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DETROIT, Michigan (MI) : An Abstract: Redlining
DETROIT, Michigan (MI) : An Abstract: Redlining
Detroit is a significant case study of urban decline. To understand the fundamental issues in Detroit one
must understand the symptoms of urban decay. Urban Decay is the process in which a functioning city,
falls into disrepair; its major symptoms are de-industrialization, depopulation, restructuring, abandoned
buildings, high local unemployment, fragmented families, political disenfranchisement, crime, and
desolate, inhospitable city landscape.1 Detroits urban decay, (as with many other cities afflicted with
urban decay) has no single cause, rather it was the result of inter-related socio-economic conditions to
include: urban planning decisions, poverty and its causes among local populace, construction of
freeways and rail lines that by-pass afflicted areas, de-population by suburbanization and real estate
neighborhood redlining, among others.1 In addition to these issues, other symptoms unique to Detroit
that further exasperated its urban decay, included: significant and intense racial tensions (including two
race riots 1943, 1967), extreme corruption and mismanagement, and Detroits inability to severe its
economic ties to the auto industry. The decline of Detroit wasnt one thing over another, rather it was a
lethal cocktail that brought the economic powerhouse of a city to its knees.
In examining the City of Detroit during our Field Studies Program, we should: (1) evaluate how enduring
philosophical, historical and contemporary issues contribute to the current state of the city; (2) aim to
understand how the environment presents a strategic challenges to governance and planning for the
city; (3) seek to understand and think critically about how the strategic thinking, planning and decisionmaking of federal, state and local leaders in response to the urban crisis affect the lives of its citizens;
and (4) understand how the use of resources and strategic planning will aid in the re-building of a failed
city.
Some of the Field Studies objectives we will explore in Detroit will be:
(1) U.S. Economic System and Government Institutions: The Detroit Economy & Its Economic Stability
(2) Education: Elementary Education in Detroit
(3) The Historical Exposure to Detroits Geographic, Ethnic, Religious and Social Groups
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decay
The Auto Industry Crisis, Deindustrialization, Unemployment, & the Rise of Crime
The decline of the auto industry and the deindustrialization of Detroit gave way to mass unemployment.
The demand in the labor market also moved from skilled labor, to automated labor, to educated labor,
and from unionized domestic labor to outsourced cheaper labor. These drastic shifts in demands for
talent, severely impacted Detroits minority and industrial workforce, many of which never obtained a
degree because previously education wasnt a requirement to make a decent living. Prior to the 1970s
people working in Detroit were able to obtain middle class status by working in the auto plants, without
ever attending a formal institute of higher education. Now the same groups of people could no longer
compete in the new job market because they lacked the formal education needed to advance
economically. With almost 50% of the population unemployed, the economic vacuum gave way to the
drug economy and a spirit of crime. This rough period of time created a cultural shift within Detroit from
the working class mentality, to the have-not mentality, where crime and poverty became a regular way
of life.
Declaring Bankruptcy, Tackling City Challenges, & Laying Out a Strategy for the Rebirth of Detroit
Bringing in Investors
Detroit once a major industrial city, which has now declared bankruptcy with over $18 billion dollars of
debt, faces the major challenge of trying to cultivate favorable investment climates within the city and
to encourage private enterprise and individual initiatives to create economic opportunities within the
city of Detroit.
Tackling Population Decline and Restoring City Services
Detroit leadership also faces the challenge of trying to grow the population. In the 1950s with the auto
industry booming, Detroit had over 1,800,000 residents, now after the decline of the auto industry and
suburbanization, Detroit now has a population of about 700,000 residents. This means that Detroit
faced a population decline of about 1,100,000; when the residents and businesses began to flee Detroit
they took the tax bases and jobs with them (mostly to the suburbs). This decline in tax revenue and
economic opportunities affected the municipal structure and ability to provide government services. At
some point, 40% of the citys street lights didnt function which lead to an increase in crime rates, and
Take note how far apart the houses are from one another
and what type of challenges this may present in providing
city services with a poor budget. Does this look like an urban
major city to you?
http://www.americanhistoryusa.com/1933-banking-crisis-detroit-collapse-roosevelt-bank-holiday/
The Great Recession of 2008-2009: Protestors vent their outrage over government bailouts for corporations
outside of the offices of American International Group in New York City.
*If reading on your tablet, click the pictures to read the articles the Great Recession: 2009 a Year and Review
and the Economist article on the lagging unemployment rates, post-recession.
http://stateofworkingamerica.org/great-recession/job-loss/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310
https://www.economy.com/mark-zandi/documents/2012-02-28-OPED-Bailing-Out-Detroit.pdf
6
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Frankel2Web.pdf
5
THE GREAT RECESSION & THE SUBPRIME MORTGAGE CRISISS EFFECT ON THE ECONOMIC STABILITY
OF THE AUTO INDUSTRY
At the same time the Great Recession had caused mass unemployment and the instability of the job
market and individual consumer finances (with massive foreclosures and loss of assets) discouraged
consumers who already had a working vehicle from taking on a new loan and payment. Additionally, the
sub-prime mortgage crisis made it harder for people with average or poor credit to obtain a bank loan to
buy a car.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY REFORM: A FAILURE TO KEEP UP IN A GLOBALIZED MARKET
Car companies from Asia, Europe, North American and elsewhere started implementing creative
marketing strategies to entice reluctant consumers as most experience double-digit declines in sales.
Instead of making the tough choices necessary for them to stay viable in the long run, the Big Three
offered substantial discounts across their line-ups. The Big Three faced criticism for their line-ups, which
were seen to be irresponsible in light of rising fuel prices. North American consumers began turning to
smaller, cheaper, more fuelefficient imports from Japan and Europe. For example, Japan required
autos to achieve 45 miles per US gallon (5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg-imp) of gasoline and China required
35 mpg-US (6.7 L/100 km; 42 mpg-imp). The European Union required 47 mpg-US (5.0 L/100 km;
56 mpg-imp) by 2012. By comparison, U.S. autos were required to achieve only 25 mpgUS (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg-imp).The Detroit Big Three had been slower to bring new vehicles to the
market compared with foreign competitors, that could catered to new found consumer needs.
While the "Big Three" U.S. market share declined from 70% in 1998 to 53% in 2008, global volume
increased particularly in Asia and Europe. Facing financial losses, the Big Three idled many factories and
drastically reduced employment levels. In order to improve profits, the Detroit automakers made
agreements with unions to reduce wages while making pension and health care commitments. All of
these factors critically impacted the stability of the American auto industry. This new environmental
push in combination with, poor management, and business practices, and the other external factors,
lead to a major decline in American car sells and eventually forced to GM and Chrysler to file for
bankruptcy.
The Bailout7
In 2008, the Big Three asked the government for $50 billion to avoid bankruptcy and ensuing layoffs.
Congress issued a $25 billion government loan from the Department of Energy to help them re-tool their
factories to meet new fuel-efficiency standards of at least 35 mpg by 2020.The loan was authorized by
Congress for automakers to use to "equip or establish facilities to produce advanced technology
vehicles that would meet certain emissions and fuel economy standards; component suppliers could
borrow funds to retool or build facilities to produce parts for such vehicles as well. 8 However, this
massive loan by itself wasnt enough to keep Chrysler and GM from declaring bankruptcy.
This decision was largely determined by these factors: The Big Three U.S. automakers employed about
250,000 workers at the time, but their deep connections throughout the rest of the economy meant
closer to 2.5 million jobs were at risk. A bankruptcy without government support could have cost as
many as a million jobs at a time when we were already losing millions. The economy would have been
shattered in Michigan and in other parts of the Midwest and South that relied heavily on vehicle
manufacturing. And given the likely loss of auto dealerships across the country, nearly every community
in America could have been affected negatively.
The annual capacity of the auto industry is 17 million cars; sales in 2008 dropped to an annual rate of
only 10 million vehicles made in the U.S. and Canada. All the automakers and their vast supplier network
account for 2.3% of the U.S. economic output, down from 3.1% in 2006 and as much as 5% in the 1990s.
Some 20% of the entire national manufacturing sector is still tied to the automobile industry.9
Federal financing helped GM and Chrysler use bankruptcy to restructure without shutting down.
Companies in bankruptcy need credit to pay workers and suppliers while they reorganize. In normal
times, such credit - called "debtor-in-possession financing" - is available at premium interest rates from
banks and other private lenders. But in 2009, the financial system was on life support; no such credit
was available, even to the best of borrowers. If GM and Chrysler had entered bankruptcy without
government support, they may never have come out. While Ford was in better shape, it shared many
https://www.economy.com/mark-zandi/documents/2012-02-28-OPED-Bailing-Out-Detroit.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310
9
http://www.strategy-business.com/article/re00245?gko=2d5df
8
suppliers with GM and Chrysler, so their liquidation would have dragged many of those suppliers under,
pulling Ford into bankruptcy too.
The Effects of the Bailout & Recovery of the American Auto Industry10
The restructuring process overseen by the government had profound effects. For example, GMs North
American hourly labor costs declined from $16 billion in 2005 to $5 billion in 2010. This was achieved
through layoffs and a decrease in the hourly wage. Employment at the Detroit Three plunged from
250,639 in 2007 to just under 170,000 in 2009. And negotiations with the United Automobile Workers
union led to the carmakers assuming less liability for retirees healthcare costs and instituting a lower
wage for new hires. As a result, by 2011, average hourly labor costs for Ford ($58), GM ($56), and
Chrysler ($52) were competitive with those of Honda ($50), Toyota ($55), and other foreign-based
carmakers at their U.S. plants. The government-backed bailout of Chrysler and GM fundamentally
altered some crucial characteristics of the U.S. auto industry, helping to bring it in line with foreign
competitors.
The improvement in utilization was largely a reflection of how many plants the Detroit Three closed
during the recession and recovery. Between the end of 2007 and the beginning of 2010, they shut or
planned to shut 16 plants. This rapid reduction in capacity helped the three companies become
profitable while producing fewer vehicles. The restructuring also moved nearly all of the U.S. production
and auto plants from Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico. This is one of the major reasons why the auto
industry survived and Detroit didnt.
A Strategic Look at Detroit Economic Decline: Detroits Reliance on a Single Industry the Auto
Industry & the Auto Industrys Reliance on a Single Product - Cars
In the earlier section discussing the American auto Industry, the Great Depression, World War II and the
banking crisis, we saw how Henry Fords withdrawal of Fords assets from Detroit banks could have not
only crippled Detroits economy but the national economy. When looking at the recent auto crises, we
again see the same thing with General Motors, Chrysler and Ford in the wake of the Great Recession,
Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis and the residual financial effects of the Iraq War. It is important to learn from
the lessons of the past. If city leaders knew that their economys stability was intertwined with stability
of the auto industry and its failure could have also meant city failure, why didnt city leaders make
bringing in alternative investments a priority? If one persons or companys withdrawal from a bank
could cripple a whole citys economic system, alternative investments need to be explored to ensure a
safety net is provided for the city and its people. Did anyone conduct a security and risk analysis?
Additionally, the downfall of the auto industry is cyclical, there are indicators in the strategic
environment like engagement in conflict, the strength of the financial market and unemployment rates,
which lets industry leaders know when hard times may be approaching. So why hadnt industry leaders
diversified their companys financial portfolio to include alternative products and technological
developments that would provide it financial stability outside of auto sales? In a free market system,
entrepreneurial savvy is key and American auto industry leaders did not stepped up to the challenge. In
the section entitled, Too Big to Fail, we may began to see why auto leaders have failed to make hard
decisions that would allow them to stay competitive in a globalized economy.
10
http://www.strategy-business.com/article/re00245?gko=2d5df
The "too big to fail" theory asserts that certain corporations, particularly financial institutions, are so
large and so interconnected that their failure would be disastrous to the greater economic system, and
they therefore must be supported by government when they face potential failure. The colloquial term
"too big to fail" was popularized by U.S. Congressman Stewart McKinney in a 1984 Congressional
hearing, discussing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's intervention with Continental Illinois.
Opponents believe that one of the problems that arises is moral hazard whereby a company that
benefits from these protective policies will seek to profit by it, deliberately taking positions that are
high-risk high-return, as they are able to leverage these risks based on the policy preference they
receive. The term has emerged as prominent in public discourse since the 20072010 global financial
crisis. Critics see the policy as counterproductive and that large banks or other institutions should be left
to fail if their risk management is not effective.
One of the most vocal opponents in the United States government of the "too big to fail" status of large
American financial institutions has been U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Elizabeth Warren. At her first
U.S. Senate Banking Committee hearing in 2013, Senator Warren pressed several banking regulators to
answer when they had last taken a Wall Street bank to trial and stated, "I'm really concerned that 'too
big to fail' has become 'too big for trial.'" Videos of Warren's questioning, centering on "too big to fail",
became popular on the internet, amassing more than 1 million views in days. To see the video click here
(see time 1:30:00 to hear Sen Warrens address)12.
11
12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_big_to_fail
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dLALjbP9dM
A month later, United States Attorney General Eric Holder told the Senate Judiciary Committee that the
Justice Department faces difficulty charging large banks with crimes because of the risk to the economy.
A little after that, International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde told the Economic
Club of New York "too big to fail" banks had become "more dangerous than ever" and needed to be
controlled with "comprehensive and clear regulation [and] more intensive and intrusive supervision."
Another argument is that if companies are too big to fail than they are too big to exist, and need to be
fragmented down to a more manageable size to be able to accept accountability.
You can watch the movie, Too Big to Fail, on Netflix or on HBO, to see the trailer click here. Here is a
New York Times review of the film and the book is entitled, Too Big to Fail the Inside Story of How Wall
Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System from Crisis and Themselves. The movie is
a brilliantly reported true-life thriller that goes behind the scenes of the financial crisis on Wall Street
and in Washington. Andrew Ross Sorkin - NY Times columnist, delivers the first definitive blow- by-blow
account of the economic crisis that brought the world to the brink. Through unprecedented access to
the players involved, he re-creates all the drama and turmoil of these turbulent days, revealing neverbefore-disclosed details and recounting how, motivated as often by ego and greed as by fear and selfpreservation, the most powerful men and women in finance and politics decided the fate of the world's
economy.13
To read more about the why the Big 3 needed a Bailout and What it Cost the Taxpayers, read this article:
http://useconomy.about.com/od/criticalssues/a/auto_bailout.htm
13
http://www.thriftbooks.com/w/too-big-to-fail
14
15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers
http://launionaflcio.org/what-is-a-union
Compulsory Unionism
Before the Right to Work legislation came about, workers were required to join a union in order to gain
union support. Once contacted union organizers would take control of a group of workers and a
company by using federal law to obtain monopoly bargaining privileges. Then union officials would
demand a contract which requires all of the workers to pay full union dues, along with other demand. 16
Unions had exclusive representation rights, a special coercive privilege, given by federal law that
empowers union officials to represent all employees in a company's bargaining unit. This "compulsory
union representation" deprives employees, even in Right to Work states, of their right to bargain for
themselves. Union officials demand this power, then use it as their excuse to force employees to pay
dues for representation they do not want.17
Compulsory unionism is primarily responsible for the Tax-and-Spend policies of the U.S. Congress. Under
their federally-granted coercive powers, union officials collect around $4.5 billion annually in
compulsory dues and funnel much of it into campaign operations to elect and control democratic
congressional majorities. Unions use their large financial commitment to political activity to achieve in
the political process the gains that have escaped them at the bargaining table.18 This common among
many lobbyist groups, the larger the lobbyist group the more political influence it holds.
Exclusive Representation19
Union officials were able to obtain exclusive representation rights because they would make the
argument that all employees would receive union benefits regardless of their membership status,
therefore as a free rider (a person who benefits from resources services without paying the cost of the
benefit20) they should be compelled to pay for the benefits that they will reap as a result of the unions
efforts. This argument forced workers into unions unwillingly and forced them to pay union dues.
Right to Work Laws: Voluntary Unionism
There has been a push for voluntary unionism. Many find the compulsory unionism impractical and a
violation of peoples rights. This push has turned into the Right to Work legislation; prohibits union
security agreements, or agreements between labor unions and employers, that govern the extent to
which an established union can require employees' membership, payment of union dues, or fees as a
condition of employment, either before or after hiring. Right-to-work laws regulates contractual
agreements between employers and labor unions that prevents them from excluding non-union
workers, or requiring employees to pay a fee to unions that have negotiated the labor contract all the
employees work under. An employees right to work is established under the state Constitution;
currently there are 25 states that have passed Right to Work Laws, Michigan is one of them.
Non-Right to Work states with heavy unionization, tend to drive out industry with high cost and multiple
demands. Companies and investors prefer non-unionized states and as a result, Right to Work
states have greater economic vitality, with faster growth in manufacturing and nonagricultural jobs,
lower unemployment rates and fewer work stoppages.
16
http://nrtwc.org/about-2/the-problem/
http://www.nrtw.org/b/rtw_faq.htm
18
http://www.nrtw.org/b/rtw_faq.htm
19
http://www.nrtw.org/b/rtw_faq.htm
20
http://www.academia.edu/6435040/Free_Rider_Problem_in_Economics
17
How did the Auto Industry Crisis Affect the UAW Union in Detroit?
The United Auto Workers (UAW) is the primary union representing workers in the auto industry in the
United States. UAW members in the 21st century work in industries as diverse as autos and auto parts,
health care, casino gambling and higher education. Headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, the union has
about 390,000 active members and more than 600,000 retired members in 750 local unions, which
negotiated 2,500 contracts with some 1,700 employers.21 The UAW is especially known for gaining high
wages and pensions for auto workers, but it was unable to unionize auto plants built by foreign-based
car-makers in the South after the 1970s, and went into a steady decline in membership
increased automation, decreased use of labor, movements of manufacturing (including reaction
to NAFTA), and increased globalization all were factors.22
Changes in the global economy, competition from European and Japanese automobile makers, and
management decisions at the U.S. automakers had already started to significantly reduce the profits of
the major auto makers and set the stage for the drastic changes in the 1970s. The arrival of Volkswagen,
Honda and other imports threatened the industry area. When the German and Japanese companies
opened plants in the USA, they headed to the South and operated without unions. The situation for the
automotive industry and UAW members heightened with the 1973 oil embargo. Rising fuel prices
caused the U.S. auto makers to lose market share to foreign manufacturers who placed more emphasis
on fuel efficiency. This started years of layoffs and wage reductions, and the UAW found itself in the
position of giving up many of the benefits it had won for workers over the decades. By the early 1980s,
auto producing states, especially in the Midwestern United States and Canada, had been impacted
economically from losses in jobs and income.
UAW has been credited for aiding in the auto industry rebound in the 21st century and blamed for
seeking generous benefit packages in the past which in part led to the automotive industry crisis of
2008-2009. UAW workers receiving generous benefit packages when compared with those working at
non-union Japanese auto assembly plants in the U.S., had been cited as a primary reason for the cost
differential before the 2009 restructuring. In a November 23, 2008, New York Times editorial, Andrew
Ross Sorkin claimed that the average UAW worker was paid $70 per hour, including health and pension
costs, while Toyota workers in the US receive $10 to $20 less.23 The UAW asserts that most of this labor
cost disparity comes from legacy pension and healthcare benefits to retired members, of which the
Japanese automakers have none. According to the 2007 GM Annual Report, typical autoworkers earn a
base wage of approximately $28 per hour. Following the 2007 National Agreement, the base starting
wage was lowered to about $15 per hour.24 A second-tier wage of $14.50 an hour, which applies only to
newly hired workers, is lower than the average wage in non-union auto companies in the Deep South.25
One of the benefits negotiated by the United Auto Workers was the former jobs bank program, under
which laid-off members once received 95 percent of their take-home pay and benefits. More than
12,000 UAW members were paid this benefit in 2005.[20] In December 2008, the UAW agreed to
suspend the program as a concession to help U.S. automakers during the auto industry crisis.[21]
21
http://www.uaw.org/node/39
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers
23
Sorkin, Andrew Ross "A Bridge Loan? U.S. Should Guide G.M. in a Chapter 11"
24
General Motors Corporation 2007 Annual Report
25
Brenner, Mark and Slaughter, Jane "Cutting Wages Won't Solve Detroit 3's Crisis", Detroit News,
22
EDUCATION:
Our goal is to provide exposure to the purpose and range of educational institutions, the value of an
educated responsible citizenry, and the educational opportunities available to all citizens.
http://theweek.com/articles/484910/detroits-shocking-47-percent-illiteracy-rate
http://readingworksdetroit.org/?page_id=63
28
http://readingworksdetroit.org/?page_id=63
27
taught. Thats seven years of schooling (k-6), at a cost of roughly $100,000, with nothing gained. Per
pupil spending in Detroit as of 2008 was $13,000, which is higher than some people pay for private
schooling in other parts of the country. Clearly, the system has failed and the taxpayers arent getting
their moneys worth. Unfortunately, at least half of them arent able to read the report to figure that
out.29 What does this mean, what are the implications of not having a responsible and educated
citizenry? How could Detroits city and educational leadership fail the city so terribly? The people in
Detroit have been totally left behind, because if they cant read, they cant fill out a job application to try
and improve their lives.26 A major challenge of Detroits leadership is figuring out how to step up to the
plate and reverse this trend.
Did you know that the former president of the Detroit School Board (also a product of the Detroit Public
School System) Otis Mathis, was also functionally illiterate?30 The blind cannot lead the blind; with
previous leadership like this no wonder why Detroit Public School System is in as bad of shape as it is.
29
http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/study-finds-47-of-detroit-residents-are-functionally-illiterate/
http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20100304/OPINION03/3040437/
31
http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/columnists/daniel-howes/2015/02/27/howes-detroit-school-fixnext-challenge-leaders-business/24101609/
30
32
http://reallifemymusic.org/detroit-public-school-statistics/
http://cnsnews.com/news/article/only-7-detroit-public-school-8th-graders-proficient-reading
34
http://detroitk12.org/strategic_planning/
33
Government Institutions
Provide exposure to U.S. institutions of democratic governance, including electoral and legislative
processes and civilian control of the military, and the institution and improvement of public
administration at the national, intergovernmental, State, and local levels.
What is the right combination of government oversight when a city cannot pay its debts?
How can unions and civil society organizations demand rights and consideration in a
government-managed economic restructuring like Detroits?
What is the financial relationship between the private sector, local government, and the federal
government when it comes to state of city economic stability?
35
36
http://www.freep.com/article/20140723/OPINION/307230054/Meet-5-worst-mayors-Detroit-history
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/08/17/us/detroit-decline.html?_r=0
Cobo also neglected civil-rights initiatives that would have integrated the citys black population. There
were regular police crackdowns that targeted black communities, to include, racial profiling, and
randomly stopping and searching African American walking down the street, yet he did nothing to stop
them. It was not a peaceful time in the city. And it would only get worse. The policies of Cobo and his
successor would eventually boil over into the riot of 1967.
One of the positive things attributed to Cobo his development of the citys Civic Center. Eventhough the
$112-million investment did not bring the renaissance that Cobo promised, it was still the first time
Detroit had really taken advantage of its riverfront and would, decades later, pave the way for the
RiverWalk and other beautification projects.
Coleman A. Young was seen as a divisive figure in the 20 years he served as mayor.
He won his first mayoral election in 1973, largely on the promise to ease tension
between the police and black residents. But while many blacks saw him as a hero who
pledged to fight crime, some whites felt he wasn't looking out for their interests, as
was primarily looking out for the black community. Mr. Young seemingly breezed to
second, third and fourth terms without making the expected bridge-building racial
appeals. Though Mr. Young was credited with revitalizing the waterfront, the rest of
downtown was often compared to a war zone, with neighborhoods crumbling, businesses boarded up
and poverty remaining high.
Kwame M. Kilpatrick, mayor from 2001 to 2008, was nicknamed the "hip-hop mayor"
when first elected at 31, in part for his larger-than-life persona, flashy suits and the
diamond stud in his ear. Kilpatrick brought new attractions to the citys riverfront, but
his administration also orchestrated a disastrous financial deal that cost Detroit
taxpayers $20 million in 2005 to fund Detroit pensions. The deal backfired and helped
drive Detroit into bankruptcy because the city gambled that interest rates would rise, then they fell to
historic lows during the 2008-2009 financial crisis.37 Kilpatrick and other officials were also charged with
operating a criminal enterprise out of the mayors office. Prosecutors also said he illegally used nonprofit funds and state grants for personal expenses.38 After a series of scandals he resigned in 2008 and
later plead guilty to obstruction of justice charges, served 4 months in jail and was ordered to pay $1
million to the city. He was behind bars 2 years later for hiding assets from the court, and was later
sentenced to 28 years in prison after he was found guilty of racketeering, fraud and extortion.
Dave Bing, a former professional basketball star, took office in 2009 pledging to solve
Detroits fiscal problems, which by then were already overwhelming. During his term,
there were numerous announcements of cuts to the citys work force (public services
saw a significant decrease) and he called for the displacement of residents in an
effort to downsize Detroit, among other impractical and uninventive approaches to
cut the city budget deficit. Eventually, the Michigan governor appointed Kevyn D.
Orr, a veteran lawyer, as an emergency manager to oversee the citys operations,
rendering Mr. Bing virtually powerless.
37
http://archive.freep.com/article/20140714/NEWS01/307140094/Detroit-bankruptcy-hedge-funds
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/12/us/kwame-kilpatrick-ex-mayor-of-detroit-convicted-in-corruptioncase.html
38
28 Dilemmas Detroits Current Leadership Has Had to Face When it Filed for Bankruptcy3940
Detroit became the largest city to file for bankruptcy. Michigan's governor and Detroit's mayor said
Detroit has a chance to emerge stronger from this, but the city still had a number of challenges ahead of
it.
1. Detroit was facing $20 billion in debt and unfunded liabilities; that broken down is more than
$25,000 per resident.
2. The city owes money to over 100,000 creditors.
3. Nearly 80,000 homes and buildings have been abandoned in the city and many are unsecured.
4. About one-third of Detroit's 140 square miles is either vacant or derelict.
5. Population of Detroit has fallen from 1.86 million in 1950 to 700,000 today.
6. Detroit was once the fourth-largest city in the United States, but over the past 60 years the
population of Detroit had fallen by 63 %.
7. Some 47% of properties are delinquent in paying taxes.
8. Police have solved only 8.7% of the violent crimes that are committed in Detroit.
9. Detroit has the highest crime rate in the US of large cities; the murder rate in Detroit is 11 times
higher than it is in New York City.
10. Manufacturing jobs in the city have slid from a peak of 296,000 to less than 27,000 today.
11. Only 7% of the citys eight graders are proficient in reading.
12. 60 % of all children in the city of Detroit are living in poverty.
13. An astounding 47 % of the residents of the city of Detroit are functionally illiterate.
14. The city manager says its retirement system is underfunded by $3.5 billion.
15. There are lots of houses available for sale in Detroit right now for $500 or less.
16. The city of Detroit is now very heavily dependent on the tax revenue it pulls in from the casinos in
the city. Right now, Detroit is bringing in about 11 million dollars a month in tax revenue from the
casinos.
17. There are 70 "Superfund" hazardous waste sites in Detroit.
18. 40% of the street lights didnt work.
19. Only about a third of the ambulances were running.
20. Two-thirds of the Detroit parks have been permanently closed down since 2008.
21. The size of the Detroit police force had been cut by about 40% over the past decade.
22. It took an average of 58 minutes for police to respond to calls.
23. Due to budget cutbacks, most police stations in Detroit closed to the public for 16 hours a day.
39
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http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-07-21/25-facts-about-fall-detroit-will-leave-you-shaking-your-head
41
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/07/19/detroit-is-bankrupt-heres-what-comes-next/
City residents will likely suffer a lack of anything other than the most rudimentary public services for a
long time, but the impact is likely to be felt most keenly by those who lost a large chunk of the
retirement they were counting on.
What are unions saying?
They're livid about the likelihood of restructured pensions and health benefits, having already offered
large concessions, and say they were trying to come to a solution before Orr raced to the courthouse to
file the bankruptcy petition Thursday. And they've vowed to fight any default of the city's obligations
("It's war," says the head of the police and fire pension fund). So far, though, there's been no talk of
work stoppages; city services will continue as normal.
What will the city have to do to work this out?
Just because you petition for bankruptcy protection, and even get approved by the governor, doesn't
mean you'll be able to go through with it.
Detroit will first have to prove that it is fiscally insolvent and filed the petition in good faith, which many
of its creditors will dispute in a series of hearings. If a to-be-appointed judge grants the petition, the city
manager will put together a reorganization plan, including cuts to services, the sale of assets, and
reductions in what it plans to pay pensioners and bondholders. Then, according to the Detroit Free
Press, it will have to put the plan to a vote of creditors. If not enough of them agree, the city manager
could pursue a "cram down" procedure, asking a judge to rule that the dissatisfied creditors are not
being reasonable. Orr has said he's aiming to bring the city out of bankruptcy by the end of next year,
which most analysts view as very optimistic.
If he manages to put together a package of funds for reinvestment, Detroit may manage to become
healthy again, but it will require more than just financial restructuring: The whole city needs to be
reorganized into a smaller space, because it can't go on serving 40 percent of its former population over
the same 140-square-mile footprint.
Will the state or federal government have to get involved?
Steve Rattner, who oversaw the bankruptcies of General Motors and Chrysler, says Detroit's process will
be much harder, since the city can't bank on rising revenues like the auto companies could. For that
reason, it may have to seek financial assistance from the state just to keep city services running, and
Rattner figures the Obama administration won't be interested in helping out. Gov. Rick Snyder, having
pushed for the filing, may feel pressure to come through.
What effect will this have on other cities?
The inevitable downside of municipal bankruptcies is that they make cities a riskier bet for investors, so
they'll have a harder time raising money for public works like utility systems and bridges. But the stigma
of bankruptcy has been fading as more cities go through it, and as the problem of out-of-control pension
systems becomes more pervasive. And it's likely that Detroit, with its death spiral of disinvestment and
mismanagement, will be considered sui generis--other cities around the country are doing much better,
and bondholders may evaluate each on the merits.
Detroits Rebirth
Detroit's situation is extremely dire right now, and it will require great leadership and shared sacrifice in
order to turn things around. Fortunately, there are already some glimmers of hope.
The big three auto companies, for example, are now profitable again after having experienced extreme
difficulties in 2008 and 2009. GM and Chrysler still have a significant presence in the city, while Ford is
based in nearby Dearborn. Both GM and Ford have seen their share prices rise by 29% so far in 2013.
Also, Detroit's downtown is reviving with Quicken Loans founder Dan Gilbert having invested more than
$1 billion. Warren Buffett is a huge fan of Gilbert, and was recently very complimentary of the latter's
efforts on behalf of Detroit.
Finally, Detroit has a new mayor, Mike Duggan, who appears to possess the kinds of skills that will be
essential for turning the city around. The path ahead will be difficult, but at least one great investor is
hopeful. At a recent event for small businesses in Detroit, Warren Buffett said that he has a "real love
for the city, and the potential is huge." He also said, "The United States with a flourishing Detroit is going
to be a lot better than without one." I think all Americans would agree with that.
How Detroit was reborn?
To understand how Detroit was reborn, would be a small booklet in itself. However for an excellent
article to understand the rebirth of Detroit, please read this 15 Chapter report: How Detroit was Reborn:
The Inside Story of Detroits Historic Bankruptcy Case, published by the Detroit Free Press. A copy of this
report is also saved on Google Drive.
What new policies have replaced the discriminatory ones in the past to ensure that even one
has equal access to economic opportunity?
How has the past influenced the present?
Urban Decay42
As mentioned in the abstract of Detroit, urban decay (also known as urban blight) is the process
whereby a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. It may
feature deindustrialization, depopulation or changing population, restructuring, abandoned buildings,
high local unemployment, fragmented families, political disenfranchisement, crime and desolate,
inhospitable city landscape.
Since the 1970s and 1980s, major structural changes in global economies, transportation, and
government policy has created the economic and social conditions that have resulted in urban decay.
Urban decay is manifested in the peripheral slums at the outer skirts of a metropolis, while the city
center and the inner city retain high real estate values and sustain a steadily increasing populace. At
other times, some major cities in contrast may experience population flight to the suburbs and exurb
commuter towns, this is known as white flight. Another characteristic of urban decay is blight, this is
the visual, psychological, and physical effects of living among empty lots, building and condemned
houses. These desolate properties are socially dangerous to the community because they attract
criminals and street gangs, contributing to the volume of inner city violence and crime.
42
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Urban decay has no single cause; it is the result of a combination of inter-related socio-economic
conditions, including the citys urban planning decisions, tight rent control, the poverty of the local
populace, the construction of freeway roads and railroad lines that bypass these areas, depopulation by
suburbanization of peripheral lands, real estate neighborhood redlining, and immigration restrictions.
We will explore some of these issues, such as: depopulation by suburbanization, de-industrialization,
disinvestment, political disenfranchisement, unemployment and crime as it pertains to Detroit.
Depopulation by Suburbanization43
Suburbanization is the growth of areas on the fringes of the cities; it is one of the many causes that
increases urban sprawl (see the definition below). In Detroit, like many other cities, urban residents
began to see the cities as too dangerous and crime-infested (in Detroit this was marked by the period of
riots, fights for civil rights, and not-so-civil disobedience22), so they began seeking out residential
property in suburban neighborhoods as a safe place to live and raise a family.
Urban Sprawl is when people move away from urban areas into previously remote and rural areas,
which often results in communities reliant on heavy automobile usage.44 If urban sprawl is not contained
it will lead to urban decay and a concentration of lower income residents in the inner city. Some social
scientist suggest that the historical process of suburbanization and decentralization are instances of
white privilege that have contributed to contemporary patterns of environmental racism.45
When white residents living in racially diverse communities began to sell or walk away from their
homes, their moves were often born out of fear and sometimes outright racial prejudice as the city of
Detroit began to deteriorate.22 In Detroit, this initial large-scale migration of white residents from
racially mixed urban areas to the more racially homogenous suburbs became known as white flight.
When white residents fled from Detroit to the suburbs by the thousands, it affected the municipal
structures, tax bases and jobs. It set the stage for similar urban race-related exoduses around the
43
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl
45
Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California Laura
Pulido Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 90, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp. 12-40
44
country.46 As thousands of white residents left urban Detroit for the suburbs minorities began to move
in, now Detroits population has moved from being about 20 percent African-American to being about
84 percent in 2010, making it the largest African-American populated city in the United States.
Eventually with the increase in crime, the remaining Detroits black middle class population started to
flee to the suburbs looking for better governance, better education systems, and better economic
opportunity. In the last decade (since 2011), Detroits population has plunged by 25%. In fact, twice as
many people left Detroit than the number of people who left New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. It
was the largest percentage drop in history for any American city with more than 100,000 residents,
apart from the unique situation in New Orleans. The number of people who vanished from Detroit was
237,500 and the number of people that left New Orleans post Hurricane Katrina was 140,000.47
Deindustrialization
http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/marilyn-salenger-white-flight-and-detroitsdecline/2013/07/21/7903e888-f24a-11e2-bdae-0d1f78989e8a_story.html
47
http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2011/04/fleeing-the-city.html
48
http://nighttraintodetroit.com/2010/01/13/giants/
auto jobs people were moving to Detroit for were rapidly disappearing. In 1960, the percent of adults
not working was 25.7 percent, by 1970 it was 32.6 percent, and then by 1980 the percent of adults not
working rose to 45.1 percent. By 1980, almost half of Detroits population was unemployed and this
economic vacuum was filled with a spirit of crime.49
49
Detroit bankruptcy documentary on Crime: Gangs, Drug Dealers, Decline of the Economy - documentary
The children of Detroit had grown up in the shadows of the worlds largest corporations, and were ready
to graduate from petty crime to the world of big time drug dealing. The jobless rate of black teens
became twice that of the adults at the time. This rough period created a cultural shift within Detroit
from the working class mentality, to the have-not mentality, where crime became a regular way of life.
In 1980, the DEA estimated that drug sales in Detroit exceeded the revenue of Chrysler Motors and
Downtown Detroit became a hotbed of drug activity as many urban neighborhoods began selling drugs.
A gang of young teens alone sold an estimated $300,000 worth of heroin and cocaine a day at their
peak. With this type of income they began purchasing clothes and fancy cars and became criminal
celebrities in their neighborhood which started the glorification of this type of lifestyle. The drug
economy created a space for economic opportunity where industry failed to, further perpetuating the
downfall of Detroit.
Between 1915 and 1960 there was a Great Migration of about 5 million southern blacks moving north
and west looking for job opportunities. The motivations for this migration was economic; a number of
African-Americans wanted to escape the oppressive socio-economic conditions in the south and the
north held a promise of greater economic prosperity. There was mass unemployment of blacks in
southern cities due to discriminatory laws that prevented them from being gainfully employed and there
was also unequal access to education. These persistent social inequalities prevented blacks from using
education and employment as alternative vehicles for racial advancement in the south. However, in the
north, companies were hiring job recruiters to tour the south to recruit workers to fill jobs in the newly
established war factories and to replace the loss of 5 million men who left to serve in the armed forces.
Recruiters offered incentives like free transportation or wage advances to cover the cost of the
migration. During the initial wave, the majority of migrants moved to major northern cities such as
Chicago, Detroit, Pittsburg, and New York City.50
During the Great Migration, the African-American population in Detroit grew significantly. In 1910, the
black population of Detroit numbered only 5,741, a mere one percent of the population. By 1920, the
number of African-American residents had grown to 40,838 and before the end of the decade, the
African-Americans came to comprise 7.7 percent of the entire Detroit population.51
When recruiters marketed economic opportunities in the south they advertised to blacks and whites
alike. However, during the migration southern whites brought north with them their own traditional
southern prejudices. African-Americans who believed they were heading north for better economic
opportunity found northern bigotry to be every bit as pervasive and virulent as what they thought they
had left behind in the Deep South.52 In the south, blacks were trying to escape Jim Crow (racial
50 http://www.blackpast.org/aah/great-migration-1915-1960
51 http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php
52 http://usslave.blogspot.com/2012/03/wartime-riots-detroit-1943.html
segregation state and local laws), and other discriminatory laws that prevented equal socio-economic
opportunities for African-Americans. However, when they reached the north they were also met with a
new set of discriminatory policies to include redlining and housing discrimination among others.
An Invitation without the Accommodations53
Existing racial tensions and the influx of white and black laborers pouring into Detroit during World War
II to man the war factories threatened to turn the city into a domestic battleground. When the migrants
arrived to Detroit that arrived in such numbers that it was impossible to house them all. The influx of
newcomers strained not only housing, but transportation, education, and recreational facilities as well.
Wartime residents of Detroit endured long lines everywhere, at bus stops, and grocery stores. Food and
housing were either rationed or unavailable. Times were tough for everyone, but was significantly
tougher for the African-American community.
Blacks were excluded from all public housing except for one location, Brewster projects. As a result, the
city's 200,000 black residents were cramped into 60 square blocks on the East Side and forced to live
under deplorable sanitary conditions. Many lived in homes without indoor plumbing, but paid rent two
to three times higher than families in white districts. Blacks were also confronted with discrimination in
public accommodations and unfair treatment by police.
Racial Tensions Increase17
Detroits industrial prosperity masked underlying and deeply-rooted racial animosities. The shift in the
city's demographics caused volatile racial tensions which would erupt into one of the bloodiest riots in
the nation's history. By the 1940s Detroit already had a long history of racial conflict. Race riots had
occurred in 1863 and as recently as 1941. By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the Ku Klux
Klan, an organization committed to white supremacy.
During the World War II timeframe, there were a number of fights among blacks and whites and protest
by whites for segregating working conditions. Early in June 1943, 25,000 Packard plant workers, who
produced engines for bombers and PT boats, stopped work in protest of the promotion of three blacks.
Whites resentful over working next to blacks caused many stoppages and slowdowns.16
These and numerous other indignities contributed to escalating racial tensions in June of 1943. In many
cities the demands of wartime were manifesting themselves in outbursts of intolerance. Race riots had
already erupted in Los Angeles, as well as Mobile, Alabama, and Beaumont, Texas. In 1943 the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) held an emergency war conference in
Detroit and accused the nation of its hypocritical commitment to personal freedoms abroad and
discrimination and segregation at home.17
Race Riots of 194354
On June 20, 1943 the Detroit race riots began. The riots and violence became so bad that black leaders
in the community asked Mayor Edward J. Jeffries to call in federal troops to stop the fighting. More than
6,000 federal troops had been strategically stationed throughout the city. Detroit, under armed
occupation, virtually shut down.17 Within 36 hours of rioting, 34 lives were claimed 25 of them black,
53 https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/clio/detroit_riot/DetroitNewsRiots1943.htm
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and 9 white. 16 Of the 25 African-Americans killed, 17 had been killed by white policemen.17 The number
injured, including police, approached 700 while the property damage, including looted merchandise,
destroyed stores, and burned automobiles, amounted to $2 million. The riot was another, although
especially violent, manifestation of racism in the city of Detroit. Racial conflicts would not appear on
such a visible and widespread scale again until the Civil Rights movement just one decade later.17
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http://www.blackpast.org/aah/detroit-race-riot-1967
Housing Discrimination
Housing segregation in the years 1949-1968 was pervasive in Detroit and its suburbs, where 79% of the
states 4500 blacks of 1950 resided. As Detroits black population increased, housing segregation grew
worst. After conducting housing hearing in several Michigan communities, the Michigan Civil Rights
Commission concluded in 1967 that about 90% of Michigans nonwhites lived in residentially segregated
areas. It also stated that blacks had been forced to live apart in urban ghettos throughout the state of
Michigan. Nonwhites were not only victims of housing discrimination; they also loved in housing inferior
to that of whites and for which they paid disproportionately higher rents as compared to whites.
Segregated housing patterns served to perpetuate and aggravate discriminatory practices and attitudes
in all sections of community life including schools, churches and public facilities.
Redlining
One of the most heinous discriminatory policies was introduced
by the creation of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in
1934, and lasted until 1968. This policy wan enacted to make
homeownership accessible to white people by guaranteeing their
loans, but the FHA explicitly refused to back loans to black people
or even other people who lived near black people. Redlining
destroyed the possibility of investment wherever black people
lived. 57
Officially, redlining is defined as the unethical practice whereby
financial institutions make it extremely difficult or impossible for
residents of poor inner-city neighborhoods to borrow money,
gain approval for a mortgage, take out insurance or gain access
to other financial services because of a history of high default
57
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/05/the-racist-housing-policy-that-made-yourneighborhood/371439/
rates. In this case, the rejection does not take the individual's qualifications and creditworthiness into
account.
In some cases of redlining, financial institutions would literally draw a red line on a map around the
neighborhoods in which they did not want to offer financial services, giving the term its name. Although
the Community Reinvestment Act was passed in 1977 to put an end to all redlining practices, critics say
the discrimination still occurs.58 These discriminatory practices along with others lead to the race riots in
Detroit and Detroit had a hard time bouncing back.
58
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/redlining.asp