Ecuador
Ecuador
Before the arrival of the Incas, the area was settled by various peoples. Some likely sailed to Ecuador by rafts from
Central America, others came to Ecuador via the Amazon
tributaries, others descended from northern South America, and others ascended from the southern part of South
America through the Andes or by sailing on rafts. They
What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of indigenous
developed dierent languages while emerging as unique
groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca
ethnic groups.
Empire during the fteenth century. The territory was
colonized by Spain during the sixteenth century, achiev- These groups developed similar cultures, even though
ing independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from their languages were unrelated, because they lived in the
which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830. The same environment. The people of the coast developed a
legacy of both empires is reected in Ecuadors ethnically shing, hunting, and gathering culture; the people of the
diverse population, with most of its 15.2 million people highland Andes developed a sedentary agricultural way
being mestizos, followed by large minorities of European, of life; and the people of the Amazon basin developed a
nomadic hunting and gathering way of life.
Amerindian, and African descendants.
Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area
became one community or tribe, with a similar language
and culture. Many civilizations arose in Ecuador, such as
the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast,
the Quitus (near present-day Quito), and the Caari (near
present-day Cuenca). Each civilization developed its own
distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests.
2
pac - to absorb these confederations into the Inca Empire.
The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to far away areas of Peru, Bolivia, and
north Argentina. Similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to
prevent rebellion. Thus, the region of highland Ecuador
became part of the Inca Empire in 1463 sharing the same
language.
In contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal
Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador,
they found both the environment and natives more hostile. Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them,
these natives withdrew to the interior and resorted to
guerrilla tactics. As a result, Inca expansion into the
Amazon basin and the Pacic coast of Ecuador was hampered. The natives of the Amazon jungle and coastal
Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived in force. The Amazonian natives and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were
the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination,
maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st
century.
Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Inca Empire was
involved in a civil war. The untimely death of both the
heir Ninan Cuchi and the Emperor Huayna Capac, from
a European disease that spread into Ecuador, created a
power vacuum between two factions. The northern faction headed by Atahualpa claims that Huayna Capac gave
a verbal decree before his death about how the empire
should be divided. He gave the territories pertaining to
present-day Ecuador and northern Peru to his favorite son
Atahualpa, who was to rule from Quito; and he gave the
rest to Huscar, who was to rule from Cuzco. He willed
that his heart be buried in Quito, his favorite city, and the
rest of his body be buried with his ancestors in Cuzco.
HISTORY
1.3 Colonization
New infectious diseases, endemic to the Europeans,
caused high fatalities among the indigenous population
during the rst decades of Spanish rule, as they had no
immunity. This was a time when the natives were also
forced into the encomienda labor system for the Spanish.
In 1563, Quito became the seat of a real audiencia (administrative district) of Spain and part of the Viceroyalty
of Peru and later the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
After nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization, Quito was
still a small city numbering 10,000 inhabitants. On August 10, 1809, the citys criollos rst called for independence from Spain (among the peoples of Latin America).
They were led by Juan Po Montfar, Quiroga, Salinas,
and Bishop Cuero y Caicedo. Quitos nickname, "Luz de
Amrica" (Light of America), is based on its leading
role in trying to secure an independent and local government. Although the new government lasted no more than
two months, it had important repercussions and was an
inspiration for the independence movement of the rest of
Spanish America.
Ingapirca ruins northeast of Caar canton, Caar
Province
One of the main events in the conquest of the Incan
Empire was the death of Atahualpa, the last Sapa
Inca on August 29, 1533
1.6
Antique dug out canoes in the courtyard of the Old Military Hospital in the Historic Center of Quito
The Liberal Revolution of 1895 under Eloy Alfaro reduced the power of the clergy and the conservative land
owners. This liberal wing retained power until the military Julian Revolution of 1925. The 1930s and 1940s
were marked by instability and emergence of populist
politicians, such as ve-time President Jos Mara Velasco Ibarra.
was ultimately deposed, followed by several authoritarian leaders, such as Vicente Rocafuerte; Jos Joaqun de
Olmedo; Jos Mara Urbina; Diego Noboa; Pedro Jos
de Arteta; Manuel de Ascsubi; and Floress own son,
Antonio Flores Jijn, among others. The conservative
Gabriel Garcia Moreno unied the country in the 1860s
with the support of the Roman Catholic Church. In the
late 19th century, world demand for cocoa tied the economy to commodity exports and led to migrations from the Presidencia of Quito in 1740 in Yellow, according to President
Juan Jos Flores territorial claims for Ecuador
highlands to the agricultural frontier on the coast.
Ecuador abolished slavery and freed its black slaves in
1851.[14]
1.5
Liberal Revolution
1.6.2
HISTORY
1.6
1.6.4
The Gran Colombia showing all Colombian Land Claims outlined in red
5
its capital in Quito, from the Gran Colombian federation on May 13, 1830. After Ecuadors separation, the
Department of Cauca voluntarily decided to unite itself
with Ecuador due to instability in the central government of Bogota. President Juan Jos Flores with the approval of the Ecuadorian congress annexed the Department of Cauca on December 20, 1830, since the government of Cauca had called for union with the District of
the South as far back as April 1830. Moreover, the Cauca
region throughout its long history had very strong economic and cultural ties with the people of Ecuador. Also,
the Cauca region which included such cities as Pasto,
Popayan, and Buenaventura had always been dependent
on the Presidencia or Audiencia of Quito. Fruitless negotiations continued between the governments of Bogota
and Quito, where the government of Bogota didn't recognize the separation of Ecuador or that of Cauca from
the Gran Colombia until war broke out in May 1832. In
ve months, New Granada defeated Ecuador due to the
fact that the majority of the Ecuadorian Armed Forces
were composed of rebellious angry unpaid veterans from
Venezuela and Colombia that did not want to ght against
their fellow countrymen. Seeing that his ocers were rebelling, mutinying, and changing sides, President Flores
had no option but to reluctantly make peace with New
Granada. The Treaty of Pasto of 1832 was signed by
which the Department of Cauca was turned over to New
Granada (modern Colombia), the government of Bogota
recognized Ecuador as an independent country and the
border was to follow the Ley de Divisin Territorial de
la Repblica de Colombia (Law of the Division of Territory of the Gran Colombia) passed on June 25, 1824.
This law set the border at the river Carchi and the eastern
border that stretched to Brazil at the Caquet river. Later,
Ecuador contended that the Republic of Colombia, while
reorganizing its government, unlawfully made its eastern
border provisional and that Colombia extended its claims
south to the Napo River because it said that the Government of Popayan extended its control all the way to the
Napo River.
1.6.5 Struggle for Possession of the Amazon Basin
known as Maynas
Ecuador in 1830
HISTORY
1.7
Finally, on July 23, 1941, the Peruvians launched a major invasion, crossing the Zarumilla river in force and advancing into the Ecuadorian province of El Oro.
War. Sixto Durn Balln, the Ecuadorian president, famously declared that he would not give up a single centimeter of Ecuador. Popular sentiment in Ecuador became strongly nationalistic against Peru: grati could be
seen on the walls of Quito referring to Peru as the "Cain
de Latinoamrica", a reference to the murder of Abel by
his brother Cain in the Book of Genesis.[15]
Ecuador and Peru signed the Brasilia Presidential Act
peace agreement on October 26, 1998, which ended hostilities, and eectively put an end to the Western Hemispheres longest running territorial dispute.[16] The Guarantors of the Rio Protocol (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and
the United States of America) ruled that the border of
the undelineated zone was to be set at the line of the
Cordillera del Cndor. While Ecuador had to give up
its decades-old territorial claims to the eastern slopes
of the Cordillera, as well as to the entire western area
of Cenepa headwaters, Peru was compelled to give to
Ecuador, in perpetual lease but without sovereignty, one
square kilometre of its territory, in the area where the
Ecuadorian base of Tiwinza focal point of the war had
been located within Peruvian soil and which the Ecuadorian Army held during the conict. The nal border demarcation came into eect on May 13, 1999 and the
multi-national MOMEP (Military Observer Mission for
Ecuador and Peru) troop deployment withdrew on June
17, 1999.[16]
1.8
Return to democracy
and provision of social services, and historical exploitation by the land-holding elite. Their movement, along
with the continuing destabilizing eorts by both the elite
and leftist movements, has led to a deterioration of the
executive oce. The populace and the other branches
of government give the president very little political capital, as illustrated by the most recent removal of President Lucio Gutirrez from oce by Congress in April
2005. Vice President Alfredo Palacio took his place and
remained in oce until the presidential election of 2006,
in which Rafael Correa gained the presidency.[17]
In December 2008, president Correa declared Ecuadors
national debt illegitimate, based on the argument that it
was odious debt contracted by corrupt and despotic prior
regimes. He announced that the country would default on
over $3 billion worth of bonds; he then pledged to ght
creditors in international courts and succeeded in reducing the price of outstanding bonds by more than 60%.[18]
He brought Ecuador into the Bolivarian Alliance for the
Americas in June 2009. To date, Correas administration
has succeeded in reducing the high levels of poverty and
unemployment in Ecuador.[19][20][21][22][23]
Elections were held on April 29, 1979, under a new constitution. Jaime Rolds Aguilera was elected president,
garnering over one million votes, the most in Ecuadorian
history. He took oce on August 10, as the rst constitutionally elected president after nearly a decade of civilian and military dictatorships. In 1980, he founded the
Partido Pueblo, Cambio y Democracia (People, Change,
and Democracy Party) after withdrawing from the Con- 2 Government and politics
centracin de Fuerzas Populares (Popular Forces Concentration) and governed until May 24, 1981, when he Main article: Politics of Ecuador
died along with his wife and the minister of defense, The current state of Ecuador consists of ve state funcMarco Subia Martinez, when his Air Force plane crashed
in heavy rain near the Peruvian border. Many people believe that he was assassinated, given the multiple
death threats leveled against him because of his reformist
agenda, deaths in automobile crashes of two key witnesses
before they could testify during the investigation, and the
sometimes contradictory accounts of the incident.
Roldos was immediately succeeded by Vice President Osvaldo Hurtado, who was followed in 1984
by Len Febres Cordero from the Social Christian
Party. Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of the Democratic Left
(Izquierda Democrtica, or ID) party won the presidency
in 1988, running in the runo election against Abdal
Bucaram (brother in law of Jaime Roldos and founder
of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party). His government
was committed to improving human rights protection
and carried out some reforms, notably an opening of
Ecuador to foreign trade. The Borja government concluded an accord leading to the disbanding of the small
terrorist group, "Alfaro Vive, Carajo!" (Alfaro Lives,
Dammit!"), named after Eloy Alfaro. However, continuing economic problems undermined the popularity of the The current President Rafael Correa assumed oce on January
ID, and opposition parties gained control of Congress in 15, 2007
1999.
The emergence of the indigenous population (approxi- tions: the Executive Function, the Legislative Function, the
mately 25%) as an active constituency has added to the Judicial Function, the Electoral Function and the Transdemocratic volatility of the country in recent years. The parency and Social Control.
population has been motivated by government failures to Ecuador is governed by a democratically elected Presdeliver on promises of land reform, lower unemployment ident, for a four-year term. The current president of
2.3
Judicial branch
the Legislative Palace, and consists of 130 Assemblymen, divided into ten committees, elected for a four-year
period. Fifteen national constituency elected assembly,
two Assembly members elected from each province and
one for every hundred thousand inhabitants or fraction
exceeding one hundred fty thousand, according to the
latest national census of population. In addition, the law
The executive branch includes 25 ministries. Provincial will determine the election of assembly of regions, and
metropolitan districts.
governors and councilors (mayors, aldermen, and parish
boards) are directly elected. The National Assembly of
Ecuador meets throughout the year except for recesses in
July and December. There are thirteen permanent com2.3 Judicial branch
mittees. Members of the National Court of Justice are
appointed by the National Judicial Council for nine-year
The judiciary system of the country is made by the Juterms.
dicial Council as its main body, and the National Court
of Justice, Provincial Courts, and tribunes. Legal representation is made by the Judicial Council. The National
2.1 Executive branch
Court of Justice is composed of 21 judges elected for a
term of nine years. Judges are renewed by thirds every
Main article: List of heads of state of Ecuador
The Executive Function is delegated to the President, three years, as stipulated in the Organic Code of the Judiciary System. These are elected by the Judicial Council
pursuant to opposition proceedings and merits. As independent organisms of the judiciary system are the Attorney General and the Public Defender. Auxiliary organizations are as follows: the notarial service, the judicial auctioneer, and the receivers. Also there is a special
regime of indigenous justice.
The Electoral system functions by authorities which enter only every four years or when elections or referendums occur. Its main functions are to organize, control
elections, and punish the infringement of electoral rules.
Its main body is the National Electoral Council, which is
based in the city of Quito, and consists of seven members
of the political parties most voted, enjoying complete nancial and administrative autonomy. This body, along
with the Electoral Tribunal, forms the Electoral Function
which is one of the ve branches of government Ecuador.
10
2.6
Human rights
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
2.7
Foreign aairs
11
The provinces are divided into cantons and further subdivided into parishes (parroquias).
3.1
Military
in the early republican period that its rst decade was under the control of General Juan Jose Flores, rst president of Ecuador of Venezuelan origin. General Jose Ma.
Urbina and General Robles are examples of military gures who became presidents of the country in the early
republican period.
Due to the continuous border disputes with Peru, nally
settled in the early 2000s, and due to the ongoing problem with the Colombian guerrilla insurgency inltrating
Amazonian provinces, the Ecuadorian Armed Forces has
gone through a series of changes. In 2009, the new administration at the Defense Ministry launched a deep restructuring within the forces, increasing spending budget
12
GEOGRAPHY
Geography
5.3
Biodiversity
13
Because of its location at the equator, Ecuador experiences little variation in daylight hours during the course
of a year. Both sunrise and sunset occur each day at the
two six o'clock hours.[1]
5.3 Biodiversity
Pastaza River
watershed, which runs to the east, and the Pacic, includ- Galpagos tortoise
14
6 ECONOMY
(6,295 km, or 629,500 ha) by paying private landowners or community landowners (such as indigenous tribes)
incentives to maintain their land as native ecosystems
such as native forests or grasslands. Eligibility and subsidy rates for this program are determined based on the
poverty in the region, the number of hectares that will be
protected, and the type of ecosystem of the land to be
protected, among other factors.[43]
Blue-footed booby
6 Economy
Main article: Economy of Ecuador
Ecuadors economy is the eighth largest in Latin Amer-
Hammerhead sharks
15
bled, reaching $65,490 million according to BCE.[50] Ination rate up to January 2008 was located about 1.14%,
the highest recorded in the last year, according to the
government.[51][52] The monthly unemployment rate remained at about 6 and 8 percent from December 2007
until September 2008; however, it went up to about 9 percent in October and dropped again in November 2008 to
8 percent.[53] Unemployment mean annual rate for 2009
in Ecuador was 8.5% because the global economic crisis
continued to aect the Latin American economies. From
this point unemployment rates started a downward trend:
7.6% in 2010, 6.0% in 2011, and 4.8% in 2012.[54]
The extreme poverty rate has declined signicantly between 1999 and 2010.[55] In 2001 it was estimated at 40%
of the population, while by 2011 the gure dropped to
17.4% of the total population.[56] This is explained to an
extent by emigration and the economic stability achieved
after adopting the U.S. dollar as ocial means of transaction. However, starting in 2008 with the bad economic performance of the nations where most Ecuadorian emigrants work, the reduction of poverty has been
realized through social spending mainly in education and
health.[57]
fee productions are also signicant. The countrys vast resources include large amounts of timber across the country, like eucalyptus and mangroves.[62] Pines and cedars
are planted in the region of La Sierra and walnuts, rosemary, and balsa wood in the Guayas River Basin.[63] The
industry is concentrated mainly in Guayaquil, the largest
industrial center, and in Quito, where in recent years the
industry has grown considerably. This city is also the
largest business center of the country.[64] Industrial production is directed primarily to the domestic market. Despite this, there is limited export of products produced
or processed industrially. These include canned foods,
liquor, jewelry, furniture, and more. A minor industrial
activity is also concentrated in Cuenca.[65] The incomes
due to the tourism have been increasing during the last
years because of the eorts of the Government of showing the variety of climates and the biodiversity in Ecuador
http://www.ecuador.travel/.
Reneries in Esmeraldas
Ecuador has negotiated bilateral treaties with other countries, besides belonging to the Andean Community of
Nations,[66] and an associate member of Mercosur.[67]
It also serves on the World Trade Organization (WTO),
in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank
(IDB), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF),
Corporacin Andina de Fomento (CAF) and other multilateral agencies.[68][69][70] In April 2007, Ecuador paid
o its debt to the IMF, thus ending an era of interventionism of the Agency in the country. The public nance of
Ecuador consists of the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE),
the National Development Bank (BNF), the State Bank,
the National Finance Corporation, the Ecuadorian Housing Bank (BEV) and the Ecuadorian Educational Loans
and Grants.[71]
Between 2006 and 2009, the government increased social spending on social welfare and education from 2.6%
to 5.2% of its GDP.[72] Starting in 2007, with an economy surpassed by the economic crisis, Ecuador was subject to a number of economic policy reforms by the govIn the agricultural sector, Ecuador is a major exporter of ernment that have helped steer the Ecuadorian economy
bananas (rst place worldwide in production and export), to a sustained, substantial, and focused nancial stabilowers, and the seventh largest producer of cocoa.[61] ity and social policy.[72] Such policies were expansionThe shrimp, sugar cane, rice, cotton, corn, palm, and cof- ary scal policies, of access to housing nance, stimulus
16
6 ECONOMY
17
September 11. Sucre notes remained exchangeable at Rumichaca to Ambato, the conclusion of 4 lanes on
Banco Central until March 30, 2001, at 25,000 sucres per the entire stretch of Ambato and Riobamba and rundollar. Ecuador now only issues its own centavo coins.
ning via Riobamba to Loja). In the absence of the section between Loja and the border with Peru, there are
the Route Espondilus and/or Ruta del Sol (oriented to
travel along the Ecuadorian coastline) and the Amazon
7 Transport
backbone (which crosses from north to south along the
Ecuadorian Amazon, linking most and more major cities
of it).
Another major project is developing the road Manta
Tena, the highway Guayaquil Salinas Highway Aloag
Santo Domingo, Riobamba Macas (which crosses Sangay National Park). Other new developments include the
National Unity bridge complex in Guayaquil, the bridge
over the Napo river in Francisco de Orellana, the Esmeraldas River Bridge in the city of the same name, and, perhaps the most remarkable of all, the Bahia San Vincente
Bridge, being the largest on the Latin American Pacic
coast.
The Trolebs bus rapid transit system that runs through Quito. It
is the principal BRT in Ecuador.
San Lorenzo
Lita
Carchi
Salinas
Ibarra
Otavalo
Quito
Latacunga
Ambato
Urbina
Riobamba
Yaguachi
Duran
Milagro
Bucay
Alausi
Huigra
Sibambe
El Tambo
Coyoctor
Cuenca
0km
0mi
40km
30mi
90km
60mi
10 Demographics
The rehabilitation and reopening of the Ecuadorian rail- Main article: Ecuadorian people
road and use of it as a tourist attraction is one of the recent
developments in transportation matter.[76]
Ecuadors population is ethnically diverse and the 2011
The roads of Ecuador in recent years have undergone im- estimates put Ecuadors population at 15,007,343.[1] The
portant improvement. The major routes are Pan Amer- largest ethnic group (as of 2010) is the Mestizos, who are
ican (under enhancement from four to six lanes from the descendants of Spanish colonists that interbred with
18
10 DEMOGRAPHICS
indigenous peoples, and constitute about 71% of the population. The White Ecuadorians (White Latin American) account for 6.1% of the population of Ecuador and
can be found throughout all of Ecuador primarily around
the urban areas. Even though Ecuadors white population during its colonial era were mainly descendants
from Spain, today Ecuadors white population is a result of a mixture of European immigrants, predominantly
from Spain with people from Italy, France, Germany,
and Switzerland who have settled in the early 20th century. Ecuador also has people of middle eastern extraction that have also joined the ranks of the white minority. These include economically well o immigrants of
Lebanese and Palestinian descent, who are either Christian or Muslim (Islam in Ecuador). In addition, there is
a small European Jewish (Ecuadorian jews) population,
which is based mainly in Quito and to a lesser extent in
Guayaquil.[3] Amerindians account for 7% of the current
population. The mostly rural Montubio population of the
coastal provinces of Ecuador, who might be classied as
Pardo account for 7.4% of the population. The AfroEcuadorians is a minority population (7%) in Ecuador,
that includes the Mulattos and zambos, and are largely
based in the Esmeraldas province and to a lesser degree in the predominantely Mestizo provinces of Coastal Baslica del Voto Nacional in old downtown Quito
Ecuador - Guayas and Manabi. In the Highland Andes
where a predominantely Mestizo, white and Amerindian
population exist, the African presence is almost non existent except for a small community in the province of
Imbabura called Chota Valley.
10.1
Religion
19
10.2
Nations
10.3
Population density
mestizo majority, and, like their ancestry, it is traditionally of Spanish heritage, inuenced in dierent degrees
10.4 Immigration and emigration
by Amerindian traditions and in some cases by African
elements. The rst and most substantial wave of modern
See also: Emigration from Ecuador
immigration to Ecuador consisted of Spanish colonists,
following the arrival of Europeans in 1499. A lower numA small east Asian Latino community, estimated at ber of other Europeans and North Americans migrated
2,500, mainly consists of those of Japanese and Chinese to the country in the late 19th and early twentieth cendescent, whose ancestors arrived as miners, farmhands turies and, in smaller numbers, Poles, Lithuanians, English, Irish, and Croats during and after the Second World
and shermen in the late 19th century.[1]
War.
In the early years of World War II, Ecuador still admitted a certain number of immigrants, and in 1939, when
several South American countries refused to accept 165
Jewish refugees from Germany aboard the ship Koenigstein, Ecuador granted them entry permits.[87]
In recent years, Ecuador has grown in popularity among
North American expatriates.[88] They're drawn there by
the authentic cultural experience and beautiful natural
surroundings. Also, Ecuadors favorable residency options make for an easy transition for those who decide
to settle there indenitely.
Another perk that draws many expats to Ecuador is its
low cost of living. Since everything from gas to groceries
costs far less than in North America, its a popular choice
for those who are looking to make the most of their re- Alpaca textile at the Otavalo Artisan Market in the Andes Mountirement budget.
tains, Ecuador
Even real estate in Ecuador is much less than its tropical
counterparts. However, as more and more North Ameri- Since African slavery was not the workforce of the Spancans are discovering Ecuadors potential, property prices ish colonies in the Andes Mountains of South America,
are beginning to rise from where they were a decade ago, given the subjugation of the indigenous people through
20
11
CULTURE
11.2 Music
evangelism and encomiendas, the minority population of
African descent is mostly found in the coastal northern Main article: Music of Ecuador
province of Esmeraldas. This is largely owing to the The music of Ecuador has a long history. Pasillo is a
17th-century shipwreck of a slave-trading galleon o the
northern coast of Ecuador. The few black African survivors swam to the shore and penetrated the then-thick
jungle under the leadership of Anton, the chief of the
group, where they remained as free men maintaining their
original culture, not inuenced by the typical elements
found in other provinces of the coast or in the Andean region. A little later, runaway slaves from Colombia known
as cimarrones joined them. In the small Chota Valley
of the province of Imbabura exist a small community
of Africans among the provinces predominantly mestizo
population. These blacks are descendants of Africans,
who were brought over from Colombia by Jesuits to work
their colonial sugar plantations as slaves. As a general
rule, small elements of zambos and mulattoes coexisted
among the overwhelming mestizo population of coastal
Ecuador throughout its history as gold miners in Loja,
Zaruma, and Zamora and as shipbuilders and plantation
workers around the city of Guayaquil. Today you can nd Julio Jaramillo is an icon of music.
a small community of Africans in the Catamayo valley of
the predominantly mestizo population of Loja.
genre of indigenous Latin music. In Ecuador it is the naEcuadors indigenous communities are integrated into the tional genre of music. Through the years, many cultures
mainstream culture to varying degrees,[89] but some may have brought their inuences together to create new types
also practice their own indigenous cultures, particularly of music. There are also dierent kinds of traditional muthe more remote indigenous communities of the Amazon sic like albazo, pasacalle, fox incaico, tonada, capishca,
basin. Spanish is spoken as the rst language by more Bomba (highly established in afro-Ecuadorian societies),
than 90% of the population and as a rst or second lan- and so on. Tecnocumbia and Rockola are clear examples
guage by more than 98%. Part of Ecuadors population of the inuence of foreign cultures. One of the most tracan speak Amerindian languages, in some cases as a sec- ditional forms of dancing in Ecuador is Sanjuanito. Its
ond language. Two percent of the population speak only originally from northern Ecuador (Otavalo-Imbabura).
Amerindian languages.
Sanjuanito is a danceable music used in the festivities
of the mestizo and indigenous cultures. According to
the Ecuadorian musicologist Segundo Luis Moreno, San11.1 Language
juanito was danced by indigenous people during San Juan
Bautistas birthday. This important date was established
Main article: Languages of Ecuador
by the Spaniards on June 24, coincidentally the same date
when indigenous people celebrated their rituals of Inti
Most Ecuadorians speak Spanish, though many speak Raymi.
11.4
11.3
Literature
21
Cuisine
11.4
Literature
Early literature in colonial Ecuador, as in the rest of Spanish America, was inuenced by the Spanish Golden Age.
One of the earliest examples is Jacinto Collahuazo,[91] an
indigenous chief of a northern village in todays Ibarra,
born in the late 1600s. Despite the early repression and
discrimination of the native people by the Spanish, Collahuazo learned to read and write in Castilian, but his
Juan Montalvo
22
12 HEALTH
ages and the Ecuadorian National Anthem; Juan A. Martinez with A la Costa';, Dolores Veintimilla;[94] and others.
Contemporary Ecuadorian writers include the novelist
Jorge Enrique Adoum; the poet Jorge Carrera Andrade;
the essayist Benjamn Carrin; the poets Medardo Angel
Silva, Jorge Carrera Andrade, and Luis Alberto Costales;
the novelist Enrique Gil Gilbert; the novelist Jorge Icaza
(author of the novel Huasipungo, translated to many languages); the short story author Pablo Palacio; and the novelist Alicia Yanez Cossio.
In spite of Ecuadors considerable mystique, it is rarely
featured as a setting in contemporary western literature.
One exception is The Ecuadorian Deception, a murder mystery/thriller authored by American Bear Mills. In
it, George d'Hout, a website designer from the United
States is lured under false pretenses to Guayaquil. A corrupt American archaeologist is behind the plot, believing
d'Hout holds the keys to locating a treasure hidden by a
buccaneer ancestor. The story is based on a real pirate by
the name of George d'Hout who terrorized Guayaquil in
the 16th Century.
11.5
Art
11.6
Sports
12 Health
23
13 Education
The Oldest Observatory in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory, founded in 1873 and located in Quito, Ecuador.
The Quito Astronomical Observatory is managed by EPN.[106]
24
13
EDUCATION
almost ve, with the provision that the diploma is not terminal anymore, and it is given with the title of mdico
(medic). Therefore, an MD or PhD in medicine is only
to be obtained overseas until the universities adjust themselves to granting schemes and curriculum as in foreign
Provision of public schools falls far below the levels counterparts. Nonetheless, a mdico can start a career
needed, and class sizes are often very large, and fami- as family practitioner or general medicine physician.
lies of limited means often nd it necessary to pay for
education. In rural areas, only 10% of the children go on
to high school. The Ministry of Education states that the
mean number of years completed is 6.7.
25
14
Ecuador is currently placed in 96th position, of innovation in technology.[109] The most notable icons in
Ecuadorian sciences are the mathematician and cartographer Pedro Vicente Maldonado, born in Riobamba in
1707, and the printer, independence precursor, and medical pioneer Eugenio Espejo, born in 1747 in Quito.
Among other notable Ecuadorian scientists and engineers are Lieutenant Jose Rodriguez Lavandera,[110] a
pioneer who built the rst submarine in Latin America in 1837; Reinaldo Espinosa Aguilar (18981950), a
botanist and biologist of Andean ora; and Jos Aurelio
Dueas (18801961), a chemist and inventor of a method
of textile serigraphy.
The major areas of scientic research in Ecuador have
been in the medical elds, tropical and infectious diseases
treatments, agricultural engineering, pharmaceutical research, and bioengineering. Being a small country and
a consumer of foreign technology, Ecuador has favored
research supported by entrepreneurship in information
technology. The antivirus program Checkprogram, banking protection system MdLock, and Core Banking Software Cobis are products of Ecuadorian development.[111]
The scientic production in hard sciences has been limited due to lack of funding but focused around physics,
statistics, and partial dierential equations in mathematics. In the case of engineering elds, the majority of
scientic production comes from the top three polytechnic institutions: Escuela Superior Politcnica del Litoral
- ESPOL, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE,
and Escuela Politcnica Nacional EPN.
EPN is known for research and education in the applied
science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering
and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute [112]
monitors over the countrys volcanoes in the Andes
Mountains of Ecuador and in the Galpagos Islands, all
of which is part of the Ring of Fire. EPN adopted the
polytechnic university model that stresses laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering.
15 See also
Index of Ecuador-related articles
16 References
[1] Ecuador. The World Factbook. Retrieved August 18,
2011.
[2] Constitucin Poltica de la Repblica del Ecuador. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
[3] EL UNIVERSO. Poblacin del pas es joven y mestiza,
dice censo del INEC - Data from the national census 2010
(2011-09-02)". El Universo. Retrieved September 13,
2014.
[4] Ecuadorian census held on November 28, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
[5] Ecuador. International Monetary Fund.
[6] Gini Index. World Bank. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
26
16
REFERENCES
Re-
27
[71] Ecuador student loan program increases funding for overseas study. Bmimedia.net (January 6, 1990). Retrieved
2012-08-21.
[73] Amrica Latina y el Caribe Ecuador Datos destacados. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
[52] Gill, Nathan. (January 6, 2012) Ecuadorian Ination Accelerated to Three-Year High in 2011. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
la-
[82] LDS Newsroom, Facts and Statistics, Ecuador. mormonnewsroom.org. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
[60] Ecuador: Evolucion de la Balanza Comercial. Banco Central del Ecuador (JanuaryFebruary 2008).
[87] Ecuador: Virtual Jewish History Tour. AmericanIsraeli Cooperative Enterprise. 2004. Retrieved June 23,
2013.
Retrieved
[66] South American Community Nations Andean Community -CAN. Comunidadandina.org. Retrieved August 21,
2012.
[67] Prole: Mercosur Common Market of the South. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
[68] Which are its member countries? aladi.org
28
17 FURTHER READING
Eluniverso.com.
Re-
17 Further reading
Ades, H. and Graham, M. (2010) The Rough Guide
to Ecuador, Rough Guides
Becker, M. (2008) Indians and Leftists in the Making
of Ecuadors Modern Indigenous Movements, Duke
University Press Books
Becker, M. and Clark, A. K. (2007) Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador, University of
Pittsburgh Press
Blakenship, J. (2005) Caar: A Year in the Highlands of Ecuador, University of Texas Press
Brown, J. and Smith, J. (2009) Moon Guidebook:
Ecuador and the Galpagos Islands, Avalon Travel
Publishing
Crowder, N. (2009) Culture Shock! Ecuador: A
Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette, Marshall
Cavendish Corporation
Gerlach, A. (2003) Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador, SR Books
Handelsman, M. H. (2008) Culture and Customs of
Ecuador, Greenwood
Hurtado, O. (2010) Portrait of a Nation: Culture and
Progress in Ecuador, Madison Books
O'Connor, E. (2007) Gender, Indian, Nation: The
Contradictions of Making Ecuador, 18301925,
University of Arizona Press
Pineo, R. (2007) Ecuador and the United States:
Useful Strangers, University of Georgia Press
Roos, W. and Van Renterghem, O. (2000) Ecuador
in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture,
Latin America Bureau
Sawyer, S. (2004) Crude Chronicles: Indigenous
Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in
Ecuador, Duke University Press Books
Strier, S. (2001) In the Shadows of State and
Capital: The United Fruit Company, Popular Struggle, and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador 1900
1995, Duke University Press Books
Torre, C. de la and Strier, S. (2008) The Ecuador
Reader: History, Culture, Politics, Duke University
Press Books
Ecuador &
29
Whitten, N. E. (2011) Histories of the Present: People and Power in Ecuador, University of Illinois
Press
Whitten, N. E. (2003) Millennial Ecuador: Critical
Essays on Cultural Transformations and Social Dynamics, University Of Iowa Press
18
External links
related
to
Ecuador
at
30
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