Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Applied Electronics
Applied Electronics
Applied Electronics
(B.Tech)
Shikha kamboo
Asst. Professor
Deptt. of Engineering
Biyani International Institute of Engineering and Technology
Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges
Edition : 2013
Price :
Preface
am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the students.
The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the
fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the Teach
Yourself style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and
understandable based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and
inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the author
shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani, Director
(Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider and also
have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an active role
in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational
institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book. The
reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned
address.
Note:
A feedback form is enclosed along with think tank. Kindly fill the feedback
form and submit it at the time of submitting to books of library, else NOC from
Library will not be given.
Author
Syllabus
UNIT-I
Transistor: Transistor as an amplifier: low frequency, single stage and
multistage amplifier.
Regulated Power Supply: Capacitor filters for single-phase rectifiers.
Application of 3-pinvoltage regulator Ics 78xx/79xx/317/337.
UNIT II
OPAMP: Introduction to operational amplifiers. Applications of OPAMP: 1)
Summing
scaling, averaging, integrator and differentiator; 2) OPAMP as comparator 3)
Instrumentation Amplifier and its applications.
UNIT-III
Digital Electronics: 1) Combinational circuits: multiplexers, demultiplexers,
decoders,
encoders. 2) Flip-flops': S-R F/F, clocked S-R F/F, D F/F, J-K F/F, T F/F 3)
Counters:
Asynchronous (ripple) counter, Asynchronous UP/DOWN counter,
Synchronous counter,Synchronous UP/DOWN counter. 4) Registers: Serial-in,
serial-out; Parallel-in, serial-out; Serial-in, parallel out; Serial/parallel in,
Serial/parallel out.
UNIT-IV
D/A converters: R/ 2R register ladder. D/A converter. A/D converters:
successive approx. A/D converter
UNIT-V
Microprocessor: Concept of microprocessor, software architecture of 8086,
Addressing
modes, Data transfer arithmetic logical, Jump/Call, String instructions,
Writing simple
assembly language programmers, Technical details of serial and parallel
ports of IBM
compatible PC.
Text/Reference Books
1. Millman, Halkias, Basic Electronics, Tata McGraw-Hill.
2. Coughlin and Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated
Circuits,
Prentice Hall of India.
3. Bray B.B., 8086 486 Intel Microprocessor, Prentice Hall of India.
4. Hall, D., 8086 Microprocessor, Tata McGraw-Hill
Unit-1
..
Unit-II
OPAMP
Q.1 What is operation amplifier with inverting and non-inverting
terminal. Show the symbolic diagram?
Ans Operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic
voltage
amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended
output. In this
configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential
(relative to circuit
ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of
times larger than the potential
difference between its input terminals.
Ans
Op-amp characteristics-:
1 Ideal op-amps
The first rule only applies in the usual case where the op-amp is used
in a closed- loop design (negative feedback, where there is a signal path of
some sort feeding
back from the output to the inverting input). These
rules are commonly used as a
good first approximation for analyzing or
designing op-amp circuits.
None of these ideals can be perfectly realized. A real op-amp may be
modeled
with non-infinite or non-zero parameters using equivalent
resistors and
capacitors in the op-amp model. The designer can then
include these effects into
the overall performance of the final circuit.
Some parameters may turn out to have negligible effect on the final design
while others represent actual limitations of the final performance that must
be evaluated.
2) Real op-amps
Real op-amps differ from the ideal model in various aspects
Real operational amplifiers suffer from several non-ideal effects:
3) Finite gain
Open-loop gain is infinite in the ideal operational amplifier but finite in
real operational amplifiers. Typical devices exhibit open-loop DC gain
ranging from
100,000 to over 1 million. So long as the loop gain (i.e., the
product of open-loop
and feedback gains) is very large, the circuit gain will
be determined entirely by
the amount of negative feedback (i.e., it will be
independent of open-loop gain).
In cases where closed-loop gain must be
very high, the feedback gain will be
very low, and the low feedback
gain causes low loop gain; in these cases, the operational
amplifier
will
cease to behave ideally.
Ans The Summing Amplifier is a very flexible circuit based upon the
standard
Inverting Operational Amplifier configuration. As its name
suggests, the
summing amplifier can be used for combining the
voltage present on multiple inputs into a single output voltage.
out=
RF
(V 1+V 2+V 3 .etc)
R
However, if all the input impedances, ( Rin ) are equal in value, we can
simplify
the above equation to give an output voltage of:
Summing Amplifier ckt
Q.4
Ans
The Op-amp Differentiator AmplifierThe basic Op-amp Differentiator circuit is the exact opposite to that of
the Integrator Amplifier circuit that we looked at in the previous tutorial.
Here, the position of the capacitor and resistor have been reversed and
now the reactance,
Xc is connected to the input terminal of the inverting
amplifier while the resistor, R forms the negative feedback element across
the operational amplifier as normal.
Q.5
Unit-3
Q.1 Describe the BCD to Decimal encoder?
Ans The BCD-Decimal decoder converts each BCD code to its decimal
equivalent.BCD to decimal decoders takes a 4 bit BCD as an input and
produces 10 outputs to the decimal digits. The technique employed is also
used in
developing the 3-line-to-8-line decoder. The logic diagram of a
BCD to decimal decoder using AND gates. When each output goes to HIGH
when its
corresponding BCD code is applied at its input.
DE-MULIPLEXER-De-multiplexer
are
also
known
as
DATA
DISTRIBUTORS. The term "de-multiplex" means one into many. A demultiplexer is a circuit that
has one input and more than one output. it is
used when a circuit to send a signal
to one of many devices, its similar
to decoder is used to select among many
devices
while
a
demultiplexer is used to send a signal among many devices.
Schematic Symbols
The block diagram of de-multiplexer has one input lines, m select signals and
n output signals. the select are used to determine to which output data input
is connected
, As the de-multiplexer take one signal input data line and then switches it to
any one of a no, of individual output lines one at a time. the de-multiplexer
convert a serial data signal at the input to a parallel data at its output lines.
its known as serial to parallel convertor.
BLOCK DIAGRAMS-
Q.4
Ans
Q.5
Ans
Unit-IV
Ans
Q.3
ref
Q.4
UNIT-V
Q.1
What is microprocessor ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Main registers
AH
BH
CH
DH
Index registers
0000
0000
0000
0000
Program counter
0000
Segment registers
CS
DS
ES
SS
Status register
- - - - OD I
Q.3
AL
BL
CL
DL
AX (primary accumulator)
BX (base, accumulator)
CX (counter, accumulator)
DX (accumulator, other functions)
SI
DI
BP
SP
Source Index
Destination Index
Base Pointer
Stack Pointer
IP
Instruction Pointer
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Code Segment
Data Segment
ExtraSegment
Stack Segment
T S Z - A - P - C Flags
Direct Mode
In direct mode, the address field contains the address of the operand.
It requires a single memory reference to read the operand from the
given location. However, direct mode provides only limited address
space.
Indirect Mode
Register Mode
space, but it's limited to the width of the registers available to store
the effective address.
Displacement Mode
Stack Mode
Q.4
Ans
The bus interface unit is the path that 8086 connects to external
devices.
The system bus includes an 8-bit bidirectional data bus for 8086(16
bits for the 8088), a 20-bit address bus, and the signal needed to
control transfers over the bus.
Components in BIU
Segment register
Components in EU
General-purpose registers
Temporary-operand registers