AC Motor - (En - wikipedia.org/wiki/AC - Motor)
AC Motor - (En - wikipedia.org/wiki/AC - Motor)
3 INDUCTION MOTOR
the same year, was granted a United States patent for
his own motor.[13] Working from Ferrariss experiments,
Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky introduced the rst threephase induction motor in 1890, a much more capable design that became the prototype used in Europe and the
U.S.[14][15][16] He also invented the rst three-phase generator and transformer and combined them into the rst
complete AC three-phase system in 1891.[17] The threephase motor design was also worked on by the Swiss engineer Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown,[14] and other threephase AC systems were developed by German technician Friedrich August Haselwander and Swedish engineer
Jonas Wenstrm.[18]
3 Induction motor
Main article: Induction motor
3.1 Slip
If the rotor of a squirrel cage motor were to run at the
true synchronous speed, the ux in the rotor at any given
place on the rotor would not change, and no current would
be created in the squirrel cage. For this reason, ordinary
squirrel-cage motors run at some tens of RPM slower
than synchronous speed. Because the rotating eld (or
equivalent pulsating eld) eectively rotates faster than
the rotor, it could be said to slip past the surface of the
rotor. The dierence between synchronous speed and actual speed is called slip, and loading the motor increases
the amount of slip as the motor slows down slightly. Even
with no load, internal mechanical losses prevent the slip
from being zero.
Drawing from U.S. Patent 381968, illustrating principle of
Teslas alternating current motor.
3.3
known as torque motors are rated to operate at 100% slip the electrical load is inherently related to the mechanical
(0 RPM/full stall).
load. This is similar to a transformer, where the primarys
electrical load is related to the secondarys electrical load.
The slip of the AC motor is calculated by:
S = (Ns Nr )/Ns
where
Nr = Rotational speed, in revolutions per
minute.
S = Normalised Slip, 0 to 1.
3.2
Most common AC motors use the squirrel cage rotor, which will be found in virtually all domestic and
light industrial alternating current motors. The squirrel
cage refers to the rotating exercise cage for pet animals.
The motor takes its name from the shape of its rotor
windings"- a ring at either end of the rotor, with bars
connecting the rings running the length of the rotor. It
is typically cast aluminum or copper poured between the
iron laminates of the rotor, and usually only the end rings
will be visible. The vast majority of the rotor currents will
ow through the bars rather than the higher-resistance and
usually varnished laminates. Very low voltages at very
high currents are typical in the bars and end rings; high
eciency motors will often use cast copper to reduce the
resistance in the rotor.
In operation, the squirrel cage motor may be viewed as
a transformer with a rotating secondary. When the rotor
is not rotating in sync with the magnetic eld, large rotor
currents are induced; the large rotor currents magnetize
the rotor and interact with the stators magnetic elds to
bring the rotor almost into synchronization with the stators eld. An unloaded squirrel cage motor at rated noload speed will consume electrical power only to maintain rotor speed against friction and resistance losses. As
the mechanical load increases, so will the electrical load -
3 INDUCTION MOTOR
This type of motor is becoming more common in traction way, and connecting common to the other made it run the
applications such as locomotives, where it is known as the other way. These motors were used in industrial and sciasynchronous traction motor.
entic devices.
An unusual, adjustable-speed, low-torque shaded-pole
motor could be found in trac-light and advertising3.4 Two-phase servo motor
lighting controllers. The pole faces were parallel and relA typical two-phase AC servo-motor has a squirrel cage atively close to each other, with the disc centred between
them, something like the disc in a watthour meter. Each
rotor and a eld consisting of two windings:
pole face was split, and had a shading coil on one part;
the shading coils were on the parts that faced each other.
1. a constant-voltage (AC) main winding.
Both shading coils were probably closer to the main coil;
2. a control-voltage (AC) winding in quadrature (i.e., they could have both been farther away, without aecting
90 degrees phase shifted) with the main winding so the operating principle, just the direction of rotation.
as to produce a rotating magnetic eld. Reversing
Applying AC to the coil created a eld that progressed in
phase makes the motor reverse.
the gap between the poles. The plane of the stator core
was approximately tangential to an imaginary circle on
An AC servo amplier, a linear power amplier, feeds
the disc, so the travelling magnetic eld dragged the disc
the control winding. The electrical resistance of the rotor
and made it rotate.
is made high intentionally so that the speed/torque curve
is fairly linear. Two-phase servo motors are inherently The stator was mounted on a pivot so it could be posihigh-speed, low-torque devices, heavily geared down to tioned for the desired speed and then clamped in position.
Keeping in mind that the eective speed of the traveldrive the load.
ling magnetic eld in the gap was constant, placing the
poles nearer to the centre of the disc made it run rela3.5 Single-phase induction motor
tively faster, and toward the edge, slower.
It is possible that these motors are still in use in some
Single-phase motors do not have the rotating magnetic
older installations.
eld of a three phase motor, and require a secondary magnetic eld that causes the rotor to move in the proper direction. Several methods are commonly used:
3.5.2 Split-phase motor
Another common single-phase AC motor is the splitphase induction motor,[19] commonly used in major appliA common single-phase motor is the shaded-pole motor ances such as air conditioners and clothes dryers. Comand is used in devices requiring low starting torque, such pared to the shaded pole motor, these motors provide
as electric fans, small pumps, or small household appli- much greater starting torque.
ances. In this motor, small single-turn copper shading A split-phase motor has a secondary startup winding that
coils create the moving magnetic eld. Part of each pole is 90 electrical degrees to the main winding, always cenis encircled by a copper coil or strap; the induced cur- tered directly between the poles of the main winding, and
rent in the strap opposes the change of ux through the connected to the main winding by a set of electrical concoil. This causes a time lag in the ux passing through the tacts. The coils of this winding are wound with fewer
shading coil, so that the maximum eld intensity moves turns of smaller wire than the main winding, so it has a
across the pole face on each cycle. This produces a low lower inductance and higher resistance. The position of
level rotating magnetic eld which is large enough to turn the winding creates a small phase shift between the ux
both the rotor and its attached load. As the rotor picks up of the main winding and the ux of the starting winding,
speed the torque builds up to its full level as the principal causing the rotor to rotate. When the speed of the momagnetic eld is rotating relative to the rotating rotor.
tor is sucient to overcome the inertia of the load, the
A reversible shaded-pole motor was made by Barber- contacts are opened automatically by a centrifugal switch
Colman several decades ago. It had a single eld coil, or electric relay. The direction of rotation is determined
and two principal poles, each split halfway to create two by the connection between the main winding and the start
pairs of poles. Each of these four half-poles carried a circuit. In applications where the motor requires a xed
coil, and the coils of diagonally opposite half-poles were rotation, one end of the start circuit is permanently conconnected to a pair of terminals. One terminal of each nected to the main winding, with the contacts making the
pair was common, so only three terminals were needed connection at the other end.
3.5.1
Shaded-pole motor
in all.
The motor would not start with the terminals open; con- Capacitor start motor A capacitor start motor is a
necting the common to one other made the motor run one split-phase induction motor with a starting capacitor in-
5
rotation often, the use of a mechanism requires that a motor must slow to a near stop before contact with the start
winding is re-established. The 'permanent' connection to
the capacitor in a PSC motor means that changing rotation is instantaneous.
Three-phase motors can be converted to PSC motors
by making common two windings and connecting the
third via a capacitor to act as a start winding. However,
the power rating needs to be at least 50% larger than
for a comparable single-phase motor due to an unused
winding.[21]
4 Synchronous motor
Schematic of a capacitor start motor.
4.2
If a conventional squirrel-cage rotor has ats ground on 5.1 Universal motor and series wound motor
it to create salient poles and increase reluctance, it will
start conventionally, but will run synchronously, although
it can provide only a modest torque at synchronous speed. Main article: Universal motor
This is known as a reluctance motor.
Because inertia makes it dicult to instantly accelerate
the rotor from stopped to synchronous speed, these motors normally require some sort of special feature to get
started. Some include a squirrel-cage structure to bring
the rotor close to synchronous speed. Various other designs use a small induction motor (which may share the
same eld coils and rotor as the synchronous motor) or a
very light rotor with a one-way mechanism (to ensure that
the rotor starts in the forward direction). In the latter instance, applying AC power creates chaotic (or seemingly
chaotic) jumping movement back and forth; such a motor
5.5
5.2
Repulsion motor
5.3
Exterior Rotor
The high starting torque and low inertia of the conical rotor brake motor has proven to be ideal for the demands of
Main article: Repulsion motor
high cycle dynamic drives in applications since the motor
was invented, designed and introduced over 50 years ago.
Repulsion motors are wound-rotor single-phase AC mo- This type of motor conguration was rst introduced in
tors that are a type of induction motor. In a repulsion the USA in 1963.
motor, the armature brushes are shorted together rather Single-speed or two speed motors are designed for couthan connected in series with the eld, as is done with pling to gear motor system gearboxes. Conical rotor
universal motors. By transformer action, the stator in- brake motors are also used to power micro speed drives.
duces currents in the rotor, which create torque by reMotors of this type can also be found on overhead cranes
pulsion instead of attraction as in other motors. Several
and hoists. The micro speed unit combines two motors
types of repulsion motors have been manufactured, but
and an intermediate gear reducer. These are used for
the repulsion-start induction-run (RS-IR) motor has been
applications where extreme mechanical positioning accuused most frequently. The RS-IR motor has a centrifugal
racy and high cycling capability are needed. The micro
switch that shorts all segments of the commutator so that
speed unit combines a main conical rotor brake motor
the motor operates as an induction motor once it is close
for rapid speed and a micro conical rotor brake motor
to full speed. Some of these motors also lift the brushes
for slow or positioning speed. The intermediate gearbox
out of contact with source voltage regulation. Few repulallows a range of ratios, and motors of dierent speeds
sion motors of any type are sold as of 2005.
can be combined to produce high ratios between high and
low speed.
5.4
Electronically commutated (EC) motors are electric motors powered by direct-current (DC) electricity and having electronic commutation systems, rather than mechanical commutators and brushes. The current-to-torque and
frequency-to-speed relationships of BLDC motors are
linear. While the motor coils are powered by DC, power
may be rectied from AC within the casing.
5.6
Watthour-meter motor
REFERENCES
6 References
[1] Electromechanical Dynamics, Part 1 (PDF). John Wiley
and Sons, Inc. 1968. p. 155. ISBN 9780894644597.
[2] Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical
Sciences, Volume 1. Springer. 2009-03-06. ISBN
9783540688310.
[3] The Gateway to Understanding: Electrons to Waves
and Beyond. AuthorHouse. 2005-03-03. ISBN
9781418487409.
[4] Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse,
and the Race to Electrify the World, 2003 - 416 pages Google eBook - Preview. Books.google.com. 2003-08-19.
ISBN 9781588360007. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
[5] Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla : biography of a genius. Citadel Press. 1996. p. 24. ISBN
9780806519609.
[6] Polyphase electric currents and alternate-current motors.
Spon. 1895. p. 87.
[7] Innovation as a Social Process. Cambridge University
Press. 2003-02-13. p. 258. ISBN 9780521533126.
[8] Fritz E. Froehlich, Allen Kent, The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17, page 36.
Books.google.com. 1998-12-01. ISBN 9780824729158.
Retrieved 2012-09-10.
[9] The Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co.
Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating current in the production of rotary motion was made known
almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla
and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general
attention from the fact that no commutator or connection
of any kind with the armature was required."]
[10] Galileo Ferraris, Electromagnetic rotation with an alternating current, Electrican, Vol 36 [1885]. pg 360-75.
[11] Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla. Pg 115
[12] Two-Phase Induction Motor (2011), The Case Files:
Nikola Tesla, The Franklin Institute.
[13] Lance Day, Biographical Dictionary of the History of
Technology, page 1204
[14] Arnold Heertje, Mark Perlman Evolving Technology and
Market Structure: Studies in Schumpeterian Economics,
page 138
[15] Victor Giurgiutiu, Sergey Edward , Micromechatronics:
Modeling, Analysis, and Design with MATLAB, Second
Edition, page 141
[16] M. W. Hubbell, The Fundamentals of Nuclear Power
Generation: Questions & Answers - Page 27
[17] edisontechcenter.org, The History of the Transformer,
Edison Tech Center 2010
[18] Neidhfer, Gerhard (2007).
Early Three-Phase
Power (History)". IEEE Power and Energy Magazine
(IEEE Power & Energy Society) 5 (5): pp.88100.
doi:10.1109/MPE.2007.904752. ISSN 1540-7977.
[19] Split Phase Induction Motor section in Neets module 5:
Introduction to Generators and Motors Archived 20 December 2010 at WebCite
[20] George Shultz, George Patrick Shultz (1997).
Transformers and Motors. Newnes. pp. page 159
of 336. ISBN 978-0-7506-9948-8. Retrieved 2008-0926.
[21] http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/ON/B1/B1396/
107MB1396.html
[22] Bath County Pumped Storage Station. Dominion Resources, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on April
4, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
External links
The short lm AC MOTORS AND GENERATORS
(1961) is available for free download at the Internet
Archive
The short lm AC MOTORS (1969) is available for
free download at the Internet Archive
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