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Lec 11
Lec 11
Part 2
Solar Time
Solar time the time based on the apparent angular
motion of the sun across the sky with solar noon the
time the sun crosses the meridian of the observer.
Solar time = standard time + 4(Lstd-Lloc) + E
E = equation of time in minutes
E = 229.2*(0.000075 + 0.001868*cosB
0.032077*sin B 0.014615*cos2B - 0.04089*sin2B)
(
303
1
)
*
298
2. B =>
365
365
3. E => E 229.2(0.000075 0.001868 cos(298) 0.032077 sin(298)
0.014615 cos 2(298) 0.04089 sin 2(298)) 16.35 min
Nomenclature
Zenith angle (z)
Slope ()
Surface azimuth angle ()
Solar azimuth angle (s) for
tilted surface.
Nomenclatures
Latitude, the angular location north or south of the
equator, north positive; -90o-<<90o.
Declination, the angular position of the sun at solar noon
(i.e. when the sun in on the local meridian) with respect to
the plane of the equator, north positive; -23.45o < < 23.45o.
Slope, the angle between the plane of the surface in
question and the horizontal; 0o<<180o. (>90o means that
the surface has a downward-facing component).
Surface azimuth angle, the deviation of the projection on a
horizontal plane of the normal to the surface from the local
meridian, with zero due south, east negative, and west
positive; -180o<<180o.
Nomenclatures
Hour angle, the angular displacement of the sun east or
west of the local meridian due to rotation of the earth on its
axis at 15o per hour; morning negative, afternoon positive.
Angle of Incidence, the angle between the beam radiation
on a surface and the normal to that surface.
z Zenith angle, the angle between the vertical and the line
to the sun, that is, the angle of incidence of beam radiation on
a horizontal surface.
s Solar altitude angle, the angle between the horizontal
and the line to the sun, that is, the complement of the zenith
angle.
s Solar azimuth angle, the angular displacement from south
of the projection of beam radiation on the horizontal plane.
284 n
23.45 sin 360
365
Where
n = day of the year,
n = 1 for January 1st
Hour Angle
sin(alpha) - sin .sin
Sin ( )
cos cos
Note that at solar noon the hour angle equals zero and since the hour angle
changes at 15 per hour it is a simple matter to calculate the hour angle at any
time of day. The hour angles at sunrise and sunset (S) are very useful quantities
to know. Numerically these two values have the same value however the sunrise
angle is negative and the sunset angle is positive
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1.
2.
3.
284 303
14.74
365
4.
= 33.8o
Hour Angle
The hour angle measures time after
solar noon in terms of one degree
for every four minutes, or fifteen
degrees per hour. Time after solar
noon is expressed using a positive
hour angle, and time before solar
noon, a negative hour angle.
Therefore, at two hours before solar
noon, the hour angle is -30 degrees,
and at two hours after solar noon it
is +30 degrees. Hour angle is
expressed in angular units
(degrees).
360
B n 1
, in degree
365
Example. Calculate the declination on October 30?
360
o
B 303 1
298
365
0.006918 0.399912 cos 298 0.070257 sin 298
0.006758 cos(2 * 298) 0.000907 sin(2 * 298)
0.002679 cos(3 * 298) 0.00148 sin(3 * 298) 13.53o
Compare this with -14.74 in previous example (8% difference)
Horizontal surfaces
cos z cos cos cos sin sin
s cos 1
cos 1 tan tan cos 1 ( tan 30.61* tan 13.53) cos 1 (0.1424) 81.8o
Hour Angle
The hour angle measures time after
solar noon in terms of one degree
for every four minutes, or fifteen
degrees per hour. Time after solar
noon is expressed using a positive
hour angle, and time before solar
noon, a negative hour angle.
Therefore, at two hours before solar
noon, the hour angle is -30 degrees,
and at two hours after solar noon it
is +30 degrees. Hour angle is
expressed in angular units
(degrees).
360
298o
365
2. Calculate declination
0.006918 0.399912 cos 298 0.070257 sin 298
0.006758 cos(2 * 298) 0.000907 sin(2 * 298)
0.002679 cos(3 * 298) 0.00148 sin(3 * 298) 13.53o
3. Calculate N
N
2
2
cos 1 (tan tan ) cos 1 tan 30.61 tan(13.53) 10.9 hrs
15
15
24 3600Gsc
360n
1 0.033 cos
cos cos sin s s sin sin
365
180
Where
Ho=daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface in the absence of atmosphere
Io
12 3600Gsc
360n
(2 1 )
sin sin
1 0.033 cos
cos sin (sin 2 sin 1 )
365
180
Where
Io = hourily solar radiation on a horizontal surface in the
absence of atmosphere between the hours defined by
hour angle 1 (1) and hour angle 2 (2).
Ho
24 3600Gsc
s
360n
0
.
033
cos
cos
cos
sin
sin
sin
365
180
1 0.033 cos
(81.8)
365
sin 30.61sin(13.53)
180
MJ
H o 25.13 2
m day
Io
12 3600Gsc
360n
(2 1 )
sin sin
1 0.033 cos
cos sin (sin 2 sin 1 )
365
180
12 3600 1367
360 303
(15 (30))
sin 30.61sin(13.53)
1 0.033 cos
cos 30.61sin(13.53)(sin(15) sin(30))
365
180
MJ
I o 3.2 2 , spreadsheet answer
m
Clearness Index, Kt
Kt = ratio of a particular
days radiation to the
extraterrestrial
radiation that day.
Kt = H/Ho
It express the amount
of intensity that is lost
through absorption.
Month
Ho
MJ/m2
MJ/m2
Kt
January
5.93
20.91
0.28
February
7.60
25.86
0.29
March
10.33
31.56
0.33
April
11.99
36.74
0.33
May
13.89
39.97
0.35
June
12.62
41.18
0.31
July
18.21
40.56
0.45
August
20.72
38.1
0.54
September
17.31
33.77
0.51
October
12.99
28.07
0.46
November
8.49
22.53
0.38
December
10.05
19.67
0.51
Mean
12.51
31.58
0.40
Solar Dryers
Space heaters
Rule of thumb
(tan tan ) 1 there is no sunset, i.e. 24
hours of daylight;
(tan tan ) 1 there is no sunrise, i.e. 24
hours of darkness.
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