallstein 128-129) Madonna leaves
the traditional "home" realm of women to take to the male streets. And in so doing
this, she sets herself as a role model for other women to find courage to take .
themselves out of their traditional role. By taking the first step, she helps to create
a safer environment for women to step out of their traditional roles. Madonna
focuses not on violence or dominance, which may be the traditional environment
on the male streets. Instead, she hopes to work with the people of the streets.
Also, more specifically in the Video, as Hallsteinpoints out, Madonna's character
is not trapped by a man.or patriarchy in any way, instead, she asserts herself to
claim her true love:
Also, because Madonna's character in Borderline narrates her
struggle between h~r boyfriend and the photographer,she counters '
pa~sive femininity by taking charge of the love triangle by walking
away from the wealthy photographer to return to the street and the
man of her choice, her boyfriend. (129)
Madonna presents videos where men are not making the decisions. She chooses to
enter the community of her own free will, and she chooses her lover of her own
. I

. 15

..

free will. Madonna's uniquepess stretches beyond the fa~t that she strives !o give a
voice to people in society who have been silenced by the ruling patriarchy. As she
acts out for Hispanics and African Americans
by joining their communities and
......
breaking down the barrier between white and "other," she simultaneously stresses
that women can have agency over their own lives: "The narrative emphasizes that
she is owned by nobody or more precisely no male; not the young Hispanic
boyfriend who tries to stop her modeling or the rich older photographer." (Lloyd
36) Madonna is a feminist and a counter-hegemonic force in that she always
fights for the counter-hegemonic forces--inthis

c~se

it ~s the Hispanics and blacks

who live outside of hegemony. But, what makes Madonna a feminist by any
definition ofthe term is that no matter what battle she fights, she never loses sight
"'of the fact that she is a champion always for women.
Madonna not only promotes the benefits of forming relationships with
people regardless of their race, but she also refuses to propagate the stereotypes or
characteristics that are associated with defining people in terms of race. One of
her most controversial racial videos, Like a Prayer, offers Madonna the challenge
of presenting black life that does not exist in current ~ociety:
Perhaps most significantly, Madonna'sLike a Prayer video
provides viewers with an opportunity to see facets of black life that
are devoid oftraditional stereotypes. M!1donna exhibits a
sensitivity to those stereotypes and then reflexively turns them on
the viewers, forcing individualsto question their own attitudes and
beliefs. (Scott 74)
By Madonna stimulating people to question their own beliefs, she takes a first step
in erasing power boundaries and stereotypes. Madonna strives to erase power
boundaries by not only promoting a mixing of people, but she also tries to bring to
16

lightthe injustices that people have impQsed on the "others" in society, specifically
in this case, those who are not white. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, in her article,
"African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race," states that
race is "artificially and arbitrarily contrived to produce and maintain relations

or

power and subordination.!' (5) Madonna recognizes this-belief in society, and she
tries to identify those constructs and break them down. In her video, Like a Prayer
(1989), she portrays a black man ~s a scapegoat for an attack and ,murder of'a
white woman committed by a group of white men:
... the video does seem to affirm, however, that too often race and
the stereotypes att.ached to it are negative factors in the decision
processes of many Americans. Specifically, the black male
character is arrested for a crime because institutional authorities
believe he assaulted the white woman. (Scott 65)
The black man tries to respond to the screams of the white woman, but then is
arrested and mistakenly assumed to be the perpetrator of the crime when the white
policemen arrive. Madonna views all this but then flees the scene and finds refuge
in a black church. What follows in the video is this magical dream sequence
where her character reaches an epiphany, rejoices by singing with a black choir,
and encounters a black holy God-like statue resembling the black man, which not
.only comes to life, but she also kisses. Having experienced this escapade,
Madonna then awakens and goes to the police station and frees the black man. In
the end, a woman reverses the injustice done by the white men and visits a world
where the color of a person's skin does not matter.
Through Like a Prayer, Madonna demonstrates exactly how race can be
used to maintain the power of white p~ople in society. Madonna forces people to
17

"

look at their own inherent and learned prejudices. By kissing a black man, she
shocks people into seeing the potential for how uncomplicated actions can be if
people are not judged by the color of their skin: "If any of the images in the Life a

Prayer video blatantly violates so-called racial taboos and potentially offends
viewers, it is the depiction of Madonna's character being kissed by the black
male." (Scott 67) Madonna has never been one to subtly do anything. She does
not ever play games when it comes to delivering a powerful message. Instead, she
uses the most graphic element to make sure that people understand her meaning.
The kiss is not the only image in the video that Madonna uses to shock viewers by
stepping over the boundary that separates races and mixing them. She takes the
imagery associated with burning crosses, symbols of the Ku Klux Klan and racial

intolerance, and shows how she, as a woman and a feminist, can overcome those
boundaries:
Thus, while images of crosses burn in the background as a warning
to whites to avoid physical contact or getting involved in the causes
of blacks, Madonna's character stands before these symbols of the
Ku Klux Klan, denying the Klan's power and authority, opting
instead for a harmonious resolution. (Scott 69)
Here again is an example of how Madonna clearly uses herself as a female and a
feminist to present an image of how women can assert themselves to do good in
the world and tear down the age-old stereotypes and boundaries that exist.
,

Madonna presents an alternative to society through her dream in Like a

Prayer by constructing a world where race does not m-atter and does not create a
q

boundary between people. She not only presents a world where she, a white
woman, can worship a black religious figure: kiss a black man, and sing with a
18

traditionally black gospel ,choir, Ma?onna also attempts to deconstruct the

stereotype that black men are obsessed with having s~x with white women. In

Like a Prayer, Madonna reverses the stereotype and shows a black man helping a
white woman: _
Instead of portraying all black males as threats to society, who are
often presumed guilty of some criminal activity, she gives us an
image of a black man who was moved not by sexually oriented
motives but by compassion to help a person in trouble. (Scott 66)
Nothing explicitly sexual exists between the two characters. The video, instead,
concentrates on showing how people do not judge the white female in the video,
and she, in turn, does not judge others by the color of their skin. Madonna shows
how race is constructed, and how it needs to be deconstructed in society.
Critics, including those in the black community, lividly objected to the
release of Like a Prayer, which was the first time that the world was truly able to
see how hard Madonna can push buttons. Because the video was so controversial~
some critics argued that -Madonna was being so outlandish to simply gain
attention:
While it can be seen as empowering for Afro-Caribbeans and the
Black church, simply b~cause they have a strong presence often
denied in popular culture, the video can also be read as Madonna
appropriating for her own motives a volatile mix of sexuality, race
and religion. (Lloyd 42-43)
II

Critics, such as bell hooks, took offense not at the fact that Madonna may have
specifically targeted minority groups to increase her public appeal, ~ut rather that a
white woman--or any white pe.rson--was trying to speak ofthe black experience.
Hooks protested that no white person could come into a black or Hispanic world
_and represent them:
19
"..

Increasingly, Madonna occupies the space of the white cultural

imperialist, taking on the maritle of the white colonial adventurer
moving into the wilderness of black culture (gay and straight), of
white gay sub-culture. Within these new and different realms of
experience she never divests herself of white privilege. She
maintains both the purity of her representation and her dominance.
(hooks 77)
Here was a~lti-millionaire white woman who had everything in life and was
trying to speak for underprivileged people. Andrew O'Hagan, another critic,
argues that no matter what Madonna's motives are, she can never escape the fact
that by virtue of the color of her skin, she will always have power over blacks and
Hispanics. O'Hagan argues that it is this identity that comes out in "Like a
Prayer":

Madonna has been blessed by opportunity. She has always reacted

against tradition in a way more self-promotingthan sociallyengaged. Inscribed deep in her p~lic persona are the yearnings of
WASP':'ish power and affluence and whenever she speaks, whatever
she sings, she swells with the pieties of American success. (34)
The points of O'Hagan and hooks are well-taken. Madonna cannot separate
herself from the fact that she has had good fortune aild through much hard work,
she has gained immense success. Hooks' point speaks directly to the
misconceptions about identity. In society, Madonna is a white woman of much
--J

wealth and an elevated social status. But is that the identity she projects and
believes for herself? Assuming that Madonna accepts the identity that society has
, given her is a mistake. It is obvious in all that Madonna does that she rejects
,,

traditional labels. So, it seems unfair of hooks to use society's structuring system.

')0 label and then criticize Madonna, when it is clearly a system that Madonna
rejects. What most critics, even thosesuch as hooks, fail to do is exactly what
20

Madonna has been proclaiming all along: that people need to stop seeingthe world

in terms ofbinaries--in terms of black or white. She seeks to show people that she
is not going to live in her detached area of society and not mix with people who
are different. If she does not judge people by the color of their skin, then it was
unfair for critics to judge her by the color of her skin. Only after fans and the
critics get past the fact that a white woman was sending these messages can a
_deeper understanding of the video be obtained.
Critics of Madonna, such as Kellner, argue that Madonna only uses,blacks,
Hispanics, and other minority groups to increase her marketability. Many add that
she carefully projects the message that black and Hispanic men can have her by
promoting interracial relationships or that "other" women can actually be her:
"Such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves (Le. highly
explicit sexuality and interracial sexuality) turned out to be highly successful
marketing moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences." (271)
Kellner's argument that Madonna calculatingly uses blacks and Hispanics in her
videos to increase her fan base be~omes difficult to accept. Take, for instance,
Madonna's greatest portrayal of another culture as Eva Peron in Evita. Hearing
Madonna talk about the role, it becomes clear that she was much more interested
in the person of Eva Peron, rather than the fact that she is Argentinean and that by
taking on this character she could reach a more global audience. As Madonna
says, she was able to recognize herself in the story of Eva Peron: "Because of her
enormous impact, her detractors tried to tear her down and decrease her image.

..

People were frightened of the power she had and un~ermined her accomplishments
,

21

by calling her a whore. I can certainly relate to that. People are intimidated by me
feel the need to deniwate me." (Gundersen 76) Madonna truly seems. to see
people for who they are and what they have accomplished, rather than'for their
. cultural background and the color of their skin or their gender or sexuality. In the
Blond Ambition tour and many of her other tours, Madonna surrounds herself with
an extremely diverse entourage. Her backup singers and dancers are black or
Hispanic and primarily gay. As ambitious as Madonna is, it seems that she would
be most interested in a person's talent and personality when she includes them in
her videos Of"~,tours. It seems inconceivable that a savvy busin~sswoman like
Madonna would accept mediocre talent for the sake of getting a black or Hispanic
face in her videos. And, it seems equally inconceivable that Madonna would
sacrifice the messages of her work in order to increase her appeal to the masses.
Just as Madonna breaks down boundaries with race, she also pushes those
boundaries that demarcate gender and sexuality: liThe hallmark of Madonna's
career has been her play with multiple gender roles and images in her music
videos, filITis, and persona. 11 (Hallstein 125) Specifically, Madonna breaks down
'. the boundaries that people use to define themselves and others as one thing or
another. Instead, she champions an ambiguity that does not allow people to be
pigeon-holed into one category. Madonna enforces this ideology to show that
people are not static beings, and they do not remain in one place on the continuum.
Specifically in terms of gender, women and men are not always at the completely
feminine or masculine end or'the spectrum. Instead, they can range anywhere
, from being feminine to being masculine, which is what Madonna demonstrates in
22,

her music and videos in order for people to understand how to deconstruct these
boundaries that isolate people as one thing or another. Madonna promotes theideology of how the entirety of identity is a construct in society, which becomes
apparent when she sings "Strike a pose" in her hit song "Vogue."
Madonna not only articulates that women, specifically, need to question
who they are and know that they can be anything that they want to be, but she has
become a role model for women and all counter-hegemonic forces because she
shows them the importance of always being in control. Madonna dominates her,
videos by being in control: "Despite this adeptness and her multiple
transformations, Madonna is in control of her image, not trapped by it. Indeed
'control' and 'power' are terms used repeatedly in connection with her." (Izod 57)
In her 1995 video Human Nature she exploits the idea that a woman can have
,

control in even the most intimate parts of their life--the bedroom--and be a

.~

dominatrix and have power and control while she utters the lyrics "I'Ih notyour
bitch." Another e~ample of Madonna being in control, her Express Yourself video,
completely revolves around power: "Madonna's presentations appeal to (or repel)
many different sorts of people in many different ways, but perhaps the one
cron thread that most of her fans and critics feel tugging at them is that spun
from sex and power-the power of seduction, the seduction of power." (Izod 57)
She masterfully combines -gender, sex, and power in her videos. And, instead of .
. women being submissive sexual partners, she presents how women can have
power and still be sexual.

23 .

Madonna makes it difficult to discuss her identity without discussing the

roles that she assumes, as well as the personas that she presents. She.
changes
her
. ,
.

fashions and hairstyles spontaneously, setting trends as she progresses. Madonna

appears the most femininein her 1993 video for the song "Fever." She completely
buys in to the age-old argument that women are linked directly to nature as she
adorns herself with flowers to cover her breasts and her most private womanly
parts. But, Madonna presents an equally convincing number of portrayals of how
women are linked to culture, by presenting them as masculine by flexing her
muscles ,and grabbing her crotch in traditional masculine fashion. She pumps and
grinds, which is also traditionally associated with men. But, Madonna's real
purpose seems, again, to be, how versatile she can be. ,Madonna also destroys the
boundaries in regards to gender and sexuality by intentionally confusing people in
terms of what is a traditional male body and what is'a traditional female body.
Madonna destabilizes gender (roles), bJt she also destabilizes sex (biology), which
is much more radical. Biologically, Madonna does this by putting artificial coneshaped breasts on men in her performances, as she does in her rendition of "Like a
Virgin" in her Blond Ambition tour. Thus, Madonna not only establishes how
gender can be an act, but she takes things one step farther and illustrates how sex
can also b~ an act. Madonna expounds versatility: "Her 'image' consists of
changing 'images' but each new one has a set of particular 'meanings at the time of
its production which then enlarges the o-verall 'identity' of 'Madonna'." (Lloyd 35)
She does not adapt her identity to gain a particular fan based. Instead, she gathers
I

more and more fans and admirers because she is willing to change and reveal her
24

different identities and tackle so many issues. Madonna changes her ~dentity

'\

constantly, and makes people accept her different images as parts of her entire
persona. Madonna's success lies in the fact that she keeps reinventing herself by
creating simulacra: "Like Barbie, Madonna sells because, like MatteI, she
continuouslyupdates the model, making her former selves obsolete." (Robertson
123) It is so hard to tell when--if ever--she is being genuine. Madonna al~o never
seems to deny that she is presenting simulacra, rather she professes the power she .
has gained from it. She makes reference to this in the song "Like Prayer" when
she says "You are not what you seem." Fans and critics may find it difficult to tell
if Madonna is ever what she seems, but she extends that questioning of reality to
society itself. Again, the question becomes not whether Madonna is real, but
rather how she constructs these different identities of herself, instead of simply
accepting the way in which society identifies her. Also in her Like a Prayer video,
Madonna makes it difficult to tell when her dream ends and when reality begins.
In real life, people face these dilemmas everyday as they try to distinguish the real
from the false;Madonna is doing nothing new. But what she does do that is quite

brilliant is that she keeps simulating the real and modifying it to project the
messages that she wants to deliver to society as she fights for the counterhegemonic for~es. It is unlikely that fans will ever again catch a glimpse of
Madonna as the she was dUring her "Borderline" and "Lucky Star"

d~ys.

Instead,

she builds on what she has done to more aggressively attack hegemony. Today,
Madonna presents a much sleeker and refined Image than that of her "Boy Toy"
days:
25

Embodying the stages of eighties to nineties sexual evolution, she

. began as the tom-boy street urchin of the song "Holiday" and
developed into a diamond clad "Material Girl." Asthe
Reagan/Bush era promoted prayer and closeted sexuality, out came
a brasher Madonna, pushing "Like a Prayer," "Papa Don't Preach,"
and the famo~sly censored "Justify My Love" video. Finally, as
AIDS recloseted sexuality, Madonna reached deep into gay
subcultures for "Vogue," actually a transvestite style, and the
bisexual partnerings in Sex~ (Rushkoff 142)
Madonna does not battle one cause or tear down one boundary; she is the
champion of all causes and she seeks to eliminate all boundaries. In order for her
to break down such a large number of different boundaries, she presents different
identities that contradict the way society creates identity by using relatively
arbitrary terms such as race, gender, and sexuality.
Madonna has been using the way she dresses to redefine gender since the
. beginning of her career. By masterfully reinventing herself, she deconstructs
gender by showing how a person can control how his or her gender is perceived:
"The videos and performances emphasize that Madonna can now control her look
by becoming whoever she wishes through dress, gesture or change of hair colour. II
(Lloyd 40) Looking back to the early days of Mad<?nna's career, she has been a
trendsetter in fashion since "Holiday" and "Lucky Star." . In her first videos,
Madonna appears wearing either black or denim, accented by much lace and
jewelry. But, in the early years, Madonna kept most ofner body covered with
clothing, exposing only her belly button.. As Madonna's career progresses, she
exposes much more thanjust her belly button, and her signature becomes for her to

appear scantily.clad. Madonna's black bra becomes her symbol, "accenting alush

26 .....

and accessible sexuality." (Kellner 9) Madonna uses clothing, whether it is a bra

or an evening gown, to accentuate her gender and her sexuality:
She was overt in her presentation of the female body as an object of
desire--the soft, voluptuous body revealed by skimpy clothing, the .
'gentlemenprefer blondes' image and the alluring looks and .
movements consciously inviting the survey of her body--an obvious
opposition to the religious icon her birth name invoked. (Lloyd 3536)
At times, instead of Madonna wanting to achieve the 'gentlemen prefer blondes'
image, she wants to look like the gentleman. Madonna did not want to look
seductively feminine, so she would choose a suit to alter the way in which she
would deliver a mess?lge to society. A suit could make her look masculine or an
evening gown or a bra could make her look feminine. Through her use of a bra,
Madonna exemplifies how she completely upsets the traditional thinking in '
society. She takes an undergarment, the bra, which was designed to confine a
woman's sexuality and mask it. The design of bras was to make women look flat
~

chested like men. Through new designs and materials, however, women now use
the bra not only to provide them support, but also to express their sexuality and
gender.. In fact, society has almost completely chan~ed its views onbras, and has
begun to market that through their design and material, women can wear bras to
feel good about themselves and express their sexuality and gender. Madonna does
amazing things to project how bras were created to confine women and make them
appear less feminine and more masculine by exaggerating the traditional thinking.
She will first appear in a suit, dressed like a man, but then by asserting her
independence, femininity, and sexuality, she will step out of the clothing that has
been used to mask her gender and sexuality. She then proceeds to demonstrate
27 .
.f

how women need to assert themselves and tum something that society has created
in order to confine them into something that they can use to make a statement
about their sexuality and gender. Madonna is truly at her best, as she and the fans
say, when she is pushing
people's buttons, being provocative, and being political:
-7
)

She is a living icon not just for her contrivances and a life lived
large, even less for her music or other artistic achievements, but
because Madonna as idea, example, archetype exists simultaneously
with the real woman, the gap-toothed galpal who inspired a nation
of millions to wear their underwear on top of their clothes. (Rolling
Stone 1)

'.

In a stunning way, Madonna completely mocks society's traditional thinking and v

turns things around, breaks down the boundaries, and convinces people that there
is an alternative.
Madonna also tackles gender by parodying it in her music, movies, and
videos. Judith Butler explains parody in society as reinventing the "norm" in a
slightly different way:
The parodic repetition of gender exposes as well the illusion of
gender identity as an intractable depth and inner substance. As the
effects of a subtle and politically enforced performatiyity, gender is
an "act," as it were, that is open to splitiings, self-parody, selfcriticism, and those hyperbolic exhibitions of "the natural" that, in
their very exaggeration, reveal its fundamentally phantasmatic
status. (146-47)
Madonna's versatility appears most evidentin the fact that she demonstrates that
,gender is truly an act, because a person can be the epitome of femininity in one
instance and in the very next instance appear masculine. She keeps repeating
images of what society considers masculine and what it considers feminine in
.

society. In'one scene she looks very masculine by appearing in a traditional man's
,

suit. The next minute she takes off part of the suit and appears strikingly feminine.
28

..
She flips back and forth from appearing masculine in one scene to appearing
feminine in another so many times that it becomes obvious that through this
repetition she animates exactly how gender, through the repetition ofa person's
actions, such as dress, is an act. Madonna can change the way.she dresses easily
and quickly, and it is also something that society looks to in order to help define
gender. Her constant changing of wardrobes helps enunciate how "phantasmatic"
gender can be. With a quick change of clothing, the. gender of a person can be
perceived quite differently. Madonna shows not only how she can make gender an
act, but also how fleeting that act really is..
Two ofMadonria's classic videos in which she parodies gender by making
it an act are Open Your Heart (1986) and Express Yourseif(1989). Again, at a
pinnacle in her career when critics began to attack her, Madonna continued.to
incorporate so many controversial stat~ments and mix many messages in her work:
"Unlike the earlier videos there is less ambiguity of the setting, less cutting back to
another 'Madonna', and we are confronted with her as the embodiment both of the'
female sex object and traditional porno Queen." (Lloyd 39) Looking at the way in
which Madonna dresses in Express Yourse?f-just like her live performances
captured in Truth or Dare--she demonstrates how clothing, as well as actions, can
draw attention to gendered stereotypes in society. Madonna uses a common
gesture of a man grabbing his crotch artd juxtaposes it with images of a woman
and those of a man: "She adopts gestures associated with the male from the muscle
flexing to the famous mock phallus crotch grabbing." (Lloyd 43) She still is able

29

.'

.to remain feminine when she is dressed like a man and grabs her crotch like a man.
Madonna completely confuses audience's ideas about patriarchy and power. .
In the Express Yourself video, Madonna wears a cat suit in the video to
express her feminine side as she tells women II don't jump for second best" and to
"make him express how he feels. II She is showing women that they can be
feminine and sexual without being subordinate. Madonna seems to have complete

control in the video as she lords over the men as they work. It is when this
feminine Madonna towers over the male workers and shows her power while
sporting a suit and grabbing her crotch that viewers clearly are led to question
hegemony: liThe video uses a futuristic setting and a now blonde Madonna
appears overlooking the world and acts as the inciter to freedom for the oppressed
males, adopting a variety of costumes, that question traditional gender division in
society." (Lloyd 43) Madonna questions who traditionally has power in societ)'
and presents alternatives and reversals to those power relationships. Usually when
Madonna appears the most feminine and in more. of a subordinate position, her
dress is most revealing: "She wears a pin-striped man's suit with a monocle in her
eye in one scene; in another, she wears blac~ lingerie and stockings held up by a
black garter belt. In yet another scene in the same video, Madonna is chained and
.

lying naked on a bed. II (Hallstein 125) It is troubling, however, that at one point in
the video Madonna seems to be the object of submission as she appears inbed

with a chain and a shackle around her neck: liThe most intriguing component of
,

the looking in 'Express Yourself occurs when Madonna appears to be the most
vulnerable. When she is chained and waiting for a man to arrive, Madonna
30

engages in sustained direct address with the camera." (Hallsteiri 134) Even though
she appears to be in a subordinate position by being chained, Madonna still
remains in control because she makes the audience focus on her in this role.
Also, Madonna exemplifies what Richard Dyer suggests in his article
"Heterosexuality," because she depicts what has become the "nomi" in society-that women are in chains, created by patriarchy, and are oftentimes slaves in the
bedroom. She needs to show the dynamics of the power that exist in society so
that when she is flexing her muscles in a video arid showing how a woman can
. have power that it has much more of a dramatic effect. She first shows women
what the problem is before she can present a solution. In the very next clip ofthe
video, she towers over males and looks very powerful. It is the same person in the
video who has the power or does not have the power--it is just the way in which
the person articulates her gender through her dress that changes. Even though the
shot of Madonna chained to a bed is as startling as.the burning crosses in "Like a
Prayer," there seems little reason to think that Madonna attempts to degrade
women, because, just as she does so many other times, it is evident that she as
feminist has the upper hand: "Gender distinctions habitually used in our culture
become insecure. The signs are muddled and the freedom to choose one's
sexuality or a role of victor or victim is extended by the infamous shot of Madonna
chained to the bed." (Lloyd 43) Madonna very well may be the victor on the bed.
Even though Madonna may be choosing to be chained to a bed, she still retains her'
agency, because she is the one making the choice to be on the bed. She may well

31

be expressing herself by living out a-fantasy--her fantasy. It is people cultured in

society who automatically think that particular role for women is degrading.
Another Madonna sexual fantasy video, Open Your Heart, also looks
specifically at the way in which society depicts the masculine and the feminine.
The video begins with this huge lit-up sign of a practically naked woman with
enormous breasts. Madonna, dressed in a sexy black outfit with gold cones and
tassels on her breasts, puts on a strip tease for her audience. But, her audience is
varied, including women and two seemingly gay men dressed in military uniforms.
Although it seems as though Madonna is being objectified by' the stares she
I

receives at her body, there is really no doubt that even while she dances, she
remains in control: "The exhibitionist knows that the voyeur is watching; thus,
Madonna bares the device of femininity, thereby asserting that femininity is a
.device." (Schwichtenberg 134) Madonna, by the way that she dances and moves,
controls at all times exactly how the men look at her. She uses her feminine body
as a tool to gain power over those around her. The work in this sequence is
brilliant, because it shows Madonna working completely in the patriarchal realm-in a way that women have typically been degraded--as strippers---and turning it
around so that she has the upper hand:
While Madonna may be able to subvert or control the male gaze,
she is still using it and aspects of the patriarchal stereotype to which
it belongs to gain this power. Madonna works pragmatically within
the dominant economic and patriarchal structure--which she
. playfully subverts but never openly attacks. (Lloyd 40)
The voyeurs in the video are enraptured by Madonna. She dominates them
because she can control their gaz~ on her. From the moment the curtain opens, she
32

has their attention. But, as strikingly feminine and sexual as Madonria appears in
the video, when she ends her exhibitionist routine, she:dons a very masculine suit;
complete with a hat. In one instance Madonna glorifies the sexual &nd feminine
and then changes character and dress quickly to portray the masculine.
Madonna exemplifies femininity and being a "boy-toy" but maintains an
upper hand in the 1984 video, Like a Virgin. When the video begir:s, Madonna
appears the epitome of femininity and seductiveness, appearing in a white gown
that seems to be a cross between a traditional white wedding gown and a
traditional white negligee and singing the tune, "Like a Virgin, II as she prepares to
give herself completely to a man. With this song, Madonna revolutionized
sexuality by having young girls singIng that they, too, were "like a virgin--touched
for the very first time. II Madonna's young wannabes may not only be simply
imitating her. Instead, perhaps they too recognized the power they could wield
when they take control of their sexual freedom--when they decide how it is best
and at what time it is best to sexually express themselves. So, for them, uttering
Madonna's lyrics meant that they were joining her counter-hegemonic crusade and
battling the sexual stereotypes that exist in society. Kellner argues that Madonna
\

is making a statement about sexuality while parodying it:

This highly sexual rendition .of the song mocks virginity, but also
makes fun of sexuality. by ironizing its codes and gestures. Her
play with sexual codes reveals sexuality to be a construct,
fabricated in part by the images and codes of popular culture, rather
than a "naturalll phenomenon. It also reveals sexuality to- be a field
of playful self-creation and expression, and of desire and pleasure.
(272)

33

What Madonna does with "Like a Virgin" articulates, like in much of what she
does, how things such as sexuality, race, and gender are constructed in society in
order to keep a dominant group in power and to suppress "the other."
As playful as "Like a Virgin" may be, Madonna delivers a serious message.
She recants the stereotype in society that women who lose their virginity too
quickly are stigmatized in society: "The lyrics and the visuals.construct her image
around the old patriarchal virgin/whore dichotomy:" (Lloyd 36) Madonna, like
she does with most of what she does, confuses culhiral stereotypes. In one

character, she presents both a virgin and a whore. There may be no greater
conquest depicted in society than when a man captures a woman's virginity, which
is a symbol of his power. For women, losing their virginity can leave them scatted
by society. On the one hand, Madonna shows how virginity has been used by men
to gain control over women and suppress them, but Madonna--although she clearly
mocks virginity--clearlyasserts how women can gain power in a situation such as
the one presented in the video, Like a Virgin. Madonna purposefully uses these
stereotypes to deconstruct what they mean in society. Not only does Madonna
claim that asserting their sexual freedom is empowering for women, but as she
rolls around on the bed, the man romantically turns into a lion, perhaps reminding
viewers of man's likeness to beast, especially in the bedroom. Also, with the.
"

reference to a lion and regting the situation directly to Ortner's article, Madonna

seems to be making the statement that man represents' "King of Culture" or liKing
ofNature. II But, at no point during th~ourse ofthe video does Madonna
relinquish her control. Ins!ead, she appears the perfect picture of femininity as she
34

tames this wild lion within the man and gains control of the situation in the
bedroom,
as he hears "her .heart .beat for the very first time."
.
'

It is important when studying Madonna in terms of gender and sexuality to

look at not only the way in which she dresses, but also how she interacts with the
males in her videos and how she portrays them and herself
in terms of gender,
.
.

sexuality, and power: In her 1983 video Lucky Star, Madonna promotes both her
gender and her sexuality by flirting with the males in the video. She remains fully
clothed in the video', which, after looking at the videos that have spanned her
career, is a major feat for her. The way in which she dances with the two men in
the video makes her appear very desirable, sexy, and stimulating as she utters the
lyrics--"Shine your heavenly body tonight," even though she is not wearing
anything particularly sexy. Madonna voids the video of any special effects or in,depth story line. She alerts the world to her sexuality, and as Kellner states,
Madonna presents herself as a "voluptuous sex object" and gains her reputation as
. being a "boy-toy." (5) Although this character portrayal seems simple wh~n
compared to the later characters that Madonna will assume in her videos, that may
'-..-/

not be the case. What more demeaning stereotype of a woman's sexuality and
gender could Madonna be propagating than 10 present herself as a "boy-toy?" It
seems more convincing that in this video, in looking at the way in which she
interacts with the men, she gives herselfthe upper hand and makes the boys her
toys. It is difficult to explain exactly how she presents that control--possibly it is
in the way she dances with the men; they always seem to be following her lead.
She makes herself desirable, and through this act, the men fall under her control.
1

35

They obviously want her, but it becomes her choice as to whether or not she wants
them. Actions such as these make Madonna so radical in terms of gender and
sexuality--she always is in control and has the upper hand over her male
counterparts.
Madonna takes her message even beyond telling women that they can
control men by the way in whichthey look at them or that a woman can have the
upperhand in the bedroom. Using the same song where in the video she shows
women how they can have the upperhang in the bedroom, Madonna makes a more
controversial statement during her Blond Ambition tour rendition of "Like a
"

Virgin," whEm she fakes an orgasm in front of thousands of fans. This scene
illustrates more than just Madonna's acting ability. Rather, it illustrates another
example ofhow a deeper meaning--in this case--a very feminist meaning--stands
behind all she does: "The" simulated masturbation scene in fact suggests that the
male is unnecessary for this all-powerful female." (Lloyd 46) Instead of Madonna
creating the scene to simply simulate something, she makes a statement as a
feminist throughthe technique of simulation--that a woman's pleasure does not
have to be centered on a male.
Showing how gender is constructed in society is not the only way that
Madonna shows how boundaries can be blurred. Madonna takes things one step
farther and seeks to dismantle the boundaries that separate men from women.
Madonna champions WOnlfm not only because she investigates the grounds of their
identity, but she also promotes the idea that women can be all things at any giv~n
time--yet at the same time they do' not have to be anything in particular. One way
36

she does this is with dress, but she also does it with actions~ She appears so
outlandish in an attempt to show the outlandishness of society's dominant idea,s,
such as those about women: "She engaged in overt sexual behavior and titillation,
subverting the boundaries of 'proper' female behavior. Thus, from the beginning,
Madonna was one of the most outrageous female icons among the repertoire of
circulating images sanctioned by the culture industries. "(Kellner 2) Many critics
r

look at Madonna's shocking antics and long-lived celebrity status as being highly
('

unusual for a woman. But, being who Madonna is and recognizing how hard she
has worked at destroying the lab~ling convention in society by not allowing herself
to be pigeonholed as one thing or another, it is important to not only analyze her in
terms of being a woman. While Madonna can certainly hold her own against any
female entertainer from Mariah Carey to Janis Joplin, her record sales and her
dynamic stage performances can be attributed to the fact that she can also hold her
own against the great male performers, such as Michael Jackson and the Beatles.
The boundary that separates male entertainers from female entertainers is just
another one that Madonna overcomes in order to show that women do not have to
be compared only to women in a category separate from men.
Aside from the fact that Madonna's own personal climb to success has
shattered boundaries, Madonna also shatters boundaries in terms of gender roles
for women in order for all women to see how they call. have power. Sherry Ortner
urges in "Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?" that in order for women to
gain more power iIi society, they need to "expose the underlying logic of cultural
thinking that assumes the inferiority of women." (68). Here, she presents her
37

.'

argument that women are inferior, because they are thought of as being closer to
nature, while men are more closely identified with culture, and, thus, have a more
dominant role in society. Part ofthe way in which Ortner claims that women are
linked to nature is because their bodies are viewed solely as being a "vehicle for
reproductioll." (76) She continues her argument by detailing that since women are
only defined in terms of reproduction, they are only thought of in terms of
motherhood, because that is their main role in the reproductive process. And, they
are never able to escape that role; instead, after they have conceived children, they
almost become sexless creatures who completely focus their lives on caring for
their children and the man of the house.

t Madonna and many other feminists completely challenge the idea that a
woman's existence centers on being reproductive beings, which has been
established for years in society. Instead, Madonna strives to make people,
particularly women, understand that expressing their gender and sexuality is a
basic human right:
This led to various feminist strategies to present images of women's
bodies that defied the patriarchal norm of the sexual, soft, womanas-nature construct (the passive, sex object) or the woman as
nurtuterand provider (mother, wife). These strategies included
presentation of hitherto taboo aspects of the female body (menstrual
cycles, childbirth), the taking on of masculine 'signs' of power in
prose or dress (the suit for example), the parody of voyeuristic male
gaze or sometimes the avoidance of the presentation of the female
body totally. As the variety of these approaches suggest, there is an
extensive range off~minisms. (Lloyd 13)
{

. Madonna completely goes against the established thinking in terms of women and
offers images of women that contest traditional thinking. One way in which she
does this is that Madonna makes people take another look at the bodies of women:
38

IISpeaking of sexuality. is sometimes dismissed as being a privilege of those with

opulentWestem lifestyles, yet we need to remember that sexuality is one of the
.

"
I

most fundamental forms of other and self-regulation which takesspecifically

gendered forms. 1I (Skeggs 61) Madonna never specifically contradicts the fact that
women bear children, because that is inarguably a biological fact. She offers
alternatives to women so they do not have to remain lodged in the same patriarcnal
stereotypes that have existed for years:
As a female superstar, Madonna challenged a lot of the established
positions of academic and activist feminism and functioned on both
sides of the 'post feminist' debate as a touchstone for the
rearticulation of a host of feminist issues including pornography,
fashion, makeup, and sex. (Robertson 125)
Madonna explores for women and herself the way in which society has grounded
the identity of women, and, therefore, her own identity. Through her
deconstruction of gender and sexuality, she argues that a woman's identity is not
grounded solely in her reproductive role, and this is not the way it should be--

women's bodies are to be glorified and not only thought of as baby machines.
Madonna attacks the idea that women should never become so absorbed in taking
care of people--performing their roles as mothers ap.d wives--that they forget how
beautiful and sensual their bodies are, and how important their sexuality is.
Sexuality is one of the mo~t sacred gifts given to a women and Madonna strives to

reverse the ideology that women should be ashamed of their bodies and not be
.

aggressive in terms of sex. The way in which Madonna helps women to question

thei~ identity and seek power through their own sexuality is again a way in which
Madonna blurs the boundaries. She first puts her body out there, softening the
39

-j

blow for other women to find the courage to reveal their bodies in a sexually
conservative society. She, again, strives to help, as well as protect this counter-hegemonic group. This is just another element that !TIakes Madonna a feminist
One can see why for some feminists she became an icon. Her early
images highlight male voyeurism, she subverts certain patriarchal
views of the female (the passive, gentler sex), and she openly
acknowledges a concern with power and control. BUT she keeps
some of the accepted signs of femininity and female sexuality
intact. A new kind of sexual but liberated woman had arrived who
could sport a Boy Toy belt with street style, or combine it with the
glossy Hollywood Star image. By commodifying her body and
taking control of it, Madonna had claimed sexual and economic
power. She was adopted by some as a figure of 'empowerment' for
females across a wide class range. No longer did you have to either
play the game of weak female or unsex yourself to become
successful: being female was a power to attract and control men."
(Lloyd 39)
.
Madonna gains power specifically by putting her body out there for people to
view, and she encourages other women to do the same. Women have the ability to
control the way in which men look at them by making sure that the man never has
the upper hand in the situation. There exists, of course, the argument that all
Madonna is doing is perpetuating the stereotype of women as being only sex
objects, but that simply is not the case. She never presents women in a derogatory
fashion. Whenever she presents her body--she chooses how to present it. She
reminds people ofthe beauty of the female body, and that women-- even in their
roles as caregivers--do not have to abandon their sexuality.
Madonna teaches women how to gai[power through their sexuality by
tackling some ofthe most controversial issues. Madonna danced andsailg
seductively about losing her virginity in "Like a Virgin" and getting pregnant out
.

~.

of wedlock and then deciding to keep her baby in "Papa Don't Preach." Both of
40

these topic~ were hardly discussed in society--much less talked about ~omen.
In just.these two videos she touched on some of the most controversial topics in
society--virginity and unwed pregnancies: "Madonna has intervened, very
splashily and perhaps a little gracelessly, in a culture where dialogue about st:;x is
still expected to be hushed, prurient, clinical, or--atits most outspoken--reiegated
to 'alternative' venues." (Quet:m, 151) Out of all the topics Madonna
with,
'deals
.
perhaps the one that people have the most difficult tim~ dealing with is the blatant
way she talks about sex. Critics chastise her the most and use the strongest
language when talking about the ways in which she depicts sex: "Riding a wave
generated by our need to talk about sex at least long enough to coax a condom
onto a penis, Madonna--who has been a high-profile safe sex ambassador for
years--has the nerve to talk about pleasure and variety,not risk groups and germs."
(Queen 151) Even in the earlier part of Madonna's career, while the country was
being conservative, she sought to push people's buttons and present an alternative
to that conservatism. And, as society becomes more open to alternative sexual
lifestyles, ,Madonna keeps pushing the boundaries so that people are stigmatized as
being different when they lead lifestylyes that are not traditional. Even with her
,

most recent video, Music, which debuted in August 2000, she has made headlines.
While fans and critics may have thought that she had calmed down a bit, her latest
video proves that not tQ be the case. Before the video was released, MTV and
others debated about cen'soring it because of fear that peopl{;QUld think Madonna
was objeqtifying women because she presented nearly naked women's bodies
without heads or faces. She didn't'give the bodies identities, instead the viewers
41

were clearly led to focus on the bodies. The 21 st century has not ceased
Madonna's speech and views, instead she has become more vocal:
Madonna deals with sexuality? she plays with its boundaries. She
exposes the power relations implicit in sexuality and in so doing
challenges the traditional definitions which silence the expression
of sexuality by women and by those who do not conform to the
institutionalized definitions of sexuality. We need to remember,
rather than being an intimate and personal expression, sexuality is
one of the most legislated forms of social expression. (Skeggs 61)
Just as with everything Madonna does, she makes sure that her audiences
understand that sexuality and gender are all about power. Specifically, Madonna
asserts that women can gain power by not being suppressed by. society. Using this
standard, Madonna becomes the most powerful, because she is sexually
provocative'at all times.
~

Madonna not only tells women and all counter-hegemonic forces to gain

power and create their own identities; but she shows them how anyone can gain
power in a situati?n by taking the most vulnerable in society--the abused woman-and showing how she has the power to climb out of subordinatio.n. By leading
women and "others" in this way, Madonna helps to create protected environment
I

for them so that they know that others are in the same position that they are in.
One way in which Madonna shows how patriarchy has robbed women of power is'
by revealing how women have become the most vulnerable in society; she projects
them as victims of abuse in at least two of her videos, and uses phrases that
connote women rising abovethdr subordination: "She tells of survival: 'You can't
hurt me now'; 'I made it through the wilderness', and 'Bye Bye Baby: this is the
first time and the last time you'll ever see me cry'. (Skeggs 65) These phrases
42

become battle cries fer women arid others as they try to regain power in their lives.
But, Madonna does more than utter the words and phrases. She also tells the
stories of women who are abused. .In her 1994 video Bedtime Story, a woman is
abused by the masculine, bullfighting man in her life. In Madonna's video "Oh
Father" ~hat abuse imagery became even more disturbing. A carefree, young
woman grows more mature as she comes to terms with her abuse. In this video,
Madonna mixes messages, as she does in many of her videos. Aside from being a
story ofa woman trying togain contiol Qfher life, she also needs to come to terms
.(10-

with the role that religion has played in her life. She needs to look at what religion
has done for. her in her life--her mother died when she was just a young child, her
father abused her, and now her lover abuses her. In one scene in the video, the
father yells at this little girl while Madonna, the grown-up version of the little girl
who has abuse marks on her face, sings "You can't hurt me now." She prays to
God because she has sinned and that i~ why she is abused, but she also prays for
her lover's anger to subside--"You didn't mean t~ be cruel, somebody hurt you,
too." Madonna focuses on how horrible a woman's life can be in order to show
how a woman can pick herself up, find her strength, and gain her independence, as
the woman in this video does. She leaves her lover and forgives her father.
Madonna flexing her muscles to show how a woman can have power means
nothing to a woman being abused. Instead, she needs to be more specific and take
on the role of these women and try not only to protect them, but to show them that
they, too, can reclaim their lives and gain power.

43.

Madonna always seems to be juxtaposing both her sexuality and gender

with something--whether it be race, religion, or family values. Her deliverance of
multiple controversial messages makes her so provocative: "...the unique force of
Madonna1s ability to persist, in the minds of billions, as an artist who challenges
the orthodoxies of sexuality, religion and the American way." (OIHagan 30) This
technique only ~mphasizes Madonna1s role as a super,feminist. She tries valiantly
to fight all the i'njustices of patriarchy--whether it be men's control over women or
religions that are dominated by males. She rarely focuses on only one message in
her videos. For instance, in the Like a Prayer video, Madonna clearly makes a
statement about race, but she also makes a statement about religion: "...Madonna
(

as the upholder of difference, as freedom fighter against racism, inequality and a

repressive Catholic Church." (Lloyd 43) She criticizes racial intolerance,_ but she
also promotes the idea of people gaining power in their lives through spirituality;
which is the reason behind all.the religious symbolism in the video--the gospel
choir, the crosses, and the fact that herimportant dream and the freeing of the
black man takes place in a house of spirituality. Madonna also juxtaposes
different messages in her video Papa Don't Preach (1986). Almost immediately,
through the image ofthe childfen in the video, she represents a strong sense of
fami.ly in the video. Madonna appears more mature in this video than in her earlier
videos, such as Borderline andliickyStar, with her sexy~s1i5rt:,b-righrblond-hair.
First, in Papa Don't Preach,sheappears-as-an-obedient daughter, always listening
to what her father says. But, she juxtaposes this depiction of an obedient daughter
with that of a young woman who has gone after a boy "her father warned me all
'1

44

..,

. about," claimed her sexual freedom, gotten pregnant, and decided to keep her
baby. To help depict the mold that this young girl breaks free from, Madonna, as a
sexy dancer dressed in black, interrupts the family images in the video. No matter
what ideologies Madonna juxtaposes, one element remains unchanged; MadOru'l.a
always asserts her power. So,
juxtaposes sexuality and gender
. when Madonna
.
with family values, she still retains the statement that she makes in everything she.
does--the importance of control. Even though the girl seems timid to s~eak to her
father about the baby, this young pregnant woman assertSherself--in true Madonna
fashion--in order to proclaim that she loves with this guy and is "gonna" keep her
baby. Madonna never seems to relinquish the power she thrives on in her life-even iJ.1,her videos. Regardless of how many messages Madonna puts forth in a
. video, she always tries to have the upper hand in any situation, whether she must
challenge the power of society as a whole or challenge an individual man --a father
or a lover.
Through her videos and even in terms of her own life, Madonn~ not.only
expounds her own sexuality, but she also gives a voice to gay men and lesbian
women, and she blurs the lines between heterosexual and homosexual, just as she
blurs the lines between feminine and masculine. Madonna seems to understand
what Richard Dyer means in his article "Heterosexuality." Dyer states that liThe
study-olnomosexualityentails thestuay oflleterosexllality above all because of .
the latter's apparent naturalness and rightness. It is this that oppresses us and that
we therefore have to refute." (261) In order to understand and see the submission
of the homosexual or the "other," heterosexual or the "dominant" must be studied.
45

Madonna parodies how heterosexual thought dominates society throughout her

~

videos and movies. She makes it so apparent that she almost makes it absurd.
And, using the same technique that she uses with gender and race, she points out
how society portrays the power qf maleness and whiteness before she presents her
ideas of the "other," in this case, sexuality unity and femininity. Critics must find
difficulty in the argument that Madonna is not helpful to feminism; after all, she is
.always so political. Madonna, obviously, is also political because as Judith Butler
states in Feminists Theorize the Political, to be political, is to investigate the
grounds of your own identity, which is ~omething that Madonna does. Through all
of her reinventing of herself, she investigates the grounds of her own identity.
And, she also encourages others, women, queers, and homosexuals, to do the
same: "Many feminists embrace Madonna not only because her multiple
inasqueradeschallenge essentialist notions of identity, but also because,
throughout her various incarnations, Madonna asserts her own power and
independence, in the economic sphere and in terms of authorship." (Robertson
126-127) Madonna includes the counter-hegemonic force of sexuality--the gay and
lesbian people in society, when she urges people to investigate the grounds of their
own identity and to blur the boundaries that separate people.
, Throughout her career, Madonna has addressed sexuality in subtle ways.
Critics have seen it in much of her work: "Madonna's imagery has frequently--

acknowledged marginalized sexualities, with gay 'coded' figures present in her

videos." (Lloyd 45) Madonna tackles the boundaries associated with sexuality
through more means than her characters and messages. She also motivates people
46

to claim their sexuality, by example. Aside from the messages and characters in
her videos, for fans grappling with their sexuality; the lyrics to many ofMadonna's
songs have been an anthem for them to proclaim their sexuality and tell of their
lifestyle, rather than accept the labels and categories that society places them in:
Like queers, leatherfolk, and others, she's determined to live to tell.
(Even when Madonna's songs themselves are anything but queer
manifestoes, on the dance floor we pick out phrases that speak to us
in the secret parallel language queers have always heeded: 'Hope I
live to tell the secrets I have learned,' 'Papa, don't preach,' 'You just
keep on pushin' my love over the borderline.') (Queen 147)
Madonna uses these multi-meaning phrases just as she uses multi'-meaning
.

messages in her music and actions. She strives for all people to identify with what
she says and to find power. It seems that Madonna has been speaking to the
counter -hegemonic forces of sexuality throughout her career. Madonna amplified
her crusade against accepting the boundaries that separate people in ferms of their
sexuality with her videos Vogue and Justify My Love:
Both 'Justify My Love' and 'Vogue' (1990) consciously draw on gay
culture. The use of homoerotic imagery and, in 'Vogue', the style of
dance and pose which was first developed in the 1960s in gay clubs,
can be seen as providing public awareness for this group in
increasingly homophobic America. (Lloyd 45)
Just as with racism and gender, Madonna attacks an area of cultural hegemony
when it is the most vulnerable. Just as she began to present alternatives to society
in terms of race ~d ge~der when people were seeiJ.?-g one ofthe most conservative
times in history, she does the same in terms of sexuality: "'Justify My Love' was
.also relevant to the increasing anti-gay backlash fuelled by the-AlDScrisis b6tl1iii---------,--England and America." (Lloyd 45) AlpS was a hottopic, and people were
petrified by the stereotype of the victims of the disease that had been created. So,
47

Madonna used the conservative times to her advantage by shocking the audience
and then makh?-g them see that their worst fears were not realIzed. She projected
queer and gay people not as deviant monsters, but as the people who lived next
door or down the street. And, they deserved, like all counter-hegemonic forces, to
have power in society..
'1

Thi'oughouther career, Madonna has been likened to the icons of the gay
community, such as Monroe, Dietrich, and Garbo. She even goes so far as to
mention these stars of the past in IIVogue. In the Vogue video, Madonna again
1I

uses dress, just as she did in Express Yourself, to confuse people's associations of
gender and sexuality. This time, however, instead of promoting one type of dress-either masculine or feminine--she makes the dancers in the video seem almost
androgynous by dressing them uniformly in black: IIBy contrast, Vogue uses
repetition of similarly dressed (though different) ,men to erase intramasculine
.
(including interrace) distinctions of thematizing the male body as a form. II (Patton
84) She dresses people--gay, straight, or queer--uniformly to deconstruct the
stereotypes in society that a person's sexuality can be determined by the way in
which they dress. Even though Vogue masks people so that they are not
immediately stereotyped, Madonna's creation, however, did for society just what
her Like a Virgin rendition did. On the dance floor and t~oughout society, it
allowed people to truly express themselves, iriletms of-claim:iIlg tneksexuality:
What seemed vital abojIt the diffusion of voguing through release
ofthe video was the battle it sparked over controlnfthe popular
memory-ofliomosexuality, for a new genefationof-queens~ Young'
gay men and worpen were coming out through their imitation of
voguing and Ma~onna: They were learning t6 remember their
48

bodies in a ci."itiqlle of gender that is autonomous of gay liberation

and feminism. (P~tton 86)
.

. The Vogue video allowed people "to come out" in a way that was not harmful to
them. As Madonna's music and actions promoted people to come out, she helped
mainstream a segment ofthe population that had been ostracized. She was making
it comfortable for people to express themselves, which emphasizes Madonna's role
as "safeguard" and "protector": "While mainstreaming this practice,however, the
video [Vogue] makes sex and gender roles ambiguous enough that its affiliation,
and Madonna's, with a gay. subculture cannot be ignored or erased." (Robertson
131) Even though Madonna's work helps the gay and queer subcultures, her work
becomes even more important because she tries to create a world in which gay
. T.

men and lesbian women can come out and not feel threatened:
In Madonna's Justify My Love video, fans and critics were able to see the
first signs that Madonna wanted people to be able to freely express their sexuality,
but not be stigmatized by the label of gay or straight. She again de-emphasizes the
use of labels in society, just as she does with masculine and feminine: "Through
clever camera shots it becomes difficult at times to distinguish the gender or owner
ofthe body. Is Madonna kissing a male or female? References to S&M,
bisexuality and homoeroticism abound." (Lloyd 44) Madonna clearly announces
in this video that it does not matter who she is kissing, as long as she feels"
cqmfortable and good about doing it. Therefore, the labels gay or straight become
--- --- - - ~ -- ..~. _irreleYlUlt~Jn~terms of sf0.Jmlit',J1O_W~Yer,Mad6nnaseems to_take-.things one ~

~-----~----------

farther because she specifically promotes another way for soci'ety to operate, in
opposition to the hegemonic way. Madonna subscribes to the notion of queer
49

"

"

theory. Accor?ing to Lisa Duggan's article "Queering the State,1I IIWe need
" strategies that do not require us to specify who is and is not a 'member' of our
group. 11 (9) By not allowing viewers to be able to identify the biological sex of the
people in Justify My Love, Madonna makes it impossible to term the people gay or
straight. Madonna realizes, through the help of the gay and queer communities,
that people do not have to be labeled as heterosexual or homosexual:
Enter the queer community, which has surely influenced Madonna's
thinking about sexual possibilities. Arguably, too, Madonna's
prominence over the last decade has contributed to the cultural"
conditions which shaped the rise of the 'new queerdom' itself. Here
it's acceptable for girls to be boys and boys to be girls; here 'lesbian'
and 'gay' are not the only alternatives to 'straight.' (Queen 146)
Madonna, for instance, can appear h~terosexual by" being dressed in a stunning
gown, looking incredibly feminine, and flirting with men. Bl:lt, an equally strong
~mage of Madonna emerges either dressed as a man dancing provocatively with

men or dressed femininely and dancing provocatively with her female dancers.
Through Madonna, one can see how the terrps heterosexual and homosexual are
used to give power to one (heterosexual) and make homosexual the 1I 0 ther. 1I
Madonna attempts to give power to all by blurring theboundaries and making it
unnecessary to know if a person is one thing or another, and she also gives a voice
to homosexual people, which is why she has such a strong gay following:
IIEspecially for many young gay people in the United States, Madonna came closer
than any other contemporary celebrity to being an aboveground queer icon. 11
"
---~~

_~

(Hender_soniQR)_Inlte.Lpersonal
and professional life, she surrounds herself with
.
homosexual daIicers and friends. She has never directly addressed if she is
heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual: IIMadonna does not in fact claim the label

; " ' .

50

., of bisexuality for herself. On the contrary, she,k.eeps her public image at arm's
length from this and any other sexuallalJel. In the'many interviews she has done,
the question ofher~exual relationship to other women inevitably emerges.II (Lentz
. q

. 161) Perhaps it is with regards to her own personal life that she best subSa.ibes to
queer theory, because here again, she refuses to define herself in terms of being
one thing or another. And, she also can be seen as what Duggan refers to as a
IIdisestablishmentarianll (9), because she not only refuses to label herself by

society's terms, she also attempts to deconstruct the IInormsII that the establishment
has set up and present alternatives for the way in which society should function.
Madonna's undertaking to champion 1I0thersll in terms of sexuality has had
its share of criticisms. ,Even though she may be an lIiconll to some, there are those
in the queer community who are not believers in the genuineness of Madonna.
Some exist, within the gay community, that feel as though Madonna only uses
th~m,

likeshe uses other counter hegemonic forces to aid in the promotion of .

herself:
Madomia's queer community ties are not superficial, but neither are
they simple. Rather, a complicated web of reference and affiliation
ties Madonna to her audience, sometimes loosely, sometimes
tightly. A gay community that would like to claim her puts more
stock in the Sandra Bernhard factor than in her heterosexual
relationships, then reads her gay m~tle erotic references as rip-off:
sh,e steals from us! Another segment of the gay community simply
responds viscerally to the images she mongers: she celebrates us!
These communities would prefer to claim Eel: only-6rnneitoWh
terms; in the realm of identity politics, her identity is much too fluid
for the gay community to view her as entirely trustworthy. {Queen
----------145~lA-6')

Some argue that for Madonna to survive politically, she has had to aiignherself

,.,..

with the gay and queer population. As society eyolves, gay and queer people are
51

gaining more and more power in society: "In large part, Madonna's status as a

political figure depends upon her willing identification as a 'queer' supporter. She
has consistently aligned herself in public with gay culture and politics." (Robertson'
130) The gay commuriity is not completely justified in criticizing Madonna,
however. Perhaps the gay and queer communities are so desp"erate to find
someone who supports them that they welcome Madonna's support--even if it is
for the wrong reasons. After all, it seems that they are using her as much as they
may be criticizing her for using them:
I

No question then but sh~ plays to the lesbian and gay audience.
Just as some feminists have tried to recruit her uninhibited sexuality
to support their gender politics, so some lesbians and gays have
sought to appropriate her rich sexuality and ambiguity to back gay
activism. (lzod ~6)
. _
For as many criticisms that exist about Madonna in terms of her work with
sexuality, there exist as many praises. One praise likens itself to what Madonna
does in terms of black and white segments of the population. Just as she tries to.
bring together. people of different colors, she also creates a connection for the
people within the gay community:
What makes Madonna interesting to think about as a queer icon is
that she inhabit~ the role in two different,ways. On one hand, she is
playing at being a lesbian. On the other hand, she is a camp star for
gay men. She's bridging an otherwise unbridged gap between
lesbian culture and gay male cultw:e. (Crimp and Warner 103)
.-/
.
.
Critics should find difficulty in arguing against anyone who-no-matter-what she
does always tries to bring together different people. Not only does Madonna show
--them how niuchth~y have. in
, common,'but she motivatesthemtofight--tofig~.

52

against patriarchy and to tear down the walls that not only separate them within
their group but also that separate them from the rest of society.
The greatest example of Madonna's power and feminism in all she does,
specifically in terms of race, gender, and sexualityJs that she is an agent, and she
promotes her own itinerary. Madonna's obsession with control has allowed her to
manage her career, allowing her to last two decades and to reach the heights of
stardom and mass appeal that she has reached. Through all her videos and aJ+-h.er
songs, no doubt exists that Madonna is in control and power. -Even when she was
beginning her career, it was obvious that she was in control: "Crucially, the early
Madonna projects in her videos and music an all-too-rare cultural image of a free
woman, making her own choices and determining her own life." (Kellner 274)
- There are so many instances when she has power. She dominates those around ller
from yelling to crew men when things go wrong in her show, to-getting Warren
Beatty to send her a shirt that she wants because as she says, liSee, I get what I
want. II During her Blond Ambition tour at Toronto's Sky Dome, the police tell her
that she cannot do the masturbation scene in her show, but her response is to say
"I'm an artist, and this is how I choose to express myself. II And, Madonna chooses
to express herself by gaining total power and control in every situation.
Although Madonna is criticized for being fake and being only out to
promote herseIf,there exists no doubt that Madonna's greatest gift to society is not

only that she forces peopleto take another look at race, gender, and sexuality, bq.~_

-------.---

that she has the power to motivate people to 'capture their own power. :rvradorma--------~
.

does not only project her power, she also preaches to her listeners and her fan~ that
53

they, too, can have power when she sings the lyrics in "Vogue" that "beauty is
where you find it," meaning that people can have power if they learn to find that
power within themselves. She preaches both power and tolerance when she tells
her dancers to."start loving ourselves a little bit more and loving the person next to
us a little bit more." She tells herdan~ers in Truth or Dare to' "never doubt
yourselves." But, Madonna not only champions that people need to take better
care of themselves, she also shows how utterly important it is to be independent
and to stand on your own two feet. In "Like a Prayer," she says that "everyone
must stand alone." People should stand alone so that nothing c~ tear them down,
as she sings in her song, "You'll See":
All by myself
I don't need anyone at all
I know I'll survive
'
I know I'll stay alive
All on my own
I don't need anyone this time
It will be mine, no one can take it from me.
Perhaps in this song Madonna talks specifically about ,her success and the fact that
she has achieved such iconic status, and that no one can take that away from her. ,
Unconditionally, through all Madonna does, she champions a counter-hegemonic
culture in which people step out oftheir silenced shells; break down gender, race,
and sexuality boundaries; and assert their own independence.

Ma~onna

can do

what Gail Bederman promotes in another coritext:"the-aoilit)' to-deconStruCt the

----discourses_ofrace,_gender, and class, more than merely an academic exercise, is an
- - ,~ - ~ - - - - ----~------~--

inherently practical political skill for thos'einterestedin effectively mofivatingsocial movements. ~' (Bederrrian 231) Madonna deconstructs the ideas of race,
54

gender, and sexuality in all she does in an attempt to motivate society to break
down the barriers created by the ruling hegemonic force. She questions
specifically why dominant discourses were created. Most importantly, she
presents alternatives, mainly through her videos and music, of the way in which
life could be if established discourses of race, gender, and class were completely
disregarded. In this way, Madonna leads --or at least points to --a political and
social movement in all she does.
It see~s, after analyzing all that she has done, that Madonna truly fights to

make the world a better place. And, in doing so, it becomes clear that Madonna is
a feminist, who is out to redefine society as a place where women and all people
outside the ruling hegemony have power and are not placed in subordinated by
white males with power. And, fOf this reason, if for nothing else, Madonna should
be recognized as a role model for women and all "other" groups in society.
. Madonna has made important progress in the feminist movement because she not ~
only has tom down gender barriers, but she has also tom down racial and sexuality
. barriers, as well. And, she promotes a healthy look at feminism, one that never
allows the movement to grow stale, which may, in fact, help it last for the next
several decades:

___ ~

Madonna and herpress often mention feminists, but they usually do

sO\Y51!1<kr-!11.gwjly femiriists haven't yet realized Madonna's
revolutionary potential to adv-ancewomen's causes. Since that
question never receives an answer, the audience is left to assume
that feminism has reared its ugly humorlessness once again. But
. de~it~lh~ crili&~unwillil).glle~SJ.9_noticJtJnany~fI~em=in~is~t~s-=h==av-'--'e=-----~~~~~~_
long been celebrating Madonna's 'gender-fuck' tactics. We
(feminists) have long t:ecognized that her excessive campy, overtly
theatrical performances of culturally intelligible female sexual'
styles have the potential to weaken naturalized notions of 'woman'.'
55

Furthermore, we h~ve recognized that Madonna's powerful

connection of female sexuality to a brazen, arrogant and in-yourface potency can be both personally empowering and loads of fun. "
(Lentz 157)
Madonna's power and uniqueness stems from the fact fiat she attempts to crunch,
patriarchy by lifting and raising all grBups who have been ostracized by the
powerful white male. The-way in which she does this is to take the world by
storm. As she crashes into the shores of mainstream culture, she breaks through
the boundaries and leads her army of thQse outside the patriarchal regime to a
place where she can make them feel It protected and safeguarded." Throughout
Madonna's Truth and Dare documentary there are multiple images of her in
motherly roles. She always takes care ofthe people she works with and surrounds
herself with. She always comforts her dancers, and she consistently leads them in .
prayer before they begin a performance. She makes the world in which she lives
and works a comfortable place for people considered the lt other,1t and then she
takes that image and projects iUo the rest ofthe world.

56

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59

Vita
Audra 1. Gaugler,
was born on Novemp~r
10, 1973 in Allentown, Pa. to
.
\ '
Charles and Rosemary Gaugler of Emmaus, Pa. She earned her B.A. in English
with minors in both journalism arid women's studies from Millersville University
in 1996. Among the honors and awards she has received, Gaugler earned a First
Place Keystone Press Award for feature writing. As.a student at Millersville, she
received the Nadine Thomas Journalism Award, The Snapper (Millersville
University student newspaper) Advisor's Choice and Headliner Awards for
outstanding service and several James Hale Steinman Communicati<;m
Scholarships.
Gaugler is employed at Lehigh University as a editor/writer in the office of
university communications. She is also the Web content manager for the Lehigh
University Web site.

60

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