Quadratic
Quadratic
Quadratic
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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic:
Quadratic Equation
Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (1 to 6)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
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A quadratic equation is satisfied by exactly two values of ' x ' which may be real or imaginary. The
equation,
a x2 + b x + c = 0 is:
"
a quadratic equation if a 0
Two Roots
"
a linear equation if
a = 0, b 0
One Root
"
a contradiction if
a = b = 0, c 0
No Root
"
an identity if
a=b=c=0
Infinite Roots
If
a
quadratic
equation
is
satisfied
by
three
distinct
values
of
' x ', then it is an identity.
Solved Example # 1: (i)
3x2 + 2x 1 = 0 is a quadratic equation here a = 3.
2
2
(ii)
(x + 1) = x + 2x + 1 is an identity in x.
Solution.:Here highest power of x in the given relation is 2 and this relation is satisfied by three different values
x= 0, x = 1 and x = 1 and hence it is an identity because a polynomial equation of nth degree cannot
have more than n distinct roots.
2.
(i)
x=
(ii)
(a 0) is given by
b b2 4 a c
2a
The expression, b2 4 a c D is called discriminant of quadratic equation.
If , are the roots of quadratic equation,
a x2 + b x + c = 0, a 0. Then:
D
b
c
(b) =
(c) = a
a
a
(iii)
A quadratic equation whose roots are & , is
(x ) (x ) = 0 i.e.
x2 (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0
Solved Example # 2:
If and are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, find the equation whose roots are +2 and +2.
Solution.
Replacing x by x 2 in the given equation, the required equation is
a(x 2)2 + b(x 2) + c = 0
i.e.,
ax2 (4a b)x + (4a 2b + c) = 0.
Solved Example # 3
The coefficient of x in the quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 was taken as 17 in place of 13, its roots
were found to be 2 and 15. Find the roots of the original equation.
Solution.
Here q = ( 2) ( 15) = 30, correct value of p = 13. Hence original equation is
x2 + 13x + 30 = 0 as (x + 10) (x + 3) = 0
(a) + =
2.
3.
b2
(r + 1)2
=
.
ac
r
2 2
2
a x + (2ac b ) x + c2 = 0
(a + b + c)x2 2(a c) x + a b + c = 0
ax2 + 2bx + 4c = 0
ax2 (2a b) x + a + c b = 0
ac x2 (b 2 2ac) x + ac = 0
(ii)
(iv)
Nature of Roots:
D=0
Roots are equal = = b/2a
a, b, c R & D > 0
Roots are real
a, b, c Q &
D0
Roots are unequal
a, b, c R & D < 0
Roots are imaginary = p + i q, = p i q
a, b, c Q &
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1.
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Quadratic Equation
4.
Common Roots:
a1
b
c
= 1 = 1 .
a2
b2 c2
(ii)
If only one root is common, then the common root ' ' will be:
c a c 2 a1
b c b2 c1
= 1 2
= 1 2
a1 b 2 a 2 b1
c1 a 2 c2 a1
c1 a 2 c2 a1
c1 a 2 c2 a1
a1
+ b1
+ c1 = 0
a1 b 2 a 2 b1
a1 b2 a 2 b1
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D is a perfect square
D is not a perfect square
Roots are rational
Roots are irrational
i.e. = p + q , = p q
a = 1, b, c & D is a perfect square
D = (a 10)2 4
4 = (a 10)2 D
If D is a perfect square it means we want difference of two perfect square as 4 which is possible only
when (a 10)2 = 4 and D = 0.
(a 10) = 2
a = 12, 8
Solved Example # 6
If the roots of the equation (x a) (x b) k = 0 be c and d, then prove that the roots of the equation
(x c) (x d) + k = 0, are a and b.
Solution.
By given condition
(x a) (x b) k (x c) (x d)
or (x c) (x d) + k (x a) (x b)
Above shows that the roots of (x c) (x d) + k = 0 are a and b.
Self Practice Problems :
3.
Let 4x2 4( 2)x + 2 = 0 ( R) be a quadratic equation. Find the value of for which
(i)
Both roots are real and distinct.
(ii)
Both roots are equal.
(iii)
Both roots are imaginary
(iv)
Both roots are opposite in sign.
(v)
Both roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
4.
Find the values of a, if ax2 4x + 9 = 0 has integral roots.
5.
If P(x) = ax2 + bx + c, and Q(x) = ax2 + dx + c, ac 0 then prove that P(x) . Q(x) = 0 has atleast two
real roots.
Ans. (1)
(i)
( , 2) (3, )
(ii)
{2, 3}
(iii)
(2, 3)
(iv)
( , 2)
(v)
1
1
(2)
a= ,
3
4
ap
( + ) 2
=
= ( + )
........ (viii)
2
2
from (7) and (8), L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Solved Example # 8
If a, b, c R and equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 have a common root, show that
a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 9.
Solution.
Given equations are : x2 + 2x + 9 = 0
........(i)
and
ax2 + bx + c = 0
........(ii)
Clearly roots of equation (i) are imaginary since equation (i) and (ii) have a common root, therefore
common root must be imaginary and hence both roots will be common.
Therefore equations (i) and (ii) are identical
c
a
b
=
=
a:b:c=1:2:9
9
1
2
Self Practice Problems :
6.
If the equation x2 + bx + ac = 0 and x2 + cx + ab = 0 have a common root then prove that the equation
containing other roots will be given by x2 + ax + bc = 0.
7.
If the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 have two common roots then show that
a = b = c.
5.
"
The condition that a quadratic expression f (x) = a x2 + b x + c a perfect square of a linear expression,
is D b2 4 a c = 0.
The condition that a quadratic expressionf (x, y)= ax +2 hxy + by +2 gx+ 2 fy + c may be resolved into
two linear factors is that;
"
abc + 2 fgh af bg ch = 0
OR
a h g
h b f = 0.
g f c
Solved Example # 9
Determine a such that x2 11x + a and x2 14x + 2a may have a common factor.
Solution.
Let x be a common factor of x 2 11x + a and x2 14x + 2a.
Then x = will satisfy the equations x2 11x + a = 0 and x2 14x + 2a = 0.
2 11 + a = 0
and
2 14 + 2a = 0
Solving (i) and (ii) by cross multiplication method, we get a = 24.
Solved Example # 10
Show that the expression x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3(bc + ca + ab) will be a perfect square if a = b = c.
Solution.
Given quadratic expression will be a perfect square if the discriminant of its corresponding equation is
zero.
i.e.
4(a + b + c)2 4.3 (bc + ca + ab) = 0
or
(a + b + c)2 3(bc + ca + ab) = 0
1
or
((a b) 2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2) = 0
2
which is possible only when a = b = c.
Self Practice Problems :
9.
For what values of k the expression (4 k)x2 + 2(k + 2)x + 8k + 1 will be a perfect square ?
10.
If x be a factor common to a1x2 + b1x + c and a2x2 + b2x + c prove that (a 1 a2) = b2 b 1.
11.
If 3x2 + 2xy + 2y2 + 2ax 4y + 1 can be resolved into two linear factors, Prove that is a root of the
equation x2 + 4ax + 2a 2 + 6 = 0.
Ans. (1)
0, 3
6.
or
"
"
"
"
"
7.
= a x +
y +
4a
2
a
b
D
the coordinate of vertex are 2 a , 4 a
If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the
parabola is concave downwards.
the parabola intersect the yaxis at point (0, c).
the xcoordinate of point of intersection of parabola with xaxis are the real roots of the
quadratic equation f (x) = 0. Hence the parabola may or may not intersect the xaxis at real
points.
Absolute Range:
If
a>0
f (x) 4 a ,
a<0
D
f (x) , 4 a
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c
a
b
,
,
are in A.P. show that
c
a1 b1
1
8.
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and
b
it occurs at x = 2 a (at vertex).
Range in restricted domain:
Given x [x1, x2]
If
b
[x1, x2] then,
2a
[ {
If
max f ( x1) , f ( x 2 )
}]
b
[x1, x2] then,
2a
D
D
f (x) min f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) , 4 a , max f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) , 4 a
Solved Example # 11
If c < 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 does not have any real roots then prove that
(i)
ab+c<0
(ii)
9a + 3b + c < 0.
Solution.
c < 0 and D < 0
f( 1) = a b + c < 0
and
f(3) = 9a + 3b + c < 0
Solved Example # 12
Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) = x2 5x + 6.
Solution.
D
b
minimum of f(x) =
at x =
4a
2a
25 24
5
1
at x =
=
=
4
2
4
maximum of f(x) =
1
Hence range is , .
4
y=
x2 + x + 1
(y 1)x2 + (y + 1) x + y 1 = 0
x is real
D0
1
y , 3 .
3
y=
x2 + x + 1
if x is real.
x2 x + 1
x2 x + 1
x+2
(y 3) (3y 1) 0
x+2
2x 2 + 3 x + 6
2x + 3 x + 6
2yx2 + 3yx + 6y = x + 2
2yx2 + (3y 1) x + 6y 2 = 0
x is real
D0
(3y 1)2 8y (6y 2) 0
, if x is real.
(3y 1) (13y + 1) 0
1 1
y , .
13 3
Self Practice Problems :
12.
If c > 0 and ax2 + 2bx + 3c = 0 does not have any real roots then prove that
(i)
a 2b + 3c > 0
(ii)
a + 4b + 12c > 0
14.
(a b) 2
.
4
For what least integral value of k the quadratic polynomial (k 2) x2 + 8x + k + 4 > 0 x R.
15.
16.
13.
x R.
Ans. (14)
k = 5.
(15)
x 2 + 34 x 71
x 2 + 2x 7
( , 5] [9, )
lies x R.
mx 2 + 3 x 4
4 x 2 + 3x + m
(16)
m [1, 7]
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(a)
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(ii)
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D
Hence maximum and minimum values of the expression f (x) is 4 a in respective cases and
9.
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NOTE:
(i)
x R, y > 0 only if a > 0 & D b 4ac < 0 (figure 3).
(ii)
x R, y < 0 only if a < 0 & D b 4ac < 0 (figure 6).
The values of ' x ' satisfying the inequality, ax2 + bx + c > 0 (a 0) are:
(i)
If D > 0, i.e. the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two different roots < .
Then
a > 0 x (, ) (, )
a < 0 x (, )
(ii)
If D = 0, i.e. roots are equal, i.e. = .
Then
a > 0 x (, ) (, )
a<0 x
(iii)
If D < 0, i.e. the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real root.
Then
a>0 xR
a<0 x
P ( x ) Q ( x ) R ( x )......... <
(iv)
Inequalities of the form A ( x ) B ( x ) C ( x )......... = 0 can be quickly solved using the method of
>
intervals, where A, B, C........, P, Q, R......... are linear functions of ' x '.
Solution.
x 2 + 6x 7
2
x2 + 1
2
x + 6x 7 2x + 2
x2 6x + 9 0
(x 3)2 0
xR
x2 + x + 1
> 0.
| x + 1|
|x + 1| > 0
x R {1}
x2 + x + 1 > 0
x2 + x + 1 > 0 x R
x 2 3x 1
Solved Example # 17
x2 + x + 1
D=14=3<0
x ( , 1) ( 1, )
< 3.
| x 2 3x 1 |
Solution.
< 3.
x2 + x + 1
in x + x + 1
D=14=3<0
x2 + x + 1 > 0 x R
(2x2 + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) > 0
18.
19.
20.
2x
x ( , 2) ( 1, )
(ii)
x2 7x + 12 < |x 4|
1
x 9
x+2
Solve the inequation
(x2 + 3x + 1) (x2 +3x 3) 5
Solve
x 2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
6 of 25
< 3 is satisfied x R
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8.
10.
x2 4
(18)
1 + 21
,
2
( , 3) ( 2, 3)
(20)
(1, 5)
(17)
(i)
21 1
(ii)
(2, 4)
(19)
( , 4] [2, 1] [1, )
8
5
0, 5 2 ,
(21)
Location Of Roots:
(i)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(ii)
(iii)
Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be greater than a specified numberx0 are
b 4ac 0; f (x0) > 0 & ( b/2a) > x0.
Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be smaller than a specified number x0 are
b 4ac 0; f (x0) > 0 & ( b/2a) < x0.
Conditions for both roots of f (x) = 0 to lie on either side of the number x0 (in other words the
number x0 lies between the roots of f (x) = 0), is f (x0) < 0.
(iv)
(iv)
(v)
Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers x 1 and
x2, (x1 < x2) are b 4ac 0; f (x1) > 0 ; f (x 2) > 0 & x1 < ( b/2a) < x2.
Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in the interval (x1, x2) i.e.
x1 < x < x2 is f (x1). f (x2) < 0.
Ex.10.1 x2 (m 3) x + m = 0
(a)
Find values of m so that both the roots are greater than 2.
(v)
Condition -
D0
(m 3)2 4m 0 m2 10m + 9 0
(m 1) (m 9) 0 m ( , 1] [9, ) ......(i)
4 (m 3)2 + m > 0
b
m3
>2
Condition -
>2
2a
2
Intersection of (i), (ii) and (iii) gives m [9, 10)
Ans.
(b)
Find the values of m so that both roots lie in the interval (1, 2)
(c)
Condition - D 0
m ( , 1] [9, )
Condition - f(1) > 0
1 (m 3) + m > 0
m < 10
b
m3
Condition - V 1 <
<2
1<
<2
2a
2
intersection gives m
Ans.
One root is greater than 2 and other smaller than 1
Ans.
4<0
m > 10
m < 10...(ii),
m > 7.....(iii)
4>0
mR
5<m<7
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Ans.
x 2 5x + 4
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21.
(e)
Condition - D 0
m ( , 1] [9, )
Condition - f(0) > 0
m>0
b
m3
Condition -
>0
>0
m>3
2a
2
intersection gives m [9, ) Ans.
Find the values of m for which one root is (positive) and other is (negative).
m < 0 Ans.
Roots are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
sum of roots = 0
m=3
and
f(0) < 0
m<0
m Ans.
Ex.10.2 Find all the values of 'a' for which both the roots of the equation
(a 2)x2 + 2ax + (a + 3) = 0 lies in the interval ( 2, 1).
Sol.
Case -
When
Condition -
a2>0
a>2
f(2) > 0
Condition - f(1)> 0
Condition - D 0
b
Condition - V
<1
2a
(a 2)4 4a + a + 3 > 0
4a + 1 > 0
4a 4(a + 3) (a 2) 0
2(a 1)
>0
a2
2a
b
Condition - V 2<
2 ( a 2) > 2
2a
Intersection gives a (5, 6].
Ans.
when a 2 < 0
Case-
a<2
Condition - f(2) < 0
a<5
1
a<
Condition - f(1) < 0,
4
b
Condition - 2 <
<1
a ( , 1) (4, )
2a
Condition - V D 0
a6
1
intersection gives
a ,
4
Self
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
98930 58881
(f)
a5>0a>5
1
a>
4
a6
a ( , 1) (4, )
a4
>0
a2
Practice Problems :
Let 4x2 4( 2)x + 2 = 0 ( R) be a quadratic equation find the value of for which
(a)
Both the roots are positive
(b)
Both the roots are negative
(c)
Both the roots are opposite in sign.
(d)
Both the roots are greater than 1/2.
(e)
Both the roots are smaller than 1/2.
(f)
One root is small than 1/2 and the other root is greater than 1/2.
Ans. (a) [3, )
(b)
(c) ( , 2)
(d)
(e) ( , 2]
(f) (3, )
Find the values of the parameter a for which the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + 2(a 1)x + a + 5 = 0 are
(i)
positive
(ii)
negative
(iii)
opposite in sign.
Ans. (i) (5, 1]
(ii) [4, )
(iii) ( , 5)
Find the values of P for which both the roots of the equation
4x2 20px + (25p2 + 15p 66) = 0 are less than 2.
Ans. ( , 1)
Find the values of for which 6 lies between the roots of the equation x2 + 2( 3)x + 9 = 0.
3
, .
Ans.
4
Let 4x2 4( 2)x + 2 = 0 ( R) be a quadratic equation find the value of for which
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(d)
27.
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28.
11.
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Theory Of Equations:
f(x) = a 0x n + a 1x n-1 + a 2x n-2 +.... + a n-1x + a n = 0 where a 0, a 1, .... a n are all real & a 0 0 then,
a3
a1
an
a2
1 = a , 1 2 = + a , 1 2 3 = a ,....., 1 2 3........n = (1)n a
0
0
0
0
NOTE :
(i)
If is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x ) or
(x ) is a factor of f(x) and conversely.
(ii)
Every equation of nth degree (n 1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than n roots,
it is an identity.
(iii)
If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and + i is its root, then i is also a
root. i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv)
An equation of odd degree will have odd number of real roots and an equation of even degree
will have even numbers of real roots.
(v)
If the coefficients in the equation are all rational & + is one of its roots, then
++==
+ + = ,
=
= 3.
2
2
2
3
2
Ex.11.2 Find the roots of 4x + 20x 23x + 6 = 0. If two roots are equal.
Let roots be , and
20
++=
4
2 + = 5
.............(i)
23
. + + =
4
23
6
2 + 2 =
&
2 =
4
4
from equation (i)
23
2 + 2 ( 5 2) =
4
23
2 10 42 =
122 + 40 23 = 0
4
23
1
when =
= 1/2,
6
2
1
3
from equation (i)
2 =
( 5 1) =
4
2
23
when =
6
(vi)
2 =
23 23
36
1
,
2
23
5 2x
3
6
=6
1 1
, , 6 Ans.
2 2
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(iii)
1
1
Exactly one root lies in 0, .
(ii)
Both roots lies in 0, .
2
2
1
At least one root lies in 0, . (iv) One root is greater than 1/2 and other root is smaller than 0.
2
Ans. (i) ( , 2) (3, )
(ii)
(iii) ( , 2) (3, )
(iv)
In what interval must the number 'a' vary so that both roots of the equation
x2 2ax + a2 1 = 0 lies between 2 and 4.
Ans. ( 1, 3)
Find the values of k, for which the quadratic expression ax2 + (a 2) x 2 is negative for exactly two
integral values of x.
Ans. [1, 2)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
b b 2 4ac
The solution of the quadratic equation , ax + bx + c = 0 is given by x =
2a
The expression b2 4ac = D is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
If & are the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0, then;
(i) + = b/a
(ii) = c/a
(iii) = D / a .
NATURE OF ROOTS:
(A)
Consider the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c R & a 0 then ;
(i)
D > 0 roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(ii)
D = 0 roots are real & coincident (equal).
(iii)
D < 0 roots are imaginary .
(iv)
If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the other must be the
conjugate p i q & vice versa. (p , q R & i = 1 ).
(B)
Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c Q & a 0 then;
(i) If D > 0 & is a perfect square , then roots are rational & unequal.
(ii)
If = p + q is one root in this case, (where p is rational & q is a surd)
then the other root must be the conjugate of it i.e. = p q & vice versa.
A quadratic equation whose roots are & is (x )(x ) = 0 i.e.
x2 ( + ) x + = 0 i.e. x2 (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.
Remember that a quadratic equation cannot have three different roots & if it has, it becomes an identity.
Consider the quadratic expression , y = ax + bx + c , a 0 & a , b , c R then ;
(i)
The graph between x , y is always a parabola . If a > 0 then the shape of the
parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave downwards.
(ii)
x R , y > 0 only if a > 0 & b 4ac < 0 (figure 3) .
(iii)
x R , y < 0 only if a < 0 & b 4ac < 0 (figure 6) .
Carefully go through the 6 different shapes of the parabola given below.
7.
8.
(iii)
P (x )
0 can be quickly solved using the method of intervals.
Q (x )
Fig . 1
Fig. 2
>0
>0
Fig. 4
Fig. 6
<0
>0
>0
<0
>0
=0
Fig. 3
<0
=0
<0
<0
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98930 58881
10 of 25
KEY CONCEPTS
4 ac b 2
4 ac b 2
, if a > 0 & y ,
if a < 0 .
4a
4a
OR
a h g
h b f = 0.
g f c
THEORY OF EQUATIONS :
If 1, 2, 3, ......n are the roots of the equation;
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + .... + an-1x + an = 0 where a0, a1, .... an are all real & a0 0 then,
1 =
a
a
a1
a
, 1 2 = + 2 , 1 2 3 = 3 , ....., 1 2 3 ........n = (1)n n
a
a0
a0
a0
0
If is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x ) or
(x ) is a factor of f(x) and conversely .
(ii)
Every equation of nth degree (n 1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than n roots,
it is an identity.
(iii)
If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and + i is its root, then i is also
a root. i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv)
If the coefficients in the equation are all rational & + is one of its roots, then is also
a root where , Q & is not a perfect square.
(v)
If there be any two real numbers 'a' & 'b' such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs, then
f(x) = 0 must have atleast one real root between 'a' and 'b' .
(vi)
Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that of its
last term.
LOCATION OF ROOTS : Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a > 0 & a, b, c R.
(i)
Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number d are
b2 4ac 0; f (d) > 0 & ( b/2a) > d.
(ii)
Conditions for both roots of f (x) = 0 to lie on either side of the number d (in other words
the number d lies between the roots of f (x) = 0) is f (d) < 0.
(iii)
Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in the interval (d , e) i.e. d < x < e are
b2 4ac > 0 & f (d) . f (e) < 0.
(iv)
Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers p & q are
(p < q). b2 4ac 0; f (p) > 0; f (q) > 0 & p < ( b/2a) < q.
LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES
(i)
For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent.
(ii)
For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
(iii)
If a > 1 then loga x < p
0 < x < ap
(iv)
If a > 1 then logax > p
x > ap
(v)
If 0 < a < 1 then loga x < p
x > ap
(vi)
If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p
0 < x < ap
Note : (i)
12.
13.
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
EXERCISE1
If the roots of the equation [1/(x + p)] + [1/(x + q)] = 1/r are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign,
show that p + q = 2r & that the product of the roots is equal to (1/2) (p2 + q2).
If x2 x cos (A + B) + 1 is a factor of the expression,
2x4 + 4x3 sin A sin B x2(cos 2A + cos 2B) + 4x cos A cos B 2. Then find the other factor.
, are the roots of the equation K (x2 x) + x + 5 = 0. If K1 & K2 are the two values of K for
which the roots , are connected by the relation (/) + (/) = 4/5. Find the value of
(K1/K2) + (K2/K1).
If the quadratic equations, x2 + bx + c = 0 and bx2 + cx + 1 = 0 have a common root then prove that
either b + c + 1 = 0 or b2 + c2 + 1 = b c + b + c.
p2
p2
If the roots of the equation 1 q + x 2 + p(1 + q ) x + q (q 1) +
= 0 are equal then show that
2
2
p2 = 4q.
If one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be the square of the other, prove that
b3 + a2c + ac2 = 3abc.
98930 58881
10.
a + b + c = 0 ; a + b + c = 0. By Cramers Rule
=
=
bc bc a c ac ab a b
ca ca bcbc
Therefore, =
=
.
aba b a cac
So the condition for a common root is (ca ca) = (ab ab)(bc bc).
The condition that a quadratic function f (x , y) = ax + 2 hxy + by + 2 gx + 2 fy + c may be resolved
into two linear factors is that ;
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9.
11 of 25
a < 0 or a > 0 . y
quadratic in terms of tangent of an angle lying in 0, .
2
2
6x 22x + 21
for all real values of x, using the theory of quadratic equations.
Q.9
Find the least value of
5x 2 2 18x +2 17
Q.10 Find the least value of (2p + 1)x + 2(4p2 1)x + 4(2p2 + 1) for real values of p and x.
Q.11 If be a root of the equation 4x2 + 2x 1 = 0 then prove that 43 3 is the other root.
Q.12(a) If , are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 then which of the following expressions in
, will denote the symmetric functions of roots. Give proper reasoning. (i)
f (, ) = 2
(ii)
f (, ) = 2 + 2 (iii)
f (, ) = ln
(iv)
f (, ) = cos ( )
2
(b) If , are the roots of the equation x px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation the roots of
which are (2 2) (3 3) & 3 2 + 2 3.
Q.13 If , are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & , are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, show that
b b
a + a
b b
x2 + x + +
c
c
=0 .
Q.21
Q.22
Q.23
Q.24
Q.25
Q.26
p4
s4
s3 5
p3 5 q 4
q3 5 r 4
r3 5
,
,
and
,
,
,
,
s 2 s 2 are collinear then
p2 p2 q2 q2 r2 r2
Q.27
Q.28
1 2 1 2
x
Find the values of a for which 3 < [(x2 + ax 2)/(x2 + x + 1)] < 2 is valid for all real x.
6
Q.29
Q.30
1 6 1
x + x + 6 2
x
x
3
x + + x + 3
x
x
EXERCISE2
12 of 25
98930 58881
FREE Download Study Package Views of students available at website: www.iitjeeiitjee.com, www.tekoclasses.com
Q.8
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Q .7
ax 2 + 2(a + 1) x + 9a + 4
Find the range of values of a, such that f (x) =
is always negative.
x 2 8x + 32
Find a quadratic equation whose sum and product of the roots are the values of the expressions
(cosec 10 3 sec10) and (0.5 cosec10 2 sin70) respectively. Also express the roots of this
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
Q.8
Q.9
Q.10 Find the values of K so that the quadratic equation x2 + 2 (K 1) x + K + 5 = 0 has atleast one positive root.
Q.11 Find the values of 'b' for which the equation 2 log 1 bx + 28 = log5 12 4 x x 2 has only one solution.
Q.12
Q.13
Q.14
Q.15
Q.16
25
Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which both roots of the quadratic equation
x2 ax + 2 = 0 belong to the interval ( 0 , 3 ).
Find all the values of the parameters c for which the inequality has at least one solution.
7
log 2 cx2 + c .
1 + log 2 2 x 2 + 2 x +
2
Find the values of K for which the equation x4 + (1 2 K) x2 + K2 1 = 0 ;
(a) has no real solution
(b) has one real solution
Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which the inequality
a.9x + 4(a1)3x + a 1 > 0 is satisfied for all real values of x.
Find the complete set of real values of a for which both roots of the quadratic equation
FG
H
IJ
K
EXERCISE3
Solve the inequality. Where ever base is not given take it as 10.
2
Q.1
Q.3
Q.5
Q.7
Q.9
Q.2
Q.4
Q.6
Q.8
Q.10
13 of 25
98930 58881
Q.3
cos 2
sin 2
x 2 2x cos + 1
2 .
2 and
If x be real, prove that
lies between
x 2 2x cos + 1
cos 2
sin 2
2
2
Solve the equations, ax2 + bxy + cy2 = bx2 + cxy + ay2 = d.
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Q.1
(a)
(c)
(e)
Q.2
Q.12
Q.13
Find out the values of 'a' for which any solution of the inequality,
of the inequality, x2 + (5 2 a) x 10a.
Q.14
Q.15
Find the set of values of 'y' for which the inequality, 2 log0.5 y2 3 + 2 x log0.5 y2 x2 > 0
is valid for atleast one real value of 'x'.
x2 + x 5
x
log
2 2
log 3 ( x 2 3x + 7)
log 3 (3x + 2)
14 of 25
log3
( x 2 10 x + 22) > 0 .
EXERCISE4
sin x cos 3x
1
do not lie from & 3 for any real x.[JEE '97 , 5]
sin 3x cos x
3
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
P
Q
In a triangle PQR, R = . If tan & tan are the roots of the equation
2
2
2
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) then :
(A) a + b = c
(B) b + c = a
(C) a + c = b
(D) b = c
2
2
If the roots of the equation x 2ax + a + a 3 = 0 are real & less than 3 then
(A) a < 2
(B) 2 a 3
(C) 3 < a 4
(D) a > 4 [JEE '99, 2 + 2]
If , are the roots of the equation, (x a)(x b) + c = 0, find the roots of the equation,
(x ) (x ) = c.
[REE 2000 (Mains), 3]
For the equation, 3 x2 + px + 3 = 0 , p > 0 if one of the roots is square of the other, then p is equal to:
(A) 1/3
(B) 1
(C) 3
(D) 2/3
If & ( < ), are the roots of the equation, x2 + bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then
(A) 0 < <
(B) < 0 < <
(C) < < 0
(D) < 0 < <
If b > a , then the equation, (x a) (x b) 1 = 0, has :
(A) both roots in [a, b]
(B) both roots in ( , a)
(C) both roots in [b, )
(D) one root in ( , a) & other in (b, + )
[JEE 2000 Screening, 1 + 1 + 1 out of 35]
If , are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a 0) and + , + , are the roots of,
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0, (A 0) for some constant , then prove that,
b 2 4ac
B 2 4AC
=
.
[JEE 2000, Mains, 4 out of 100]
a2
A2
The number of integer values of m, for which the x co-ordinate of the point of intersection of the lines
3x + 4y = 9 and y = mx + 1 is also an integer, is
[JEE 2001, Screening, 1 out of 35]
(A) 2
(B) 0
(C) 4
(D) 1
Let a, b, c be real numbers with a 0 and let , be the roots of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0. Express the roots of a3x2 + abcx + c3 = 0 in terms of , .
[JEE 2001, Mains, 5 out of 100]
The set of all real numbers x for which x2 |x + 2| + x > 0, is
(A) (, 2) U (2, )
(B) (, 2 ) U ( 2 , )
(C) (, 1) U (1, )
(D) ( 2 , )
[JEE 2002 (screening), 3]
Q.5
Q.6(i)
(ii)
Q.7(i)
(ii)
Q.8
Q.9(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Q.10
Q.11
Q.12
Q.13
If x2 + (a b)x + (1 a b) = 0 where a, b R then find the values of a for which equation has
unequal real roots for all values of b.
[JEE 2003, Mains-4 out of 60]
[ Based on M. R. test]
98930 58881
Q.4
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x 2 4x + 3
Q.11
Q.16(a) Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. No two of them are equal and R. If the roots of the equation
x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3(ab + bc + ca) = 0 are real, then
4
5
1 5
4 5
(B) >
(C) ,
(D) ,
(A) <
3
3
3 3
3 3
[JEE 2006, 3]
(b) If roots of the equation x 2 10cx 11d = 0 are a, b and those of x2 10ax 11b = 0 are c, d, then find
the value of a + b + c + d. (a, b, c and d are distinct numbers)
[JEE 2006, 6]
EXERCISE5
Part : (A) Only one correct option
1.
The roots of the quadratic equation (a + b 2c) x2 (2a b c) x + (a 2b + c) = 0 are
(A) a + b + c and a b + c
(C) a 2b + c and
(B)
1
a+bc
1
and a 2b + c
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
log 3
(D) 2, 1 log 2
(C) 2, 2
Two real numbers & are such that + = 3 & = 4, then & are the roots of the quadratic
equation:
(A) 4x2 12x 7 = 0 (B) 4x2 12x + 7 = 0 (C) 4x2 12x + 25 = 0 (D) none of these
Let a, b and c be real numbers such that 4a + 2b + c = 0 and ab > 0. Then the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
(A) real roots
(B) imaginary roots
(C) exactly one root
(D) none of these
cosx
cosx
If e
e
= 4, then the value of cos x is
(A) log 2 + 5
6.
(B) log 2 + 5
(C) log 2 + 5
2
x 1 1 1 is:
8.
9.
(A) [0, 2]
(B) [ 1, 3]
(C) [ 1, 1]
(D) [1, 3]
2
Let f(x) = x + 4x + 1. Then
(A) f(x) > 0 for all x
(B) f(x) > 1 when x 0 (C) f(x) 1 when x 4 (D) f(x) = f( x) for all x
10.
If x is real and k =
(A)
11.
1
k3
3
If x is real, then
x2 x + 1
x2 + x + 1
then:
(B) k 5
x2 x + c
x2 + x + 2c
(C) k 0
15 of 25
2 , 2 .
[JEE 2005(Mains), 2]
(D) none
98930 58881
1 2 x + 5x 2
Q.15 Find the range of values of t for which 2 sint = 2
, t
3x 2x 1
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Q.14(a) If one root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 is the square of the other, then
(A) p3 + q2 q(3p + 1) = 0
(B) p3 + q2 + q(1 + 3p) = 0
3
2
(C) p + q + q(3p 1) = 0
(D) p3 + q2 + q(1 3p) = 0
(b) If x2 + 2ax + 10 3a > 0 for all x R, then
(A) 5 < a < 2
(B) a < 5
(C) a > 5
(D) 2 < a < 5
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
x 4 3 x 3 + 2x 2
(D) c ( 6, 0)
0 is:
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
(B) = 3, = 11
(C) =
11
3
,=
4
4
If , are the roots of the equation, x2 2 m x + m2 1 = 0 then the range of values of m for which
, ( 2, 4) is:
(A) ( 1, 3)
(B) (1, 3)
(C) (, 1) ((3, )
(D) none
2
If the inequality (m 2)x + 8x + m + 4 > 0 is satisfied for all x R then the least integral m is:
(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) none
For all x R, if mx2 9mx + 5m + 1 > 0, then m lies in the interval
(A) (4/61, 0)
(B) [0, 4/61)
(C) (4/61, 61/4)
(D) ( 61/4, 0]
2
Let a > 0, b > 0 & c > 0. Then both the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0
(A) are real & negative
(B) have negative real parts
(C) are rational numbers (D) none
The value of 'a' for which the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation, x 2 (a 2) x a 1 = 0
assume the least value is:
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
2x
19.
x 2 x 30
Consider y =
(A) [ 1, 1]
1 + x2
(C) [ 9 / 4 , 0 ]
(D) [ 9 / 4 , 1]
21.
If both roots of the quadratic equation x2 + x + p = 0 exceed p where p R then p must lie in the
interval:
(B) ( , 2)
(C) ( , 2) (0, 1/4) (D) ( 2, 1)
(A) ( , 1)
If a, b, p, q are nonzero real numbers, the two equations, 2 a 2 x 2 2 ab x + b 2 = 0 and
p2 x2 + 2 pq x + q2 = 0 have:
(A) no common root
(B) one common root if 2 a2 + b2 = p2 + q2
(C) two common roots if 3 pq = 2 ab
(D) two common roots if 3 qb = 2 ap
22.
20.
23.
24.
25.
26.
1+ 1+ 1+
+
+
has the value equal to:
1 1 1
(A) zero
(B) 1
(C) 7
(D) 1
The equations x3 + 5x2 + px + q = 0 and x3 + 7x2 + px + r = 0 have two roots in common. If the third root
of each equation is represented by x1 and x2 respectively, then the ordered pair (x1, x2) is:
(A) ( 5, 7)
(B) (1, 1)
(C) ( 1, 1)
(D) (5, 7)
If , are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the equation whose roots are 2 + 3 and 3 + 2
is
(A) ab x2 (a + b) cx + (a + b)2 = 0
(B) ac x2 (a + c) bx + (a + c)2 = 0
2
2
(C) ac x + (a + c) bx (a + c) = 0
(D) none of these
If coefficients of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 are real and roots of the equation are non-real
complex and a + c < b, then
(A) 4a + c > 2b
(B) 4a + c < 2b
(C) 4a + c = 2b
(D) none of these
The set of possible values of for which x2 (2 5 + 5)x + (22 3 4) = 0 has roots, whose sum
and product are both less than 1, is
5
(A) 1,
2
(B) (1, 4)
5
(C) 1,
2
5
(D) 1,
2
Let conditions C1 and C2 be defined as follows : C1 : b2 4ac 0, C2 : a, b, c are of same sign. The
roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are real and positive, if
(A) both C1 and C1 are satisfied
(B) only C2 is satisfied
(C) only C1 is satisfied
(D) none of these
Part : (B) May have more than one options correct
28.
If a, b are non-zero real numbers, and , the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0, then
27.
(A)
16 of 25
(C) c ( , 6) (0, )
1 1
, are the roots of bx2 + ax + 1 = 0
98930 58881
(B) c [ 6, 0]
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(A) c [0, 6]
29.
31.
32.
2.
(b)
(d)
(x + 3).x + 2+2x + 3+ 1 = 0
2x+2 2x+1 1= 2x+1 + 1
( x 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 4) ( x + 6) + 25
0.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
For what values of k the expression 3x2 + 2xy + y 2 + 4x + y + k can be resolved into two linear factors.
Show that one of the roots of the equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0 may be reciprocal of one of the roots of
a1 x2 + b 1 x + c1 = 0 if (a a1 c c1)2 = (b c1 a b1) (b 1c a1b).
Let + i ; , R, be a root of the equation x 3 + qx + r = 0; q, r R. Find a real cubic equation,
independent of and , whose one root is 2.
If a, b are the roots of x 2 + px + 1 = 0 and c, d are the roots of x2 + qx + 1 = 0. Show that
q2 p2 = (a c) (b c) (a + d) (b + d).
If , are the roots of the equation x - px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation the roots of which are
(2 2) (3 3) & 3 2 + 2 3.
11.
12.
13.
7 x2 + 8 x + 4
x2
2x 3
>
.
x+2
4x 1
x 2 2x + 9
1
lies in , 2 .
x + 2x + 9
2
2
x 2 + kx + 1
14.
15.
16.
The equations x2 ax + b = 0 & x 3 px2 + qx = 0, where b 0, q 0 have one common root & the
second equation has two equal roots. Prove that 2 (q + b) = ap.
x2 + x + 1
98930 58881
EXERCISE6
1.
< 2 is valid.
4
1
1
4
1
<
.
30
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4
17.
x
x
(m
3)
1 + x 2 + m = 0 has atleast one
2
1 + x
18.
real root ?
Let a and b be two roots of the equation x3 +px2 + qx + r = 0 satisfying the relation ab + 1 = 0. Prove that
r2 + pr + q + 1 = 0.
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CLASSES,, MA
MATHS
SUHAAG
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30.
,
are the roots of bx2 + (2b a2) x + b = 0 (D)
17 of 25
(C)
Q.2
2x2 + 2x cos (A B) 2
Q.3 254
FG
H
a ,
Q.7
1
2
IJ
K
5
x2 4x + 1 = 0 ; = tan ; = tan Q.9 1 Q.10 minimum value 3 when x = 1 and p = 0
12
12
Q.12 (a) (ii) and (iv) ; (b) x2 p(p4 5p2q + 5q2) x + p2q2(p2 4q) (p2 q) = 0
5 +1
1
4
2
Q.30 20
Q.29 ymin = 6
18 of 25
ANSWER KEYEXERCISE1
EXERCISE2
Q.1
Q.6 k = 86
30
Q.5 a 14 , 1
2
2
x = y = d/(a+b+c) ; x/(c a) = y/(a b) = K where Ka (a + b + c ab bc ca) = d
14
11
,
Q 10. K 1
Q 11. ( , 14 ) {4}
Q 12. 2 2 a <
3
3
Q.13 (0, 8]
Q 14. (a) K < 1 or K > 5/4 (b) K = 1
Q 15. [ 1, )
LM
N
IJ
K
98930 58881
Q.2
Q.9
Q 1.
1 1
x , (8 ,16 )
16 8
Q 4. 1 < x <
EXERCISE3
Q 2. (0,1) (1 , 101/10 )
1+ 5
1 5
or
<x<2
2
2
Q 5. 2
Q 3.
10
x 10
Q 6. (, 2.5) (0, )
Q 11. x
Q 13. a
5
2
2
3
1
2
x2
1
2
<x<1
Q12. ( 6 , 5) ( 3 , 2)
Q 14. x 3 , 5 3 (7 , ) Q 15. , 2 2 1 , 0 0 , 1 2 2 ,
2
2
EXERCISE4
Q.2 4
Q.4 C
2
Q.5 x (x1 + x2) x + x1 x2 = 0 where x1 = (b2 2c) (b3 3cb) ; x2 = c3 (b2 4c)
Q.6 (i) x3 + q x r = 0, (ii) = = /3,
Q.7 (i) A, (ii) A,
Q.8 (a, b) Q.9 (a) C, (b) B, (c) D
Q.10 A Q.11 = 2 and = 2 or = 2 and = 2
Q.12 B
Q.13 a > 1
3
Q.14 (a) D ; (b) A
Q.15 , ,
Q.16 (a) A, (b) 1210
2 10 10 2
EXERCISE5
1. D
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. A
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. A
15. B
16. B
17. B
18. B
19. C
20. B
21. A
22. C
23. A
24. D
25. B
26. D
27. A
EXERCISE6
1. {2, 5}
2. (a) x = 1
(b) x = ( 7 17 )/2
1
4. x ( , 2) , 1 (4, )
4
6. [2, 3]
9. k =
11
8
5.
3
4 , 3
11. x3 + qx r = 0
,
17.
2 6
TEK
O CLASSES
THS BY SUHAA
G SIR PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
TEKO
CLASSES,, MA
MATHS
SUHAAG
FREE Download Study Package Views of students available at website: www.iitjeeiitjee.com, www.tekoclasses.com
Q.8