History of Anatomy: 1.2 Greek Advances in Anatomy
History of Anatomy: 1.2 Greek Advances in Anatomy
History of Anatomy: 1.2 Greek Advances in Anatomy
The history of anatomy extends from the earliest examinations of sacricial victims to the sophisticated analyses
of the body performed by modern scientists. It has been
characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in
the body. Human anatomy was the most prominent of the
biological sciences of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Methods have also improved dramatically.[1]
1
1.1
Ancient anatomy
Egypt
2
2.1
In 1275-1326 Mondino de Luzzi Mundinus carried out the rst systematic human dissections since
Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos 1500
years earlier.[12][13] The rst major development in
anatomy in Christian Europe since the fall of Rome occurred at Bologna, where anatomists dissected cadavers and contributed to the accurate description of organs and the identication of their functions. Following de Liuzzis early studies, fteenth century anatomists
Anathomia, 1541
3.2
Vesalius
Many Europeans interested in the study of anatomy traveled to Italy, then the centre of anatomy. Only in
Italy could certain important research methods be used,
such as dissections on women. Realdo Colombo (also
known as Realdus Columbus) and Gabriele Falloppio
were pupils of Vesalius. Columbus, as Vesaliuss immediate successor in Padua, and afterwards professor at
Rome, distinguished himself by describing the shape and
cavities of the heart, the structure of the pulmonary artery
and aorta and their valves, and tracing the course of the
blood from the right to the left side of the heart.[29]
The study of anatomy ourished in the 17th and 18th centuries. The advent of the printing press facilitated the ex- 3.4 Anatomical Theatres
change of ideas. Because the study of anatomy concerned
observation and drawings, the popularity of the anatomist Anatomical theatres became a popular form for anatom-
5
teaching.[32]
5 Modern anatomy
Gunther von Hagens has popularised anatomy with his plastinated specimens, here a gorilla.
REFERENCES
one body. Improvements in colour images and photogra- [10] Boas, Marie (1970). The Scientic Renaissance 14501630. Fontana. pp. 120, 248. Vesalius, nding Galen
phy means that an anatomy text is no longer an aid to disfull of errors, was quite certain that he had been able to
section but rather a central material to learn from. Plastic
eradicate them.
models are regularly used in anatomy teaching, oering
a good substitute to the real thing. Use of living models [11] Boas, Marie (1970). The Scientic Renaissance 1450for anatomy demonstration is once again becoming pop1630. Fontana. p. 262. Like any sixteenth-century
ular within teaching of anatomy. Surface landmarks that
anatomist too he [Harvey] began with what Gelen had
can be palpated on another individual provide practice for
taught, and managed to interpret Galens words to win support for his new doctrine.
future clinical situations. It is possible to do this on oneself; in the Integrated Biology course at the University of
[12] Zimmerman, Leo M.; Veith, Ilza (1993-08-01). Great
Berkeley, students are encouraged to introspect[33] on
Ideas in the History of Surgery. Norman Publishing. ISBN
themselves and link what they are being taught to their
9780930405533. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
own body.[31]
[13] Crombie, Alistair Cameron (1959). The History of Sci-
Donations of bodies have declined with public conence From Augustine to Galileo. Courier Dover Publicadence in the medical profession.[34] In Britain, the Human
tions. ISBN 9780486288505. Retrieved 19 December
Tissue Act 2004 has tightened up the availability of
2012.
resources to anatomy departments. The outbreaks of
Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE) in the late 80s [14] Benivieni, Antonio; Polybus; Guinterius, Joannes (1529).
De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum & sanationum
and early 90s further restricted the handling of brain
causis. apud Andream Cratandrum. Retrieved 7 Decem[31][35]
tissue.
ber 2012.
The controversy with Gunther von Hagens and public displays of dissections, preserved by plastination, may divide [15] Thorndike, Lynn (1958). A History of Magic and Experimental Science: Fourteenth and fteenth centuries.
opinions on what is ethical or legal.[36]
Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231087971. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
References
[1] Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman. Tarikh llm Tashrih [An extensive Book in Urdu on History of anatomy] (1967),
Tibbi Academy, Delhi, Second revised edition 2009
(ISBN 978-81-906070-7-0), Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences, Aligarh
[2] Porter, Roy (1999-10-17). The Greatest Benet to
Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (The Norton
History of Science). W. W. Norton. pp. 4950. ISBN
9780393319804. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
[3] Singer, Charles (1957). A Short History of Anatomy &
Physiology from Greeks to Harvey. NEw York: Dover
Publications Inc. p. 5.
[4] Singer, Charles (1957). A Short History of Anatomy &
Physiology from Greeks to Harvey. NEw York: Dover
Publications Inc. p. 7.
[5] Singer, Charles (1957). A Short History of Anatomy &
Physiology from Greeks to Harvey. NEw York: Dover
Publications Inc. p. 10.
[6] Siddiquey, Ak Shamsuddin Husain (2009). History of
Anatomy. Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 7 (1).
[7] Singer, Charles (1957). A Short History of Anatomy &
Physiology from Greeks to Harvey. NEw York: Dover
Publications Inc. p. 29.
[8] Roach, Mary (2003). Sti: The curious Lives of Human
Cadavers. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 41.
[9] Singer, Charles (1957). A Short History of Anatomy &
Physiology from Greeks to Harvey. NEw York: Dover
Publications Inc. p. 47.
[27] Moore, Wendy (2006). The Knife Man: Blood, BodySnatching and the Birth of Modern Surgery. Bantam. pp.
8795 and passim. ISBN 0-553-81618-7.
[28] Roach, Mary (2003). Sti: The curious Lives of Human
Cadavers. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 3757.
[29] Boas, Marie (1970). The Scientic Renaissance 14501630. Fontana. pp. 254256.
[30] Klestinec, Cynthia (2004). A History of Anatomy Theaters in Sixteenth-Century Padua. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 59 (3): 375412.
doi:10.1093/jhmas/59.3.375.
[31] McLachlan J., Patten D. (2006). Anatomy teaching:
ghosts of the past, present and future. Medical Education
40 (3): 24353. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02401.x.
[32] Reinarz J (2005). The age of museum medicine: The rise
and fall of the medical museum at Birminghams School
of Medicine. Social History of Medicine 18 (3): 41937.
doi:10.1093/shm/hki050.
[33] Diamond M. 2005. Integrative Biology 131 - Lecture 01:
Organization of Body. Berkeley, University of California.
[34] British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News. 2001.
Organ scandal background. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/
health/1136723.stm Accessed 22 April 2008.
[35] Demiryurek D. Bayramoglu, Ustacelebi S. (2002). Infective agents in xed human cadavers: a brief review and
suggested guidelines. Anatomical Record 269 (1): 194
7.
[36] British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News. 2002
Controversial autopsy goes ahead. http://news.bbc.co.uk/
1/hi/health/2493291.stm Accessed 22 April 2008.
Bibliography
8 External links
Historical Anatomies on the Web. National Library
of Medicine. Selected images from notable anatomical atlases.
Anatomia 1522-1867: Anatomical Plates from the
Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
Human Anatomy & Physiology Society A society to
promote communication among teachers of human
anatomy and physiology in colleges, universities, and
related institutions.
9.1
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9.3
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