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Cgna18403ens 001 PDF
Cgna18403ens 001 PDF
COMMISSION
SCIENCE
RESEARCH
DEVELOPMENT
Simplified version of
Eurocode 4 for
usual buildings
Report
hi
EUR 18403 EN
STEEL RESEARCH
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Edith CRESSON, Member of the Commission
responsible for research, innovation, education, training and youth
DG XII/C.2 RTD actions: Industrial and materials technologies
Materials and steel
Contact: Mr H. J.-L Martin
Address: European Commission, rue de la Loi 200 (MO 75 1/10),
B-1049 Brussels Tel. (32-2) 29-53453; fax (32-2) 29-65987
European Commission
Contract No 7210-SA/516
1 July 1993 to 30 June 1993
Final report
Directorate-General
Science, Research and Development
1998
EUR 18403 EN
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission
is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1998
ISBN 92-828-4467-6
European Communities, 1998
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Printed in
Luxembourg
Table of contents
page
Acknowledgements
Summary
Rsum
Zusammenfassung
References
1. Introduction
2. Working group
10
10
11
11
Figures
13
23-232
Acknowledgements
This research project which has been sponsored by C.E.C., the Commission of the European Community,
has been performed from 01.07.1993 to 30.06.1995.
We want to acknowledge firstly all the financial support from the Commission of the European Community,
as well as the moral support given during this research by all the members of the C.E.C. Executive
Commitee F6 "Steel Structures".
Many thanks are also due to all, who by any means may have contributed in this research :
ProfilARBED-Recherches / RPS Department (Luxembourg) (coordinator of this project) :
MM. Chantrain Ph., Conan Y., Mauer Th. and Warszta F.
Aachen University, RWTH - LfS (Germany) :
Prof. Sedlacek G. and Dr. Grotmann D.
all the 15 engineering offices listed in chapter 2, issued from various European countries.
Summary
The aim of the following E.C.S.C. research is to elaborate a simple but complete document to design
commonly used buildings with composite steel-concrete sections. This document is based completely on
Eurocode 4 and each paragraph is totally conform to Eurocode 4. Only the design formulas necessary to
design braced building have been taken into account in this document. The size of the buildings is limited to
20 storeys, halls are not treated. The designers and steel constructors will be able to calculate and erect a
commonly used composite steel-concrete building with this document. Therefore also the important load
cases from Eurocode 1 have been included in this document.
The working group of this research project was constituted with 15 European engineering offices.
The link of the working group to the drafting panel of Eurocode 4 was guaranteed by Professor Sedlacek of
Aachen University.
The first part of the research consisted in two different examples of calculation carried out by engineering
offices:
check of an existing braced composite steel-concrete structure with Eurocodes 1 and 4 and,
design of a braced composite steel-concrete building with Eurocodes 1 and 4.
In the second part of this research a practical handbook of Eurocode 4 has been written on the basis of the
design procedures and the needed formulas used in the examples of calculation.
Rsum
Le but de cette recherche CECA est d'laborer un document simple mais complet pour calculer des
btiments courants comprenant des sections mixtes acier-bton. Ce document est entirement bas sur
VEurocode 4 et chaque paragraphe est totalement conforme l'Eurocode 4. Il n'a t pris en compte que les
formules ncessaires au calcul de btiments contrevents. La hauteur des btiments a t limite 20 tages
et les halles n'y sont pas traites. Les bureaux d'tudes et constructeurs mtalliques devront tre capables de
calculer et d'riger un btiment courant mixte acier-bton avec ce manuel de dimensionnement. Les cas de
charges les plus importants issus de l'Eurocode 1 sont galement inclus dans ce document.
Le groupe de travail du projet de recherche tait constitu de 15 bureaux d'tudes europens.
La jonction entre le groupe de travail et le groupe de rdaction de l'Eurocode 4 a t faite par le professeur
Sedlacek de l'Universit d'Aix-La-Chapelle.
En premire partie, ce groupe de travail a effectu deux exemples diffrents de calculs :
vrification selon les Eurocodes 1 et 4 d'une structure mixte acier-bton contrevente,
dimensionnement selon les Eurocodes 1 et 4 d'un btiment mixte acier-bton contrevent.
Grce ces exemples concrets de calcul, les formules de l'Eurocode 4 utiles au dimensionnement ont t
mises en vidence et une procdure gnrale de dimensionnement a t dtermine. Le manuel de
dimensionnement "EC 4 pour btiments contreventes" se base sur cette exprience.
Zusammenfassung
Dieses EGKS Forschungsprojekt hat zum Ziel, ein einfaches aber vollstndiges Dokument fr allgemeine
(bliche) Verbundbaubemessung auszuarbeiten. Dieses Dokument ist vllig auf Eurocode 4 basiert und
jeder Paragraph pat genau zu Eurocode 4. Nur die ausgesteifter Tragwerke notwendigen Formeln,
werden bercksichtigt. Hochhuser mit mehr als 20 Etagen oder Hallen werden nicht behandelt. Die
Ingenieurbros und Stahlkonstrukteure haben die Mglichkeit mit diesem Design-Handbuch ein bliches
Bauwerk in Verbundbauweise zu berechnen und zu bauen. Dafr sind die wichtigsten Lastflle von
Eurocode 1 in diesem Dokument beinhaltet.
Die Arbeitsgruppe des Forschungssprojekt bestand aus 15 europischen Ingenieurbros.
Die Verbindung zwischen der Arbeitsgruppe und dem technischen Komitee von Eurocode 4 wurde von
Professor Sedlacek der Aachener Universitt hergestellt.
Die Arbeitsgruppe hat, im ersten Teil dieses Forschungsvorhabens, verschiedene Berechnungsbeispiele
durchgefhrt :
Nachweis einer ausgesteiften Verbundstruktur nach Eurocode 1 und 4,
Berechnung eine ausgesteiften Verbundbauwerkes nach Eurocode 1 und 4.
Anschlieend an diese konkreten Beispiele, wurden die bensutzten Bemessungsformeln nach Eurocode 4
hervorgehoben und ein allgemeines Bemessungsverfahren wurde festgelegt. Das Design-Handbuch "EC 4
fr seitensteife Hochbauten" basiert auf dieser Erfahrung.
References
Ref.l :
Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules
for buildings (prENV 1994-1-1, April 1992).
Ref. 2 :
Ref. 3 :
Introduction
The research has been divided into two different parts:
in the first part worked examples of braced or non-sway composite steel-concrete structures have
been carried out by European engineering offices according to Eurocode 4 (Ref 1) and Eurocode 1
(Ref 2).
Contacts have been taken with different engineering offices in Europe and professional organisations
(E.C.C.S. and C.T.I.CM.). The working group of this research project has been constituted with 15
engineering offices.
in the second part the needed formulae for simple design of braced structures have been selected
thanks to the exercises about check and design of composite steel-concrete buildings. The design
handbook has been elaborated on the basis of that experience.
The present draft final report of this research project presents the design handbook called "Design handbook
according to Eurocode 4 for braced composite steel-concrete buildings" (short title : "EC4 for braced
buildings").
2.
Working group
The research project was fully managed and carried out by ProfilARBED - Research (RPS Department),
with the active support of the following working group which is particularly thanked for the fruitful
collaboration :
The following 9 engineering offices were involved to perform the 2 worked examples:
Engineering office
City
Country
Bureau Delta
Lige
Belgium
Gent
Belgium
VM Associate Partner
Bruxelles
Belgium
11
CPU Ingenieurbro
Ganderkesee
Germany
12
IGB-Ingenieurgruppe Bauen
Karlsruhe
Germany
14
Luxembourg
Luxemburg
16
D3BN
Nieuwegein
The Netherlands
18
London
UK
19
Prof. Falke J.
Kiel
Germany
Reference
Number
Professor Sedlacek and assistant from Aachen University (Germany) which guaranteed the link of
this working group to the drafting panel of Eurocode 4 and Eurocode 1,
other following engineering offices participated to the meetings of the full working group:
Engineering office
Reference
Number
2
Adem
7
9
10
Bureau Veritas
Socotec
Sofresid
Danieli Ingegneria
13
3.
City
Country
Mons
Copenhagen
Belgium
Courbevoie
Saint-Quentin-Yvelines
Montreu
Livorno
Denmark
France
France
France
Italy
In order to find the needed formulae for the design of composite steel-concrete buildings the engineering
offices performed 2 different exercises :
exercise 1: verification of an existing braced composite steel-concrete structure,
exercise 2: design of a new braced composite steel-concrete structure.
Different drawings issued from the exercises of engineering offices are enclosed in the Technical report nr. 3
(Ref. 3) showing the type of the calculated buildings and some details :
3.1
carpark,
2 offices buildings,
office building,
office building,
office buding,
office building,
The flow chart of Figure 1 shows the procedure followed for the verification of an existing building with
Eurocodes 1 and 4. This first exercise aimed to find the needed formulae given by Eurocodes in order to
check the safety of the different limit states (Ultimate Limit State and Serviceability Limit State).
This exercise was not an iterative process, it was only a verification procedure of an existing braced
composite steel-concrete building.
The flow chart of figure 1 is divided into 3 subjects:
a.
2.
Occupancies.
3.
Shape.
10
b.
4.
structural concept.
5.
action effects.
6.
c.
3.2
After the first exercise, the engineering offices have been familiarized with Eurocodes 1 and 4. They
performed a complete design of a new structure by using an iterative procedure. The aim of this exercise was
to analyse the way to find a good solution.
This exercise allowed us to follow step by step the calculation of a structure in practice. The practical design
handbook about the simplified version of Eurocode 4 follows an improved way in comparison to the initial
design procedure. Figure 2 shows the different data for the design and the type of chosen optimization.
Figure 3 gives the type of building to be designed.
4.
A list of the needed formulae taken from Eurocode 4 has been established following the initial procedure
defined for the exercises (see figures 4 to 8).
This initial design procedure nearly corresponds to the sequence of the chapters of Eurocode 4. It had to be
adapted to common practice.
The solved exercises (design of a building) and the experience of each engineering office allowed to
determine a more suitable design procedure which constitutes the frame of the design handbook.
About that practical design procedure reference may be made to the enclosed design handbook which is
called "Design handbook according to Eurocode 4 for braced composite steel-concrete buildings" (short
title : "EC4for braced buildings"):
table of contents,
general design procedure about elastic global analysis of braced composite frames according to
Eurocode 4 (see chapter I (Figure 1.5) of the design handbook),
general procedures to study structures submitted to actions (see chapter III of the design
handbook), with load cases which are respectively defined :
by relevant combinations of characteristic values of load arrangements, (g, q, s, w, ...), in
general cases (see Figure III.l),
or, by relevant combinations of characteristic values for the effects of actions (N, V, M; d, f,...),
in case of first order elastic global analysis (see Figure III.2).
11
12
FIGURES
(Figures Ito 9)
lvConcpohaLIro^fstr^^
s VfV.. ,'^~,.H---t^.-'-i; .-f --..""';.'-,-F-.--'-'."' i ^ :-trusti-f >;!.. ->. ;'"-, ^*
different braced non-sway structures < 20
t
2.-occupancies:
types of occupancy
- ware house
- office building
- industrial hall
;3shape^
shape of the building
'>;-W&y
4. structural concept f
structural model
Geometric dimensions
Non-structural elements
Load bearing structure
Joints
Profiles
Floor structure
Material properties
Effective section and width
Composite sections
i8Sl
^llililll
piliL
/tProc.tstahdaras
Tse
r':^"'^''';.^^>^^,v?t^"S^ci^^'
5. action-effects".
determination of the action effects
(global and local)
E 1 Clioai cases*
EG"4Load;Cmbinatins
; EG;4:ar|^aectiojti
ULS
t6.::d^ensinmg:-Jand.;^erificatLon:
SLS limits
ULS limits
deformations
Frame stability
vibrations
Static equilibrium
cracks
Resistance of cross section
- tension
- compression
- bending moment
- shear
Mlssifatojri^
~"EG 4:-McleIJrng"depndmg^n^^
? : ?;:::;;. by t:lassification
' 1 s t order analysis -
Legend
Keywords
<
' ';*%&1
Object
Connection
-joints
- base of columns
Shear connection
- longitudinal shear force
- design resistance of shear connectors
llllgT^xonceptiorMt)^
Braced non-sway structure (defined)
2 occupancies
types of occupancy (defined)
- office building
|g3j .shape
shape of the building (defined)
4.vstracturaL'conqept
structural model
Geometric dimensions (defined)
Non-structural elements (not defined)
Load bearing structure (not defined)
Type of joints (defined)
Profiles ( not defined)
Floor structure (not defined)
Material properties (not defined)
Effective section and width (not defined)
Composite section (defined type)
5. action effects
determination of the action effects
(global and local)
elastic or plastic model
SLS
ULS
^6^|nra|i^g^ad^a3^^tin
SLS limits
ULS limits
deformations
Frame stability
vibrations
Static equilibrium
cracks
Resistance of cross section
- tension
- compression
- bending moment
- jbear
Connection
-joints
-base of columns
Shear connection
- long iradinal shear force
- designresistanceof shear connectors
plane view
lift
>-
front view
Y
[ml
10
10
10
storeys
10
11
12
[ml
30
30
30
5
15
5
rigid
hinged
hinged
solid
composite
composite encased
composite encased
CPU Ingenieurbro
IngenieurGruppe Bauen
13
14
30
50
10
14
15
5
rigid
rigid
composite composite
solid
composite
14
15
50
14
15
hinged
16
D3BN
16
50
14
hinged
composite composite
18
19
17
50
18
15
hinged
composite composite
Prof. Falke
18
50
18
rigid
Reference
number
3
4
5
Engineering office
Bureau Delta
Steeltrack
V &M, Associate Partner
11
12
nr
Joints
17
Slab
Beams
solid
solid
encased
encased
.... ! 2 E
2. Occupancies.
2.1. Type of building, (category,...)
2.2. Imposed loads on floors and roof (p and P) -> Chapter EC 1, part 2.4: Imposed load
3. Shape.
3.1. Wind loads (w)
4. Structural concept.
4.1. Structural model.
4.2. Geometric dimensions.
4.3. Non structural elements.
4.4. Load bearing structure.
4.5. Joints.
4.6. Profiles.
4.7. Floor structure.
4.8. Material properties.
4.9. Effective section and effective width of beams.
-> Chapter 4.2.1 and 4.2.2
4.10. Composite sections.
5. Action effects.
5.1. Load cases. -> EC 1.
- permanent loads: g and G
- variable loads: q and Q:
- imposed loads: and (present paragraph 2.2.)
- wind loads: w (present paragraph 3.1.)
- snow loads: s (present paragraph 3.2.)
5.2. Load combinations. -> EC 4.
SLS: -> Chapter 2.3.4 clause (5), formulae (2.17) and (2.18)
ULS: -> Chapter 2.3.3.1 clause (6), formulae (2.11) and (2.12)
5.3. Imperfections. -> EC 4: -> Chapter 4.9.3 => -> Chapter 5.2 of EC 3
EC 3: Frame : -> Chapter 5.2.4.3 clause (1) formula (5.2)
Bracing system: -> Chapter 5.2.4.4 clause (1) formulae (5.3) and (5.4)
[Members : -> Chapter 5.2.4.2. clause (4) formula (5.1)]
5.4. Elastic or plastic model -> EC4:
-> Chapter 4.3: classification of cross-sections (b/t ratios).
Flange: -> table 4.1
Web:
-> table 4.2
-> Chapter 4.4.2.2
clause (3) shear buckling
=> (presentparagraph 7.2.9 )
Section: => (presentparagraph 7.1 )
Figure 4
18
Calculation for
vertical
0
6.2. Deformations.
6.3. Vibrations.
an
"
horizontal
clause (1)
clause (2)
Figure 5
19
figure 4.6
clause (1)
clause (2)
clause (3)
clause (4)
clause (5)
figure 4.12
figure 4.13
Annex C
20
clause (1)
clause (2)
clause (3)
clause (4)
clause (5)
clause (6)
clause (7)
clause (8)
figure 4.14
figure 4.15
figure 4.12
figure 4.13
figure 4.16
7.4. Resistance of connections. -> Chapter 4.10 with special remarks for EC 4
=> Chapter 6 of EC 3
21
Figure 8
22
iisl.
Recherches
Design handbook
according to Eurocode 4
for braced composite
steel-concrete buildings
EC4for braced buildings
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0
29
PRELIMINARIES
0.1
0.2
Foreword
Generalities
0.1.1
Objective of this design handbook
0.1.2
Warning
0.1.3
How to read this design handbook
0.1.4
Acknowledgements
0.1.5
Units
0.2.1
0.2.2
0.2.3
and notations
Units
Convention for member axes
Notations in
0.3
Terminology
0.4
References
0.5
flow-charts
31
31
31
31
32
32
33
33
33
33
34
36
List of Symbols
0.5.1
Latin symbols
0.5.2
Greek symbols
37
3
49
0.6
List of Tables
44
0.7
List of Figures
47
INTRODUCTION
51
1.1
1.2
53
57
57
57
57
58
59
59
59
60
60
1.3
"^
62
62
64
66
66
66
67
68
68
69
69
25
1.3.5
1.4
Verifications at SLS
70
1.3.5.1
Deflections of frames
1.3.6
Verifications at ULS
1.3.6.1
Definiton of braced frames and non-sway frames
1.3.6.2
ULS checks
70
70
70
72
72
72
74
74
74
77
79
79
70
'y
79
80
81
82
82
84
88
88
90
92
92
93
11.6 Partial safety factors for resistances and material properties at ULS
93
D
LOA ARRANGEMENTS AND LOAD CASES
95
111.1 Generalities
111.2 Load arrangements
111.2.1 Permanent loads (g and G)
111.2.2 Variable loads (q, Q, w and s)
111.2.2.1 Imposed loads on floors and roof (q and Q)
111.2.2.2 Wind loads (we,i, F w )
111.2.2.2.1 Wind pressure (we,i)
111.2.2.2.2 Wind force (Fw)
111.2.2.3 Snow loads (s)
97
100
101
101
102
104
105
109
109
110
111
26
Page
IV
113
IV. 1 Generalities
IV. 1.1 Limits of applicability of the simplified design method
IV. 1.2 Local buckling of steel members
IV. 1.3 Influence of longitudinal shear
IV.1.4 Regions of load introduction
IV.2 Resistance of cross-section to axial compressive force N x .sd
II5
117
118
119
120
^
1 nc
MEMBERS IN BENDING (V ; M ; (V , M) )
V.l Generalities
V.2 Checks at Ultimate Limit States
V.2.1 Properties of cross-sections of composite beams
V.2.2 Classification of cross-sections of composite cross-sections
V.2.2.1 Generalities
V.2.2.2 Definition of cross-sections classification
V.2.2.3 Classification of steel flanges in compression
V.2.2.4 Classification of steel webs
V.2.2.4.1 Classification of steel webs where the compression flange is
in Class lor 2
V.2.2.4.2 Classification of steel webs where the compression flange is
in Class 3 or 4
V.2.3 Distribution of internal forces and moments in continuous beams
V.2.4 Verification at ULS to vertical shear VZ-sd
V.2.4.1 Resistance of cross-section to vertical shear Vz.sd
V.2.4.2 Stability of web to vertical shear Vz.sd for composite beams
V.2.4.3 Stability of steel web to crippling
V.2.5
Verifications at ULS to bending moment My.sd
V.2.5.1 Resistance of cross-section to MySd
V.2.5.2 Stability of member to My.Sd
V.2.5.2.1 Generalities
V.2.5.2.2 Check of lateral-torsional buckling without direct
calculation
V.2.5.2.3 Buckling resistance moment
V.2.6 Verification at ULS to combined (Vz.Sd. My.Sd)
V.2.6.1 Resistance of cross-section to (Vz.sd. My.Sd)
V.2.6.2 Stability of web to (Vz.Sd, My.Sd)
V.2.7 Verification of shear connectors at ULS to longitudinal shear
V.2.7.1 Generalities
V.2.7.2 Design longitudinal shear force
V.2.7.2.1 Full shear connection
V.2.7.2.2 Partial shear connection with ductile connectors
V.2.7.3 Design shear resistance of headed studs
V.2.7.3.1 Headed studs in solid slabs
V.2.7.3.2 Headed studs in composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting
27
133
135
139
139
142
142
I43
146
148
148
149
158
159
159
161
163
164
164
168
168
168
170
172
172
173
175
175
175
176
179
182
182
183
Page
V.2.7.4 Spacing and detailing of headed studs
V.2.7.5 Design shear resistance of concrete slab
V.2.7.5.1 Longitudinal shear in the slab vsd
V.2.7.5.2 Design resistance to longitudinal shear VR<J
V.2.7.5.3 Contribution of profiled steel sheeting as transverse
reinforcement, vpcj
V.2.7.5.4 Minimum transverse reinforcement
V.3 Verifications at Serviceability Limit States SLS
V.3.1 Generalities about SLS
V.3.2 Deflections
V.3.3 Cracking of concrete
V.3.4 Vibrations
VI
185
188
189
190
191
192
192
192
193
197
200
201
VI. 1 Generalities
VI. 1.1 Second order effects on bending moments
VI. 1.2 Specific remarks for N-M calculations
VI.2 Resistance of cross-sections to combined compression and uniaxial bending
(Nx.Sd ; My.Sd) or (Nx.sd ; Mz.Sd)
VI.3 Stability of members to combined compression and uniaxial bending
(Nx.Sd;My.Sd) or (Nx.sd;Mz.sd)
VI.4 Resistance of cross-sections to combined compression and biaxial bending
(Nx.Sd. My.Sd and Mz.sd)
VI.5 Stability of members to combined compression and biaxial bending (Nx.sd>
My.Sd and M z .sd)
220
222
VU
203
206
207
210
218
220
225
VILI Generalities
VII.2 Initial slab design
VII.2.1 Proportions of composite slab
VII.2.2 Construction condition
VII.2.3 Composite action
VII.2.4 Deflections
VII.3 Influence of decking on the design of composite beams
VII.3.1 Ribs transverse to the beam
VII.3.2 Ribs parallel to the beam
227
229
229
229
229
230
230
231
231
232
28
PRELIMINARIES
PRELIMINARIES
0.1
Foreword
0.1.1
Generalities
(1) The Eurocodes are being prepared to harmonize design procedures between countries
which are members of CEN (European Committee for Standardization).
(2) Eurocode 4 - Part 1.1 "Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures :General
Rules and Rules for Buildings" has been published initially as an ENV document
(European pre-standard - a prospective European Standard for provisional application) :
ENV 1994-1-1:1992.
(3) The national authorities of the members states have issued National Application
Documents (NAD) to make Eurocode 4 - Part 1.1 operative whilst it has ENV-status.
0.1.2
(1) The present publication is intended to be a design aid in supplement to the complete
document Eurocode 4 - Part 1.1 (always with references to it) in order to provide
simplified guidance and to facilitate the use of Eurocode 4 for the design of such
composite steel-concrete structures which are usual in common practice : braced
composite steel-concrete structures. As this hanbook is less formal and more userfriendly than Eurocode 4 additional information have been introduced to offer
explanations on design principles or application rules and, about usual design results.
(2) Therefore, the "Design handbook according to Eurocode 4 for braced composite steelconcrete buildings" presents the main design formulas and rules extracted from
Eurocode 4 - Part 1.1, which are needed to deal with :
- elastic global analysis of buildings and similar structures,
- checks of structural members at limit states,
- in case of braced structures,
- according to the European standard Eurocode 4 - Part 1.1 (ENV 1994-1-1:1992).
0.1.3
Warning
(1) Although the present design handbook has been carefully established and intends to be
self-standing it does not substitute in any case for the complete document Eurocode 4 Part 1.1, which should be consulted, in case of doubt or need for clarification, in
conjunction with the National Application Document (NAD) specific to the country
where the building project is situated.
(2) All references to Eurocode 4 - Part 1.1 are made in [...] and given in appropriate left
column called "Ref.".
References to Eurocodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 are called respectively either Ref. 1, Ref. 2, Ref. 3
and Ref. 4 or EC 1, EC2, EC3 and EC4 (see the list of references in chapter 0.4).
(3) Any other text, tables or figures not quoted from Eurocode 4 are considered to satisfy
the rules specified in Eurocode 4 - Part 1.1.
31
0.1.4
V
(...)
V.2
(...)
V.2.7
(...)
V.2.7.2
(...)
V.2.7.2.2
(...)
Acknowledgements
(1) Particular thanks for fruitful collaboration are addressed to members of the project
working group:
- 15 engineering offices : Adem (Belgium), Bureau Delta (Belgium), Varendonck
Groep/Steeltrak (Belgium), VM Associate Partner (Belgium),
Rambll,
Hannemann & Hjlund (Denmark), Bureau Veritas (F rance), Socotec (F rance),
Sofresid (F rance), CPU Ingenieurbro (Germany), IGB-Ingenieurgruppe Bauen
(Germany), Danieli Ingegneria (Italy), Schroeder & Associs (Luxemburg), D3BN
(the Netherlands), Ove Amp & Partners (United Kingdom), ECCS / TC 11
(Germany),
- RWTH : Steel Construction Department from Aachen University with Professor
SEDLACEK G. and GROTMANN D.,
- SIDERCAD (Italy) with MM. ANDINI M. and CATTANEO F.,
- CTICM (France) with MM. CHABROLIN B., GALEA Y. and BUREAU .
(2) Grateful thanks are also expressed to :
- the ECSC which supported this work in the scope of the european research n
P2724 (contract n 7210 - SA/516),
- the F6 executive committee which has followed and advised the working group of
the research,
- anyone who has contributed to the work: MM. CHANTRAIN Ph., CONAN Yves,
MAUER Thierry, GERARD Y J.C and WARSZTA F..
32
EC4
[1.5 (2)]
0.2
0.2.1
Units
For calculations the following units are recommended in accordance with ISO 1000:
0.2.2
EC4
[1.6.7]
Unit mass
Unit weight
kg/m3
kN/m3
N/ mm 2 ( = MN/m2 or MPa)
Moments
kN.m
(1) For steel members, the conventions used for cross-section axes are:
xx :
along the member
generally:
yy :
cross-section axis parallel to the flanges
zz :
cross-section axis perpendicular to the flanges or parallel to the web
(2) The convention used for subscripts which indicate axes for moments is :
"Use the axis about which the moment acts."
For example, for an I-section a moment acting in the plane of the web is denoted My
because it acts about the cross-section axis parallel to the flanges.
0.2.3
Notations in flow-charts
All the flow-charts appearing in the present design handbook should be read according
to the following rules :
reading from the top to the bottom, in general,
the references to Eurocode 4 are given in [...],
"n.f" means that the checks are not fulfilled and that stronger sections or joints have
to be selected.
convention for flow-charts :
Title
_______
r
Assumption J
"T"
C
(
Results - )
33
0.3
Terminology
EC4
[1.4.2(1)] (1) The following terms are used in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4) with the following
meanings:
- Frame : A structure or portion of a structure, comprising an assembly of directly
connected structural elements, designed to act together to resist load. It covers both
plane frames and three-dimensional frames.
- Sub-frame : A frame which forms part of a larger frame, but is treated as an
isolated frame in a structural analysis.
- Type of framing : Terms used to distinguish between frames which are either:
Continuous, in which only both equilibrium and the structural properties of
the members need explicit consideration in the global analysis.
Semi-continuous, in which also the structural properties of the connections
need explicit consideration in the global analysis,
. Simple, in which only equilibrium need to be considered in the global
analysis.
- Global analysis : The determination of a consistent set of internal forces and
moments (N, V, M) in a structure, which are in equilibrium with a particular set of
actions on the structure, and are based on the properties of the materials.
- First order global analysis : Global analysis using the initial geometry of the
structure and neglecting the deformation of the structure which influences the
effects of actions (no - effects).
- Second order global analysis : Global analysis taking into account the
deformation of the structure which influences the effects of actions (- effects).
- Elastic global analysis : First-order or second-order global analysis based on the
assumption that the stress-strain behaviour of the material is linear, whatever the
stress level; this assumption may be maintained even where the resistance of a
cross-section is based on its plastic resistance.
- Composite frame : A composite frame is a framed structure for a building or
similar construction works, in which some or all of the beams and columns are
composite members and most of the remaining members are structural steel
members. The use of reinforced or prestressed concrete or massonry members in
bracing systems is not excluded.
- Composite member : A structural member with components of concrete and of
structural or cold-formed steel, interconnected by shear connection so as to limit
the longitudinal slip between concrete and steel and the separation of one
component from the other.
- Propped structure or member : A structure or member the steel elements of which
are supported until the concrete elements are able to resist stresses.
- Unpropped structure or member : A structure or member in which the weight of
concrete elements is applied to steel elements.
- Shear connection : An interconnection between the concrete and steel components
of a composite member that has sufficient strength and stiffness to enable the two
components to be designed as parts of a single structural member. For composite
beams shear connection means generally mechanical shear connection that does
not rely on bond or adhesion at interfaces between steel and concrete.
34
subsequently combine structurally with the hardened concrete and act as part
or all of the tensile reinforcement in the finished slab.
Decking : Profiled steel sheeting which may be embossed for composite action
with the concrete slab.
Transverse reinforcement : Reinforcement placed in the slab transversely (across)
the steel beam.
System length : Distance between two adjacent points at which a member is braced
against lateral displacement in a given plane, or between one such point and the
end of the member.
Buckling length : System length of an otherwise similar member with pinned ends,
which has the same buckling resistance as a given member.
Designer : Appropriately qualified and experienced person responsible for the
structural design.
35
0.4
References
Ref. 1
Ref. 2
Ref. 3
Ref. 4
Ref. 5
Ref. 6
Ref. 7
Ref. 8
Ref. 9
Ref. 10
Ref. 11
Ref. 12
Ref. 13
Ref. 14
36
earthquake
0.5
List of Symbols
0.5.1
Latin symbols
a
aj
ak
a up
A
Aa
Ac
Aeff
Aref
Ap
Ar
e
As
Av
Ay.net
Av.y
Avz
b
beff
bem
bm
bp
bo
c
CALT
Cd
CDIR
ce
Cf
Cpe
cr
ct
CTEM
Cd
Cy, c z
d
d
dp
do
ep
37
en
en,d
E
Ea
ECCS
ECSC
EC 1
EC 2
EC 3
EC 4
EC 8
Ecm
E'c
Ed
Ek
Es
fck
fct
fete
fd
fe
fmin
fsk
fu
fy
fyb = fyp
fyw
Ea- Fal Fa2
Fc
Fcf
Fd
Fk
F
Fs
Fsk
Ft
Ften
Fw
g
G
Ga
Gd
Gk
h
ha
hc
n
t' hslab
underside
equivalent initial bow imperfection
design value of equivalent initial bow imperfection
effect of actions at SLS
modulus of elasticity or Young Modulus of structural steel
European Convention for Constructional Steelwork
European Community of Steel and Coal
Eurocode 1 (Ref. 1)
Eurocode 2 (Ref. 2)
Eurocode 3 (Ref. 3)
Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4)
Eurocode 8 (Ref. 8)
secant modulus of elasticity of the concrete
"effective" modulus of concrete
design value of the effect of action
characteristic value of effects of actions at SLS
modulus of longitudinal deformation of reinforcing steel
characteristic cylinder compressive strength
characteristic cylinder tensile strength
effective tensile strength of concrete
design natural frequency
natural frequency
recommended limit of natural frequency
characteristic yield strength of reinforcing steel
ultimate tensile strength
yield strength
nominal value of yield strength for profiled steel sheeting (EC4)
yield strength of the web
forces in structural steel section to resist to plastic bending moment
compressive force in the concrete flange necessary to resist the design
sagging bending moment
longitudinal shear force
design value of action
characteristic value of action
design longitudinal force caused by composite action in the slab
force in the reinforcing bars to resist to plastic bending moment
characteristic value of transverse force
design transverse force caused by composite action in the slab
design tensile force per stud
resultant wind force, force in the web of structural steel section to resist to
plastic bending moment
distributed permanent action; dead load
permanent action
shear modulus
design permanent action
characteristic value of permanent action
overall depth of cross-section; storey height; building height
depth of structural steel section
thickness of the slab above the ribs of the profiled sheeting
total depth of the slab
38
ho
H
i
I
It
Iw
Iy, Iz
k
kc
k
k^
kLT
kt
k
kT
Kr
I
LT
(Q
L
Lb
LTB
m
max
min
M
Mb.Rd
M cr
Mc.Rd
Mei
Mei.Rd
Mf.Rd
MapLRd
Mpi
Mpi.Rd
Mpi.w.Rd
Mpi.y.Rd
Mpi.z.Rd
Mp.Rd
MRd
Msd
My.Rd
Mw.sd
My
My.sd
39
Mz
Mz.Sd
n
nc
nr
ns
N
NAD
Nb.Rd
Nb.y.Rd
Nb.z.Rd
N compression
Ner
Nc.Rd
NG.Sd
Npl.Rd
NRd
Nsd
Nx.sd
p.n.a.
PRd
PRk
q
Qk
qref
Q
Qd
Qk
Qk.max
r
R
Ra,Rd
Rd
Rk
Sd
Sk
Ss
sd
sk
SLS
t
tf
l
P
tw
ULS
Vref
Vref,0
V
40
Vba.Rd
Vcr
V
Vpl.Rd
Vpi.y.Rd
Vpi.z.Rd
VRd
Vsd
Vy
Vy.sd
Vz
Vz.sd
w
Wd
we
wk
W
Weff
Wei
Wei.y
W e i. z
Wpi
Wpi.y
Wpi.z
x, xx
Xk
y, yy
z, zz
zc
zcw
ze
zQ
41
0.5.2
otcr
PA
M.LT
pMy
%d
XLT
Xmin
Xy
ob
5d
5dv
Hd
Siimax
u
vd
vmax
02
Greek symbols
coefficient of linear thermal expansion
factor to determine the position of the neutral axis
coefficient of critical amplification or coefficient of remoteness of critical
state of the frame
coefficient of nominal linear thermal expansion
non-dimensional coefficient for buckling
equivalent uniform moment factor for flexural buckling
equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral-torsional buckling
equivalent uniform moment factor for flexural buckling about yy axis
equivalent uniform moment factor for flexural buckling about zz axis
non-dimensional coefficient for lateral-torsional buckling
reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode
ratio of compression for the resistance of members
reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling
minimum of %y and
ratio of compression for the resistance of members
reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode about yy axis
reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode about zz axis
relative horizontal displacement of top and bottom of a storey
horizontal displacement of the braced frame
design deflection
design vertical deflection of floors, beams,...
design horizontal deflection of frames
recommended limit of horizontal deflection
in plane deflection of the bracing system due to q plus any external loads
deflection due to variable load (q)
horizontal displacement of the unbraced frame
design vertical deflection of floors, beams,...
recommended limit of vertical deflection
pre-camber (hogging) of the beam in the unloaded state (state 0)
variation of the deflection of the beam due to permanent loads (G)
immediatly after loading (state 1)
variation of the deflection of the beam due to the variable loading (Q) (state
2)
displacement
235
(with fy in N/mmz)
coefficient =
ea
ees
es
Ya
Yap
YF
YG
YM
YMb
YMs.ser
YMW
Y fy
ultimate strain of structural steel
total long-term free shrinkage strain
ultimate strain of reinforcing steel
partial safety factor for structural steel
partial safety factor for profiled steel decking
partial safety factor for force o r for action
partial safety factor for permanent action
partial safety factor for the resistance at ULS
partial safety factor for the resistance of bolted connections
partial safety factor for the slip resistance of preloaded bolts
partial safety factor for the resistance of welded connections
42
YMO
YMI
YQ
Ys
Yv
\
,
Pd
Pi
Pk
Py
va
Pa
Py
pz
Xba
Ter
43
List of Tables
0.6
Page
29
INTRODUCTION
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
Table 1.11
39
41
40
45
46
48
49
52
53
53
54
55
66
Table II.2
Table II.3
67
Table II. 1
67
'cy
Table II.4
Table II.5
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
II.6
II.7
II.8
II.9
11.10
Table III. 1
Table III.2
Table III.3
Table III.4
Table III.5
Table III.6
Table III.7
44
68
69
69
69
70
70
72
73
78
81
82
85
86
89
89
Page
Table III.8
IV
Table IV. 1
Table IV.2
Table IV.3
Table IV.4
Table IV.5
Table IV.6
Table IV.7
Table IV.8
Table IV.8
Table IV.8
90
91
94
97
98
101
101
102
103
105
106
107
108
109
110
MEMBERS IN BENDING (V ; M ; (V , M) )
Table V.l
Table V.2
Table V.3
Table V.4
Table V.5
Table V.6
Table V.7 a)
Table V.7 b)
Table V.7 c)
Table V.7 d)
Table V.7 e)
45
111
114
115
122
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
Page
Table V.8
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
V.l7
V.l8
V.l9
V.20
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
144
145
148
151
161
178
179
Table VI. 1
Table VI.2
Table VI.3
Table VI.3
Table VI.3
Table VI.4
Table VI.5
vn
139
1140
140
Table V.21
VI
136
138
Table VILI
46
168
172
172
176
183
185
193
194
195
196
201
203
208
0.7
List of Figures
Page
I
INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
29
34
42
31
32
33
55
Figure II. 1
57
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
58
59
60
61
62
63
65
II.2
II.3
II.4
II.5
II.6
II.7
II.8
Figure III. 1
Figure III.2
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
TV
III.3
III.4
III.5
HI.6
III.7
73
76
77
80
83
83
85
86
91
Figure IV. 1
93
Figure IV.2
98
Figure I V.3
Figure IV.4
99
47
100
Page
V
MEMBERS IN BENDING (V ; M ; (V , M) )
Figure V.l
Figure V.2
111
118
125
Figure V.5
126
Figure V.6
Figure V.8
1 37
141
Figure V.9
147
Figure V.10
155
156
1 58
159
1 60
Figure V.l7
160
Figure V.l8
1 61
Figure V.19
1 62
Figure V.20
1 63
Figure V.21
1 64
Figure V.22
Figure V.3
Figure V.4
Figure V.7
Figure V.ll
Figure V.l2
Figure V.l3
Figure V.14
Figure V.15
Figure V.l6
1 19
124
127
150
151
166
Figure V.23
1 67
Figure V.24
176
48
Page
VI
Figure VI. 1
179
181
Figure VI.2
181
Figure VI.3
197
Figure VI.7
199
Figure VI. 8
200
Figure VI.4
Figure VI.5
Figure VI.6
VH
Figure VILI
Figure VII.2
49
188
189
190
203
206
209
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
LI
Ref. 14
- for columns: the load carrying capacity of the composite profile may reach twice
that of the steel profile acting alone. For an applied axial load N x sd> a composite
column may allow to reduce the section size and always delivers better fire
resistance than for steel section alone; this fire resistance increases with the amount
of reinforcing bars protected by concrete (see Figure 1.1).
Comparison of different columns, with a buckling length of 4 meters and
bearing the same service load : N x .sd = 3.200 kN
500 mm
20
*
. 240 nun
280 mm
HE 240
COMPOSITE
COLUMN
Figure 1.1
HE 280
PURE STEEL
COLUMN
REINFORCED CONCRETE
COLUMN
- for beams:
the bearing capacity of composite beams relative to steel sections alone may
be increased in the range of 1,5 to 2,2 for typical slab depth and for all IPE
and HE steel section (up to 600 mm deep) as shown in Figure 1.3. This figure
provides the ratio of moment resistances for composite sections to steel
(MpiRdjcomposite
sections,
;
, for certain assumptions regarding the slab depth
(Mapl.Rd)steel
(h c + hp = 130 mm; h p = 50 mm), the slab width (beff = 5 (h c + h p + ha)), the
concrete strength (C25/30), both steel grades S 235 & S 355 and and HE
sections (see Table V.13 for notations and formulas). For an applied bending
moment (My.Sd), composite beams with naked steel section and with partiallyencased steel section (calculated with Annex G of Eurocode 4), may allow to
reduce the section size, as shown in Figure 1.2; composite beams with
partially-encased section also provide better fire resistance in comparison with
naked steel section.
53
*K
1,50 m
1,50 m
] C
|S|
J 0-301
HE 320 A
HE 400 A
CONCRETE
BEAM
(concrete strength :
C35/45
Figure 1.2
STEEL PROFILE
AND
CONCRETE SLAB
(without collaboration)
,50 m
0,30
HE 300 A
COMPOSITE B EAMS
(with collaboration between
steel profile and concrete slab)
the most important benefit of composite action may be the reduction of beam
deflections because of increased stiffness of composite section compared with
steel section alone. Figure 1.4 presents the ratio of moments of inertia for
(I c Composite
I,
composite sections steel section,
for IPE and HE steel
(L)steel
'a J
sections (up to 600 mm deep) and for several typical assumptions regarding
the slab depth (h c + h p = 130 mm; h p = 50 mm), the slab width (b e ff = 5 ( h c +
hp + h a )) and for modular ratio of concrete (n = 10) (see clause V.2.1 (5), for
notations and formulas). Typically the ratios I c / I a (= \\ I I a ) vary in the range
of 2,5 to 4,0 indicating the great potential benefit with composite beams.
54
0^
O
O
un
o
o
t
S
O
o
O
o
o
CM
o
o
<
CM
(S m t/) w w
I I
I I
in
en
CN
pHidEI\[ / p H | d l\[ : 3 D U B ; S I S 9 H J U 9 U I O J \ [ J O O I J B H
Figure 1.3
55
ON
Figure 1.4
56
1.2
Basis of design
The table 1.1 summarizes this chapter 1.2 providing the practical principles of design
requirements. Details and explanations are given in the following sub-chapters 1.2.1 to
1.2.3.
1.2.1
EC4
[2.1 (l)]
Fundamental requirements
[2.1 (2)]
(2) A structure shall also be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like
explosions, impact or consequences of human errors, to an extent disproportionate to the
original cause.
[2.1 (4)]
(3) The above requirements shall be met by the choice of suitable materials, by appropriate
design and detailing and by specifying control procedures for production, construction
and use as relevant for the particular project.
1.2.2
Definitions
1.2.2.1
Limit states
EC4
[2.2.1.1 (l)] (1) Eurocode 4 is a limit state design code in which principles and mies are given for the
verification of :
- Serviceability Limit States (SLS) and,
- Ultimate Limit States (ULS).
(2) The limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design
performance requirements.
(3) These limit states are referred to physical phenomena as for instance:
EC4
[2.2.1.1 (6)]
a) for SLS, problems which may limit the serviceability because of:
- deformations or deflections which adversely affect the appearance or effective
use of the structure (including the proper functioning of machines or services)
or cause damage to finishes or non-structural elements,
-
57
EC4
[2.2.1.1 (4)]
b) for ULS, problems which may endanger the safety of people and thus be regarded
as ultimate limit because of:
- loss of equilibrium of structure or any part of it, considered as a rigid body,
- failure by excessive defomiation, rupture, or loss of stability of the structure or
any part of it, including shear connection, supports and foundations.
1.2.2.2
Actions
EC4
[2.2.2.1 (2)]
EC4
[2.2.2.2 (1)]
EC4
[2.2.2.4 (1)]
[form. (2.1)]
(5) The design (factored) values F of an action (for instance Gd, Qd> wd, Sd) is expressed in
general terms as:
Fd=?F
where Fk
TF
k
is the characteristic (unfactored) value of action.
is the partial safety factor for the action considered - taking into account
of, for example, the possibility of unfavourable deviations of the actions,
the possibility of inaccurate modelling of the actions,
uncertainties in the assessment of effects of actions and
uncertainties in the assessment of the limit state considered (the
values of are given in Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4: 2.3.3.1) and
present chapter III.3: yG (permanent actions), JQ (variable
actions),...).
58
EC4
[2.2.2.5]
(6) The combinations of actions respectively for ULS and for SLS are given in chapter III.
(7) Design values of the effects of actions :
The effects of actions (E) are responses (for example, internal forces and moments (Ns d ,
Vsd. Msd). stresses, strains, deflections, rotations) of the structure to the actions. Design
values of the effects of actions (Ed) are determined from the design values of the actions,
geometrical data (ad) and material properties when relevant:
Ed=E(Fdad,...)
[form. (2.2)]
1.2.2.3
Material properties
EC4
[2.2.3.1 (l)] (1) Characteristic values of material properties:
- A material property is represented by a characteristic value X^ which in general
corresponds to a fractile in the assumed statistical distribution of the particular
property of the material specified in relevant standard or according to tests results
(e.g. concrete, steel reinforcing bars). Certain properties of some components (e.g.
resistance of a shear connector PRJJ are treated as material properties,
EC4
[2.2.3.1 (2)]
- Structural steel parts (e.g. steel beam, profiled steel decking) of composite
structures are generally represented by nominal values used as characteristic values
(unfactored) (Xk),
EC4
[2.2.3.1 (3)]
- For other materials properties the characteristics values are for some verifications
substituted or supplemented by mean or nominal values which correspond to the
most likely values throughout the structure for which a minimum characteristic
value has been specified (case for concrete properties and for physical
coefficients).
EC4
[2.2.3.2 (2)] (2) Design values of material properties:
For composite structures, the design values of the material strengths (Xd) and geometrical
data (a d ), when relevant, shall be used to determined the design resistances of members or
cross-sections, according to the individual chapters, as :
[form. (2.3bis)]
EC4
[2.3.4 (6)]
Rd=R(Xk,ak,...)/yM
in most cases where is the partial safety factor for the resistance. The different 7 M
factors are explicitly given in the design formulas and their values are provided in table
11.10 for ULS checks. YM factors shall be taken as 1,0 for SLS checks, except where
stated otherwise in particular clauses. Where the resistance is influenced by the buckling
of the structural steel, other formulations are used, including a specific safety factor 7Rd
(see chapter II.6).
1.2.3
Design requirements
1.2.3.1
General
EC4
[2.3.1 (l)]
[2.3.1 (2)]
(2) All relevant design situations and load cases shall be considered.
[2.3.1 (3)]
(3) Possible deviations from the assumed directions or positions of actions shall be
considered.
59
[2.3.1 (4)]
EC4
[2.3.4 (l)]
[form. (2.13)]
Ed^Cd
or E d ^ R d
where Ed
Cd
(2) Practical checks of SLS in floors and frames for instance (see chapter 1.4)
( v d , H d ) < ( V max'S H m a x )
f >f
where yd
1.2.3.3
d L mm
Hd
fd
EC4
[2.3.2.1 (2)] (1) When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a section, member
or connection (fatigue excluded) it shall be verified that:
[form. (2.7)]
S, <Rr
where Sd
Rd
(2) Practical checks of ULS in members for instance (see chapter 1.4):
(NSd,VSd,MSd)<(NRd,VRd,MRd)
condition concerning separate internal forces or moments or, interaction between
them ((V,M), (, M),...)
where (Nsd, Vsd, MSd) are design internal forces and moments applied to the
members,
(NRd, VRd, MRd) are design resistance of the members.
60
Table LI
YFFI
where
Fk
7F
is the partial safety factor for the considered action (see chapter III.3)
in general:
EH<C,
where
for instance:
Cd
(VdHd)<(vmax'SHmax)
fn>fn
where
vd
ond
fd
sd<Rd
where
Rd
R
EC4
[2.3.2.1 (2)]
where
EC4
[form. (2.3)]
for instance:
d =Rk/YM
Rk
YM
(N S d , V s d . M S d ) < ( N R d , v R d ' M R d )
condition concerning separate internal forces or moments or,
interaction between them ((V,M), (N,M),...)
61
EC4 [4.9]
1.3
1.3.1
Generalities
(2) When checking the resistance of composite cross-sections and members of a frame, each
member may be treated as isolated from the frame, with forces and moments applied to
each end as determined from the frame analysis. The conditions of restraint at each end
should be determined by considering the member as part of the frame and should be
consistent with the type of analysis and mode of failure.
1.3.1.1
(1) In general spatial frame structures may be separated into several plane frames that may
be considered as laterally supported at the spacial nodes (see Table 1.2, part 1).
In the first step for the inplane loading of these plane frames out-of-planc deflections
between the lateral supports are neglected and only the inplane monoaxial action effects
are determined.
In the second step the individual members of the plane frame between the lateral
supports, i.e. the beams and the columns, are separated from the plane frame, to consider
lateral buckling and lateral-torsional buckling, under monoaxial bending and
compression. Members which are common to two different frames, e.g. columns, may be
verified for biaxial bending and compression (see Table 1.2, part 2).
(2) Table 1.3 shows the modelling of connections in the global analysis depending on their
rotational stiffness.
Table 13
Ref. 6
[Table 5.2]
Modelling of connections
Designed for
Pinned connection
tension,
compression
or shear only
Small restraint to
sufficient rotations :
example in Figure II.5 a)
vj
62
Table 1.2
rl
FRAME 1
il
<%-
FRAME 1
Ml
iHnW
Isolated beam
Isolated column
N2
63
1.3.1.2
EC4
[4.9.1 (7)]
(1) The Figure 1.5 presents a sequence given by Eurocode 4 to follow in order to verify the
design of a composite braced frame.
steps :
1)
Define the imperfections of the frame (EC4 : 4.9.3) and represent them by
equivalent horizontal forces at nodes (see chapter 1.3.3.2)
2)
Ensure that no steel connection is "semi-rigid", using 4.10.5 of EC4 and
clause 6.9.6 of EC3.
3)
4)
Check that the frame is braced (EC4 : 4.9.4.3) (see clause 1.3.1.2 (2)).
5)
Check that the bracing substructure is non-sway (EC4 : 4.9.4) (sec clause
1.3.1.2 (3)).
6)
Decide whether the requirements for rigid-plastic global analysis (EC4 : 4.9.7)
are satisfied if relevant.
7)
Carry out global analyses (EC4 : 4.9.5 to 4.9.7) for relevant load
combinations and arrangements and hence find design internal forces and
moments at each end of each member (see chapter 111,1).
8)
Verify the composite beams (EC4 : 4.2 to 4.4) (see chapter V), columns (EC4
: 4.8) (see chapters IV and VI), and connections (EC4 : 4.10).
9)
Verify beams, columns, and connections of structural steel (to EC3) and of
concrete (to EC2).
10)
11)
Figure 1.5
EC3
unbraced frame
b<0,2u
is the horizontal displacement of the frame with the bracing
system
\
is the horizontal displacement of the unbraced frame,
according to first order elastic global analysis of the frame submitted to hypothetic
horizontal loads .
64
Note: In the case of simple frames with all beam-column nodes nominally pinned, the
frame without bracing would be hypostatic, hence 5U is infinite and thus the
condition 5b ^ 0,2 5U is always fulfilled.
EC3[5.2.5.2](3) Classification of sway or non-sway frame :
A frame may be classified as non-sway if according to first order elastic global analysis
of the frame for each ULS load case, one of the following criteria is satisfied :
EC3
[5.2.5.2 (3)]
a) //; general :
Vsd
v.
1
ar
< 0,1
where Vsd
Ver
Oer
EC3
[5.2.5.2 (4)]
a c r > 10
b) in case of building structures with beams connecting each columns at each storey
level :
where H, V
( 1 + 2 )
h(H1+H2)
< 0,1
H V,
Notes:
A same frame could be classified as sway according to a load case (Vsdi for
instance) and as non-sway according to another load case ( Vsd2 for instance).
The simplified method b) may provide non conservative results if the geometry of
the structure and/or the applied loading are non symmetrical.
65
VcH
Sdi
^- = maximum V
Vcr
V vcn J
(
condition which is equivalent to <XT = minimum (a cr i), where 'Sdi or a cr j are
V v cri )
1.3.2
EC3
[2.3.2.4]
Static equilibrium
(1) For the verification of static equilibrium, destabilizing (unfavourable) actions shall be
represented by upper design values and stabilizing (favourable) actions by lower design
values.
(2) For stabilizing effects, only those actions which can reliably be assumed to be present in
the situation considered shall be included in the relevant combination.
(3) Variable actions should be applied where they increase the destabilizing effects but
omitted where they would increase the stabilizing effects (YQ = 0, in Table III.7).
(4) Account should be taken of the possibility that non-structural elements might be omitted
or removed.
(5) For building structures, the normal partial safety factor given in Table III.7 apply to
permanent actions ( = 1,0 if favourable actions).
(6) Where uncertainty of the value of a geometrical dimension significantly affects the
verification of static equilibrium, this dimension shall be represented in this verification
by the most unfavourable value that it is reasonably possible for it to reach.
1.3.3
1.3.3.1
Generalities
(1) Load arrangements which may be applied to buildings are provided in chapter III.2.
(2) Load cases (see chapter III.3) may be established according to two procedures to study
structures submitted to actions :
-
66
1.3.3.2
EC4
[4.9.3 (3)]
EC3
[5.2.4.1 (1)]
EC3
[5.2.4.3 (1)]
Frame imperfections
(1) In case of braced frame the effects of global frame imperfections shall be taken into
account in the global analysis of the bracing system.
(2) Appropriate allowances shall be incorporated to cover the effects of practical
imperfections, including residual stresses and geometrical imperfections such as lack of
vertically, lack of straightness due to welding or lack of fit and the unavoidable minor
eccentricities present in practical connections.
(3) The effects of imperfections shall be allowed for frame analysis by means of :
- an equivalent geometric imperfection in the form of an initial sway imperfection
or,
- equivalent horizontal forces according to Table 1.4, either method is permissible.
(4) As shown in Table 1.4 the initial sway imperfections of a frame are directly proportionate
to the relevant applied vertical loads of each load case.
Therefore global imperfections of a frame should be calculated for each load case.
Table 1.4
Ref. 6
(table 5.5)
F2
2
- I I I I ,
'
Fi
Fl
fcj
(Fi + F2)
'
(Fi + F2)
EC3
[5.2.4.3 (4)] (5) The initial sway imperfections apply in all horizontal directions, but only need to be
considered in one direction at a time. The Table 1.5 gives the numerical values for :
[form. (5.2)]
= k c ks 0
1
where 0 = 200'
k c = . J 0,5 + < 1,0,
ks=
where
67
ns
is the number of storeys.
EC3
[5.2.4.3 (2)] (6) Only those columns which carry a vertical load Nsd of at least 50% of mean value of the
vertical load per column in the considered plane, shall be included in n c .
EC3
[5.2.4.3 (3)] (7) Only those columns which extend through all the storeys included in n s shall be included
in . Only those floor or roof levels which are connected to all the columns included in
n c shall be included when determining ns.
Table L5
number
of storeys
number
of
columns
in plane
nc= 2
nc= 3
nc = 4
nc= 5
n c oo
1
1
1
_ _L _
ns= 1
1/200
1 /220
1 /230
1/240
1 /280
1 /240
1 /260
1 /275
1 /285
1 /335
1/275
1 /300
1 / 315
1 /325
1 / 385
1/300
1 /325
1 /345
1 /355
1 /420
1 /445
1 /490
1 /515
1 / 535
1 /63)
ns=2
ns= 3
_
ns = 4
_
n s = oo
1
I
EC4
[4.9.5 (l)]
1.3.4
1.3.4.1
Methods of analysis
(1) The internal forces and moments in a statically determinate structure shall be obtained
using statics.
EC4
[4.5.9 (2)] (2) The internal forces and moments in a statically indeterminate structure may generally be
determined using either :
- elastic global analysis
- plastic global analysis
(3) Elastic global analysis may be used in all cases.
68
1.3.4.2
Effects of deformations
EC4 [4.9.2.5]
(1) The internal forces and bending moments may generally be determined using either :
- first order theory, using initial geometry of the structure, or,
- second order theory, taking into account the influence of the deformation of the
structure.
(2) First order theory may be used for the global analysis of braced frames, in general.
Alternatively second order theory may be used for the global analysis.
1.3.4.3
EC4 [4.9.6]
EC4
[4.9.6.1 (l)] (1) Elastic global analysis shall be based on the assumption that the stress-strain behaviour of
the material is linear, whatever the stress level. Concrete in tension shall be included or
neglected. When it is included, reinforcement in tension may be neglected,
Reinforcement in compression may normally be neglected. This assumption may be
maintained even where the resistance of a cross-section is based on its plastic resistance.
Concrete in tension may be included or neglected. When it is included, reinforcement in
tension may be neglected. Reinforcement in compression may normally be neglected.
EC4
[4.9.6.1 (4)] (2) In order to determine the internal forces and moments (N, V, M) in braced composite
frames, first order elastic global analysis may be used only where all connections are
either rigid or nominally pinned (see chapter 1.3.1.1 (2)).
EC4
[4.9.6.1 (2)] (3) The effects of slip and uplift may be neglected at interfaces between steel and concrete at
which shear connection is provided in accordance with chapter V.2.7.
EC4
[4.9.6.1 (3)] (4) The principles about sequence of construction (Ref. 4 : 4.5.3.2) and shrinkage of
concrete (Ref. 4 : 4.5.3.3) are applicable.
EC4
[4.9.6.2]
(5) Flexural stiffness :
EC4
[4.9.6.2 (2)]
For composite beams in braced frames both methods of elastic global analysis are
allowed (see chapter V.2.3) :
- with uncracked section (E a li),
- or, with cracked section (E a li and E a I2), where flexural stiffnesses E a I1 and E a I2
are evaluated according to clause V.2.1 (5).
EC4
[4.9.6.2 (4)]
EC4
[4.9.6.2 (l)]
In first order analysis of braced frames the elastic flexural stiffness of composite columns
should be taken as E a li , where li is the "uncracked" second moment of area, as
defined in Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4 : 4.2.3) and with the help of Table IV.8.
Creep effects shall be considered if they are likely to reduce the structural stability
significantly. But creel effects in composite columns may be ignored if conditions of
Eurocode 4 are satisfied (Ref. 4 : 4.9.6.2 (3)).
(6) Redistribution of bending moments are allowed in Eurocode 4 within certain conditions
(Ref. 4 : 4.9.6.3).
(7) In case of first order elastic global analysis the principle of superposition is applicable
because the effects of actions (E, S) are linear functions of the applied actions (F = G, Q,
...) (no - effects and used material with an elastic linear behaviour).
69
Verifications at SLS
The limiting values for vertical deflections of beams, cracking of concrete and vibrations
of floors are given respectively in chapters V3.2, V.3.3 and V.3.4.
1.3.5.1
Deflections of frames
The limiting values for horizontal deflections of frames given in Table 1.6 are illustrated
by reference to the multi-storey and single-storey frame.
1.3.6
Verifications at ULS
1.3.6.1
EC3
[5.2.5.1 (l)] (1) All structures shall have sufficient stiffness to resist to the horizontal forces and to limit
lateral sway. This may be supplied by:
a) the sway stiffness of the bracing systems, which may be :
-
triangulated frames,
- rigid-jointed frames,
-
b) the sway stiffness of the frames, which may be supplied by one or more of the
following :
-
triangulation,
cantilever columns.
70
(2) Framing for resistance to the horizontal loads and to sway. Two examples are given in
Table 1.7 :
EC3
[5.2.5.3 (1)]
EC3
[5.2.5.3 (2)]
EC3
[5.2.5.2 (3), (4)]
,, ,, ,r ,,
iL
iL
<3
iL
fnr
iL
JTI
BRACED FRAME
+ B RACING SYSTEM
2) Non-swav frames :
(3) According to Eurocode 4 application mies, composite frames should be braced and the
bracing system (composite or not) should be checked to be according to Eurocode 3
mies (Ref. 3 : 5.2.5) (see chapter 1.3.1.2), sway or non-sway for each load case.
EC3
[5.2.5.3 (3)] (4) A braced composite frame may be treated as a non-sway frame fully supported laterally.
71
(5) As the criterion of braced or unbraced frame classification is related to the stiffness of
the frame and on hypothetic horizontal loads, the frame should be classified as braced or
not independently of load cases.
1.3.6.2
EC4
ULS checks
The frames shall be checked at ultimate limit states for the reistances of cross-sections,
members and connections. For those ULS checks reference may be made to the
following chapters :
- Members in compression :
chapter IV
- Members in bending :
chapter V
chapter VI
Connections :
1.4
1.4.1
- Braced frames,
- Continuous beams (or with connections equivalent to the moment resistance of the
beam),
- Welded headed stud shear connectors,
- Full or partial shear connection,
- Class 1 or 2 sections (class 3 webs are permitted for continuous beams),
- Composite columns (encased I sections or concrete filled sections) under axial
load,
- Composite columns with moments using simplified interaction method,
- Partially encased sections,
- Elastic global analysis of composite frames.
(2) The document makes only general reference (and does not include detailed information)
on:
- Simply supported (simple connections),
- Design of connections,
- Behaviour of composite slabs,
- Cracking in concrete,
- Other forms of shear connector,
- Use of precast concrete slabs,
- Lightweight concrete,
- Lateral-torsional buckling,
- Fire resistance aspects.
72
[1.1.2 (6)]
73
1.4.2
frames
scope, definitions;
- chapter II: Complete set of data of the structure (types of elements, material
properties);
recommendations for composite design;
- chapter III: determination of load arrangements and load cases for Ultimate Limit
States and, Serviceability Limit States;
- chapter IV to VI:
SLS checks for beams (see chapter 1.4.3);
ULS checks of members (beams and columns,...) submitted to internal
forces and bending moments (N, V, M) considering the resistance of
cross-sections, the overall buckling of members (buckling, lateraltorsional buckling) and local effects (shear buckling of webs (V)): see
chapter 1.4.4;
- chapter VII: generalities about design of composite slabs
1.4.3
(1) The Table 1.8 presents the different checks which shall be fulfilled by beams and frames
at Serviceability Limit States with references to the design handbook :
Table 1.8
Type of checks
Vertical
deflections of
beams
Horizontal
deflections of
beams
Cracking of
concrete
Vibration of
floors
Beams
Chapter V.3.2
Chapter V.3.3
Chapter V.3.4
Frames
Chapter V.3.2
Chapter 1.3
Chapter V.3.3
Chapter V.3.4
1.4.4
EC4
[4.1.1 (3)]
(1) For building structures, the requirements of clause 2.3.4 of EC3 concerning static
equilibrium shall be satisfied.
[4.1.1 (6)]
[4.1.1 (7)]
(3) The effects of shrinkage of concrete may be neglected in verifications for ULS for
composite structures for buildings, except in global analyses with members having crosssections in Qass 4 (4.3 and 4.5.3.3).
[4.1.1 (8)]
(4) The effects of creep of concrete on both global and local analyses may be allowed for in
composite members and frames in building structures by the use of modular ratios. For
slender columns, 4.8.3.6(2) is relevant.
74
[4.1.1 (9)]
(5) For composite members in building structures, a fatigue check is not normally required,
except for:
- members supporting lifting appliances or rolling loads
- members supporting vibrating machinery
- members subject to wind-induced oscillations
- members subject to crowd-induced oscillations.
(6) The following tables define the different checks which shall be fulfilled at Ultimate Limit
States by all the members of frames submitted to internal forces and moments (N, V, M).
Table 1.9
N,compression
M
N,compression
bendiri\V
U ^"bending
- Table 1.10: Definition of the planes of cross-sections within internal forces and
bending moments (Nsd, Vsd, Msd) are acting.
- Table 1.11: For different types of loading on the members (tension, compression,
bending, combined (N,M)) the table 1.11 provides the internal forces,
bending moments ((NCOmPressionX V (Vy, V z ), M (M y , Mz)), and
interactions between them ((V, M), (N, M), (N, V), (N, V, M),...) to be
checked at Ultimate Limit States.
(7) In respective following chapters tables present lists of the checks to be performed at
Ultimate Limit States for members or webs submitted to different loading:
- in chapter IV, Table IV. 1 for member in compression,
- in chapter V, Table V.2 for members in bending,
- in chapter VI, Table VI. 1 for members with combined axial force and bending
moment.
Table 1.10
Planes within internal forces and bending moments (Nsd, Vsd. Msd) are
acting
di
"
y'
Vy.sd | M *-Sd
Nx.Sd
.-f1
V z.Sd
My.Sd
Nx.Sd
Vy.Sd
Vz.Sd
My.Sd
Mz.Sd
axis
xy
xz
xz
xy
75
Table 1.11
Type of loading on
the members
Nx.Sd
Members in
compression
(columns, ...) :
chapter IV
N.compression
sagging
My.Sd
Vz.Sd
Members in bending
(beams, ...) :
chapter V
hogging
My.sd
(VZ , My)
Mv
y-Sd;Mz.sd
Nx.Sd
y '
Members with
combined (N , M)
(beams-columns,...) :
chapter VI
! My.sd
Vz.Sd
(N,M)
(N,My,Mz)
76
(N,V,M)
( , V , M y , M z )
.1
Structural model
(1) The type of structure, the type of the bracing system and all the different prescriptions of
the project (office building, housing, sport or exhibition hall, parking areas,....) should be
defined.
(2) The geometry of the building should be defined : the height, width and length of the
structure, the number of storeys, the dimensions of architectural elements,...
.2
.3
.3.1
Types of columns
79
II.3.2
Ref. 7 [4.1.2]
Types of beams
Composite beams may be of form shown in Figure II.2. Beams are usually of hot-rolled
sections (IPE, HE, UB or UC section). Partial encasement of the steel section provides
increased fire resistance and resistance to buckling.
Shear connectors (see chapter II.3.4) between the slab and beam provide the necessary
longitudinal shear transfer for composite action. The shear connection of the steel beam
to a concrete slab can either be by full or partial shear connection. These different types
of shear connection are considered in chapter V.2.7.
Solid slab
Composite slab
headed studs
transverse reinforcement
J = L ^
4=gZ
profiled steel
sheeting
/solid
slab
j \
80
.3.3
Ref. 7 [4.1.3]
Types of slabs
Figure 3
prefabricated slab
81
II.3.4
Ref.7 [4.1.4]
In principal, any type of shear connector is permitted provided it has sufficient resistance
and ductility and prevents uplift. Headed stud shear connectors (see Figure II.4) are in
common use and are the only ones considered in this hanbook; for some other types of
connectors in solid slabs, refer to Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4 : chapter 6) : friction grip bolts,
block connectors (bar connector, T-connector, [-connector. Horseshoe), anchors and
hoops, block connectors with anchors or hoops, angle connectors. Shear connectors
comprising steel angles fixed by shot-fired pins are also in common use, but no
application mies are given in Eurocode 4.
EC4
>l,5d
[3.5.2 (7)]
ead
>0,4d
[6.4.2 (1)]
[6.1.2(1)]
shank
[6.3.2.1]
h > 3 d, generally
h > 4 d for ductile behaviour
[6.4.2 (4)]
-/-
weld collar
mean w > 0,2 d
min w >0,15 d
t > 0,4 d
if studs not directly
located over the web.
ZZZ
Figure H.4
II.3.5
zzzzz
-*
> 1,25 d
Types of joints
Ref.7 [4.1.6] (1) There are many types of joints. Some examples are given in Figure II.5 for beam-tocolumn and beam-to-beam connections. In design to Eurocode 4, the two forms of joints
generally envisaged are nominally pinned or rigid and full strength (see Figure II.5 a
and b). No application mies are given for partial strength connections, in Eurocode 4.
EC4 [4.10.5]
(2)
In Figures II.5 b and c, the joints may be considered to be rigid, but may or may not
develop the full strength of the composite section. In the case of Figure 4.6 c the joint is
pinned in the construction stage, but is made moment resisting by the slab reinforcement
and fitting pieces which transfer the necessary tension and compression forces.
(3) This design handbook only assumes the use of pinned or rigid joints. Semi-rigid joints
are not considered. In the case of semi-rigid joints whose behaviour is between pinned
and rigid joints, the designer should take into account the moment-rotation
characteristics of the joints (moment resistance, rotational stiffness and rotation capacity)
at each step of the design (predesign, global analysis, SLS and ULS checks) when
Eurocode 4 will provide application mies.
(4) The Figure II.6 presents the modelling of joints. The joints may be modelled by nodes
offset from the member centrelines to reflect the actual locations of the connections.
82
-anti-crack reinforcement
^=t
sks
angle-bolt -
L
secondary beam
reinforcement
Nirvi
angle
HL* t
LnU
NlnJri 3
hIr\L!
bolt
secondary beam
partially encased sections
a) Examples of "nominally pinned" joints both in the construction and composite stages
tensile reinforcement
\L0J*:*_
extended end plate
b) Examples of "rigid" and full strength joint
tensile reinforcement '
"I ' "
\/
' 1'
r\J
end plate
stiffener.
fitting pieces
bracket
secondary beam
c) Examples of joint that are "pinned" in the construction stage and "semi-rigid" ("partial strength")
in the composite stage
Figure .5
83
Type of joint
Modelling
Behaviour
M
Mu
RIGID joint
(see Figure II.5 : example b)
SEMI-RIGID joint
(see Figure II.5 : example c)
iL
PINNED joint
(see Figure II.5 : example a)
O
SS555S3
Figure .6
Ref. 7 [2]
II.4
Modelling of joints
84
Steel beams and/or profiled steel deckings may be either propped or unpropped during
concreting of the slab in the construction stage of composite building. The most
economic method of construction (speed of construction, ...) is generally to avoid the
use of temporary propping (unpropped construction method). But propping may be
needed where the steel beam and/or the profiled steel decking are not able to support the
weight of a thick concrete slab during construction, or where deflections of those steel
elements would otherwise be unacceptable. The number of temporary supports need not
be high. These props are usually left in place until the concrete slab has developed an
adequate strength.
Ref. 13
Figure II.7 shows the effects of the different construction methods - propped or
unpropped - in principle, and this in comparison with a bare steel beam without any
composite action. The drawing represents bending moments at midspan (M) over
midspan deflections (). MG denotes the bending due to the dead weigth of the structure.
Under service conditions, the different construction methods lead to different deflections,
force distributions and stress states. But when the composite beams of same cross section
are loaded up to failure, they fail at the same bending moment (Mpi.Rd). Their strength is
independent of the method of construction, and this bending strength can be calculated
easily on the basis of on rectangular stress block, as demonstrated in chapter V.2.5.1.
There is another reason for different strain and stress distributions and deflections under
service conditions : the longterm behaviour of concrete. Both, creep and shrinkage of the
concrete part yields larger strains and stresses in the steel section under service
conditions. At the ultimate limit state, however, strains due to loadings are much larger
than the strains due to creep and shrinkage, and the latter can be neglected.
Figure .7
Ref. 7 [2]
(4) The following recommendations are made for initial sizing of composite beams. It is
important to recognize the difference between secondary beams which directly support
the decking and composite slab and primary beams which support the secondary beams
as point loads. Primary beams usually receive greater loads than secondary beams and
therefore are usually designed to span a shorter distance for the same beam size.
Alternatively, long span primary beams, such as composite trusses, can be designed
efficiently with short span secondary beams. These cases are illustrated in Figure II.8.
85
Slab span :
on
fire
Beam design :
The following beam proportions should give acceptable deflections when the
section size is determined for moment resistance. The ratios (span : depth ratio)
can be expressed as (L / (h a + hp + h c )) where L is the distance between adjacent
supports and (h a + h p + he) is the total beam and slab depth.
a) Simply supported beam :
. Secondary beam : span : depth ratio of 18 to 20,
. Primary beam :
b) Continuous beam :
. Secondary beam
. Primary beam :
Steel grade :
Concrete grade:
Shear connectors :
86
^k
Secondary beam
Column
Span of slab
5-8m
Primary beam
A
^k
6- 12m-
7C
^c
Secondary beam
J
Span of slab
Primary beam
7,5- 12 m
f
-V
2,5 - 4 m
1~^
8-12m-
?'-
V-
Primary beam
JL.
VH
Column
^H
Spanof
slab
6-8m
Secondary
beam
i-H-
12- 18m-
7^
Figure .8
87
II.5
Material properties
EC4 [3]
The material properties given in this chapter II.5 are those required for design purposes.
Partial safety factors for resistance and material properties are also provided.
II.5.1
Concrete
EC4
[3.1.2(2)] (1) Normal-weight and lightweight concretes may be used. Table II. 1 gives properties of
normal-weight concrete. The classification of concrete, e.g. C20/25, refers to cylinder
strength (20) and cube strength (25) of concrete.
EC4
[3.1.2 (3)] (2) For lightweight concretes, tensile strengths (fctm; fctk 0,05^ fctk 0,95) c a n
multiplying the values provided in Table II. 1 by the factor :
= 0,30+ 0,70 (
U400
EC4
[3.1.4.1 (3)]
De
obtained by
In the same way, the secant moduli ^m for light-weight concretes can be obtained by
multiplying the values given in Table II. 1 by the factor :
EC4
[3.1.1 (2)] (3) Concrete classes higher than C50/60 should not be used unless their use is appropriately
justified. No Application Rules are given in Eurocode 4 for this case.
Table .1
Strength class
of concrete
fck
N/mm2
fctm
N/mm2
fctk 0,05
N/mm2
fctk 0,95
N/mm2
Ecm
kN/mm2
C20/25
20
2,2
1,5
2,9
29,0
C25/30
25
2,6
1,8
3,3
30,5
C30/37
30
2,9
2,0
3,8
32,0
C35/45
35
3,2
2,2
4,2
33,5
C40/50
40
3,5
2,5
4,6
35,0
C45/55
45
3,8
2,7
4,9
36,0
C50/60
50
4,1
2,9
5,3
37,0
Notations : fck
fctm
fctk 0,05
fctk 0,95
88
EC4 [3.1.3] (4) For shrinkage of concrete, the total long-term free shrinkage strain from setting of the
concrete e c s may be taken as nominal values of Table II.2.
Table .2
Conditions
Dry environments
(filled members excluded)
Other environments and
filled members
EC4
[3.1.4.2]
for lightweight
concrete
325 10"6
500 IO"6
200 10"6
300 IO"6
EC4
[3.1.4.2 (4)]
b)
/3
E
Values of nominal modular ratios - a ,
'cj
Strength Class C
~"~~~-\^^
of concrete
Type
^ \ _ ^
C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
of buildings
^~-~^^
Composite buildings in general :
for short-term
14,5
13,1
12,5
12,0
11,7
13,8
11,4
and long-term effects
Composite buildings for storage :
7,2
6,0
6,9
6,6
6,3
5,8
5,7
for short-term effects
for long-term effects
21,7
20,7
89
19,7
18,8
18,0
17,5
17,0
(6) The material coefficient (p c , Ofr. v c ) to be adopted in calculations for concrete shall be
taken as given in Table II.4.
Table .4
EC4
[3.1.6]
= 10 10"6 1/C
= 7 10"6 1/C
EC4
[3.1.4.3]
EC4 [3.3]
II.5.2
pc = 2400 kg/m3
VC = 0,2
vc = 0
Structural steel
(1) The nominal values of the yield strength fy and the ultimate strength fu for hot-rolled
steel are given in Table II.5 for steel grades S 235, S 275 and S 355 in accordance with
EN 10025 and for steel grades S 275 and S 355 in accordance with EN 10113. Those
nominal values may be adopted as characteristic (unfactored) values in design
calculations.
(2) The european standard EN 10025 specifies the requirements for long and flat products
of hot rolled weldable non-alloy structural steels (steel grades: S 235, S 275, S 355).
The european standard EN 10113 specifies the requirements for long and flat products
of hot-rolled weldable fine grain structural steels (steel grades: S 275, S 355, S 420, S
460).
(3) Similar values as defined in Table II.5 may be adopted for hot finished structural hollow
sections.
(4) For a larger range of thicknesses the values specified in EN 10025 and EN 10113 may
be used.
(5) For high strength steels (S 420 and S 460) specific application rules are not available yet
but will be given in the further normative Annex H (in preparation) of Eurocode 4. At
present clause 3.2.1 (2) of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 3) is applicable for those high strength
steels.
90
Table .5
Thickness t (mm)*)
40 mm < t < 100 mm**)
EN 10027-1
Designation
EN 10025
Standard
fy (N/mm2)
fu (N/mm2)
fy (N/mm 2 )
fu (N/mm 2 )
S 235
S 275
S 355
Fe 360
Fe 430
Fe 510
235
275
355
360
430
510
215
255
335
340
410
490
275
355
390
490
255
335
370
470
EN 10113
Standard
FeE 275
FeE 355
S 275
S 355
Notes:
*)
(6) The Table II.6 compares the symbolic designations of steel grades according to various
standards. The design handbook always uses the single designation of structural steels
defined by the european standard EN 10027-1: "S" followed by the value of yield
strength expressed in N/mm2 (= MPa).
Table .6
EC4
[3.3.3]
EN
EN
EN
10027-1
10113
10025
S 235
S 275
S 355
FeE 275
FeE 355
Fe 360
Fe 430
Fe 510
NF A 35-504/
NF A 36-201
E 355
NF A
DIN
DIN
BS
35-501
17102
17100
4360
E 24
E 28
E 36
St E 285
St E 355
St 37-3
St44-3
St 52-3
40 D
43 D
5 OD
ASTM
gr. 50
(7) The material coefficients (Ea, Ga, Ctr, p a . va) to be adopted in calculations for the
structural steels covered by Eurocode 4 shall be taken as given in Table II.7.
Table H.7
. modulus of elasticity
(E = Ea = Es)
91
E=
210 000
N/mm 2
G=
80700
N/mm 2
OCT =
10 IO' 6
ire
P=
v=
7850
kg/m 3
0,3
EC4 [3.2]
II.5.3
Reinforcing stee!
(1) In reference to EN 10 080 specification, different types of reinforcing steels are covered
by Eurocode 4, with differences :
high ductility (class H) or normal
class (class N),
plain smooth bars or ribbed bars or
wires (including welded mesh).
[Ref. 12]
(2) Eurocode 2 (Ref. 2) gives 3 different classes for reinforcing steel (see Table II.8).
Table .8
[N/mm2]
S 220
S 420
S 500
220
420
500
(3) The material coefficients (Es, Gs, , ps, vs) to be adopted in calculations for reinforcing
steels are presented in Table II.7.
EC4 [3.4]
II.5.4
Ref. 7 [4.2.4]( 1 ) Composite slabs are dealt in this handbook only as far as they affect the design of
composite beams. Reference should be made to Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4 : chapter 3.4 and 7)
for further information on the design of composite slabs, with EN 10 147 as the product
standard for steel sheeting.
EC4
[3.4.2 (2)] (2) The nominal values of fyb provided in Table II.9 may be adopted as characteristic values
fyp in calculations.
Table .9
EC4
[Table 3.4]
Grade
fyb (= fyp)
[N/mm2]
220
FeE 220 G
250
FeE 250 G
280
FeE 280 G
FeE 320 G
320
350
FeE 350 G
r
Other standards and related fyb values are gi\ en in Eurocode 4
EN 10 147
92
EC4 [3.5]
EC4
[3.5.1 (2)]
EC4
[3.5.2]
.5.5
Connecting devices
(1) For connecting devices (bolts, rivets, pins, welds) other than shear connectors chapter 3.3
of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 3) is applicable.
(2) Shear connectors :
As explained in chapter II.3.4 this design handbook only provides application rules for
headed studs with minimum dimensions detailed in Figure II.4.
The specified ultimate tensile strength of headed studs is commonly
fu =450 N/mm2
.6
(1) In general resistance is determined by using design values of strength of the different
materials and components, Xd, that takes into account uncertainties at ULS with partial
safety factors JM- The different JM factors are explicitly introduced in design formulas
of this handbook.
EC4
[4.8.3.2]
(2) The design of composite columns according to the simplified method is presented in
chapter IV (Members in compression) and in chapter VI (Members with combined axial
force and bending moment). In that case, the partial safety factor for structural steel is
written as jMa and, in general, may have one of the 2 following values :
a) for column length with relative slendemess < 0 , 2 or
YMa =Ya
where Nx.sd
x.Sd
Nr
<0,1
and N c r
93
(4) The YM factors shown in Table 11.10 are provided according to the present official
version of Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4). Those "boxed" values are only indicative. The values of
YM factors to be used in practice are fixed by national authorities in each country and are
published in the relevant National Application Document (NAD) to Eurocode 4.
(5) Values of YM factors for bolts, rivets, pins, welds and slip resistance of bolted connections
are given in Eurocode 3 (Ref. 3 : 6.1.1 (2)).
Table .10 Partial safety factors YM for resistances and material properties at Ultimate
Limit State
- Resistance of structural steel :
. Ya is equivalent to YMO of Eurocode 3
- Resistance of concrete
Ya = U 0
yRd=U0
Yc = l , 5 0
Ys = l , 1 5
Yap = 1 , 1 0
Yv = l , 2 5
94
AND
EC4
[2.2.5 (l)]
[2.2.5 (2)]
D
LOA
.1
Generalities
(1) A load arrangement identifies the position, magnitude and direction of a free action (see
chapter III.2).
(2) A load case identifies compatible load arrangements, set of deformations
imperfections considered for a particular verification (see chapter III.3).
and
(3) For the definitions of actions (load arrangements: F= G, Q, ...) and effects of actions (E,
S) and for the design requirements it should be referred to chapter 1.2 (B asis of design).
(4) Figure III. 1 presents the general procedure to study structures submitted to actions :
- all load cases are defined by relevant combinations (with partial safety factors, )
of characteristic (unfactored) values of load arrangements (Fk),
- for each load case the global analysis of the structure determines the design values
for the effects of actions (Ed = o v , oh, f, ,... ; Sd = , V, M,...) which shall be
checked at Serviceability Limit States (Cd limits) and at Ultimate Limit States (Rd
resistances).
This general procedure is used in the procedure for elastic global analysis of composite
braced frame presented in chapter 1.3.
(5) For braced buildings it is explained in chapter 1.3 that the elastic global analysis of the
structure could be based on first order theory. In that case of first order elastic global
analysis the principle of superposition is applicable because the effects of actions (E, S)
are linear functions of the applied actions (F = G, Q, ...) (no - effects and used
material with an elastic linear behaviour).
The principle of superposition allows to consider a particular procedure to study
structures submitted to actions. This procedure illustrated in Figure III.2 could be more
practical because it should simplify the decision of which load case gives the worst effect.
For each single characteristic (unfactored) value of load arrangement (Fk) the global
analysis of the structure determines characteristic (unfactored) values for the effects of
actions :
- Ek = ( , h, f, G,...)k
- S k = (, V, M,...)k.
All load cases are defined by relevant combinations (with partial safety factors, Jp) of the
characteristic (unfactored) values for the effects of actions (EK;Sk). All these load cases
directly furnish the design values for the effects of actions (E - b\, oh, f, ... ; S = ,
V, M,...) which shall be checked at Serviceability Limit States (C limits) and at Ultimate
Limit States (Rd resistances).
EC4
[2.2.1.2(2)] (6) For composite structures attention is drawn to the necessity of identifying and
considering, when relevant, several transient design situations corresponding to the
successive phases of the building process. The sequence of construction has to be
considered especially for composite beams where steel profiles have first to support the
selfweight of fresh concrete slab and other construction loads before the concrete has
gained adequate strength for composite action.
97
rows:
rows:
1
Determine all load arrangements with characteristic (unfactored) values of actions Fk (Gk, Qk,...)
ULS checks
SLS checks
yes
ji
yes
J, Adopt the structure if both ULS and SLS checks are fulfilled
>
10
Note: for the definition of Fk (Gk, Qk), (, YQ), Sd. Rd, Ed, Cd : see chapter 1.2 (Basis of design).
Figure ULI Flow-chart for load arrangements and load cases for general global analysis of the
structure
98
Determine all load arrangements with characteristic (unfactored) values of actions Fk (Gk, Qk,...) j
yes
ULS checks
SLS checks
zxz
Sd = N, V, M,...
yes/'
Classification of frame:
braced frame
Determine SLS limits (Cd)
10
11
12
yes
Select stronger section(s) or joint(s) j Note: for the definition of Fk (Gk, Qk), yF (ya, _), Sd, Rd, Ed, Cd : see chapter 1.2 (Basis of design)
Figure m.2 Flow-chart for load arrangements and load cases for first order elastic global analysis of
the structure
99
mj
Load arrangements
(1) The following load arrangements are characteristic (unfactored) values of actions (Fk) to
be applied to the structure. The characteristic values of load arrangements given hereafter
are issued from Eurocode 1 (Ref. 1).
(2) The table ULI provides a list of
- all the load arrangements (Fk) to be taken into account in composite building
design, either at construction stage, or at composite stage, and,
- the references to the chapters of the handbook where details are given about those
load arrangements.
Table ULI
distributed, g
concentrated, G
Reference to the
handbook
III.2.1
2) Variable loads:
EC4
[2.2.5(5)]
III.2.2.1
III ? ? 1
III.2.2.2
III.2.2.2
- Snow loads:
III.2.2.3
distributed, s
(3) For continuous beams and slabs in buildings without cantilevers subjected to dominantly
uniformly loads, it will generally be sufficient to consider only the following load
arrangements:
a) altemate spans carrying the design variable and permanent loads (YQ qk + YG gk)>
other spans carrying only the design permanent load gk :
A
B
C
D
E
-> This load arrangement produces higher sagging bending moments and deflections
in spans AB and CD.
100
b) any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and permanent loads (YQ qk +
YG gk). all other spans carrying only the design permanent load YG gk
'rv/
TTT7
trn/
-> This load arrangement furnishes higher hogging bending moment at support B.
.2.1
ECl-l
[1.5.3.3]
(1) In general permanent loads are actions which are likely to act throughout a given design
situation and for which the variation in magnitude with time is negligible in relation to
the mean value (e.g. dead weight), or for which the variation is always in the same
direction until the action attains a certain limit value.
(2) At construction stage, permanent loads should be limited to dead weight of steel profiles,
whereas at composite stage, they could include dead weight of steel profiles, concrete and
steel decking, additional dead weight due to "ponding" of the concrete and service
permanent loads.
.2.2
ECl-l
[1.5.3.4]
(1) Variable loads are actions which are unlikely to act throughout a given design situation
or for which the variation in magnitude with time is not negligible in relation to the mean
value nor monotonie.
101
The construction loads represent the weight of operatives and concreting plant and take
into account any impact or vibration which may occur during construction. In any area
of 3m by 3m (or the span length, is less), in addition to the weight of the concrete, the
characteristic construction load and weight of surplus concrete (due to "ponding"
effect) should together be taken as 1,5 kN/m2. Over the remaining area a characteristic
loading of 0,75 kN/m2 should be added to the weight of the concrete. These loads should
be placed to cause the maximum bending moment and/or shear (see Figure HI.3).
H 1
I \ .<b>, 1 1 I 1 1 i(b)i ,
- - 1 1 1 1(c)! , .
tr
L 3m
"
I , Z}
.. -.
1 1 IH 1
. . M i l l i , <b)l
\ 1 \
" * * .'
3m
102
<H>
ECl-2-1
[6.3.1.1]
(2) At composite stage, areas in residential, social, commercial and administration buildings
are divided into five categories according to their specific use (see Table III.2).
[Table 6.1]
Table .2
Categories
Specific use
Office areas
Areas where people may congrete CI: Areas with tables, etc.
e.g. areas in schools, cafs, restaurants,
(with the exception of areas
dinning halls, reading rooms, receptions
defined under category A, B, D
etc.
and E)
C2: Areas with fixed seats,
e.g. areas in churches, theatres or
cinemas, conferences rooms, lecture
halls, assembly halls, waiting rooms, etc.
C3: Areas without obstacles for moving
people,
e.g. areas in museums, exhibition
rooms, etc and access areas in public
and administration buildings, hotels, etc.
C4: Areas with possible physical activities
e.g. danse halls, gymnastic rooms,
stages, etc.
C5: Areas susceptible to overcrowding,
e.g. in building for public events like
concert halls, sport halls including
stands, terraces and access areas, etc.
Shopping areas
Traffic and parking areas for light e.g. garages; parking areas, parking halls
vehicles. (< 30kN total weight and
< 8 seats not including driver)
Traffic and parking areas for e.g. access routes; delivery zones; zones
medium vehicles. (> 30 kN, < 160 accessible to fire engines (< 160 kN total
kN total weight, on 2 axles)
weight)
103
[Table 6.2]
(3) At composite stage, the values of characteristic imposed loads on floors and roof are
given in Table III.3 according to the category of areas and the loaded areas (see Table
III.2).
Table .3
Qk (kN)
2,0
2,0
- stairs
3,0
2,0
- balconies
4,0
2,0
3,0
2,0
- CI
3,0
4,0
-C2
4,0
4,0
-C3
5,0
4,0
-C4
5,0
7,0
-C5
5,0
4,0
Category D: - Dl
5.0
4,0
- D2
5,0
7,0
Category E:
6,0
7,0
Category F:
2,0
10
Category G:
5,0
45
0,75*
1,5
>40
0,00*
1,5
Category I:
A-G
A-G
Category J:
Specific use
Specific use
Loaded areas
Category A: - general
Category B:
Category C:
III.2.2.2
EC 1-2-4
[6.1 (l)]
(1) The wind forces acting on a structure or a structural component may be determined in
two ways:
-
104
EC 1-2-4
[9.2 (1)]
(2) It is proposed in this handbook to present the simple procedure which may be used for
buildings less than 200 m tall provided that the value of Cd is less than 1,2. For values of
dynamic factor Cd : see figure III.4. In all other cases the detailed method of Eurocode 1,
(Ref. 1: Part 2-4 Annex B) may be used.
200
150
not of
practical
interest
100
41
50 -
Heigth
h [m]
1
%/
5y
30 -
20 -
10
Breadth b [m]
10
20
50
100
(1) The net wind pressure across a wall or an element is the difference of the pressures on
each surface taking due account of their signs (Pressure, directed towards the surface is
taken as positive, and suction, directed away from the surface as negative): see Figure
III.5.
mu .
-*-*-
Internal pressure
:
GC
i.
[5.2 (l)]
fform. 5.11
e =Qref C e ( z e ) C pe
105
GC
EC 1-2-4
[5.3]
[form. 5.2]
[7.1 (1)]
= c
Iref
e(zi)cpi
where %
[form. (7.1)]
where
vref
[form. (7.2)]
ref = C D I R
TEM
ALT
ref,0
where vrefo
COIR
c e (z e )
T
c e ( z e ) = c2(z)c l : (z) 1 + c r (z)c t (z)
[form. (8.6)]
where kr, Cj (z), ct (z) are given for more details in Eurocode 1
(Ref. 1 : Part 2-4, section 8)
For flat terrain (i.e. upwind slope < 5% in the wind direction) ,
ct =1,0. For such conditions the exposure coefficient c e is given
in the Table III.4.
[10.2]
where
cpe
where
ze
[10.2.9]
and where c Pi
106
Table .4
EC 1-2-4
[Table 8.1]
Terrain Category:
I
Rough open sea, lake shores with at least 5 km fetch upwind and smooth flat
country without obstacles.
II
Farmland with boundary hedges, occasional small farm structures, houses or trees.
z [m]
1000
HI
200
100 4-
10-
Ce (z)
+
107
Table .5
EC 1-2-4
[Fig. 10.2.3]
.e/5.
Wind
Wind
- D
e/5
EC 1-2-4
[Table 10.2.1]
[Fig. 10.2.1]
Zone
A, A*
, *
1,3
1,0
Effected area [m T
< 1 m 2
1 2<<10 m 2 : d/h < 1
d/h<4
0,5
1,0
> 10 m 2
+ 1,0
1,0-0,2 login
0,5
1,0-0,4 login-3
+ 0,8/+0,6
0,5
0,3
0,3
0,3
Note: For different shapes of the buildings, the values of c p e are given in the section 10
of Eurocode 1 (Ref. 1: Part 2-4).
ECl-2-4 [Fig. 10.2.11]
C;
0,8
0,5
0
-0,25
-0,5
() 0,1
0,5
0,75 0,9 ]
Figure m.7 Internal pressure coefficient cm for buildings with openings in the wall
108
III.2.2.2.2
EC 1-2-4
[6.1(6)]
Wind force (F w )
(1) The global force, F w , shall be obtained form the following expression:
[form.(6.1)]
w =Qref C e ( z e ) C d
where
.2.2.3
ref
q re f
c e (z e )
ze
Cfj
Cf
A re f
s = Pj C e c t s kl
where
Sk
Ct
109
III.3
Load cases
(1) The following load cases are related to the general procedure to study structures
submitted to actions (see Figure III. 1 and clause III. 1 (4)): all load cases are defined by
relevant combinations (with partial safety factor, ) of characteristic (unfactored) values
of load arrangements (Fk).
EC4
[2.3.2.2 (l)]
For each load case, design values for the effects of actions (Ed, Sd) shall be determined
from global analysis of the structure submitted to the design values of actions (Fd = 7F
Fk) involved by combination mies as given :
- in Table III.6, for Serviceability Limit States,
- in Table III.7 and Table III.8, for Ultimate Limit States.
(2) In the case of the particular procedure defined in Figure III.2 (see also clause III. 1 (5)),
the characteristic (unfactored) values for the effects of actions (Ek, Sk) are obtained
from global analysis of the structure submitted to each single characteristic (unfactored)
value of load arrangement (Fk).
For each load case, design values for the effects of actions (Ed, Sd) shall be detemiined
from combination rules (with partial safety factor, ) defined in Tables III.6 to III.8
where values of load arrangements (Fk = Gk, Qk, g, q, s, w, P) are replaced by the
characteristic values for the effects of actions (Ek = (V, , f, a,...)k ; Sk = (N, V,
M,...)k).
For instance, in the case of the third example in Table III.8, the general load case 1. (1,35
gk + 1,50 wk) should be replaced by the following particular load case 1. considering the
elements or the cross-sections with :
their worst effects of actions (for columns: axial force (N)k; for beams: shear force
(V)k and bending moment (M)k) and,
their worst combined effects of actions (for beam-columns: (N)k + (M)k ; ...):
- max = 1,35 (N)k(due to gk) + 1,50 (N)k.max(due to wk),
- max V = 1,35 (V)k(due to gk) + 1,50 (V)k.max(due to W k ),
- max M = 1,35 (M)k(due to gk) + 1,50 (M)k.max(due to wk),
- max + associated M,
- max M + associated N, ...
(3) In the following chapters III.3.1 and III.3.2, the proposed combinations of actions are
simplifications adapted to building structures : for SLS, see Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4: 2.3.4
(5)) and for ULS, see Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4: 2.3.3.1 (6)).
(4) If the limitations imposed at SLS and at ULS meet difficulties to be respected, more
favourable combinations of actions could be used instead of the respective simplified
proposals of Table III.6 (then refer to [2.3.4 (2)] of Eurocode 4) or Tables III.7 and
III.8 (then refer to [2.3.2.2(2)] of Eurocode 4).
110
.3.1
Table .6
Ref. 6
Table 2.3
EC4
[2.3.4 (5)]
variable
actions
Qk -
EGk+Qk.max
Qk.max -
permanent actions,
e.g. self weight
variable
actions,
e.g. imposed loads
on floors, snow
loads, wind loads
the variable action
which causes the
largest effect
The load combination which gives the largest effect (i.e. deformations, deflections) is decisive
.3.2
Table .7
Ref. 6
Table 2.1
EC4
[2.3.3.1(6)]
the
most
unfavourable
variable
Gk -
permanent
actions
e.g. self weight.
Qk -
variable
actions,
e.g. imposed loads
on floors, snow
load, wind loads.
actions
I G k + T Q Qk.max
1.
1,35* I G k +1,50** Q k . m a x
Yc-IGk+0,9YQ XQk
2.
1,35 G k + l , 3 5
Qk
wind load Q
dead load G
YG -
YQ -
YQ = 0
The load combination which gives the largest effect (i.e.internal forces or moment ) is decisive
111
Examples for the application of the combinations mies in Table III.7. All
actions (g, q, P , s, w) are considered to originate from different sources
Table .8
,.
,,
,,
,,
load cases
1'
combinations of actions
l,35g + l,50q
l,35g + l,50s
&
>
l,35(g + q + s)
l,35g + l,50q
'~EZOZE-0 q
l,35g + l,50P* )
1 I i i I i i I Ig
X
l,35g + l,50s
l ^ t g + q + s + P^)
q
g
w
r&
g
q
s
w
dead load
imposed load
point load
snow load
wind load
1.
l,35g + l,50w
2.
l,35g + l,50q
3.
l,35g + l,50s
4.
l,35(g + q + w + s)
rA
12
IV
IV.l
Generalities
(1) For each load case (see chapter III) the design value of the following internal force may
be applied to members submitted to centered axial compression which shall be checked
at ultimate limit states :
(2) This chapter only deals with composite columns which are of two main types :
- totally (Figure IV.l a)) or partially (Figure IV.l b)) concrete encased steel sections
and,
- concrete filled steel sections (Figures IV.l c) and d)).
115
EC4
[4.8.1 (2)]
EC4
[4.8.1 (3)]
(3) This chapter IV only applies to isolated non-sway composite members in compression.
(4) This chapter IV presents the simplified method of design (EC4 [4.8.3]) for composite
columns of double symmetrical (Figure IV.l) and uniform cross-section over the
column length. This simplified method uses the European buckling curves for steel
columns (Eurocode 3) as the basic design curves for composite columns.
Application mies for composite columns of mono-symmetrical cross-section are given in
Annex D of Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4).
When the limits of applicability of the simplified method are not fulfilled (see chapter
IV. 1.1), the general method (EC4 : [4.8.3]) has to be applied.
That general method includes composite columns with non-symmetrical or non-uniform
cross-section over the column length.
EC4
[4.8.3.1]
allowances must be made for imperfections which are consistent with those adopted
for assessing the strength of bare steel columns,
- proper account must be taken of the steel and concrete stresse-strain curves,
- plane sections remain plane.
(6) The Table IV.l provides a list of checks to be performed at Ultimate Limit States for the
member submitted to centered axial compression (Nx sd) A member shall have
sufficient bearing capacity if al[ checks are fulfilled. All the checks have both references
to Eurocode 4 and to the design handbook.
Table IV.l
EC4
[4.8.3.1 (5)]
Check
Check
Check
Check
[4.8.3.3]
(5)
[4.8.3.8]
(6)
[4.8.3.1 (3)]
[4.8.2.5]
[4.8.2.4]
[4.8.2.6] to
[4.8.2.8]
References to
design handbook
116
IV.2
IV.3
EC4
[4.8.3.1 (3)]
I V.l. 1
[4.8.3.4]
0,2<<0,9 , where
where Npi.Rd
Ya
Ref. 7 [8.3.6]
If is less than 0,2 , the column shall be designed according to Eurocode 2. If exceeds
0,9 , column design shall be made on the basis of Eurocode 3.
(3) Member slendemess :
The non-dimensional slendemess of composite member should be limited for both
axes :
Xy <2,0 and < 2 , 0
<4,0%
where As
Ac
Ref. 7 [8.3.6]
EC4
[4.8.2.5 (4)]
For reasons of fire protection, greater percentages of reinforcement can be included but
shall not be taken into account for the design without consideration of fire problems.
The transverse reinforcement in concrete encased columns (see Figure IV.l a) and b))
should be designed according to clause 5.4.1.2.2 of Eurocode 2 (Ref. 2).
117
EC4
[4.8.2.5 (5)]
EC4
[4.8.2.5 (8)]
IV.1.2
EC4
[4.8.2.4(2)] (1) At ultimate limit states the effects of local buckling of steel members in composite
columns may be neglected provided that the steel parts in compression have to satisfy the
limits defined in Table IV.2.
(2) In practice, all standard H or I hot-rolled profiles presented in Tables V.7 (designed by
IPE, IPE A, IPE O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC) fulfill the limit conditions
of Table IV.2 (first type of cross-section : partially concrete encased steel profile) for all
steel grades (S 235, S 275, S 355); therefore they can be designed without consideration
of local buckling.
EC4
[4.8.2.4 (3)] (3) If the limit values given in Table IV.2 are exceeded, the effect of local buckling should
be taken into account by an appropriate experimentally confirmed method.
118
Table IV.2
Ref. 7 Table 8.1
Limiting ratio
Type of cross-section
S 275
S 355
b/tf <
44
41
36
h/t <
52
48
42
d/t <
90
77
60
b
itf
in,,
'"
|
'it
>
''
fr
-4r._
I V.l.3
>1
naximum 4umm;
EC4
[4.8.2.6 (l)] (1) In general internal forces and moments applied from members connected to the ends of
a composite column length have to be distributed between the steel and concrete
components of the column, by considering the shear resistance at the interface between
steel and concrete.
EC4
[4.8.2.7 (1)]
The shear resistance between the steel section and the concrete may be developed by :
- chemical bond and friction at the interface steel-concrete, or
- mechanical shear connection,
such that no significant slip occurs.
EC4
[4.8.2.7
Ref.7
[8.2.4]
Ref. 9
[4.7]
(2)] (2) As the natural bond between steel profile and concrete is uncertain, the design shear
resistance due to bond and friction may be limited to the values given in Table IV.3.
(3) An exact determination of bond stresses between structural steel and concrete requires
extensive calculation. Stresses may be determined in a simplified way either according to
elastic theory or from the plastic resistance of the cross-section. The variation of stresses
in the concrete member between two critical sections can be used for the determination
of bond stresses.
(4) For axially loaded columns, it is usually found that this interface shear is sufficient to
develop the combined strengths of both materials at the critical cross-section (mid-
119
column height). For columns with significant end moments, a horizontal shear force is
needed, which requires the development of longitudinal shear forces between the
concrete and steel.
Design shear resistance stresses (due to bond and friction) at the interface
between steel and concrete
Types of cross-section
Table IV.3
0,6 N/mm2
'
for flanges :
0,2 N/mm2
for web :
0,0 N/mm2
"N
<* S
IV.1.4
Ref. 9
[4.8]
cJ
f>v
0,4 N/mm2
(1) Where a load is applied to a composite column, it must be ensured that within a specified
introduction length, the individual components of the composite cross-section are loaded
according to their resistances so that no significant ship occurs between these parts. For
this purpose, a division of the loads between the steel and the concrete must be made in a
manner similar to that described in section IV. 1.3.
In order to estimate the distribution of the applied load, the stress distributions at the
beginning and the end of the region of introduction must be known. From the
differences in these stresses, the loads which are transferred to the cross-section
components may be determined.
The following requirement on the introduction length l\ of the region of load
introduction should be satisfied :
r' ~2d
where d
120
(2) A simple method of distributing the loads to be introduced can be made by help of the
plastic resistance of the different cross-section components, the steel section, the concrete
and the reinforcing steel, as follows :
N cs.Sd
N a.Rd
= N x.Sd 1
N pl.Rd
or Nx.Sd (1-),
where Na.Rd
'Afy)
< Ya J
is the resistance to compression of the composite cross-section
(see chapter IV.2),
Wplfy^
is the moment resistance of the steel cross-section
Ya
is the plastic moment resistance of the composite crosssection(see chapter VI.2),
NpLRd
Maild
M
pl.Rd
Ncs.Sd
Mcs.Sd
If the loads are applied through a connection to the steel section, the elements of the load
introduction, e.g. the headed studs, must be designed to transmit the concrete
components of the loading, N cs .sd and M cs .sd In the case of load introduction from the
concrete into the steel section, e.g. through brackets, the respective steel forces and
moments, N a .sd and Ma.sd must be allowed for in the design.
EC4
[4.8.2.6 (4)] (3) In an I-section with concrete only between the flanges, the concrete should be gripped by
stirrups and a clear defined load transmission path between concrete and steel web should
be identified (see Figure IV. 3).
- :
tt= = 0
1I
(Stirrups
: - : - :
weldec1
to web
sJtirrups passe d
through web
Shear connecte)rs
on web
121
economie when used with open cross-sections as shown in Figure IV.4 . The forces on
the outward stud connectors are transmitted to the flanges and the friction force
developed, R, may be evaluated as follows :
EC4 [4.8.2.8 (2)]
R = p f PRd
is the design resistance of one headed stud connector (see
chapter V.2.7),
where P R
EC4 [6.5.2.1 (1)]
\{
p.PRd/2
|, *
30Q
< 400
C3
ch
i-600
Figure IV.4 Shear resistance of headed stud connectors used to create direct load
transfer into the concrete
IV.2
4.8.3.3 (l)
(1) For members in axial compression, the design value for the compressive force N x .sd at
each composite cross-section shall satisfy:
x.Sd < N pl.Rd
where Npi.Rd
Aa, Ac, As
fck
fsk
YMa Yc Ys are partial safety factors at ultimate limit states for the structural
steel, concrete and reinforcement steel (see Table 11.10),
1 0 = 4 , 9 - 1 8 , 5 + 17 T2
X-, a n d i n o > 0 (see Table IV.4),
122
20 = 0,25 (3 + 2),
composite
Table IV.4
EC4 [Table 4.5]
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
> 0,5
io
2
4,90
3,22
1,88
0,88
0,22
0,00
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,95
1,00
Table IV.5
Npi.Rd =
+
^HH^MHB
= a
Npi.Rd
Q85f c k
=3
f
YMa
Yc
+ AS *sk
J
Ys
+
Npi.Rd
11
wtmmm
y /YMa
\]
WYC
fsk /Ys
\~
Npi.Rd
"
L
+
:
: ..
'a"
^
c
YMa
+ AC
'sk
c J
==1
yc
3 20
- + A,
YMa
Ick
V le
+
)
t fy^
HY
+ AC
d f,ek )
Notation : "+" means stresses in compression ; for calculation of A a , A s and A c , see Table IV.6
123
EC4 [4.8.3.3
(3) to (6)]
(2) For concrete-filled circular hollow section (the 4th type of cross-section in Table IV.5)
the strength is increased because of confinement of the steel tube and triaxial
containment of concrete and, if relative slendemess of the member : < 0,5.
Table IV.6
Types of cross-sections
Cross-sectional area
b=b
A a = 2 b tf + (h - 2 tf) t w + (4 - ) r2
/
As
2
A s ; =7U
2jAs
i=l
V
A c = b c hc - A a - As
A a = 2 t ( h + b - 4 r ) + ( r 2 - r.2nt)
[:
I*
2 "\
AS
2v^S
A si =
"
i=l
ilt
' : . ' . % : ,
A c = (b - 2 t) (h - 2 t) - (4 - ) r, - A s
Aa
d
*K
D
=
2
A s = 2vA s
i=l
Ac
124
A si =
nnt
"
4
As
'
IV.3
(1) The compression members shall be checked to flexural buckling mode (buckling by
plane bending) according to both principal axes of the section (major axis: yy; minor
axis: zz) with the appropriate buckling lengths (Lb.y, Lb.z)
EC4
[4.8.3.8]
(2) For members submitted to axial compression the design value of the compressive force
Nx.Sd shall satisfy:
with Nh.Rd
Nx.Sd ^ Nby.Rd
= Xy Npi.Rd
Nx.Sd ^ Nbz.Rd
= Xz Npi.Rd
where Nby.Rd and Nby.Rd are the design flexural buckling resistances of the
member for buckling mode about yy and zz axes,
%y,
are the buckling reduction factors for the buckling mode about
yy and zz axes,
Npi.Rd
(3) For constant axial compression in members of constant cross-section, the value of the
buckling reduction coefficient (Xy, ) is related to the appropriate non-dimensional
relative slendemess ( , ) :
EC3, [5.5.1.2 (1)]
[form. (5.46)]
= ():
where
+^-2
,but <
= 0,5 1 + oc ( - 0 , 2 ) + 2
is an imperfection factor (see Table IV.7), depending on the
appropriate buckling curve.
Table IV.7
Imperfection factors a
Buckling curve
Imperfection factor
0,21
0,34
0,49
The buckling reduction factor is given in function of and the appropriate buckling
curve for each type of cross-sections in Table IV.ll. When < 0 , 2 flexural buckling is
not a potential failure mode (then, = 1,0).
125
(4) The non-dimensional relative slendemess has to be considered for the relevant plane
of bending : and , respectively for buckling about major yy and minor zz axes :
=.
where Npi.R
pl.R
Nc,y=r(EIy)
/L b.y
Ncr,=r(EIz)e/L2b.
(E I) e
is the effective elastic flexural stiffness of the composite crosssection, about major (yy) and minor (zz) axes :
(E Iy J = E a ly a + 0 , 8 E c d Iy.C +E S Iy , or.
( E I z ) e = E a 'z.a + 0 , 8 E c d I z . c +E S I2
Ea, Es
Ecd
ly.a* ly.c- ly.s are the moments of inertia for bending about y axis of the
structural steel, the concrete (assumed to be uncracked) and
the reinforcement, respectively (see Table IV.8),
Iz.a. Iz.c Iz.s are the moments of inertia for bending about axis of the
structural steel, the concrete (assumed to be uncracked) and
the reinforcement, respectively (see Table IV.8),
Lb.y, Lb.z
126
Table IV.8 a) Moments of inertia of totally and partially concrete-encased steel profile
I a , Is- Ic
are the moments of inertia for structural steel, reinforcement and concrete
(assumed to be uncracked) for bending about y and axes
b = bc
yj
>r-H
ez
Cz
he
~+
ey
Tz
Ia.y =[bh3-(b-tw)(h-2tf)2
Is.v =
i=l
Psi
Zj
c
I1 c.y - bcc. hc
- 1 a.y _ i1 s.y
~
Ix
c.z
hrbr
.r.
- Ix
a.z
- xI
s.z
127
h = hc
1 f^4
*
^ r
l'intu
ez
J
and concrete
u
Iav
a y
'
(b-2r)h3
2 r ( h - 2 r ) 3 i r r 4
64 + ~
= +
+
2
4
9
)
.2
3,
12
12
3
(b-2t-2rint)(h-2t)
2r i n t (h-- 2 t - 2 r i n t ) 3 KXUX
h-2t
64
-rcr i n-t
12
12
4 ( 9 2
'-rl-'
)]
f,
4 y
2 'H^J
Is.y =
i=l
c y
Psi
Zj
(b-2t-2rint)(h-2t)3
rint(h-2t-2rint)3
12
4
_(h-2r)b3
a z
' ~
2r(b-2r)3
12
12
(h-2t-2rint)(b-2t)3
4 I
4 1
'
9~ J
4-"
"h-2t
+ 7Cr
12
KTU
-Zi-i-i'
's.y
3
2
b-2t
l T
2 n i
- 4
4 y
bt
2r i n t (b-- 2 t - 2 r i n t ) 3
12
{ -9K r
4V
2 "H^JJ
i s .z = !psi
i=l
+ A
seyi
(h-2t-2rint)(b-2t)3
r hl t ( b - 2 t - 2 r i n t ) 3
12
64
4
Notations : see table IV.8 c)
f.- :
l
97C-J
+ 7cr
"b-2t
4 y
. 2 - ^ r J j -Is.z
are the moments of inertia for structural steel, reinforcement and concrete
(assumed to be uncracked) for bending about y and axes
ja4-at)
Iay
64
is.v = Ipsj
+A
siezi
1=1
-y
a.z
-I
64
*a.y
r
is.z - Ipsi
+A
sieyi
i=l
=
C-Z
-I
s
64
Notations
^si
e y i or e z i
129
EC4
[4.8.3.5]
(5) The effective elastic modulus of the concrete ECd varies if the effects of short-term or
long-term loading are taken into account for the composite columns. F or slender
columns (with greater than limits given in Table IV.9), the long-term behaviour of the
concrete (creep and shrinkage of concrete) reduces the resistance. This influence can be
considered by a simple modification of the effective elastic modulus of the concrete Ecd :
for short-term loading :
where
cd
-'
Yc = 1,35
for long-term loading and slender columns (if relative slendemess, is greater
than limits given in Table IV.9) :
where E c m and yc
Table IV.9
cd
1-0,5-
N G.Sd
x.Sd J
Nx.Sd
NG.Sd
Types of cross-section
r.
|*<
0,8
T
=L
y\
^ (r
iv
0,8/(1 -)
'
Notation : is the steel contribution ratio (see chapter IV. 1.1, clause (2))
130
EC4 [4.8.3.6
(l)and(2)] (6)
The buckling length Lb (Lb.y, Lb.z) of an isolated non-sway compression member with
both ends effectively held in position laterally may conservatively be taken as equal to its
system length L; or alternatively, the buckling length may be determined using
informative Annex E of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 3) and specific rules given in Eurocode 4
(Ref. 4 : [4.8.3.6]).
Buckling lengths of columns in a non-sway mode may be provided in Table IV. 10 for
different boundary conditions to be demonstrated according to Eurocode 4.
System
Lb
2L
Nx.Sd
Nx.Sd
Nx.Sd
Nx.Sd
131
0,7 L
0,5 L
relative
slendemess
curve b
curve c
0,0
1,0000
1,0000
1.0000
0,2
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,3
0,9775
0,9641
0,9491
0,4
0,9528
0,9261
0,8973
0,5
0,9243
0,8842
0,8430
0,6
0,8900
0,8371
0.7854
0,7
0,8477
0,7837
0,7247
0,8
0,7957
0,7245
0,6622
0,9
0,7339
0,6612
0,5998
1,0
0,6656
0,5970
0,5399
1,1
0,5960
0,5352
0,4842
1,2
0,5300
0,4781
0,4338
1,3
0,4703
0,4269
0,3888
1,4
0,4179
0,3817
0,3492
1,5
0,3724
0,3422
0,3145
1,6
0,3332
0,3079
0,2842
1,7
0,2994
0,2781
0,2577
1,8
0,2702
0,2521
0,2345
1,9
0,2449
0,2294
0,2141
2,0
0,2229
0,2095
0,1962
132
MEMBERS IN BENDING
(V;M;(V,M))
MEMBERS IN BENDING (V ; M ; (V , M) )
V.l
Generalities
( 1 ) For each load case (see chapter III) the design values for the following effects of actions
are applied to members in bending and shall be checked at serviceability limit states
(SLS) and at ultimate limit states (ULS) :
EC4
[4.1.2 (l)]
EC4
[4.1.1 (1)]
EC4
[4.1.3]
- For SLS :
- For ULS :
(2) This chapter V only deals with composite beams which have been presented in chapter II
(see Figure II.2 for typical types of cross-sections).
Beams with concrete-encased steel webs are included (see Figure II.2) but beams with
fully-encased steel sections are excluded.
(3) This chapter V applies to isolated composite beams and to composite beams in composite
frames.
(4) Depending on sequences of construction, steel beams loaded by wet concrete have to be
checked at construction stage according to Eurocode 3 rules (Ref. 3). Those verifications
are out of the scope of this design handbook.
At composite stage when concrete is matured, composite beams have to be checked at
ultimate limit states and at serviceability limit states according to Eurocode 4 as explained
in this chapter V.
(5) In composite beams the possible critical sections to be checked, are summarised in Table
V.l.
135
Table V.l
Critical sections for the design calculation and related action effects to be
checked
Ref.7
[Figure 6.2]
|B
C|
.;
.p
welded plate
CITC \
Al
EC4
[4.1.2 (3) & (4)]
|C
r...
Critical cross-sections :
A-
B-B
C-C
Regions :
D-D
EC4
[4.1.2 (4)]
flange
(for
136
(6) The Table V.2 provides a list of the checks to be performed at Ultimate Limit States for
the member in bending (V; M; (V,M)). A member shall have sufficient bearing capacity
if aU the checks are fulfilled according to the loading applied to that member. For
instance, in the case of loading nr , aU checks from (1) to (5) have to be satisfied.
All the checks have both references to Eurocodes 3 or 4 and to the design handbook.
The Table V.2 proposes the following loadings applied to the member:
Vertical shear force : Vz.sd
Bending moment: My.d
Interaction of vertical shear force and bending moment: (Vz.sd and My.sd)
Table V.2
E C 3 [5.4.6 (1)]
E C 3 [5.6.1 (1)]
E C 3 [5.6.3 (1)]
Table V.8
V.2.4.2
V.2.4.3
E C 4 [6.3.2.1]
ifdltw>69E:
V.2.4.1
E C 3 [5.7.4 (1)]
V.2.7
E C 4 [6.6.2]
(2)
V.2.7
E C 4 [4.6.2]
E C 4 [4.6.3]
E C 4 [6.3.2.1]
My.sd - My.Rd
V.2.5.1
V.2.5.2.2
V.2.5.2.3
V.2.7
Vf < VRd
137
V.2.7
Table V.2
force
and
bending
moment
Reference to
design
handbook :
V.2.6.1
Vz.Sd - Vpi.z.Rd
V.2.4.1
My.Sd - My.Rd
V.2.5.1
E C 4 [4.6.3]
E C 4 [4.4.3]
E C 4 [4.4.5]
E C 3 [5.6.1 (1)]
Vz.Sd - Ra.Rd
(design crippling resistance)
(4) Stability of member to hogging MySd 'n continuous beam or
cantilever, if initial conditions are not fulfilled :
(design lateral-torsional buckling resistance moment
of the member)
(5) Resistance of cross-section to (V- $d , My.Sd) '
V.2.4.3
V.2.5.2.2
My.sd - Mb.Rd
V.2.5.2.3
My.Sd - My.Rd
V.2.6.1
V.2.6.2 (3) A
EC3
[5.6.7.2 (2)]
V.2.6.2 (3)
V.2.5.1
EC3
[5.6.7.2 (3)]
V.2.6.2 (3) C
V.2.6.2 (3) C
EC3
[5.6.7.2 (1)]
(6.1) If My.sd -
Table V.8
V.2.4.2
V.2.5.1
V.2.4.2
Vf < PRd
V.2.7
138
V.2.7
V.2
V.2.1
EC4
[4.2.2.1]
Allowance shall be made for the flexibility of a concrete flange that induces unequal
bending normal stress distribution over the flange width because of in-plane shear
("shear lag"). In the simple model proposed in Eurocode 4, the effective composite
cross-section is composed of an effective width beff of the concrete slab for which
constant normal stress distribution replaces the trae stress distribution variable along the
true slab width
(2) Effective width of concrete slab :
The effective width on each side of the steel web should be taken as IQ I 8, but not greater
than distances bj (see Figure V.l):
beff = b e l +b e 2
where
b e l = minimum
b e 2 = minimum
(it :b,
;b 2
bi
is the half distance from the beam web to the adjacent beam
web or the distance from the beam web to the free edge of
concrete slab (b = b2 and bi respectively in Figure V.l),
EC4
[4.2.2.1 (1)] (3) For elastic global analysis, the effective width beff of the concrete flange may be
assumed to be constant over the whole of each span. It may be taken as the value at midspan (for a beam supported at both ends), or as the value at the support (for cantilever
beam). For continuous beams two methods are proposed (see chapter V.2.3).
EC4
[4.2.2.2]
(4) For verifications of cross-sections, the effective width beff should be taken as the relevant
midspan value (for sections in sagging bending), or as the value at the relevant support
(for sections in hogging bending).
139
Jf
bel y
/-
be2
bi
-?'
b2
bi
-7
- Length In :
lp = L
/7^7
/-
/T7777
0=0,25(Li+L2)
/w777
SJ/7/J
^0 = 0 , 8 L i
Li
* =
Figure V . l
EC4
[4.2.3]
Co = 0,7 L 2
V-
(0
Lo
7<
/7T777
7-
Designation
Flexural stiffness
"Uncracked" method
E a Il
"Cracked" method
Eaf2
where
Ea
II
12
1?
Aa(hc+2hp+ha)
:
;
4(1 + 0
140
r-l.
rc
beff h c
Aa.
A.
rs
E'c
Aa
beff
beff he
la
he
hp
ha
beff
^beff/m
ELASTIC STRESSES
j.
'J
My.Sd
Profiled
steel sheet
beff
^beff/q.
(=> II)
_ . _ ) My.Sd
(=> l2)
a strain
Figure V2
Oa stress
141
EC4 [4.3]
V .2.2
V.2.2.1
Generalities
( 1 ) For a designer the usual procedure is to choose a cross-section in such a way that the
maximal capacity is not controlled by local buckling but is associated with the bearing
load of a particular member of the structure (column, beam, beam-column). Therefore
the local buckling plays an important role in the design of cross-sections including
structural steel section.
The critical level over which local buckling appears in composite beams, is defined by
the classification of steel sections.
(2) For the check of composite cross-sections and composite beams at Ultimate Limit States,
the steel cross-sections shall be classified. The classification of cross-sections allows to
evaluate beforehand their behaviour, their ultimate resistance and their deformation
capacity, taking into account the possible limits on the resistance due to local buckling of
compression elements of steel sections.
(3) The classification of cross-sections permits (see Table V.3):
- to guide the selection of global analysis methods of the structure (elastic or plastic
global analysis),
- to determine the criteria to be used for ULS checks of composite cross-sections
and members.
(4) Four classes of composite cross-section are defined according to (see chapters V.2.2.2
and V.2.2.3) :
- the slendemess of its steel elements in compression (width-over-thickness ratios of
steel web or steel flange in compression),
- the yield strength of the steel and,
- the sign of bending moment applied to the composite cross-section (sagging or
hogging bending moments) :
(5) It is important to precise that the present classification of cross-sections is only based on
the distribution of normal stresses across the steel section and is not affected by vertical
shear force Vz.sd- The resistance of steel webs to shear buckling (induced by Vz.Sd)
should be checked in chapter V.2.4.2.
Ref. 10
(p. 21)
(6)
EC4 [1.1.2 (6)]
142
Ref. 10
(p. 22)
EC4
[4.5.2.2 and
(7) Designers of structures for buildings normally select beams with steel sections such that
the composite sections are in Class 1 or 2, for the following reasons :
4.9.7]
EC4
[4.4.1.1 (2)]
b) Plastic theory for the bending resistances of beams is available only for crosssections in Class 1 or Class 2. The ratio of the plastic resistance to the elastic
resistance is in the range of 1,2 to 1,4 for composite sections, compared with about
1,15 for rolled steel I-section.
EC4
[4.5.3.4]
c) Where elastic global analysis is used, the limits to the redistribution of moments are
more favourable for the lower classes (see chapter V.2.3).
EC4
[6.2.1]
EC4
a) Rigid-plastic global analysis (also known as plastic hinge analysis) is available only
for structures where the cross-sections at plastic hinge locations are in Class 1 and
other cross-sections of beams are in Class 2. That method of plastic global analysis
is out of the scope of this design hanbook.
d) Where floor slabs are composite, it is convenient to use partial shear connection.
This is allowed only for beams where the critical cross-sections are in Class 1 or
Class 2 (see chapter V.2.7).
V.2.2.2
[4.3.1 (l)] (1) Four classes of cross-sections are defined for composite beams, as follows :
Class 1 ("plastic") cross-sections are those which can form a plastic hinge with the
rotation capacity required for plastic analysis.
. Class 2 ("compact") cross-sections are those which can develop their plastic
moment resistance, but have limited rotation capacity.
. Class 3 ("semi-compact") cross-sections are those in which the calculated stress in
the extreme compression fibre of the steel member can reach its yield strength, but
local buckling is liable to prevent development of the plastic moment resistance.
. Class 4 ("slender") cross-sections are those in which it is necessary to make
explicit allowances for the effects of local buckling when determining their
moment resistance or compression resistance.
(2) The Table V.3 recapitulates the characteristics of each class of cross-section in case of
steel simply-supported beam.
(3) The ultimate resistance of cross-sections and of members submitted to bending depends
on class of cross-sections and is based on the following properties (see Table V.3):
Distribution of stresses across Cross-section properties for ULS partial
the section
ULS check formulas
safety factors
- full plastic distribution
Class 1 or 2
plastic properties (Mpi.Rd)
Ya
- at the level of yield strength
- elastic distribution
Class 3
Ya
- with yield strength reached elastic properties (Mei.Rd)
in the extreme fibres
- elastic distribution across
the effective section taking
Class 4
into account local buckling effective properties (Meff.Rd)
YRd
- with yield strength reached
in the extreme fibres.
143
Table V.3
^^JJJJjHpP^
Class
Behaviour model
Design resistance
PLASTIC
across full section
fy
PLASTIC
across full section
fy
Available rotation
capacity of plastic hinge
important
fy
limited
none
elastic
with
redistribution
of moments
none
elastic
with
redistribution
of moments
M pi
Mel
"" local
buckling
ELASTIC
across effective section
fy
plastic
or,
elastic
with
redistribution
of moments
elastic
with
redistribution
of moments
ELASTIC
across full section
Global
analysis
of
structures
(4) Compression steel elements of cross-section of composite beams are classified separately
according to :
- their geometrical proportions (slendemess : width-over-thickness ratios),
EC4
[4.3.1 (2)]
EC4
[4.3.1 (5)]
EC4
[4.3.3.2 (2)]
144
(5) The various compression elements in a cross-section (web or flange) can, in general, be
in different classes.
EC4
[4.3.1 (2)]
(6) A cross-section is normally classified by quoting the highest (least favourable) class of
its steel compression elements.
Alternatively the classification of a cross-section may be defined by quoting both the
flange classification and the web classification. For instance, the compression flange of
an I-section may be class 1 and its web may be class 3. Then this I-section is class 3.
(7) An element of a cross-section (as such a web or a flenge) which fails to satisfy the limits
for class 3 should be taken as class 4.
EC4
[4.3.2]
[4.3.3]
The procedures are summarized in Figure V.3 where references to Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4)
and this design handbook are given respectively on the left and right sides in boxes of
the flow-chart. The flow-chart in Figure V.3 includes several unusual cases. The typical
situations are outlined below for members of uniform section :
a) For simply-supported beams : Only the midspan region needs to be classified. The
steel top flange is restrained by shear connection (see chapter V.2.2.3, Figure V.4),
or by embedment in a slab , and so is in class 1. The depth of steel web in
compression (if any) is so small that it is also in class 1. The other classes can occur
in deep composite plate girders.
Where partial shear connection is used, the area of structural steel in compression is
increased (see chapter V.2.7). Class 2 webs can then occur in the deeper beams in
buildings.
b) For continuous beams and cantilevers : Midspan regions of beams are usually in
class 1, as above. The other critical sections are near internal supports, where the
compression flange is unrestrained. Almost all rolled sections have outstand
flanges in class 1 or 2 : see Tables V.7 where all IPE, IPE A, IPE O, HE B, HE M
and UB profiles and several HE AA, HE A and UC profiles have outstand flanges
in compression in class 1 or 2, for steel grades S 235, S 275 and S 355. Bottom
flanges of plate girders can be so proportioned that the class is not worse than that
of the web.
The class of the web is determined mainly by the area of longitudinal
reinforcement in the slab that is assumed to contribute to the resistance to hogging
bending. Any significant area of reinforcement will raise the neutral axis of
composite cross-section and will put the web of most rolled I-sections into class 2,
or even class 3 or 4 (see chapter V.2.2.4). For all standard ht-rolled I-sections
(IPE, IPE A, IPE O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC) and for steel grades
S 235, S 275 and S 355, Tables V.7 present two extreme classification for webs
subjected to hogging bending : the worst classification related to full webs
subjected to compression and the particular classification related to webs subjected
to bending (when steel profiles resist alone).
The use of an effective web in accordance with Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4, clause 4.3.3.1
(3)) is intended to eliminate the anomaly caused by the sudden change from
plastic to elastic section analysis at the class 2/3 boundary (see Ref. 4 : Note to
clause 4.3.3.1 (3)). This "hole-in-web" method is presented in chapter V.2.2.4.
Partial shear connection is not allowed by Eurocode 4 in hogging moment regions.
This is fortunate here, because it would be a complex matter to combine it with the
"hole-in-web" method.
145
rw'-
yes
Flange is
Class 1
Flange is
Class 2
Web in
compression
is Class 3
Web is
Class 1
Figure V.3
V.2.2.3
EC4
[4.3.2 (l)]
Web is
Class 2
Web is
Class 2 or 3
yes
Web is
Class 4
Is the flange
Class 1 or 2?
Replace web by
effective web
in Class 2 ?
[4.3.3.1 (3)]
{V^Alffl.Fig.V.}/
j yes
Effective web
is Class 2
/ I s the flan
Class 3?
yes
7I
Is the flange \
Classi? /
Section is
Class 1
Ref. 10 (p. 23)
Web not
classified
(Class 3 or 4?)
Is web
encased ?
[4.3.1 (6) to (9)]
UV.2.2.3(3),Fig.V.5]
yes
Flange is
Class 4
Flange is
Class 3
Section is
Class 2
Effective section
is Class 2
Section is
Class 3
Section is
Class 4
(1) A steel compression flange that is restrained from buckling by effective attachment to a
concrete flange by shear connectors in accordance with the Figure V.4 (see Ref. 4,
6.4.1.5) may be assumed to be in Class 1.
EC4
[6.4.1.5 (2)] (2) The classification of other steel flanges in compression in composite beams shall be in
accordance with Table V.4, for outstand flanges, and Table V.5 for internal flange
elements.
146
EC4
[6.4.1.5 (2)]
[6.4.1.5 (3)]
Ref. 11
[Figure 1]
jit
My.Sd
)
LJfy
fy
eT
235
f.
e L < 22 t f
L4
Figure V.4
it
235
tf 4
.
I
e T < 9 tf
eL
e T < 9 tf
L^T^JL/^ I
235
e L < 15 t f
235
EC4
[4.3.1 (6)]
(3) For a web to be treated as "encased" in Table V.4 the concrete that encases it shall be
reinforced, mechanically connected to the steel section, and capable of preventing
buckling of the web and of any part of the compression flange towards the web. Figure
V.5 presents the requirements of Eurocode 4 for "encased" webs (see Ref. 4: 4.3.1 (7)
to (9)).
147
EC4
[4.3.1 (7)]
to
[4.3.1 (9)]
=}ev
or
*?,
=^e v
or
,<P
Stirrup welded
to the web
j - e L J- e L I-1
ev^
e
< 400 mm
e
h
> 400 mm
e L ^ 400 mm
ev < 200 mm
Figure V.5
V.2.2.4
Different rales are defined to evaluate the class of steel webs in function of the class of
compression flange (see chapter V.2.2.3) : if compression flange is in class 1 or 2 refer
to chapter V.2.2.4.1, or if compression flange is in class 3 or 4 refer then to chapter
V.2.2.4.2.
V.2.2.4.1 Classification of steel webs where the compression flange is in Class 1 or 2
EC4
[4.3.3.1 (l)] (1) The Class of the web shall be determined by Table V.6. The plastic stress distribution for
the effective composite section shall be used, except if web is in class 3 (or 4) where the
elastic stress distribution shall be used. The position of neutral axes of composite sections
should be calculated as explained in V.2.2.2 (4).
EC4
[4.3.3.1 (2)] (2) A web in Class 3 that is encased in concrete may be represented by an effective web of
the same cross-section in Qass 2 (see Figure V.6). The requirements for a web to be
encased in concrete are given in clause V.2.2.3 (3) and Figure V.5.
EC4
[4.3.3.1 (3)] (3) An uncased web in Qass 3 may be represented by an effective web in Class 2, by
assuming that the depth of web that resists compression is limited to (20 t w ) adjacent to
the compression flange, and (20 t w ) adjacent to the new plastic neutral axis ("hole-inweb" method), as shown in Figure V.6.
148
1 ) Encased webs in class 2 instead of class 3 (see Figure V.5 for requirements to have
encased webs) :
,fsk/Ys
,
, fsk/Ys
> ,
..-*
:-:.:
_ 1 Mhogging
_ 1 Mhogging
fy/Ya
fy/Ya
fyy t/Y
a
fy /Ya
=>
initial ( d - 4 0 t w )
P.N.A
f
ad
/1
neglected
fy/Ya
2 ( a d - 40tw
40 tw E)i
Mpl.y.Rd
2 0 tw
stresses in compression
fy (N/mm2)
^ 2 3 5 / f y
Figure V.6
235
275
t = tf or t w
355
0,92
0,81
0,96
0,84
149
Table V.4
tf
M hogging
M sagging
sassi
lyLZD
in all cases
or
Qass
Type of cross-sections
Rolled sections
Welded sections
tm
tf
* -*
lia
C/tf
C/tf
C/tf
C/tf
< 10
< 10
< 9
< 9
< 11
< 15
< 10
< 14
< 15
< 21
< 14
< 20
> 15
> 21
> 14
> 20
Conditions : * ) for welded sections the outstand dimension c is measured from the toe
of the weld
* * ) a web is encased if requirements of F igure V.5 are satisfied
: Stresses in compression
275
355
0,92
0,81
0,96
0,84
235
fy (N/mm2)
. = ^235/fy
150
Table V.5
wX*\
Axis of
Deriding
Type of loading
"
"
'
Stresses distribution
Class 1
!+!
V)
fv
Qass 2
internal flange
b / tf < 33
b / t f < 38
Class 3
internal flange
R
(b-3tf)/tf < 4 2
b / tf < 42
275
355
0,92
0,81
0,96
0,84
fy (N/mm2)
= ,J235/fy
'
151
Table V.6
.
f
Axis of h
bending
tf
t"*" -
*-tw
d = h-2(tf + r)
tw
d = h -2 (tf + av/2)
d = h -2 tf
d/tw <
1) Web in compression ( a = = 1) :
I
1.
- 1
-"-tw
d = h - 3 t (t = ^ = t^.)
i
k,
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
33
38
42
72
83
124
I fy
I fv
fy
'
'
1 +
for
class 3 :
fy
F^
== 'AM
=3il
ad
I
I
if a < 0,5
ad fi
-d-
fv
36
a
~T~
I
(IVfy < |fy| )
For class 3 :
if > -1
42
0,67 + 0,33
^ /
......................
(|fy/\|/|< |fy|).
l l i i
*)
fy (N/mm2)
= /2357
if a < 0,5
41,5
a
*y
if < -1 :
: . .
62( - )/-
:;;
355
0,92
0,81
0,96
0,84
152
"
mm. .........SSKi'K
' 'SiHsSS::'
275
235
'-
stresses in compression
"+"
stresses in tension
Table V.7 a) Qassification of flange and web subjected to particular loading for standard hot-rolled
IPE, IPE A and IPE O steel profiles
I P E - I P E A - I P E O hot-rolled steel profiles
Classification of flange and web subjected to particular loading
Class offlangein compression Class of web in compression
_D
M,
Designation
fyC J
with web not encased
Steel grades
S 355
S 235
S 275
Steel grades
S 235 S 275 S 355
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE300
IPE 330
IPE360
IPE 400
IPE450
IPE500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE750X 196
80
IPE A 100
rPEA 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPEA600
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
?4i
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
m
:4.i
Ml
m
m
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPEO300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPEO500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
;:4:
W.
4
4
M
U:
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
m
4
:'4 :
4
4
A:
:4'
4
2
2
2
2
3
4
;;4:;;
W
4
m.
4
'W:
4
4
4
1
1
1
2
3
3
M
4
4
M
4
4:
:?4::
i;4:-:
4
4':;
:4:
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
m
4:-:
:-4::::
4
153
fy My
stresses for class 1 and 2
Steel grades
S 235 S 275
S 355
Table V.7 b) Classification of flange and web subjected to particular loading for standard hot-rolled
HE AA and HE A steel profiles
H E A A - H E A hot-rolled steel profiles
Classification of flange and web subjected to particular loading
Class of flange in compression Class of web in compression
hn^
_L
)
fy M y
stresses lor class 1 and 2
fyL3Z]
with web not encased
Steel grades
HE 100 AA
HE 120 AA
HE 140 AA
HE 160 AA
HE 180 AA
HE 200 AA
HE 220 AA
HE 240 AA
HE 260 AA
HE 280 AA
HE 300 AA
HE 320 AA
HE 340 AA
HE 360 AA
HE 400 AA
HE 450 AA
HE 500 AA
HE 550 AA
HE 600 AA
HE 650 AA
HE 700 AA
HE 800 AA
HE 900 AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
fy
M,
My
Designation
Steel grades
Steel grades
S 235
S 275
S 355
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
S 235
3
3
4
4
4
S 275
S 355
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
154
2
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
S 235
S 275
S 355
Table V.7 c) Qassification of flange and web subjected to particular loading for standard hot-rolled
HE and HE M steel profiles
H E - H E M hot-rolled steel profiles
Classification of flange and web subjected to particular loading
Class of flange in compression Class of web in compression
+
)
M,
Designation
fy My
stresses for class 1 and 2
fyC
with web not encased
Steel grades
S 235
S 275
S 355
Steel grades
S 235
S 275
S 355
HEIOOB
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HEIOOOB
2
2
3
3
4
?4i
n\
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE1000M
2
3
4
155
2
3
4:
4
Steel grades
S 235 S 275
S 355
Table V.7 d) Classification of flange and web subjected to particular loading for standard hot-rolled
UB steel profiles
U B hot-rolled steel profiles
Classification of flange and web subjected to particular loading
Class of flange in compression Class of web in compression
''*": :*::.: ' : ' '7:'. J
J_
Designation
UB 178 102 19
UB 203 102 23
UB 203 133 25
UB 203 133 30
UB 254 102 22
UB 254 102 25
UB 254 102 28
UB 254 146 31
UB 254 146 37
UB 254 146 43
UB 305 165 40
UB 305 165 46
UB 305 165 54
UB356X 171 45
UB356X 1 7 1 x 5 1
UB 356 1 7 1 x 5 7
UB 3 5 6 x 1 7 1 67
UB 406 178 54
UB 406 178 60
UB 406 178 67
UB 406 178 74
UB 457 152 52
UB 457 152 60
UB 457 152 67
UB 457 152 74
UB 457 152 82
UB457X 1 9 1 x 6 7
UB 457 191 74
UB457X 1 9 1 x 8 2
UB457X 1 9 1 x 8 9
UB457X 1 9 1 x 9 8
UB 533 210 82
UB 533 210 92
UB 533 210 101
UB 533 210 109
UB 533 210 122
UB 610 229 101
UB 610 229 113
UB 610 229 125
UB 610 229 140
UB 610 305 149
UB 610 305 179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686 254 140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 194
UB 838 292 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
+
Mv
y|I
with web not encased
Steel grades
S 235
S 355
S 275
Steel grades
S 235 S 275 S 355
2
1
4
3
2
4
4
"3"
2
:::
4
4
'
2
4
4
4
'Ar
3
4
4
3
3
2
4
3
2
mi:
w
4
3
'Ai
3
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
156
4 m.
am
2
3
4
4
4
A
4
3
2
4
4
4
A i
4
4
mi..
3
4
4
iii: 4
:-:i4
4 '
-4 :4
4
3
m 4
,, 4
A
544
i
4
3
4
:4:
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
'4
4
3
' :4
4
4
4
4
4
4
,.. 4
4
4
3
4
1
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 .:,
4
4 : i vu. 4.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
:: :4
4
4
4
4
3
4
: :
)
fy My
stresses for class 1 and 2
Steel grades
S 235 S 275 S 355
Table V.7 e) Qassification of flange and web subjected to particular loading for standard hot-rolled
UC steel profiles
;
fy My
stresses for class 1 and 2
M,
Designation
fy
with web not encased
Steel grades
S 235
S 275
S 355
UC 152 152 23
UC 152 152 30
U C 152 152 37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
U C 254 254 132
U C 254 254 167
U C 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
U C 305 305 198
U C 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
Steel grades
S 235 S 275
S 355
3
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
,3:.
2"
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
157
Steel grades
S 235 S 275 S 355
V.2.3
EC4
[4.5.1]
(1) Internal forces and bending moments in composite beams at ultimate limit states may be
determined by elastic or rigid-plastic global analyses, using factored loads. This design
handbook only presents the application of elastic global analysis which may be used for
all continuous beams.
[4.5.3.1 (l)] (2) Elastic global analysis is based on the assumption of a linear stress-strain relationship for
the materials, whatever the stress level. The tensile strength of concrete may be neglected.
[4.5.3.2]
(3) When unpropped construction is used for composite beams in class 3 or class 4,
appropriate global analyses shall be made to separate effects on steel members and on
composite members.
[4.5.3.3]
(4) No account needs to be taken of bending moments due to shrinkage except at crosssections in class 4.
[4.5.3.4 (l)] (5) Loss of stiffness, due to cracking of concrete in hogging moment regions, due to
yielding and local buckling of structural steel, influences the distribution of bending
moments in continuous composite beams.
[4.5.3.1 (2)]
Two methods of elastic global analysis are permitted by Eurocode 4 at the ultimate limit
state to determine the bending moment distribution (see Figure V.7):
-
uncracked section elastic analysis, based on midspan effective width ignoring any
longitudinal reinforcement (method 1) ; the related flexural stiffness E a li (see
clause V.2.1 (5)) is assumed to be constant along the whole beam;
cracked section elastic analysis, based on a section in the region of the internal
support comprising the steel member together with the effectively anchored
reinforcement located within the effective width at the support (method 2) ; the
related flexural stiffness E a I2 (see clause V.2.1 (5)) is taken for a length of 15% of
the span on each side of each internal supports, whereas the values E a 11 are taken
elsewhere (I2 < II)
The "cracked" method (method 2) is more suitable for computer. However, this method
may be also used at the serviceability limit state to accurately determine the moments in
cases of crack control in the slab.
EC4
[4.5.3.4 (2)] (6) The elastic bending moments for a continuous composite beam of uniform depth within
each span may be modified :
- by reducing maximum hogging moments by amounts not exceeding
percentage of Table V.8 ;
-
the
For each load case internal forces and bending moments after redistribution should be in
equilibrium with loads. For composite cross-sections in class 3 or 4, moments applied to
the steel member should not be redistributed.
Table V.8
40%
30%
20%
10%
25%
15%
10%
0%
158
Method 2
Method 1
^
7?
hl
.[
^ J.
Eall
uncracked sections
>
/777
,|.
flexural
stiffnesses
WW///
0,15 Li ^0,15 L 2
u *~T *
Eall
-Ealr
^l
EaIl
cracked sections
Figure V.7 Definition of "uncracked" and "cracked" sections for elastic global analysis
V.2.4
V.2.4.1
EC4 [4.4.2.2]
The contribution of the concrete slab to the resistance to vertical shear is normally
neglected. Therefore, the design value of vertical shear force Vz.sd applied to the
composite section should satisfy the mies of Eurocode 3 (see Ref. 3, 5.4.6):
fv
V
z.Sd ^ V pl.z.Rd =
where Vpi.z.Rd
Av.z
fy
Ya
v.z
V3ya
159
Table V.9
EC3
Shear area Av
Cross-sections
for cross-sections
Loading
Av
[5.4.6 (2)]
Load
parallel
to web
Ay.z -
A - 2btf + (t w + 2r)tf
Vz.Sd
w>'-
1^
,V-
, _y.
l
Rolled
Load
parallel
to
flanges
^1
Av v
Vy.Sd
-.-t.
\1M
2btf + (t w + r) t w
I and
sections
Vz.Sd
Load
parallel
to web
Ay.z-
(h - 2tf) t w
Welded
-t,
*)
Load
parallel
to
flanges
A v .y =
i VySd -i, - t ,
t Wi
A - (h - 2tf) t w
i
*)
Vz.Sd
Load
parallel Av.z
to depth
A h
b+ h
4^4^
Rolled rectangular
hollow sections
of
uniform thickness
iVy.Sd
Load
parallel
to
breadth
v.y
A b
b+h
*)
Sd
Rolled circular
hollow sections of
uniform thickness
2A
160
V.2.4.2
EC3
[5.6.1 (l)]
(1) If webs are submitted to vertical shear force VZ-sd and if their ratio
exceeds the
limits given in Table V.10 then they shall be checked for resistance to shear buckling
and transverse stiffeners shall be provided at supports.
Table V.10 Limiting width-to-thickness ratio related to the shear buckling in web
Potential shear buckling to be
checked if webs have
Profiles
a) For unstiffened webs :
>69
tw
^7
>30ejk
tw
235
275
355
0,92
0,81
0,96
0,84
(2) Nearly all hot-rolled I and sections do not need to be checked for shear buckling.
EC3
[5.6.2(1)]
(3) The shear buckling resistance may be verified according to Eurocode 3 (Ref. 3) using
either :
- the simple post-critical method, or
- the tension field method.
EC3
[5.6.2(3)]
161
(5) For webs withd/t w exceeding limits of Table V.10, the design value of the shear force
Vz.Sd shall satisfy :
T
EC3 [5.6.3(1)]
z.Sd ^
ba.Rd
d t
YMI
where Vba.Rd
Table V.ll
ba
tw
^ba
f
tba
f
-r (1,5 - 0,625 )
V3
*yw
V3
Notations :
> 1,2
fyw
yw
N/3
0,9
XVJ
Aw
37,4 ^k7
= ^235 /fy
where
<1
>1
OO
,
1 |
kx
. 5,34
4+
-
Vsd
5,34 + ^ 5 -
5,34
Vsd d
\
V.
1
/
'
\-m ~
162
V.2.4.3
EC4
[4.7.2]
(2) The design value of the transverse force applied to the unstiffened web, Vz.sd , shall
satisfy :
where Ra_R<j
IS
ss
is the length of stiff bearing, but s s / d < 0,2, (see Figure V.8),
fyw
163
V.2.5
V.2.5.1
Resistance of cross-section to Mv Sd
EC4
[4.4.1.1(3)] (1) The elastic global analysis may be applied to cross-sections of any class in order to
determine the design values of applied bending moments My.sd
For members in bending and in absence of shear force, the design values of applied
bending moment My.sd shall satisfy at each section :
My.Rd depending on classes of cross-section :
My.Sd -- My.Rd
where
Class 1 or 2
Class 3
Qass 4
= Mpl.y.Rd
= Mel.y.Rd
= Meff.y.Rd
Mpi.y.Rd
Mel.y.Rd
Meff.yRd
EC4
[4.4.1.1(4)] (2) The evaluation of moment resistance of a composite cross-section is based on the
following assumptions :
- the tensile strength of concrete is neglected,
- plane cross-sections of the structural steel and reinforced concrete parts of a
composite member each remain plane.
EC4
[4.4.1.4]
(3) Where the effective composite section is in class 3 or class 4 (see chapter V.2.2) reference
should be made to Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4 : 4.4.1.4) to calculate the elastic resistance to
bending : Mei.y.Rd or Meff.y.Rd
(4) Where the effective composite section is in class 1 or class 2 (see chapter V.2.2), the
design bending resistance Mpi.y.Rd may be deteimined by plastic theory.
EC4
[4.4.l.2(2)&(4)] The following assumptions shall be made in the calculation of Mpi.y.Rd :
164
c) the effective area of concrete in compression resists a design stress of 0,85 WYc
constant over the whole depth of the compressed part of concrete slab (rectangular
stress block) (see Table II. 1 for fck) ;
d) the effective areas of longitudinal steel reinforcement are stressed to their design
yield strengths fsk/Ys in tension and in compression (rectangular stress block) (see
Table II.8 for fsk). Alternatively steel reinforcement in compression in concrete
slab may be neglected;
e) profiled steel sheeting in compression shall be neglected;
and where ya , yc and ys are partial safety factors at ULS (see Table 11.10).
EC4
[4.4.1.3(2)]
These hypothesis for calculation Mpi.y.Rd are defined for a composite cross-section with
full shear interaction. When a partial shear connection is used for the composite beam,
the plastic moment resistance is calculated with a reduced value of the compressive force
in the concrete and two plastic neutral axes have to be considered : one axis in the slab
and a second axis within the steel section (see chapter V.2.7.2.2 for details).
Typical plastic stress distributions related to different positions of plastic neutral axis and
different values of Mpi.y.Rd are given in Table V.l3 for the two types of bending
moments : sagging bending moments (e.g. in simply-supported beams) and hogging
bending moment (e.g. usually on supports of continuous beams). The calculation
method for Mpi.y.Rd depends on the location of the plastic neutral axis.
(5) Mpi.y.Rd for sagging bending moment (see Table V.13) :
The presence of profiled steel decking, when running transverse to the main span,
reduces the area of concrete that may resist compression forces. Hence, the maximum
possible depth of concrete in compression is he, which is the depth of concrete flange
above upper flange of profiled steel decking of depth, hp.
Moreover, account may be taken of the concrete contained within the ribs of the profiled
decking in cases where the ribs run parallel to the beams, but this benefit is usually
neglected.
(6) Mpi y.Rd for hogging bending moment (see Table V.13) :
The composite cross-section consists of the steel section together with the effectively
anchored reinforcement located within the effective width of the concrete flange at
support. The reinforcement is located at height a, above the top flange of the steel beam.
(7) In the classification of cross-sections (see chapter V.2.2), it may result that the flange
belongs to class 1 or 2 and the web to class 3. Nevertheless this cross-section may be
assigned to class 2, if the effective web area is applied for hogging bending moment as
explained in clause V.2.2.4.1 and in Figure V.6.
165
Table V.13 a)
hcf
+
hp
beff
3=
0,85 f c k /
** '-
heet*
:hp
h a /2
-)M P ,
.y.Rd
hJ2
M
zr =
<ht
beff0,85fck/yt
Mpi.y.Rd -
(\l.
a
a + h cc + h pn -
2J
. 2
If F a > F c > F w then the neutral axis lies in the steel flange :
hcfhp
0,85f ck /Y r
0,85f ck /Y r
-beffPl
^l2Fal J
Fal
tffhr
(ha
V2
Mpi.y.Rd
fyft 2 fy/Ya J.
Jy/%fy/%\
z cc = V( Fa a - Fc ;c ) - ^ - + hc c + hpD
2bf y
"Fa
Fa2
rzc+hp^
h
+ hT " ( F . - F c )
2
Mpi.y.Rd = F a ^- ++-^
hcf hp
tf
ha/2
he
hp
zcw
Fal
~tv
ha/2
0,85f ck /Y r
Fa
hhfyty
fy///
Hence, the depth of web in compression, z c w and the neutral axis depth, z c :
zcw -
and
2 t w fy/Ya
Mpi.y.Rd -M a p l.y.Rd + F C
(ha
,_
z c = hp + he + z,
cw
Fc2
2 J 4 t w fy/Ya
hc
166
Mpi.y.Rd
Table V.13 b)
If F a > F s > F w then the neutral axis lies in the steel flange
-f
hcf hp
WYS F
*
rs
b eff
a
Fai
PI
2Fai
|y/%fy/%.
c
=(F
Mpi.y.Rd
Fa
Fa2
sk/Y s
| - fy/Ya
hit
- F s ) - ^ + hc+h
2bfy
-+a "(F a -F s ) a +
zc-hc-hp
beff
hcflp
sk/Y s
T"
he
:hp
Fai
Zcw
ha/2
sk/Y s
ha/2
-)
Mpi.y.Rd
Fa2
jfy/Yajfy/^
[^///{
Hence, the depth of web in tension, z c w and the neutral axis depth, z c :
= -2
2twfy/Ya
Mpi.y.Rd =M ap i.y.Rd+F s
z c = hp + he + z c w
and
;H
F 2s
1
4 t w fy/Y a
Notations : The resistances of the different parts of the composite beam should be expressed as follows :
Fa
=Aafv/Y
a*y
fy/Ya
F c = h c b e f f 0,85 f c k /,
F s A s fsl/;
Mapl.y.Rd = W p l . y fy/Ya
where A a and A s
are the cross-sectional areas of steel section and reinforcement (see Table IV.6),
fy
fck
fsk
Wpiy
is the plastic section modulus of steel section bent about yy axis (see Table VI.3a),
167
V.2.5.2
EC4 [4.6]
V.2.5.2.1 Generalities
EC4 [4.6.1]
(1) A steel flange that is attached to a concrete or composite slab by shear connection in
accordance with chapter V.2.7 may be assumed to be laterally stable, provided that the
overall width of the slab is not less than the depth of the steel member. Therefore simplysupported beams with beff ^ 2 h a and with adequate shear connectors do not need to be
checked against lateral-torsional buckling.
(2) All other steel flanges in compression shall be checked for lateral stability. In hogging
moment regions of cantilever beams and of continuous composite beams the lower
flange is subjected to compression. The tendency of the lower flange to buckle laterally
is restrained by the distorsional stiffness of the cross-section ("inverted U-frame action":
see Figure V.9).
(3) Web encasement may be assumed to contribute to resistance to lateral-torsional buckling
(see Table V.14).
(4) In checks for lateral stability of beams built unpropped, the bending moment at any
cross section shall be taken as the sum of the moment applied to the composite member
and the moment applied to its structural steel component.
( 1 ) A continuous beam or a beam in a frame that is composite throughout its length may be
designed without additional lateral bracing and without direct calculation for lateral
stability when the following conditions are satisfied :
a) adjacent spans do not differ in length by more than 20 % of the shorter span or
where there is a cantilever, its length does not exceed 15 % of the adjacent span :
Li
L">
0,83<^-<1,20
L,
L3
L- < 1,15 L
and
b) the loading on each span is uniformly distributed and the design permanent load
exceeds 40 % of the total design load :
qd
t
i j j
J t
jgd
or.
gd > - q d
168
d) The longitudinal spacing of studs or rows of studs, s, is such that for uncased
beams :
s / b < 0,02dha/twJ
Where
b, h a and t w
a/4
B
H
Ah
cipr-^
-FTTH
* I f 1-L
k
,\ M- s ,\ s k
w_^
tf
nrL
\ *
Figure V.9
169
Table V.14
ha <
Types of cross-section
i
1
|
-)ff
>
1 Msd
__
[ _J
1-,
cl
1 MSd
1 ^
ha
ha
Steel grades
Steel grades
Profile
S 235
S 275
S 355
S 235
S 275
S 355
IPE
HE
600
800
550
700
400
650
800
1000
750
900
600
850
where
Class 3
/ L T Mpl.y.Rd Y a
XLT Mel.y.Rd Ya
YRd
YRd
Class 4
= XLT Mel.y.Rd
Mfoj^j
XLT
Mpl.y.Rd
Mel.y.Rd
Ya-YRd
170
(3) The value of %LT for the appropriate non-dimensional slendemess ^ may be
detemiined from :
1
XLT=fpLT) =
+- LT
^LT
EC4
[4.6.3(4)]
i MCT
Class 3 or 4
(M e i.y
~ Mcr
Mcr
171
V.2.6
V.2.6.1
EC4 [4.4.3]
is the design plastic shear resistance about minor (zz) axis (see
chapter V.2.4.1),
no reduction needs to be made in the resistance moments. With this condition the design
value of bending moment My.sd shall be verified according to chapter V.2.5.
EC4
[4.4.3(1)]
(2) For the resistance of cross-section submitted to combined vertical shear force Vz.sd and
bending moment My.sd if the design value of vertical shear force
v
M y . S d < M V.Rd
where
but
M V.Rd
< M y.Rd
In Figure V.10, fy.red 0= fy O - Pz)) is applied on the shear area A v . z of the profile (for
Av.z values, see Table V.7).
Figure V.10 Normal stress distribution for M-V interaction with hogging bending
moment
172
Vi i
VpLz.Rd
0,5 VpLz.Rd
M
0
Mf.Rd
My.Rd
EC4 [4.4.5]
EC3
[5.6.1(1)]
V.2.6.2
(1) If webs are submitted to combined shear force Vz.sd and bending moment My.sd and if
they have ratio
exceeding the limits given in Table V.10 then they shall be checked
for resistance to shear buckling and transverse stiffeners shall be provided at supports.
EC3
[5.6.1(4)]
(2) The interaction of shear buckling resistance and moment resistance is shown in Table
V.15 according to the simple post-critical method.
Table V.15
EC3
^~
[Fig. 5.6.4(a)]
173
EC3
[5.6.7.2]
(3) The web may be assumed to be satisfactory if one of the three following checks A), B)
or C) (according to the loading level of Vz sd and My.sd) shall be satisfied:
A ) If the design value of bending moment
My.sd ^ Mf.Rd
where Mf.Rd
Vba.Rd
V z . S d <0,50V b a . R d
where My.Rd
EC3
[5.6.7.2 (3)]
V z .sd>0,50V ba .Rd
then the bending moment and the shear force shall satisfy the three following
checks:
and,
My.Sd -- My.Rd
and,
z.Sd -- V ba.Rd
174
EC4
[6.1.1 (1)]
V.2.7
V.2.7.1
Generalities
(1) Shear connectors and transverse reinforcement shall be provided throughout the length
of the beam to transmit the longitudinal shear force V between the concrete slab and the
steel beam at the ultimate limit state, ignoring the effect of natural bond between the
materials. The total design longitudinal shear force W (see chapter V.2.7.2) have to be
resisted by shear connectors :
we <PRd
where PRd
EC4
[6.1.1 (7)]
(2) Longitudinal shear failure and splitting of the concrete slab due to concentrated forces
applied by the shear connectors shall be prevented. The total design longitudinal shear
force W( (see chapter V.2.7.2) to be resisted by shear connectors shall satify :
V{ <VRd
where VRd
EC4
[4.5.1 (4)]
(3) The effects of slip and uplift may be neglected at interfaces between steel and concrete at
which shear connection is provided in accordance with rules about headed studs
EC4 [6.1.1 (6)] presented in this chapter V.2.7. Headed studs may be assumed to provide sufficient
resistance to uplift unless the shear connection is subjected to direct tension.
EC4
[6.1.2]
(4) Headed studs may be considered as ductile within certain limits (see chapter V.2.7.2.2).
EC4
[4.1.2(6)]
EC4
[6.1.1 (3)]
(5) The concepts "full shear connection" and " partial shear connection" are applicable
only to beams in which plastic theory is used for calculating bending resistances of
critical cross-sections (i.e. for class 1 or class 2 cross-sections).
A span of a beam or a cantilever has full shear connection when increase in the number
of shear connectors would not increase the design bending resistance of the member (see
chapter V.2.7.2.1).
Otherwise the shear connection is partial if the design ultimate loading is less than that
which could be carried by the member if full shear connection were provided. Limits to
the used partial shear connection with ductile connectors are given in chapter V.2.7.2.2.
(6) This chapter V.2.7 focuses on headed studs; Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4) should be consulted for
mies about other types of shear connectors listed in chapter II.3.4.
EC4 [6.2]
V.2.7.2
The mies presented hereafter applies to beams in which plastic theory is used for
resistance of cross-sections : Mpi.Rd is the plastic resistance moment of a class 1 or class 2
cross-section (see chapter V.2.5.1). For beams with cross-sections in class 3 or 4 and for
which elastic theory is used, refer to Eurocode 4 (see Ref. 4 : 6.2.2).
175
In simply supported composite beams subject to uniform load, the elastic shear flow
defining the shear transfer between the slab and the beam is linear, increasing to a
maximum at the ends of the beam. B eyond the elastic limit of the shear connectors, there
is a transfer of force along the beam such that, at failure, each of the shear connectors is
assumed to resist equal force. This implies that the shear connectors possess adequate
deformation capacity, i.e. is ductile.
EC4 [6.2.1.1 (1)] In the plastic design of single span composite beams and for full shear connection, the
total design longitudinal shear force, V; to be transferred between the points of zero
moment (at simple end supports) and maximum sagging moment should be the smaller
of the resistance of the concrete section and of reinforcement in compression, (F c + F s )
and the resistance of the structural steel section F a (see Figure V.12) :
V = F c f
where
/
F cf = minimum A a - ^
la
ck
, A
b e f f h c O , 8 5 ^ + A^
)c
sk
is J
Aa
beff
he
Ase
fck
fsk
Ya, Yc and 5 are partial safety factors at utimate limit states for the structural
steel, concrete and reinforcement steel (see Table 11.10).
EC4
[6.2.1.1 (2)]
where Fcf
176
*ap
fsk
lyp
Ys and Yap
Qd
+ i
+ +~q,
MpLRd
-t
Jh
-?'
S2SZZ
V M pi-Rd) sagging
Vi
/faff?
Jr-
Fcf
*
F^(Mpi.Rd) sagging
r,rj;/;v;^
V
e
/-
-K
Figure V.12 Calculation of the longitudinal shear force V^ in simply supported beams
177
EC4
[6.1.1 (2)] (3) The number of shear connectors for full shear connection shall be at least equal to the
design longitudinal shear force Wg, divided by the design resistance of a connector, PRd
(see chapter V.2.7.3). Therefore, the number of shear connectors in the zone under
consideration is :
Nf =
V,
PRd
PRd takes into account the influence of the shape of the profiled sheeting, as given in
chapter V.2.7.3.
+ +
+ +
+ +
<ld
Vf
^
r a ^
V M pi-Rd) sagging
Vi = Fcf + F s + F;ap
We = Fcf = minimum (F a ; F c + F s )
We
ET F.>
(Mpi.Rd)sagging-
-r
(Mpi.Rd) h o g g i n g
178
EC4
[6.1.1 (3)]
(1) Partial shear connection may be used if all cross-sections are in Class 1 or 2.
EC4
[6.2.1.2 (l)] (2) If connectors are ductile, it may be assumed that sufficient slip at interface between steel
and concrete can occur at the ultimate limit state for moments of resistance at critical
sections to be calculated from plastic theory (see chapter V.2.5.1).
EC4
[6.1.2]
(3) Headed studs (see chapter II.5.5, Figure II.4) may be considered as ductile in having
sufficient deformation capacity to justify the assumption of ideal plastic behaviour, if a
minimum degree of shear connection (expressed as N / Nf ratio) is provided (see Figure
V.14).
(4) The moment resistance of a composite beam designed for partial shear connection may
be determined by one of the following methods (see Figure V.15) :
a) Method 1 :
b) Method 2 :
EC4
[6.2.1.2 (3)] (5) Method 1 is more conservative than method 2 but is a simple method of determining the
moment resistance. The relationship is defined by the line AC in Figure V.15. The force
transferred by shear connectors, F c is :
Fc =
M S d -M a p i.Rd
M pl.Rd -MapLRd
where Msd
Fcf
Mapi.Rd
Mpi.Rd
Fcf
179
for
full
shear
EC4
[6.1.2 (2)
to (4)]
Ref.7
(Fig. 6.14)
L[m]
0
5
10
15
Minimum degree of shear connection :
In all c a s e s | N / N f >0,4
case A :
/ Nf > 0,4 + 0,03 L
where 3 At > Ab
case :
where At = Ab
case C :
/ Nf > 0,04 L
where At = Ab
where
At
Ab
Nf
cases A and :
h>4d
and,
D h > 76 mm
2) 1 9 m m < d < 2 0 m m
3) rolled I or H steel section (At = Ab),
4) composite concrete slab with profiles
steel
sheeting
that
spans
perpendicular to the beam and is
continuous across it,
5) one stud per rib of sheeting, placed
centrally within the rib,
6) deck profile with b 0 / h p > 2 and
**<
h < 60 mm
7) and, the longitudinal shear force F c is
calculated by linear interpolation
method (clause V.2.7.2.2 (5)).
180
M sd
i M pl.Rd
LO
"Ductile" shear-connectors
"Rigid"
shear-connectors
Mapl.Rd
M pl.Rd
steel
cross-section
alone I 4.
Fc = 0
0,4
Lower limit on -t
(EC4)
Nf/
**- or IL
1,0 F cf
Nf
Degree of shear connection
Figure V.15 Relation between F c and Msd for partial shear connection
The design longitudinal shear force Wg can be determined from Figures V.12 or V.13
with Fcf replaced by the force transferred by the shear connectors, F c (see chapter
V.2.7.2.1).
On the other hand, if F c is determined for a known distribution of shear connectors
( F c = P R d ) ' then the maximum value of the reduced moment resistance MRd
(< Mpi.Rd) calculated from the same linear interpolation method, should satisfy :
M
(6) In Method 2 the force transferred to the concrete is determined by the longitudinal
resistance of shear connectors. Equilibrium equations can be established explicitly in a
similar manner to chapter V.2.5.1. The relationship is defined by the curve ABC in
Figure V.l6.
Ref. 7 (p. 53)
A good approximation of the reduced bending moment resistance of composite crosssection MRd (< Mpi.Rd) can be obtained by considering the moment axial force
interaction for an I-section according to Eurocode 3 (Ref. 3) (see Figure V.16) and Msd
should satisfy :
M S d < M R d = F c ( h a + 2 h p + h c ) / 2 + l,llM a p l .R d 1 ~
where Msd
Mpi.Rd
'a J
is the applied design sagging bending moment (Msd ^ Mpi Rd),
is the design plastic sagging moment resistance of composite
cross-section with full shear connection (see Table V.13 a)),
181
MapLRd
0,85 f c k /
rpTic--
h,
P=3
33*-
Fc
M RRd
ha
Fc 0
^M,
iiaL
strain ()
Zc
zs
where
L ^ a L ^
stresses
M apl.Rd (Fc)
cross-section
'
^
) (
(1) The design shear resistance of an automatically welded headed stud with a normal weld
collar, should be determined from :
PRd = minimum 0 , 8 ^ -
Yv \
where
fu
;
J
0,29ad'
yfk
Yv
182
fck
Ecm
a = 0 . 2 i - + l],
,d J
f h
,
if
>4,
d
06= 1
Yv
Table V.16
if 3 < < 4 ,
d
First equation of
PRd with fu =
Ref.7
[Table 6.6]
450
500
C 25/30
C 30/37
C 35/45
C 40/50
C 45/55
22
109,4
121,6
98,1
110,0
121,6
(132,9)
(142,9)
19
81,6
90,7
73,1
82,1
90,7
(99,1)
(106,6)
16
57,9
64,3
51,9
58,2
64,3
(70,3)
(75,6)
Diameter d
[mm]
The values in brackets denote values which exceed those given by first equation of PRd;
the lower value should therefore be used in design.
(2) A normal weld collar should comply requirements shown in F igure II.4. Moreover the
weld should have a regular form and be fused to the shank of the stud.
(1) Profiled steel sheeting with ribs parallel to the supporting beam :
-bo.
Figure V.18 Beams with steel decking ribs parallel to the beam
Where profiled steel sheeting with ribs parallel to the supporting beam is used (see F igure
V.18), the headed studs are located within the region of concrete that has the shape of a
haunch.
183
The design shear resistance should be taken as their resistance in a solid slab (PRd from
chapter V.2.7.3.1) multiplied by the reduction factor kg given by the following
expression :
EC4 [form. 6.15]
where bo
h
EC4
[6.3.3.2]
(2) Profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the supporting beam
Figure V.19 Beams with steel decking ribs transverse to the beam
Where the headed studs are placed in ribs perpendicular to the supporting beam (sec
Figure V.19), the design shear resistance should be taken as their resistance in a solid slab
(PRd from chapter V.2.7.3.1) multiplied by the reduction factor k t given by the
following expression :
[form. 6.16]
where N r
bo
Ref.7
[6.3.2.2]
and
kt
< 1,0
if N r = 1
< 0,8
ifN r > 2
184
V.2.7.4
EC4
[6.1.3 (3)]
(1) Headed studs in accordance with chapter V.2.7.3 may be placed uniformly over a length
L c r between adjacent critical cross-sections (see chapter V.l and Table V.l) provided that
a) all critical sections in the span considered are in class 1 or class 2,
b) N / Nf satisfies the limits for partial shear connection given in chapter V.2.7.2.2,
when L is replaced by L cr , and,
c) the plastic resistance moment of the composite section does not exceed 2,5 times
the plastic resistance moment of the steel member alone (Mpi.Rd < 2,5 Mapi.Rd)
(see Tables V.13 a) and b) respectively for Mpi.Rd a n d Mapi.Rd),
EC4
[4.1.2 (5)]
For checking the resistance to longitudinal shear critical cross-sections also include free
ends of cantilever.
(2) Requirements for dimension of headed studs and its normal weld collar are given in
Figure II.4.
EC4
[6.1.2]
(3) When headed studs are expected to be ductile and develop sufficient deformation
capacity, specific requirements are provided in chapter V.2.7.2.2 (see Figure V.14).
EC4
[6.4.1.5 (2)] (4) When a steel compression flange (e.g. due to sagging bending moment) that would
otherwise be in a lower class, is assumed to be in class 1 or class 2 because of restraint
from shear connectors, requirements of spacing for shear connectors are shown in
chapter V.2.2.3 (see Figure V.4).
(5) For solid slabs, requirements of spacing for headed studs are given in Figure V.20.
mesh
shear connector
<
>20mm
P--2mrS
Figure V.20 Detailing of shear connectors in solid slab
185
>5d,
< 6 h c and,
< 800 mm
steel beam
bo>hp
1~
ULI
I
-Hr
>2d
fe=
h c >50mm''
< 85 mm
-*
-f-
-rh^_. i
AIA
-^5-
; /_/>....;
Ref.7
(5.4.1)
When the decking is continuous and transverse to the beam (Figure V.21), the correct
placement of studs in relation to the decking rib is of great importance. The most
important mies for welded headed studs are repeated here : welded headed studs are
normally between 19 mm and 22 mm in diameter. Stud diameters up to 19 mm are
generally used for through deck welding only. For welded studs upper flange of the steel
EC4 [6.4.3.1 (2)] beam should be clean, dry and unpainted. For satisfactory welding, the deck thickness
should not exceed 1,25 mm if galvanized, or 1,5 mm if ungalvanized. In all cases,
welding trials shall be performed. The following limitations should also be observed :
EC4 [6.4..2 (4)]
The flange thickness of the supporting beams should not be less than 0,4 times the
diameter of the stud, unless the studs are located directly over the web.
After welding, the top of the stud should extend at least 2 times diameter of the
stud above the top of the decking ribs and should have a concrete cover of at least
20 mm.
- The minimum distance between the edge of the stud and edge of the steel flange is
20 mm.
- The transverse spacing between studs should not be less than 4 times the diameter
of the stud.
- The longitudinal spacing between studs should not be less than 5 times the stud
diameter and not greater than 6 times the overall slab depth nor 800 mm.
186
Ref.7
(5.4.2)
EC4
[7.6.1.4 (3)]
- At discontinuities in the decking, studs should be attached in such a way that both
edges of the decking at the discontinuity are properly "anchored". If the decking
is considered to act as transverse reinforcement this may mean placing studs in
zigzag pattern along the beam, as shown in Figure V.22.
- The minimum distance of the centre of the stud to the edge of the decking is
defined as 2,2 times the stud diameter.
187
mesh
=h c +hp
^r-
favourable side
unfavourable side
>20mm
W -v
Fk 30_mm
r . . I J : ____
.> 2d
>2i
-\
-stiffener in decking
>5d
shear connector
> 20 mm J l
>2,2d
>4d
hc
~ 50 mm
steel beam
butt joint
in decking
>2,2d
>2C mm i _ _
mesh
>20mm
-Hr
->2d
hs
^J
stiffener in decking /
shear connector
> 20 mm_J
^r
>4d
>20 mm T^ _
Figure V.22 Detailing of shear connectors in composite slabs with steel decks including
central stiffener
V.2.7.5
Case 3J
Type of surface
Ae
a- a
(A b +At )
2Ab
b-b
Remark :
EC4 [6.6.1 (2)]
'
189
EC4
[6.6.2 (2)]
(2) The design resistance of the concrete flange (shear planes a-a illustrated in Figure V.23)
shall be determined in accordance with the principles in clause 4.3.2.5 of Eurocode 2
(Ref. 2). Profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the steel beam (sec Figure V.23,
case 2)) may be assumed to contribute to resistance to longitudinal shear, provided it is
continuous across the top flange of the steel beam or if it is welded to the steel beam by
stud shear connectors.
(2) In the absence of more accurate calculation the design resistance of any surface of
potential shear failure in the flange or a haunch should be determined from :
( U A e v t i - ^ + Vpd/Va
0 2 5 fctk 0.05
0,25
0,30
0,33
0,37
0,42
0,45
0,48
fck
fsk
Ac\
190
[6.6.3 (l)]
(1) Where the profiled steel sheets are continuous across the top flange of the steel beam, the
contribution of profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the beam should be taken as
V'pd
H
A f
'yp
ap
where Vpd
is per unit length of the beam for each intersection of the shear
surface by the sheeting,
is the cross-sectional area of the profiled steel sheeting per unit
length of the beam,
EC4
[6.6.3 (2)]
fyp
Yap
(2) Where the profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the beam is discontinuous
across
the top flange of the steel beam, and stud connectors are welded to the steel beam
directly through the profiled steel sheets, the contribution of profiled steel sheeting
should be taken as :
P
Vpd =
where
EC4 [7.6.1.4]
pb.Rd
f
p *yp
'ap
Ppb.Rd
where
1+-
"do
ddO
fyp
191
EC4 [6.6.4]
(2) Where the ribs are parallel to the beam span, the area of transverse reinforcement should
be not less than 0,002 times the concrete cover slab area in the longitudinal direction and
should be uniformly distributed.
(3) Where the ribs are transverse to the beam span, the area of transverse reinforcement
should be not less than 0,002 times the concrete slab area in the longitudinal direction
and should be uniformly distributed. Profiled steel sheeting continuous across the top
flange of the steel beam may be assumed to contribute to this requirement.
EC4 [5]
V.3
V.3.1
EC4 [5.1]
Ref. 7 [7.1] (1) The serviceability requirements for composite beams concern the control of :
-
shear lag;
192
(4) Most designers base assessments at the serviceability limit state on elastic behaviour (with
certain modifications for creep and cracking etc). In the absence of a more rigorous
analysis, the effects of creep may be taken into account by using modular ratios (as given
in Table II.3) for the calculation of flexural stiffnesses. To avoid consideration of postelastic effects, limits are often placed on the stresses existing in beams at the serviceability
limit state.
Ref. 7 [7.1] (5) No stress limitations are made in Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4) because :
- post-elastic effects in the mid-span region are likely to be small and have little
influence on deflections,
- the influence of the connections on the deflection of simply supported beams has
been neglected,
- account is taken of plasticity in the support region of continuous beams.
V.3.2 D eflections
EC4 [5.2]
EC3 [4.2]
EC4
[5.2.1(2)]
EC4
[5.2.1(4)]
( 1 ) Composite structures and components shall be so proportioned that deflections are within
limits agreed between the clients, the designer and the competent authority as being
appropriate to the intended use and occupancy of the building and the nature of the
materials to be supported.
(2) In buildings it will normally be satisfactory to consider the deflections under the rare
combination of loading.
(3) The design values for the vertical deflections ( ) should be lower limiting values given
in Table V.18. Deflection limits are not specified in Eurocode 4. Reference is made to
Eurocode 3 (Ref. 3) (see Tables V.18 and V.19) for limits on deflections due to
permanent and variable loads. Those limiting values are illustrated by reference to the
simply supported beam shown in Table V.19. The sagging vertical deflection (5v)max f r
unpropped beams should be determined for the underside of the beam, only where the
deflection can impair the appearance of the building. In all other cases the reference
level is the upperside of the beam. Against excessive maximum deflection ( m a x ) a usual
solution consists in introducing an initial pre-cambering () of structural steel beam (see
Table V.19).
(4) The values given in Table V.18 are empirical values. They are intended for comparison
with the results of calculations and should not be interpreted as performance criteria.
Ref. 7 [7.2.1] (5) Deflections are calculated knowing the moment of inertia of the composite section based
on elastic properties (see Figure V.2). Under sagging moment the concrete may be
assumed to be uncracked, and the moment of inertia of the composite section I c
(expressed as a transformed equivalent steel section) is given by a formula in clause
V.2.1 (5).
Ref. 7 [p. 61](6) The ratio I c / I a (=Ii / I a ) therefore defines the improvement in the stiffness of the
composite section relative to the steel section. This ratio is presented in Figure 1.4 for all
IPE and HE sections (up to 600 mm deep) for typical slab depth. Typically, I c / I a is in
the range of 2,5 to 4,0, indicating that one of the main benefits of composite action is in
reduction of deflections.
193
Limits
Conditions
Omax
L/200 *
L/250
L/250
L/300
floors generally
L/250
L/300
L/250
L/350
L/400
L/500
L/250
roofs generally
Ref.7
[p. 61]
02
(7) It is not usually necessary to calculate the "cracked" moment of inertia under sagging
bending moment as the elastic neutral axis will normally lie in the steel beam, or near the
base of the slab. Where it is necessary to know the "cracked" moment of inertia IC(n
(=12) under hogging bending moment, a simple formula may be derived from Figure
V.2. Assuming that the reinforcement is placed at mid-height of the slab above the
sheeting, a formula is provided for Ic,n in clause V.2.1 (5).
This formula may be used in establishing the moments in elastic global analysis (method
2 in chapter V.2.3), or in crack control calculations (see chapter V.3.3).
194
EC4
(8)
[3.1.4.2]
Ref. 7 [7.2.2]
Modular ratio :
The values of elastic modulus of concrete under short term loads, E cm , are given in Table
ILL The elastic modulus under long term loads is affected by creep, which causes a
reduction in the stiffness of the concrete. The modular ratio, n, is the ratio of the elastic
modulus of steel to the time-dependent elastic modulus of concrete (see Table II.3).
The modular ratio n for normal-weight concrete is typically, 6,5 for short term (variable)
loading.
The elastic modulus of concrete for long term (permanent) loads is taken as one-third of
the short term value, leading to a modulus ratio n of approximately 20 for long term
(permanent) loading in an internal environment. Details of different n values are
provided in Table II.3.
EC4
[5.2.2(6)]
For building of normal usage, surveys have shown that the proportions of variable and
permanent imposed loads rarely exceed 3:1. Although separate deflection calculations
may be needed for the variable and permanent deflections, a representative modular ratio
is usually appropriate for calculation of imposed load deflection. This value of n may be
taken as twice the short term modular ratio (i.e. approximately 13) for buildings of
normal usage.
(9)
= 1 + 0,5 -LI
0
^ NfJ \ c
A.i
EC4
[5.2.2(6)]
EC4
[5.2.2(5)]
+ 0 ,3
-iL
I NfJ V c
where -
is the deflection of the steel beam acting alone under the same
loads,
__
Nf
The difference between the formulas arises from the higher force in the shear connectors
at serviceability in propped construction.
An additional simplification is that slip effects can usually be ignored when / Nf > 0,5
or forces on the shear connectors do not exceed 0,7 PRk, in unpropped constmction and
in case of aribbedslab with ribs transverse to the beam (with the height of ribs : h p < 80
mm). This is because of beneficial effects that are ignored in calculating deflections
making the above equation too conservative in many cases.
195
EC4
[5.2.2(9)]
Ref. 7 [7.2.4]
Ks =
e s (h + h c + 2 h p ) A .
2(l + nr)l c
where n
Ref. 7
[7.2.5]
(ll)Continuous
beams :
EC4 [5.2.2(8)]
196
M0
where C
Mo and
Mi and M2 are the hogging moments at the supports (for the same loading
condition), reduced for cracking and yielding as noted
above.
As an approximation, a deflection coefficient of 3/384 is usually appropriate for
determining the deflection of a continuous composite beam subjected to uniform
loading on equal adjacent spans. This may be reduced to 4/384 for end spans. The
moment of inertia of the section is based on the uncracked value.
EC4
Alternatively, a more precise method is to use the "cracked section" analysis model of
elastic global analysis described in chapter V.2.3 in order to determine the hogging
bending moments directly. No further reduction in hogging bending moments should be
made in this case.
[7.5.2(2)&(3)](12)In order to avoid the need to consider additional loading due to ponding of the wet
concrete in the design of the floor and supporting structure, the total deflection of the
profiled sheet decking submitted to its own weight plus the weight of wet concrete (but
without construction loads) at the construction stage should be limited by :
<L/180or20mm,
where L
EC4 [5.3]
Ref. 7 [7.4]
EC4
[5.3.1 (5)]
V.3.3
Cracking of concrete
(1) It is necessary to control cracking of concrete only in cases where the proper functioning
of the structure or its appearance would be impaired. Internally within buildings,
durability is not affected by cracking. Similarly when raised floors are used, cracking is
not visually important.
(2) Minimum reinforcement without control of crack width :
Where a composite beam is subjected to hogging bending moment and if no attempt is
made to control the width of cracks in the concrete of its top flange, the longitudinal
reinforcement within the effective width beff of that flange should be at least :
A s > 0 , 4 % A, , for propped construction or,
A s > 0 , 2 % A, , for unpropped construction,
where A s
Ac
For information the Table V.20 gives the percentage of reinforcement (A s / Ac) for
specific bar diameters, spacings and solid slab thicknesses.
197
The reinforcement should extend over a length span/4 each side of an internal support,
or length/2 for a cantilever as shown in Figure V.24.
0,25 Li 0,25 L^
'T"
f
0,25 L 0.25 L 3
//7'/'/
77777
,<-
Li
L2
L3
-?'-
Reinforcement bars
Condition :
spacing
[mm]
200
100
150
200
100
150
200
150
200
100
200
150
100
200
150
100
200
150
200
100
150
150
100
200
100
200
150
100
150
100
for propped
100
120
0,25
0,28
0,34
039
0.50
0.52
0.57
0.75
0.77
0,79
1,01
1,03
1,13
1,27
1,34
1.54
1,57
1,70
1,90
2,01
2,09
2,53
2,54
2,65
3,14
3,53
3,54
3,80
0,21
0,24
0,28
0,33
0,42
0,44
0,47
0,63
0,64
0,65
0,84
0,86
0,94
1,06
1,12
1,28
1,31
1,41
1,58
1,68
1,75
2,11
2,12
2,21
2,62
2,95
2,95
3,17
3,93
150
0,22
0,26
0,34
035
038
0,50
0.51
0,52
0,67
0,68
0,75
0,85
0,89
1,03
1,05
1,13
1,27
1,34
1,40
1,69
1,70
1,77
2,09
2,36
2,36
2,53
3,14
3,54
0,20
0.25:
0,26
0,28
0,38
038
039
0,50
0,51
0,57
0,64
0,67
0,77
0,79
0,85
0,95
1,01
1,05
1,27
1,27
1,33
1,57
1,77
1,77
1,90
2,36
2,65
A c / A r > 0,4%
construction :
for unpropped
construction :
s
198
200
-.
250
300
0,20
0,21
0,23
030
031
0,31
0,40
0,41
0,45
0,51
0,54
0,62
0,63
0,68
0,76
0,80
0,84
1,01
1,02
1,06
1,26
1,41
1,42
1,52
1,88
2,12
025
026
026
034
034
038
0,42
0,45
0,51
032
037
0,63
0,67
0,70
0,84
0,85
0,88
1,05
1,18
1,18
127
137
1.77
r-r-7:
EC4
EC4
[5.3.2]
'
kck
cte
'st
where As
kc
199
Table V.21
EC4 [Table 5.1]
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
450
V.3.4
Reinforcement
steel stresses Ost
[N/mm2]
maximum
wk = 0,5 mm
36
36
36
36
36
32
28
25
22
20
18
16
14
12
Vibrations
(1) A check of the potential vibration response may be necessary for long span beams
designed for light imposed loads. A simple measure of the natural frequency f given in
[Hz] or [cycles/sec] of a beam is :
Ref. 7 [7.3]
f=
18
V^s
where sV
200
VI
VI
VI.l
Generalities
(1) For each load case (see chapter III) the design values of the following internal forces
and moments may be applied to members with combined axial force and bending
moment, that shall be checked at ultimate limit states :
EC4
[4.8.1 (l)]
Figure VI.l Internal forces and bending moments applied to composite member
(2) This chapter VI only deals with composite members which are of two main types :
- totally (Figure VI.2 a)) or partially (Figure VI.2 b)) concrete encased steel sections
and,
- concrete filled steel sections (Figures VI.2 c) and d)).
203
Ref. 12
(p. 51)
(3) The design for members in compression and bending is done in the following steps :
The composite member is examined isolated from the system. Then the end moments
which may result from the analysis of the system as a whole are taken up. These end
moments may also have been determined by second-order theory in the analysis of the
whole system according to the respective requirements. With the end moments and
possible horizontal forces within the member length, as well as with the normal force,
action effects are determined. For slender member this must be done considering
second-order effects (see chapter VI. 1.1). In the simplified method of Eurocode 4
imperfections need not to be considered in the analysis of action effects for the
composite members. They are taken into account in the determination of the resistance.
EC4
[4.8.1 (2)]
EC4
[4.8.1 (3)]
The resistance of the composite member to compression and bending (see chapters VI.3
to VI.5) is determined by help of the cross-section interaction curve (see chapter VI.2).
The influence of transverse shear forces may be considered in the interaction curve (see
chapter VI.6).
(4) This chapter VI only applies to isolated non-sway composite members with combined
axial load and bending moments.
(5) This chapter VI presents the simplified method of design (EC4 : [4.8.3]) for composite
members of double symmetrical (Figure VI.2) and uniform cross-section over the
column length. This simplified method uses the European buckling curves for steel
columns (Eurocode 3) as the basic design curves for composite members.
Application rules for composite members of mono-symmetrical cross-section arc given
in Annex D of Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4).
When the limits of applicability of the simplified method are not fulfilled (sec chapter
IV.1.1), the general method (EC4 : [4.8.3]) has to be applied.
allowances must be made for imperfections which are consistent with those adopted
for assessing the strength of bare steel columns,
- proper account must be taken of the steel and concrete stresse-strain curves,
- plane sections remain plane.
(7) The Table VI.l provides a list of checks to be performed at Ultimate Limit States for the
composite member submitted to combined axial compressive force and bending
moment ( , M). A member shall have sufficient bearing capacity if aU_ general checks
about the design method (list of checks ) are satisfied and if aU checks are fulfilled
according to the loading applied to that member. All the checks have both references to
Eurocode 4 and to the design handbook.
Beside general checks about the design method (list of checks (D), the Table VI.l
proposes the following loading applied to the member :
(2) Axial compressive force and uniaxial bending moment (Nx.sd> My.Sd)
Mz.SdX
or
(Nx.Sd-
Axial compressive force and biaxial bending moment (Nx.s<j. My.sd and M z .sd)
The influence of transverse shear forces (Vz.Sd, Vy.Sd) ' s explained in chapter VI.6.
204
EC4
[4.8.3.1 (5)]
Table VI.l
References to
List of checks to be performed at ULS for the
design
handbook
composite member submitted to combined axial
compressive force and bending moment (N,M)
[4.8.3.1 (3)]
(1)
[4.8.2.5]
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
[4.8.2.4]
[4.8.2.6] to
[4.8.2.8]
[4.8.3.10]
[4.8.3.3]
(1)
[4.8.3.8]
(2)
[4.8.3.11]
(3)
[Figure 4.12]
[4.8.3.13]
(4)
[4.8.3.13 (8)]
(D
[4.8.3.3]
(1)
[4.8.3.8]
(2)
[4.8.3.11]
(3)
[Figure 4.12]
[4.8.3.14]
[4.8.3.14 (5)]
(4)
My.Sd
^yMpl.y.Rd
,
7 ha
"
M-zMpl.z.Rd
205
* 1
VI.1.1
VI. 1.2
IV.2
IV.3
VI.2
VI.3
IV.2
IV.3
VI.4
VI.5
VI.1.1
EC4
[4.8.3.10 (2)] (1) Columns generally should be checked for second-order effects. For memory, secondorder theory takes into account the influence of the defomiation of a structure in order
to determine internal forces and moments, whereas first-order theory uses the initial
geometry of the structure.
Ref. 9 [5.3.2] (2) In slender isolated non-sway columns under combined compression and bending,
second-order effects on the bending may be significant. Eurocode 4 requires that the
second-order effects on bending moments about each relevant axis should be considered
if the following both conditions (a) and b)) are satisfied :
EC4 [4.8.3.10 (3)]
a)
N x.Sd
>0,1 and.
N,
b) > 0 , 2 ( 2 - r )
where Nx.sd
2( )
2()
(Ncr) v = - ^ and ( N c r ) z = .
LL
by
*"'*-
l?
^b.z
are the elastic critical loads for the column length about
relevant axis (yy or zz) (see clause IV.3 (4) and additional
comments in clause VI. 1.2 (2)),
is the non-dimensional slendemess of the composite member
for flexural buckling mode about relevant axis (ky,Xz)
(see
clause IV.3 (4) and additional comments in clauses VI. 1.2
(1) and (2)),
is the ratio of the lesser to the greater end moments :
Msd
rMsd
l-l<r<ll
where NCT.L
k>l,0
The composite member is then designed for combined compression (N x .sd) and bending
with the bending moment accounting for second-order effects equal to M S d = k M S d
206
If any one of the conditions (a) or b)) is not satisfied, the second-order effects may be
regarded as insignificant and the applied design moment obtained from first-order
theory may be used for the subsequent check of member to combined compression and
bending.
Table VI.2
Line
Moment distribution
First-order bending
moments
from lateral loads in isolated nonsway column
=1,0
Msd
Comment
Msd is the
bending
within the
length due
forces
second-order
maximum
moment
column
to lateral
ignoring
effects
Msd
End moments
frame
in a non-sway
= 0,66 + 0,44 r
Msd
rMsd
-1 < r < 1
> 1,0
Msd
VI.l.2
Combined action of
end
moments
and
moments from lateral
loads
rMsd
EC4
[4.8.3.3(3)] (1) Increase ofNpi Rd for concrete-filled tubes :
In case of concrete-filled circular hollow profile (see Figure VI.2 d)) submitted to N-M
loading, the load bearing capacity Npi.Rd of the composite cross-section may be
increased because of confinement and triaxial containment of concrete, if both following
conditions (a) and b)) are satisfied :
a) the relative slendemess of composite member is limited to :
< 0 , 5 and,
b) the greatest design bending moment calculated by first-order theory, M max .sd is
limited to :
M max.Sd <N x.Sd
M m 9 T CA
which is equivalent to : e =
10
Nx.sd
207
<
10
N x .sd
where
In chapter IV.2 this effect is already presented for cross-section submitted to centered
axial compressive force N x .sd hi this chapter VI. 1.2 concerning loading of combined
axial force and bending moment, a supplementary condition (the second one : b)) is
introduced considering the effect of bending moment amplitude. The following mie for
Npi.Rd evaluation replaces the one presented in chapter IV.2 (Table IV.5):
ft
Npi.Rd =A a T|2
YMa
where
+ AC
1+%t
\ c J
V+ A
d f,ck )
[
C
sk
Npi.Rd
A a , A, A s
fck
fsk
YMa. Yc> Ys
are partial safety factors at ultimate limit states for the structural
steel, concrete and reinforcement steel (see Table 11.10),
EC4
[4.8.3.3 (5) and (6)]
= - e/d),
2 =20 + (1 -Tl20)(10e/d),
where
208
EC4
[4.8.3.5]
as presented in clause IV.3 (4) where the effects of short-term and long-term loading are
taken into account.
In clause IV.3 (5) this effect is already presented for cross-section submitted to centered
axial compressive force Nx.Sd- 1 this chapter VI. 1.2 concerning loading of combined
axial compression and bending moment, an additional condition (about the eccentricity
e of axial load N x .sd) is considered to decide if the influence of long-term behaviour of
the concrete (creep and shrinkage of concrete) has to be allowed for.
for short-term loading :
where Ecm
Yc = 1,35
P
_ ^cm
fc
cd
_ c-c m
fc
cd - Yc
then
where E c m and yc
N
1-0,5- G.Sd
x.Sd J
Nx.sd
NG.Sd
x.Sd
M max.Sd
209
VI.2
Ref.7
[8.3.3]
EC4
[4.8.3.11]
(2) The cross-section interaction curve can be found by considering different positions of
the neutral axis over the whole cross-section and by determining the internal action
effects from the resulting stress blocks. This approach can only be carried out by
computer analysis.
But, with the simplified method of Eurocode 4, it is possible to calculate by hand four or
five points (A, C, D, and E) of the interaction curve. The exact interaction curve may
be replaced by the polygonal diagram (A(E)CDB) through these points as shown in
Figure VI.4. This simplified method is applicable to the design of composite columns
with cross-sections that are symmetrical about both principal axes (y and z).
NRd
Npi.Rd
1,0
rS
'VV/Vahdity a r e a / /
%^^#
MRd
1,0
M pl.Rd
Figure VI.3 Cross-section interaction curve for compression and uniaxial bending
210
approximation)
for
The points on the interaction curve may be calculated assuming rectangular stress blocks
and concrete zones under tension as cracked.
The stress distributions corresponding to points A, B, C, D and E are given in Figure VI.5
for a totally concrete-encased I-section with bending about the major axis of the steel
section.
[4.8.3.11 (3)]
EC4
[4.8.3.11 (5)]
211
EC4
[Figure 4.13]
afck/Yc
/<
7 7
fy/YMa
/-
fsk/Ys
/
S/
Npi.Rd
/
, /
ZZ :
TTzjzTz
'h
ihn112.hn
7y/YMa
Mpi.Rd
7'
PointC
fsk/Ys
Mpi.Rd
Npm.Rd
Point D
Mmax.Rd
// /
s / /
Npm.Rd
Point E
ME
&]h E
"*E
Figure VI.5 Stresses distributions corresponding to the interaction curve (Figure VI.4)
212
(3) Determination of cross-section polygonal interaction curve (see Figures VI.4 and VI.5) :
Point A marks the resistance to normal compressive axial force :
N
A = Npi.Rd (see chapter IV.2 and additional comments in clause VI.1.2 (1)),
MA=0
Point shows the stress distribution for bending moment resistance
NR=0
M B = M pl.Rd = Mmax.Rd - Mn.Rd,
MpLRd =(W p a - W p a n ) - ^ - + (w p c YMa
W p c n
) ^ + (wps
^Yc
\sk
psn
where Wpa, Wpc, Wpg are the plastic section moduli of the whole cross-section for
structural steel, for concrete part of the section (for the
calculation of WpC the concrete is assumed to be uncracked)
and for the reinforcement (see Table VI.3),
Wpan-Wpcn, Wpgn are the plastic section moduli of the cross-section parts
within the region of 2 h n (see Figure VI.5) for structural
steel, for concrete part of the section (for the calculation
of Wpc the concrete is assumed to be uncracked) and for
the reinforcement (see Table VI.3),
f
fck
= 0,85
iifs sf: 1
' - . "
= 1,00
fsk
YMa-Yo Ys
are the partial safety factors at ultimate limit states for the
structural steel, concrete and reinforcement steel (see table
11.10).
213
Point C also corresponds to the bending moment resistance but with additional
compressed region (over 2 h n ) creating a normal compressive axial force :
Nr
= N pm.Rd
Acoc
k
Yc
2.hnN pm.Rd
Point D : at this point, the stress neutral axis lies within the centroidal axis of the
cross-section ; the axial resistance (over h n ) is half the one of point C and the
greatest bending resistance is reached :
pm.Rd
MD
M max .Rd = VV
Mpi.Rd + M n . R d ,
,a
7:
+Wpc
fck
^7
+Wps
*sk
Ys
Mn.Rd
L h _?.
Npm.Rd
where
wiicic
M r>j=W
+VV
ivinRd
vv p a n
Wp^
+ W
-r w p s n
-^-
YMa
Yc
Ys
- Point E : details are provided in Annex C of Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4: see C.6.3 (5) to
(7) for concrete-encased I-sections or see C.6.4 (3) to (5) for concrete-filled
hollow sections).
The equations for the position of the neutral axis, h n , are given for selected positions in
the cross-sections. The resulting value of h n should lie within the limits of the assumed
region.
214
Table VI.3 a) Neutral axes and plastic section moduli for totally and partially concreteencased steel profile bent about major axis (yy)
EC4
[Annex C]
b=b
ez
ez
hn h
he --
hn
y
tw
h = hc
"j
''pa
"ps
11
hn =
c f cd -
s n ( 2 fsd
h
- f
^ - - t f
cd )
u ^ h
Acfcd-Asn(2fsd-fcd) + (b-tw)(h-2tf)(2fyd-fcd)
hn =
W
2bcfcd+2b(2fyd-fcd)
=bh
u u
"pan
2_(b-tw)(h-2tf)^
n
-<K<-^
"
2
2
A
K=
c d - A s n ( 2 f s d - f c d ) - A a ( 2 f yd
2 b c fcd
W
" pan = W
" pa
2
W
" p e n = bu c "hn - W
"pan
- "^psn
W
"psn
2.Asn |ezj|
i=l
215
fCd)
T a b l e V I . 3 b) Neutral a x e s and plastic section moduli for totally and partially c o n c r e t e e n c a s e d steel profile bent about m i n o r axis (zz)
EC4
[Annex C]
he
h
h = hc
tf
tf
1+
ey
1-
l.
- i
hn
hn
tw !
I
ez
-t*
V'
F o r the w h o l e cross-section :
tfb2
h-2tf
VV =
+
pa
h r bc;
v v'pc
_ = c
4-
9
r
3-10
W wgpa w" p s
W
Z^-^si
Y A yi'"ps
i=l
^ ~
2hcfcd+2h(2fyd-fcd)
W
pan = h h n
f
\.
^ < h
2
tw(2tf-h)(2fyd-fcd)
2hcfcd+4tf(2fyd-fcd)
2 ,(h-2tf)t2tfh- +
pan
=
w
b^
< b
" 2 .
c f cd
- A
! < ' * *
s n ( 2 f s d - f c d ) - A a ( 2 fyd ~ f cd )
2 h c fej
=w
"pan
"pa
VV
= h h -VV
-VV
"pen
"c "n
"pan
"psn
n
|
,
W
V A
"psn
Z . ^ s m P"yi
i=l
N o t a t i o n s : see T a b l e VI.3 c)
216
b = bc
Table VI.3 c) Neutral axes and plastic section moduli for concrete-filled circular and
rectangular hollow sections
EC4
[Annex C]
ey
m
hn
tz
1) B ending about major axis (yy) :
- Rectangular hollow sections :
. For the whole cross-section :
W
bh2
3
= -|(r+t) -(r
+ t) 2 (4-)^.
t-r
-W
"pa
W
=
"pc
pc
w.ps
*-2th-2')-^-,(4-,)(~-,|-W^
11
Wps = As |e z i|
i=l
A c fed
A s n (2f s d
fed)
2bfed+4t(2fyd-fcd)
Wpan=bhn
W
"pen
- W
"psn
W p c n = ( b - 2 t ) h n - W psn
VVncn = 2wA s n i e z i
'psn
i=l
217
VI.3
compression
and
uniaxial
bending
EC4
[4.8.3.13]
Ref. 9
[4.5.3]
(1) The principle for checking the stability of composite member under combined
compression and uniaxial bending according to the Eurocode 4 simplified method is
illustrated graphically in Figure VI.6 where NRd and MRd are axial force resistance and
bending moment resistance of the composite member. Figure VI.6 is derived from crosssection interaction curve (see chapter VI.2) for the same bending plane of die applied
moment.
EC4
[4.8.3.13(2)] (2) Firstly, the resistance of the composite member under axial load has to be determined in
N b.Rd
the absence of bending moment. This resistance ratio is given by
where
N pl.Rd
Nb.Rd is the design flexural buckling resistance of the member (see chapter IV.3 and
additional comments in clauses V.1.2 (1) and (2)), Npi.Rd 1S the design plastic resistance
to compression of the composite cross-section (see chapter IV.2 and additional comment
in clause V.1.2 (1)) and where factor accounts for the influence of member
imperfections and slendemess. In Figure VI.6 the bearing capacity to axial load is
represented by the value . At the level of a corresponding value for bending JJj^ can
be read from the cross-section interaction curve. This bending moment resistance k
Mpi.Rd is meant to be the "moment of imperfection" of the composite member,
representing the second-order moment due to imperfections of the member (Mpi.Rd is
the plastic moment resistance of the composite cross-section : see chapter VI.2).
EC4
[4.8.3.13(4)] (3) The influence of the imperfections decreases when the axial load ratio (NRd / Npi.Rd) is
less than and is assumed to vary linearly between and . For an axial load ratio less
than , the effects of imperfections is neglected. The value accounts for the fact that
the imperfections and the bending moment do not always act unfavourably together. For
_(l-r)
end moments the ratio may be calculated from An
. X . but < Xi.
where r
In other cases of bending moment distribution within the member length (for instance,
transverse loads) should be taken as zero.
Table VI.4
Typical values of
Ratio r
Value
0
!)
0,25
-1
0,5
EC4
[4.8.3.13(3)] (4) With a design axial force applied to the member Nx.sd . the axial load ratio X is defined
218
By reading off the horizontal distance from the interaction curve (see Figure VI.6), the
moment resistance ratio, , may be obtained and the moment resistance of the composite
member under combined compression and bending may then be evaluated.
The value defines the ultimate moment resistance that is still available, having taken
into account the influence of second-order effects in the member. According to Figure
VI.6 the length is calculated from :
= d-k
(Xd~Xn)
(X-Xn)
NRd
i1
Npi.Rd
1,0 .
X'
/TV
Xd'
'
\-
'~
1
1
i
k
MRd
Mpi.Rd
Figure VI.6 Design procedure for compression and uniaxial bending interaction
[4.8.3.13 (7)]
In certain regions of the interaction curve, the moment resistance ratio is allowed to be
greater than unity in the presence of axial load. This is due to the fact that in the
presence of axial load, the amount of concrete in tension and thus cracked is reduced,
and more concrete is included in the evaluation of the moment resistance. However, if the
bending moment and the applied load are independent of each other, the value of must
be limited to 1,0 : < 1,0 . On the countrary the value of may be greater than 1,0 if the
bending moment Msd is due solely to the action of the eccentricity of the force Nx.sd,
e.g. in an isolated column without transverse loads acting between the column ends.
[4.8.3.13(8)] (6) Eurocode 4 considers that the member in combined compression and uniaxial bending
has sufficient resistance if the following condition is satisfied :
M S d<0,9pM p l .Rd
where Msd
Mpi.Rd
is the plastic moment resistance of the composite crosssection (see chapter VI.2).
The interaction curve has been determined without considering the strain limitations in
the concrete. Hence the moments, including second-order effects if necessary, are
219
calculated using the effective elastic flexural stiffness, (E I)e , and taking into account the
entire concrete area of the cross-section (i.e. concrete is uncracked). Consequently, a
reduction factor of 0,9 is applied to the moment resistance as shown in equation
aforementioned to allow for the simplifications in this approach.
Ref. 12
(pp. 58-59) (7) The advantage of this simplified method of calculation is its applicability for any doublesymmetrical cross-section.
Althrough the polygonal course lies beneath the exact interaction curve, the design not
always lies on the conservative side.
If the deviation between polygonal course and exact curve is very large in the region of
the moment of imperfection (at the height of in Figure VI.6), an small on the other
side at the normal force (at X in Figure VI.6), a too small imperfection is taken into
account. In this case the fifth point E of the interaction curve presented in chapter VI.2
has to be determined nearly in the middle between point A and point C.
For concrete-encased I-sections with bending about the strong axis of the section the
exact interaction curve takes an almost linear course between point A and C, so that point
E need not be determined in this case.
Ref. 9 (p. 25)
For concrete-filled hollow sections, the interaction curve AECDB as shown in Figure VI.4
may be preferred as it will give more economical design, especially for columns under
high axial load and low end moments, although much calculation effort is required. For
better approximation, the position of point E may be chosen to be closer to point A
rather than being mid-way between points A and C. Refer to Eurocode 4 for more
information.
VI.4
For the design of a composite member under combined compression and biaxial
bending, verification of cross-section resistance has to be performed separately for each
bending axis. The applied effects of actions combined as (Nx , My.sd) and (Nx.sd.
Mz.sd). have to lie in the valid area of the respective cross-section interaction curves
calculated for bending about major axis (yy) and for bending about minor axis (zz) (see
chapter VI.2).
VI.5
EC4
[4.8.3.14(2)] (1) For the design of a composite member under combined compression and biaxial
bending, the axial resistance of the member in the presence of bending moment for each
axis has to be evaluated separately. In general, it will be obvious which of the axes is
more likely to fail and the imperfections need to be considered only for this direction as
shown in Figure VI.7 (where failure is expected to occur for bending about axis). If it
is not evident which plane is the most critical, checks should be made for both bending
planes.
EC4
[4.8.3.14(4)] (2) The evaluation of the moment resistance ratios p y and for both axes is carried out on
basis of cross-section interaction curves (see chapter VI.2). If the failure plane is known
it is only necessary to consider the effect of geometric imperfections in the critical plane
of member buckling ( in Figure VI.7) and, the moment resistance ratio in the other
plane ( p y in Figure VI.7) may be evaluated without the consideration of imperfections.
The interaction of the bending moments must also be checked using the moment
interaction curve as shown in Figure VI.7. This linear interaction curve is cut off at 0,9
Py and 0,9 . The design moments, My.sd and Mz.sd. related to the respective plastic
moment resistances, must lie within the moment interaction curve.
220
(3) Eurocode 4 considers that the member has sufficient resistance if all the following
conditions are satisfied :
M y.Sd
y Mpl.y.Rd
M z .Sd
pl.z.Rd
and.
<0,9,
<0,9,
M y.Sd
M z.Sd
Mpl.y.Rd
M p L z R d
< 1,0
(Xd-Xn)
(X-Xn)
(see
chapter VI.3),
Py
is evaluated from cross-section interaction curve (see chapter
VI.2),
Mpi.y.Rd and Mpi.z.Rd are the plastic moment resistances of the composite
cross-section (see chapter VI.2).
NRd
Rd_
Npi.Rd
Npi.Rd
My.Rd
'Mpl.y.Rd
M y.Rd
M pl.y.Rd
0,9 \iy
I
1
1
Mz.Rd
M pl.z.Rd
0,9
221
VI.6
(1) Similary to explanations given in chapter IV. 1.3, the design transverse shear forces
(Vz.Sd- Vy.Sd) may be assumed to act on the steel section alone, or to share between the
steel section and the concrete. The shear force to be resisted by the concrete must be
considered according to Eurocode 2 (Ref. 2), whereas the shear force to be resisted by
the steel section can be checked using the von Mises criterion. Figure VI.8 shows the
reduction of normal stresses in the shear area (A v ) of the steel section under transverse
shear stress, for the case of totally encased I-profile bent about major y-y axis.
EC4
[4.4.3 (l)]
Figure VI.8 Reduction of normal stresses of steel profile within shear area in the
presence of transverse shear stress
(2) If the design value of the transverse shear force is allocated to the steel section alone and
if:
V z .sd<0,5V p l . z . R d
V y , S d <0,5V p l . y ,R d
and,
where Vpi.z.Rd, Vpj y.Rd are the design plastic shear resistance about minor axis
(zz) and major (yy) axes of steel profile (see chapter
V.2.4.1),
no reduction needs to be made in the resistance moments.
(3) For the resistance of the steel cross-section submitted alone to combined shear force
(Vz.Sd o r Vy.Sd) and uniaxial bending moment (My.sd or M z .sd) if the design value of
transverse shear force
V S d > 0 , 5 V pl.Rd (high shear) ,
then interaction between shear force and bending moment shall bc considered. In this
case the design value of bending moment Msd shall satisfy at each cross-section :
Msd < My.Rd ,but
where My.Rd
222
Mpi.Rd
is the design plastic resistance moment of the composite crosssection (see chapter VI.2 and Tables VI.3).
EC4
[4.4.3 (2)]
(4) For design purposes, the reduction in the design steel strength (fy.red) i n the shear area
(A v ) of the steel section may be transformed into a reduction in steel thickness of that
shear area (Av) : tw.red- tf.red or tred (see Table VI.5).
Table VI.5
EC4
[4.4.3(2)]
*r
V z .sd
jVtsd
V z .Sd
'
tw.red tw (1 - Pz)
::
tw:
or, tred = t (1 - p z )
tf.red = tf (1 - p y )
or, tred = t (1 - p y )
(Vz.Sd or Vy.sd)
tred = t ( l - p )
Vy.Sd
where
pz
2 V z.Sd
V pl.z.Rd
2 V y.Sd
Py
-1
V'pl.Rd
.
YaV3'
J
2
-1
With Vpl.y.Rd =
'
^Vp L y .Rd
2 V Sd
A
f
^ v v.z 1 y
"Av . y Afy
YaV3 '
Ayly
1
with Vpi.Rd
,V3'
tf
tw
fy
Ya
is the partial safety factor at ULS for structural steel (see Table 11.10),
223
EC4
[4.8.3.11 (l)]
EC4 [C.5]
Ref. 9
[4.7]
Using the reduced effective thickness tw.red> tf.red or t re d of the web or the flange of the
steel section, the moment resistances of the composite cross-section (respectively My.y.RdMv.z.Rd r My Rd) may be evaluated using the same set of expressions given in chapter
VI.2 and Tables VI.3 without any modification. The determination of the cross-section
interaction curves for (N x .sd. Vz.sd and My.sd) and (N x .sd Vy.sd and Mz.sd) combined
loading can be carried out with the same method given in chapter VI.2 and the checks of
composite members should follow the same procedure provided in chapters VI.2 to VI.5.
(5) For simplicity, the division of the shear force between the steel section and the concrete
may be neglected, and the design shear force is allocated to the steel section alone. In
practice, it is unlikely that shear will have any influence on the design of composite
columns.
224
Vn COMPOSITE SLABS OR
CONCRETE SLABS
Ref. 7 [5]
VII
Vn.l
Generalities
Ref. 7 [5.1]
EC4 [7]
(1) This chapter VII reviews the different forms of concrete slab that may be used in
conjunction with composite beams, and the factors that influence the design of the
beams. The detailed design of composite slabs, which is covered in chapter 7 of
Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4), is not treated in this handbook.
(2) Three types of concrete slab are often used in combination with composite beams. These
three types are listed as follows :
- Solid slab : this is a slab with no internal voids or ribs openings, normally cast-in
place using traditional wooden formwork (see Figure II.3).
- Composite slab : this is a slab which is cast-in-place using decking (cold-formed
profiled steel sheeting) as permanent formwork to the concrete slab. When ribs of
the decking have a re-entrant shape and/or are provided with embossments that
can transmit longitudinal forces between the decking and the concrete, the
resulting slab acts as a composite slab in the direction of the decking ribs (see
Figure II. 3 and Figure VII.l).
- Precast concrete slab : this is a slab consisting of prefabricated concrete units and
cast-in place concrete. There are two forms that may be used : thin precast concrete
plate elements of approximately 50 mm thickness are used as a formwork for solid
slabs or alternatively, deep precast concrete elements are used for longer spans with
a thin layer of cast-in-place concrete as a wearing surface. Deep precast concrete
units often have hollow cores which serve to reduce their dead weight (see Figure
II.3).
No further information is given on solid slabs or precast concrete slabs in this chapter
VII. For those cases reference should be made respectively to Eurocode 2 (Ref. 2) and to
Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4, chapter 8).
(3) In the design of composite slabs the following aspects have to be considered :
EC4 [4.2.2]
EC4 [6.3.3]
- The influence of the slab on the shear connection between the slab and the beam :
stud behaviour and maximum strength may be modified due to the shape of the
ribs in the slab (see chapter V.2.7.3). The correct placement of studs relative to ribs
is of great importance (see chapter V.2.7.4).
EC4 [6.6]
227
>
y-
mesh
^r
^
-*
'slab
hp<85mm^
embossments/
centroidal axis
of sheet
ff
bo>hp
>50mm
b) Composite slab with trapezoidal deck profile, showing the main geometrical parameters
Figure VELI Typical composite slabs
228
Ref. 7 [5.2]
Ref. 7 [5.2.1]
VII2
Vn.2.1
(1) Typical composite slabs are shown in Figure VII.l. In general such slabs consist of :
decking (cold formed profiled steel sheeting), concrete and light mesh reinforcement.
There are many types of decking currently marketed in Europe. These can be, however,
broadly classified into two groups :
- Re-entrant rib geometries. An example of such a profile is shown in Figure VII.l
a). Note that embossements are often placed on the top flange of the deck.
- Open or trapezoidal rib geometries. An example of such a profile is shown in
Figures VII.l b). Note that embossements are often placed on the webs of the
deck.
(2) Composite slab depths range from 100 to 200 mm; 120 to 180 mm being the most
common depending on the fire resistance requirements.
(3) Decking rib geometries may vary considerably in form, width and depth. Typical rib
heights, hp, are between 40 mm and 85 mm. Centre-line distances between ribs generally
vary between 150 mm and 300 mm. Embossment shapes and sheet overlaps also vary
between decking manufacturers.
(4) In general, the sheet steel is hot-dipped galvanised with 0,02 mm of zinc coating on each
side. The base material is cold-formed steel with thicknesses between 0,75 mm and 1,5
mm. The yield strength fsk of the steel is in the range of 220 to 350 N/mm2.
(5) Deeper decks permit longer spans to be concreted without the need for propping. Ribs
deeper than 85 mm, however, are not treated in this handbook. For such ribs composite
action with the steel beam may be significantly reduced, thus requiring special attention.
Vn.2.2
Ref. 7 [5.2.2]
Construction condition
(1) Normally, decking is first used as a construction platform. This means that it supports
construction operatives, their tools and other material commonly found on construction
sites. Good construction practice requires that the decking sheets be attached to each
other and to all permanent supports using screws or shot-fired nails.
(2) Next, the decking is used as formwork so that it supports the weight of the wet concrete,
reinforcement and the concreting gang. The maximum span length of the decking
without propping can be calculed according to the mies given in Part 1.3 or Annex A of
Eurocode 3. Characteristic loads for the construction phase are intruduced in addition to
the self weight of the slab (see chapter III).
(3) Typically, decking with a steel thickness of 1,2 mm, and a rib height h p of 60 mm, can
span between 3 m and 3,5 m without propping.
Ref. 7 [5.2.3]
Vn.2.3
Composite action
After the concrete has hardened, composite action is achieved by the combination of
chemical bond and mechanical interlock between the steel decking and the concrete. The
chemical bond is unreliable and is not taken into account in design. Composite slab
design is generally based on information provided by the decking manufacturer, in the
form of allowable imposed load tables. These values are determined from test results and
their interpretation as required in Eurocode 4 (Ref. 4 : 10.3). In most catalogues the
resistance to imposed load is given as a function of decking type and steel sheet
thickness, slab thickness, span length and the number of temporary supports. Generally,
these resistances are well in excess of the applied loads, indicating that composite action
is satisfactory or that the design is controlled by other limitations. However, care should
be taken to read the catalogue for any limitations or restrictions due to dynamic loads,
and concentrated point and line loads.
229
Vn.2.4
Ref. 7 [5.2.4]
EC4
[7.6.2.2]
(1)
Deflections
(2) However, if the maximum ratio of span length to slab depth (hsiab (= hp + hc),in Figure
VII.l b)) is within the limits of Table VII.l no deflection check is needed. The end span
should be considered as the general case for design. In this case it is assumed that
minimum anti-crack reinforcement exists at the supports. Experience shows that imposed
load deflections do not exceed span/350 when using the span to depth ratios shown in
Table VII.l. More refined deflection calculations will lead to greater span to depth ratios
than those given in Table VII.l.
Table VII.l Maximum span to depth ratios of composite slabs (L / hsiar))
Ref. 7 [5.3]
Vn.3
End span
Internal span
Single span
35
38
32
30
33
27
(1) Profiled steel decking performs a number of important roles, and influences the design
of the composite beam in a number of ways. It :
- may provide lateral restraint to the steel beams during constructions (see chapter
V.2.5.2),
- causes a possible reduction in the design resistance of the shear connectors (see
chapter V.2.7.3),
- acts as transverse reinforcement leading to a reduction in the amount of bar
reinforcement needed (see chapter V.2.7.5).
(2) The orientation of the sheeting is important. Decking ribs may be oriented in two ways
with respect to the composite beam :
- decking ribs transverse to the steel beam. The decking may be discontinuous (see
Figure VII.2 a)), or continuous (see Figure VII.2 b)) over the top flange of the
beam ,
- decking ribs parallel to the steel beam (see Figure VII.2 c) and d)).
The shear connectors may be welded through the decking, or placed in holes formed in
the troughs of the decking. In the latter case the shear connectors can also be welded to
the steel beam off-site. When the through welding procedure is used on site, studs may
not be welded through more than one sheet and overlapping of sheets is not permitted
(see chapter V.2.7.4).
230
b0>hp
-*
-**
m.>2d
Big
I
h c >50mmi
=h=
hp< 85 mmi
a) discontinuous decking
b) continuous decking
Decking ribs transverse to the beam
/^JLzpM
d)
c)
Ref. 7 [5.3.1]
The concrete slab in the direction of the beam is not a homogeneous (solid) slab (see
Figure VII.2 a) and b)). This has important consequences for the design of the
composite beam, as only the depth of concrete over the ribs acts in compression (see
chapter V.2.5.1). Additionally, there is often a significant influence on the resistance of
the shear connectors due to the shape of the deck profile (see chapter V.2.7.3).
Vn.3.2
Ref. 7 [5.3.2]
In the construction phase, decking with this orientation is not considered effective in
resisting lateral torsional buckling of the steel beam (see Figure VII.2, c) and d)).
In this case, the complete cross-section of the slab may be used in calculating the
moment resistance of the beam (see chapter V.2.5.1). The orientation of the ribs also
implies that there will be little reduction in the studs due to the ribs in the concrete slab
(see chapter V.2.7.3).
231
Ref. 7 [5.5]
Vn.4
(1) Transverse reinforcement must be provided in the slab to ensure that longitudinal
shearing failure or splitting does not occur before the failure of the composite beam
itself (see chapter V.2.7.5).
(2) The steel decking is not allowed to participate as transverse reinforcement unless there is
an effective means of transferring tension into the slab, such as by through-deck welding
of the shear connectors. Where the decking is continuous, the decking is effective in
transferring tension and can act as transverse reinforcement. This is not necessarily the
case if the ribs are parallel to the beam because of overlaps in the sheeting.
(3) Minimum amounts of transverse reinforcement are required. The reinforcement should
be distributed uniformly. The minimum amount is 0,002 times the concrete section
above the ribs.
232
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European Commission
EUR 18403 Properties and in-service performance
Simplified version of Eurocode 4 for usual buildings
J. B. Schleich, Ph. Chantrain
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
1998 232 pp. 21 29.7 cm
Technical steel research series
ISBN 92-828-4467-6
Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 40
The aim of the following ECSC research is to elaborate a simple but complete document to
design commonly used buildings with composite steel-concrete sections. This document is
based completely on Eurocode 4 and each paragraph totally conforms to Eurocode 4. Only
the design formulas necessary to design braced buildings have been taken into account in
this document. The size of the buildings is limited to 20 storeys. Halls are not treated. The
designers and steel constructors will be able to calculate and erect a commonly used
composite steel-concrete building with this document. Therefore, the important load cases
from Eurocode 1 have also been included in this document.
The working group of this research project was composed of 15 European engineering
offices.
The link of the working group to the drafting panel of Eurocode 4 was guaranteed by
Professor Sedlacek of Aachen University.
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by engineering offices:
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the basis of the design procedures and the needed formulas used in the examples of
calculation.
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