Hugo Chávez
Hugo Chávez
EARLY LIFE
progressing with them to the Venezuelan National Baseball Championships. He also wrote poetry, ction, and
drama, and painted,[60] and he researched the life and
political thought of 19th-century South American revolutionary Simn Bolvar.[61] He also became interested
in the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara (192867) after reading his memoir The Diary of Che Guevara.[62]
In 1974, he was selected to be a representative in the
commemorations for the 150th anniversary of the Battle
of Ayacucho in Peru, the conict in which Simon Bolvars lieutenant, Antonio Jos de Sucre, defeated royalist forces during the Peruvian War of Independence. In
Peru, Chvez heard the leftist president, General Juan
Velasco Alvarado (19101977), speak, and inspired by
Velascos ideas that the military should act in the interSabaneta, Barinas, where Chvez was born and raised.
ests of the working classes when the ruling classes were
perceived as corrupt,[63] he drank up the books [VeAttending the Julin Pino Elementary School, Chvez lasco had written], even memorising some speeches alwas particularly interested in the 19th-century federalist most completely.[64]
general Ezequiel Zamora, in whose army his own greatgreat-grandfather had served.[52][53] In the mid-1960s, Befriending the son of Panamanian President Omar
Hugo, his brother and their grandmother moved to the Torrijos (19291981), another leftist military general,
city of Barinas so that the boys could attend Daniel Chvez visited Panama, where he met with Torrijos, and
was impressed with his land reform program that was
O'Leary High School.[54]
designed to benet the peasants. Inuenced by Torrijos
and Velasco he saw the potential for military generals to
seize control of a government when the civilian author1.2 Military Academy: 19711975
ities were perceived as serving the interests of only the
[63][65]
In contrast to Torrijos and Velasco,
Aged seventeen, Chvez studied at the Venezuelan wealthy elites.
Chvez
became
highly
critical of Augusto Pinochet, the
Academy of Military Sciences in Caracas, following a
right-wing
general
who
had recently seized control in
curriculum known as the Andrs Bello Plan, instituted
Chile
with
the
aid
of
the
American
CIA.[66] Chvez later
by a group of progressive, nationalistic military ocers.
This new curriculum encouraged students to learn not said, With Torrijos, I became a Torrijist. With Velasco
only military routines and tactics but also a wide vari- I became a Velasquist. And with Pinochet, I became
[67]
ety of other topics, and to do so civilian professors were an anti-Pinochetist. In 1975, Chvez graduated from
brought in from other universities to give lectures to the the military academy as one of the top graduates of the
year.[68][69][70]
military cadets.[55][56][57]
I think that from the time I left the academy I was oriented
toward a revolutionary movement... The Hugo Chvez
who entered there was a kid from the hills, a Ilanero{sic}
with aspirations of playing professional baseball. Four
years later, a second-lieutenant came out who had taken
the revolutionary path. Someone who didn't have obligations to anyone, who didn't belong to any movement,
who was not enrolled in any party, but who knew very
well where I was headed.
Hugo Chvez[71]
Following his graduation, Chvez was stationed as a
communications ocer at a counterinsurgency unit in
Barinas,[72] although the Marxist-Leninist insurgency
which the army was sent to combat had already been erad-
3
icated from that state.[73] At one point he found a stash
of Marxist literature that apparently had belonged to insurgents many years before. He went on to read these
books, which included titles by Karl Marx, Vladimir
Lenin and Mao Zedong, but his favourite was a work
entitled The Times of Ezequiel Zamora, written about
the 19th-century federalist general whom Chvez had
admired as a child.[74] These books further convinced
Chvez of the need for a leftist government in Venezuela:
By the time I was 21 or 22, I made myself a man of the
left.[75]
In 1977, Chvezs unit was transferred to Anzotegui,
where they were involved in battling the Red Flag Party,
a Marxist-Hoxhaist insurgency group.[76] After intervening to prevent the beating of an alleged insurgent by other
soldiers,[77] Chvez began to have his doubts about the
army and their methods in using torture.[75] At the same
time, he was becoming increasingly critical of the corruption in the army and in the civilian government, coming
to believe Venezuelas poor were not beneting from the
oil wealth, and began to sympathize with the Red Flag
Party and their cause and their violent methods.[78]
In 1977, he founded a revolutionary movement together
with Luis R. Gonzalez an William Jimenez, within the
armed forces, in the hope that he could one day introduce
a leftist government to Venezuela: the Venezuelan Peoples Liberation Army (Ejrcito de Liberacin del Pueblo
de Venezuela, or ELPV), consisted of him and a handful
of his fellow soldiers who had no immediate plans for direct action, though they knew they wanted a middle way
between the right wing policies of the government and the
far left position of the Red Flag.[77][79][80] Nevertheless,
hoping to gain an alliance with civilian leftist groups in
Venezuela, Chvez set up clandestine meetings with various prominent Marxists, including Alfredo Maneiro (the
founder of the Radical Cause) and Douglas Bravo.[81][82]
At this time, Chvez married a working-class woman
named Nancy Colmenares, with whom he had three
children: Rosa Virginia (born September 1978), Maria
Gabriela (born March 1980) and Hugo Rafael (born October 1983).[83]
Logo of MBR-200.
2.1
The San Carlos military stockade, where Hugo Chvez was held
after attempting to overthrow President Prez in 1992.
after.[128] The government meanwhile began a temporary crackdown on media supportive of Chvez and the
coup.[129] Prez himself was then impeached a year later
for malfeasance and misappropriation of funds for illegal
activities.[130][131]
While Chvez and the other senior members of the MBR200 were in prison, his relationship with Herma Marksman broke up in July 1993.[132] In 1994, Rafael Caldera
(19162009) of the centrist National Convergence Party
and who had knowledge of the coup was elected president, and soon after freed Chvez and the other imprisoned MBR-200 members, though Caldera banned them
from returning to the military.[133][134] Chvez went on
a 100-day tour of the country, promoting his Bolivarian cause of social revolution.[135] On his tours around
the country he met Marisabel Rodrguez, who would give
birth to their daughter shortly before becoming his second
wife in 1997.[136][137]
4.1
3.1
1998 election
The Chvez governments initial policies were moderate, capitalist and centre-left, having much in common
with those of contemporary Latin American leftists like
Brazils president Lula da Silva.[162][163] Chvez initially
believed that capitalism was still a valid economic model
for Venezuela, but only Rhenish capitalism, not the USsupported neoliberalism of former governments.[164] He
followed the economic guidelines recommended by the
International Monetary Fund and continued to encourage foreign corporations to invest in Venezuela,[165] even
visiting the New York Stock Exchange in the United
Voter turnout in the election is the subject of dispute. States in an attempt to convince wealthy investors to do
Voter turnout was at 63.45%, with Chvez winning the so.[166][167]
election with 56.20% of the vote.[150][151] Academic analysis of the election showed that Chvezs support had Chvez set into motion a social welfare program called
come primarily from the countrys poor and the disen- Plan Bolvar 2000, which he organised to begin on 27
chanted middle class, whose standard of living had de- February 1999, the tenth anniversary of the Caracazo
creased rapidly in the previous decade,[152] and much of massacre. Chvez said he would set aside $20.8 million
for the plan, though some state that the program costed
the middle and upper class vote went Rmer.[153]
$113 million. Plan Bolvar 2000 involved 70,000 soldiers, sailors and members of the air force going out
into the streets of Venezuela where they would repair
roads and hospitals, remove stagnant water that oered
4 Presidency: 19992013
breeding areas for disease-carrying mosquitoes, oer
free medical care and vaccinations, and sell food at low
[168][169][170][171]
Further information: History of Venezuela (1999 prices.
present)
Constitutional reform
PRESIDENCY: 19992013
subordinate to it.[181] The assembly also declared a judicial emergency, granting itself the power to overhaul
the judicial system. The Supreme Court, which ruled that
the assembly did indeed have such authority, was eventually replaced by the 1999 Constitution, which created the
Supreme Tribunal of Justice in its place.[182][183]
The elected members of the constituent assembly put together a new constitution, and a referendum on the issue
of whether to adopt it was held in December 1999; the
referendum saw an abstention vote of over 50%, although
among those voting, 72% approved the new constitutions
adoption.[178][184][185] The constitution gave greater powers to the president, not only by extending their term but
also by giving them the power to legislate on citizen rights
as well as the economic and nancial matters that they
were formerly unable to do.[186] It also gave the military
a role in the government by providing it with the mandated role of ensuring public order and aiding national
development, something it had been expressely forbidden from doing under the former constitution.[186] As a
part of the new constitution, the country, which was then
ocially known as the Republic of Venezuela, was renamed the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Repblica
Bolivariana de Venezuela) at Chvezs request.[177][178]
Chvez holds a miniature copy of the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution at the 2003 World Social Forum held in Brazil.
4.2
supporters feared that he had alienated those in the middle class and the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy who
had formerly supported him, Chvez was re-elected with
59.76% of the vote (the equivalent of 3,757,000 people),
a larger majority than his 1998 electoral victory,[191][192]
again primarily receiving his support from the poorer sectors of Venezuelan society.[193]
That year, Chvez helped to further cement his geopolitical and ideological ties with the Cuban government
of Fidel Castro by signing an agreement under which
Venezuela would supply Cuba with 53,000 barrels of oil
per day at preferential rates, in return receiving 20,000
trained Cuban medics and educators. In the ensuing
decade, this would be increased to 90,000 barrels a
day (in exchange for 40,000 Cuban medics and teachers), dramatically aiding the Caribbean islands economy
and standard of living after its "Special Period" of the
1990s.[194] However, Venezuelas growing alliance with
Cuba came at the same time as a deteriorating relationship with the United States: in late 2001, just after the
American-led invasion of Afghanistan in retaliation for
11 September attacks against the U.S. by Islamist militants, Chvez showed pictures of Afghan children killed
in a bomb attack on his television show. He commented
that They are not to blame for the terrorism of Osama
Bin Laden or anyone else, and called on the American
government to end the massacre of the innocents. Terrorism cannot be fought with terrorism. The U.S. government responded negatively to the comments, which
were picked up by the media worldwide.[195]
Later into 2001, an organization known as the Coordinadora Democrtica de Accin Cvica (CD) was founded,
under which the Venezuelan opposition political parties, corporate powers, most of the countrys media,
the Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce,
the Frente Institucional Militar and the Central WorkChvezs second term in oce saw the implementation of social ers Union all united to oppose Chvezs regime.[196][201]
missions, such as this one to eliminate illiteracy in Venezuela.
The prominent businessman Pedro Carmona (1941) was
chosen as the CDs leader.[196] They received support
Meanwhile, the 2000 elections had led to Chvezs sup- from various foreign sources.
porters gaining 101 out of 165 seats in the Venezue- The CD and other opponents of Chvezs Bolivarian govlan National Assembly, and so in November 2001 they ernment accused it of trying to turn Venezuela from
voted to allow him to pass 49 social and economic a democracy into a dictatorship by centralising power
decrees.[196][197] This move antagonized the opposition amongst its supporters in the Constituent Assembly and
movement particularly strongly.[189]
granting Chvez increasingly autocratic powers. Many of
At the start of the 21st century, Venezuela was the worlds
fth largest exporter of crude oil, with oil accounting
for 85.3% of the countrys exports, therefore dominating the countrys economy.[198][199] Previous administrations had sought to privatise this industry, with U.S. cor-
PRESIDENCY: 19992013
Chvezs response was to moderate his approach, implementing a new economic team that appeared to be more
centrist and reinstated the old board of directors and managers of the state oil company Petrleos de Venezuela
S.A. (PDVSA), whose replacement had been one of the
reasons for the coup.[208][209] At the same time, the Bolivarian government began increased the countrys military capacity, purchasing 100,000 AK-47 assault ries
and several helicopters from Russia, as well as a number of Super Tucano light attack and training planes from
Brazil. Troop numbers were also increased.[210]
In 2002, after appointing political allies to head the
PDVSA and replacing the companys board of directors
with loyalists who had little or no experience in the oil
industry,[211] Chvez faced a two-month management
strike at the PDVSA.[212] The Chvez governments reauthoritarian populist" whose policies were detrimental
sponse was to re about 19,000 striking employees for ilto the country.[202]
legally abandoning their posts and then employing retired
workers, foreign contractors, and the military to do their
jobs instead.[213] According to one observer, this move
4.2.2 Coup, strikes and the recall referendum
further damaged the strength of Chvezs opposition by
Main articles: 2002 Venezuelan coup d'tat attempt, removing the many managers in the oil industry who had
[213]
Venezuelan general strike of 20022003 and Venezuelan been supportive of their cause to overthrow Chvez.
recall referendum, 2004
The 1999 constitution had introduced the concept of a
On 11 April 2002, during mass protests in Caracas recall referendum into Venezuelan politics, so the opposition called for such a referendum to take place. A
2004 referendum to recall Chvez was defeated. 70%
of the eligible Venezuelan population turned out to vote,
with 59% of voters deciding to keep the president in
power.[192][214] Unlike his original 1998 election victory,
this time Chvezs electoral support came almost entirely
from the poorer working classes rather than the middle
classes, who had practically abandoned Chvez after he
had consistently moved towards the left in those ve and
a half years.[215]
Chvez visiting the USS Yorktown, a US Navy ship docked at
Curaao in the Netherlands Antilles, in 2002
The various attempts at overthrowing the Bolivarian government from power had only served to further radicalize Chvez. In January 2005, he began openly proclaiming the ideology of "Socialism of the 21st Century", something that was distinct from his earlier forms
of Bolivarianism, which had been social democratic in nature, merging elements of capitalism and socialism. He
used this new term to contrast the democratic socialism,
which he wanted to promote in Latin America from the
Marxist-Leninist socialism that had been spread by socialist states like the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China during the 20th century, arguing that the
latter had not been truly democratic, suering from a lack
of participatory democracy and an excessively authoritarian governmental structure.[90]
4.4
The Mayor of London Ken Livingstone welcomed him, United Nations International Labour Organization howdescribing him as the best news out of Latin America in ever expressed concern over some voters being pressured
many years.[216]
to join the party.[225]
4.3
10
5 POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
Acting executive ocials produced orders of government signed by Chvez, which were suspected of
forgery by some opposition politicians, who claimed that
Chvez was too sick to be in control of his faculties.
Guillermo Cochez, recently dismissed from the oce of
Panamanian ambassador to the Organization of American States, even claimed that Chvez had been brain-dead
since 31 December 2012.[235][236] Near to Chavezs death,
two American attachs were expelled from the country
for allegedly undermining Venezuelan democracy.
5 Political ideology
Democracy is impossible in a capitalist system. Capitalism is the realm of injustice and a tyranny of the richest
against the poorest. Rousseau said, 'Between the powerful and the weak all freedom is oppressed. Only the rule
of law sets you free.' Thats why the only way to save
the world is through socialism, a democratic socialism...
[Democracy is not just turning up to vote every ve or
four years], its much more than that, its a way of life,
its giving power to the people... it is not the government
of the rich over the people, which is whats happening
in almost all the so-called democratic Western capitalist
countries.
Hugo Chvez, June 2010[164]
5.2
Marxism
11
other Enlightenment or national liberation thinker.[241]
Chvezs ideology originating from Bolvar has also received some criticism because Chvez had occasionally
described himself as being inuenced by Karl Marx, a
critic of Bolvar.[242][243] Beddow and Thibodeaux noted
the complications between Bolvar and Marx, stating
that "[d]escribing Bolivar as a socialist warrior in the
class struggle, when he was actually member of the
aristocratic 'criollos,' is peculiar when considering Karl
Marxs own writings on Bolivar, whom he dismissed as a
false liberator who merely sought to preserve the power
of the old Creole nobility which he belonged.[243]
5.2 Marxism
12
POLICY OVERVIEW
Economists say that the Venezuelan governments overspending on social programs and strict business policies contributed to imbalances in the countrys economy,
contributing to rising ination and widening shortages
near the end of Chavezs presidency.[16][17][18][260][263]
Into the 2010s, poverty began to rise in Venezuela
increase and funding for healthcare in Venezuela began to decrease.[7][271] According to analysts, the economic woes Venezuela suered under President Nicols
Maduro would have still occurred with or without
Chvez.[272]
The balance between the public and private sectors of
the Venezuelan economy remained relatively unchanged
6.1
13
14
POLICY OVERVIEW
in lines.[288]
6.1.2
Communes
Every factory must be a school to educate, like Che Guevara said, to produce not only briquettes, steel, and aluminum, but also, above all, the new man and woman, the
new society, the socialist society.
Hugo Chvez, May 2009[290]
After his election in 1998, more than 100,000 stateowned cooperatives which claimed to represent some
1.5 million people were formed with the assistance of
government start-up credit and technical training;[291] and
the creation and maintenance, as of September 2010, of
over 30,000 communal councils, examples of localised
participatory democracy; which he intended to be integrated into regional umbrella organizations known as
Communes in Construction.[292]
In 2010, Chvez supported the construction of 184
communes, housing thousands of families, with $23 million in government funding. The communes produced
some of their own food, and were able to make decisions by popular assembly of what to do with government
funds.[293] In September 2010, Chvez announced the location of 876 million bolivars ($203 million) for community projects around the country, specically communal councils and the newly formed communes. Chvez
also criticised the bureaucracy still common in Venezuela
saying, when in discussion with his Communes Minister Isis Ochoa, that All of the projects must be carried
out by the commune, not the bureaucracy. The Ministry for Communes, which oversees and funds all communal projects, was initiated in 2009.[292] Despite such
promises, the Venezuelan government often failed to construct the number of homes they had proposed.[294][295]
According to Venezuelas El Universal, one of the Chvez
administrations outstanding weaknesses is the failure to
meet its goals of construction of housing.[294]
6.1.3
Currency controls
6.2
15
only 1,332 investigations for kidnappings were opened or
about 7% of the total kidnapping cases, with 90.4% of
the kidnappings happening away from rural areas, 80%
of all being express kidnappings and the most common
victim being lower-middle or middle class Venezuelans
and middle-aged men.[319] Also in 2009, it was reported
that Venezuelan authorities would assign judicial police
to Caracas area morgues to speak with families.[320] At
that time, they would advise families not to report the
murder of their family member to the media in exchange
to have the process of recovering the victims body in an
expedited manner.[320]
above the regional average.[309] During his terms as president, hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans were murdered due to violent crimes occurring in the country.[310]
Gareth A. Jones and Dennis Rodgers stated in their book
Youth violence in Latin America: Gangs and Juvenile
Justice in Perspective that, With the change of political
regime in 1999 and the initiation of the Bolivarian Revolution, a period of transformation and political conict
began, marked by a further increase in the number and
rate of violent deaths showing that in four years, the murder rate had increased to 44 per 100,000 people.[311] Kidnappings also rose tremendously during Chavezs tenure,
with the number of kidnappings over 20 times higher in
2011 than when Chavez was elected.[306][307][308] Director James Brabazon, stated kidnapping crimes had skyrocketed ... after late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez
freed thousands of violent prisoners as part of controversial criminal justice system reforms while kidnappings
and murders also increased due to Colombian organized
crime activity as well.[312][313] He further explained that
common criminals felt that the Venezuelan government
did not care for the problems of the higher and middle
classes, which in turn gave them a sense of impunity that
created a large business of kidnapping-for-ransom.[312]
6.2.1 Prisons
During Chvezs presidency, there were reports of prisoners having easy access to rearms, drugs, and alcohol.
Carlos Nietohead of Window to Freedomalleges
that heads of gangs acquire military weapons from the
state, saying: They have the types of weapons that can
only be obtained by the countrys armed forces. ... No
one else has these. Use of internet and mobile phones
are also a commonplace where criminals can take part in
street crime while in prison. One prisoner explained how,
If the guards mess with us, we shoot them and that he
had seen a man have his head cut o and people play
football with it.[325]
16
6.3
POLICY OVERVIEW
Corruption
6.4
Human rights
17
and the Direccion de Inteligencia Seguridad y Prevencin
(DISIP) stating that they allegedly used excessive force
to control the situation on a number of occasions during
protests involving the 2004 Venezuela recall.[343] It was
also noted that many of the protesters detained seemed
to not be brought before a judge within the legal time
limit.[343]
Chvez, speaking at the 2003 World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil
and established the rights of the public to education, housing, healthcare, and food. It called for dramatic democratic reforms such as ability to recall politicians from ofce by popular referendum, increased requirements for
government transparency, and numerous other requirements to increase localized, participatory democracy, in
favor of centralized administration. It gave citizens the
right to timely and impartial information, community access to media, and a right to participate in acts of civil
disobedience.[340][341]
6.4.2
Criticisms
In 2008, Human Rights Watch released a report reviewing Chvezs human rights record over his rst decade
in power.[344] The report praises Chvezs 1999 amendments to the constitution which signicantly expanded
human rights guarantees, as well as mentioning improvements in womens rights and indigenous rights, but noted
a wide range of government policies that have undercut the human rights protections established by the revised constitution.[344] In particular, the report accused
Chvez and his administration of engaging in discrimination on political grounds, eroding the independence of the
judiciary, and of engaging in policies that have undercut
journalists freedom of expression, workers freedom of
association, and civil societys ability to promote human
rights in Venezuela.[345] The Venezuelan government retaliated for the report by expelling members of Human
Rights Watch from the country.[346] Subsequently, over
a hundred Latin American scholars signed a joint letter
with the Council on Hemispheric Aairs criticizing the
Human Rights Watch report for its alleged factual inaccuracy, exaggeration, lack of context, illogical arguments,
and heavy reliance on opposition newspapers as sources,
amongst other things.[347][348][349]
The International Labor Organization of the United Nations had also expressed concern over voters being pressured to join the party.[225]
In 2010, Amnesty International criticized the Chvez administration for targeting critics following several politically motivated arrests.[350] Freedom House listed
Venezuela as being partly free in its 2011 Freedom in
the World annual report, noting a recent decline in civil
liberties.[351] A 2010 Organization of American States report found concerns with freedom of expression, human
rights abuses, authoritarianism, press freedom, threats to
18
POLICY OVERVIEW
19
6.6
Foreign policy
American economic and social integration by enacting bilateral trade and reciprocal aid agreements, including his so-called oil diplomacy.[379][380] Relationships with Cuba (CubaVenezuela relations) and Iran
(IranVenezuela relations) were of particular importance. Chvez focused on a variety of multinational institutions to promote his vision of Latin American inte- Bolivarian memorabilia for sale in Venezuela, 2006
gration, including Petrocaribe, Petrosur, and TeleSUR.
Bilateral trade relationships with other Latin American
On January 15, 2014, Mexican novelist Norma
countries also played a major role in his policy, with
Gomez released Swan Song, a political thriller that
Chvez increasing arms purchases from Brazil, forming
points to American involvement in the death of
oil-for-expertise trade arrangements with Cuba, and creHugo Chvez.[388]
ating unique barter arrangements that exchange Venezuelan petroleum for cash-strapped Argentinas meat and
On 5 March 2014, Oliver Stone and teleSUR release
dairy products. He also befriended pariah states such as
the documentary lm Mi Amigo Hugo (My Friend
[381]
Belarus and Iran.
Hugo), a documentary about his political life, one
year after his death. The lm also is a spiritual answer and a tribute from Stone to Chvez.[389]
In popular culture
20
10
Illness
DEATH
57th birthday, in which he stated that his health troubles had led him to radically reorient his life towards a
more diverse, more reective and multi-faceted outlook, and he went on to call on the middle classes and
the private sector to get more involved in his Bolivarian
Revolution, something he saw as vital to its success.[412]
Soon after this speech, in August Chvez announced that
his government would nationalize Venezuelas gold industry, taking it over from Russian-controlled company
Rusoro, while at the same time also moving the countrys
gold stocks, which were largely stored in western banks,
to banks in Venezuelas political allies like Russia, China
and Brazil.[413]
On 9 July 2012, Chvez declared himself fully recovered
from cancer just three months before the 2012 Venezuelan presidential election, which he won, securing a fourth
term as president.[414] In November 2012, Chvez announced plans to travel to Cuba for more medical treatment for cancer.[415]
On 8 December 2012, Chvez announced he would undergo a new operation after doctors in Cuba detected
malignant cells; the operation took place on 11 December 2012.[416] Chvez suered a respiratory infection
after undergoing the surgery but it was controlled.[417]
It was announced 20 December by the countrys vicepresident that Chvez had suered complications following his surgery.[418] It was announced on 3 January
2013 that Chvez had a severe lung infection that had
caused respiratory failures following a strict treatment
regimen for respiratory insuciency.[419] However he
was reported to have overcome this later that month,[420]
and it was reported that he was then undergoing further treatment.[421] On 18 February 2013, Chvez returned to Venezuela after 2 months of cancer treatment
in Cuba.[422] On 1 March 2013, Vice President Nicols
Maduro said that Chvez had been receiving chemotherapy in Venezuela following his surgery in Cuba.[423] On 4
March, it was announced by the Venezuelan government
that Chvezs breathing problems had worsened and he
was suering a new, severe respiratory infection.[424]
10 Death
Main article: Death and state funeral of Hugo Chvez
On 5 March 2013, Vice President Nicols Maduro announced on state television that Chvez had died in a military hospital in Caracas at 16:25 VET (20:55 UTC).[425]
The Vice President said Chvez died after battling a
tough illness for nearly two years.[425] According to the
head of Venezuelas presidential guard, Chvez died from
a massive heart attack, and his cancer was very advanced
when he died.[426] Gen. Jose Ornella said that near the
end of his life Chvez could not speak aloud, but mouthed
Chvez gave a public appearance on 28 July 2011, his his last words: Yo no quiero morir, por favor no me
21
dejen morir (I don't want to die. Please don't let me
die).[426] Chvez is survived by four children and four
grandchildren.[427]
Suggestions of foul play[425][428] (that Chvez had been
poisoned or infected with cancer,[429][430][431] ) were
strongly denied by the U.S. Department of State as
absurd.[432]
His death triggered a constitutional requirement that a
presidential election be called within 30 days. Chavezs
Vice President, Maduro, was elected president on April
14, 2013.
11
11.1
12 See also
11.2
Honorary degrees
[6] Ian James (4 October 2012). Venezuela vote puts 'Chavismo' to critical test. Yahoo. Archived from the original
on 4 Sep 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia; Honorary Doctorate, 15 May 2001.
[9] Montilla K., Andrea (23 April 2014). Hoy se inicia consulta nacional para el currculo educativo. El Nacional.
Retrieved 24 April 2014.
22
13
REFERENCES
13.1
Footnotes
23
[67] Chvez quoted in Marcano and Tyszka 2007. pp. 3637. [103] Pretel 2005.
[68] Hugo Chvez Fras / Venezuela / Amrica del Sur / [104] Kozlo 2006. pp. 4647.
Biografas Lderes Polticos / Documentation / CIDOB
[105] Nelson, Brian A. (2009). The silence and the scorpion : the
home page. Cidob.org. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 14
coup against Chvez and the making of modern Venezuela
April 2012.
([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: Nation Books. p. 24.
ISBN 1568584180.
[69] Jones 2007. pp. 5456.
[70] Marcano and Tyszka 2007. p. 37.
[110] Maria Delgado, Antonio (16 February 2015). Libro devela sangriento objetivo de la intentona golpista de Hugo
Chvez. El Nuevo Herald. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
24
13
REFERENCES
[117] Uppsala Conict Data Program Conict Encyclo- [150] Venezuelas 1998: Presidential, Legislative, and Guberpedia, Venezuela, War and Minor Conict, In
natorial Elections: Election Observation Report (PDF).
depth, Hugo Chvez and the 1992 coup attempt,
Election Observation Report. International Republican Inhttp://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=
stitute. 12 February 1999. p. 12. Retrieved 17 February
167®ionSelect=5-Southern_Americas#
2015. Voter turnout rose signicantly in the 1998 elections, reversing a two-decade trend toward lower partici[118] Chvez quoted in Jones 2007. p. 157.
pation.
[119] Gott 2005. p. 23.
[120] Jones 2007. p. 157.
[121] Marcano and Tyszka 2007. p. 75.
[122] International Crisis Group 2007. p. 04.
[123] Gott 2005. p. 67.
[124] O'Keefe 2005.
[125] Cannon 2009. p. 41.
[168] VENEZUELAN SOLDIERS LEAVE THEIR BARRACKS . . . TO IMPLEMENT CHAVEZ'S CIVILMILITARY PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM (PDF).
United States Department of State. Retrieved 23 April
2014.
13.1
Footnotes
25
[212] Ceaser, Mike (5 April 2002). Venezuelans hit by oil crisis. BBC. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
[183] Venezuelan Congress Stripped of Its Last Remaining [217] International Crisis Group 2007. p. 01.
Powers. New York Times. New York Times. 31 August
[218] BBC News 2006.
1999. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
[184] Kozlo 2006. p. 94.
[185] Cannon 2009. pp. 6162.
[186] International Crisis Group 2007. p. 06.
[187] Marcano and Tyszka 2007. p. 140.
[188] Kozlo 2006. p. 88.
[189] Cannon 2009. p. 63.
[190] Cannon 2009. p. 42.
[191] Marcano and Tyszka 2007. p. 141.
[192] Ramrez 2005. p. 79.
[193] Cannon 2009. pp. 4244.
[194] Kozlo 2008. pp. 2324.
[195] Marcano and Tyszka 2007. pp. 208209.
[196] International Crisis Group 2007. p. 07.
[197] Marcano and Tyszka 2007. p. 143.
[198] Kozlo 2008. pp. 1823.
[219] Chvez wins Venezuelan election. Gulf News. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
[220] Ireland On-Line. Chvez promises more-radical turn toward socialism. (4 December 2006). Retrieved 4 December 2006.
[221] Cannon 2009. p. 60.
[222] Cannon 2009. pp. 5960.
[223] Walter, Mathew. Venezuela May Lower Voting Age,
Add Gay Rights in Constitution. Bloomberg. 11 October 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
[224] Fuentes, Federico. Massive Turnout in PSUV Primaries
Shows Support for Change. Green Left Weekly. 9 May
2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
[225] En Pdvsa y Sidor se concentra criminalizacin de las
protestas Economa (in Spanish). El Universal. 16 June
2009. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
[226] Ellsworth, Brian (16 August 2007). Venezuelas Chvez
calls for end to term limits. Reuters. Retrieved 16 August
2007.
26
13
REFERENCES
[236] Former envoy claims Venezuelas Chvez is dead. Pa- [258] (Italian) Cotroneo Rocco (17 August 2007). Chvez
nARMENIAN.Net. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 28
insists for socialism. Corriere della Sera.it. Retrieved
February 2013.
2011-08-22.
[237] Even after death, Hugo Chavez gets his choice of succes- [259] Gregory Wilpert (2007). Changing Venezuela By Taking
sor. National Post. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
Power: The History and Policies of the Chavez Government. Verso. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-84467-552-4.
[238] Wilpert 2007 p. 07.
[239] Sojo, Cleto A. (Venezuelanalysis.com, 31 January 2005). [260] Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times
World Desk Reference. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 618621.
Venezuelas Chvez Closes World Social Forum with
ISBN 9780789488053.
Call to Transcend Capitalism. Retrieved 20 October
2005.
[261] Press release N 20/10, IACHR publishes report on
Venezuela. Inter-American Commission on Human
[240] Cameron, Maxwell (2001). Venezuelas Hugo Chvez:
Rights (Press release). Organization of American States.
Savior or Threat to Democracy?". Latin American Re24
February 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
search Review 36 (3): 263.. Online at
[262] Schimizzi, Carrie (24 February 2010). Venezuela government violating basic human rights: report. Jurist:
[242] Marx, Karl (1858). Bolivar y Ponte. marxists.org. ReLegal news and research. Archived from the original on
trieved August 18, 2010. First published in the New
2013-10-20. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
American Cyclopedia, Vol. III, 1858.
[263] Kevin Voigt (6 March 2013). Chavez leaves Venezue[243] Beddow, D. Mndez; Thibodeaux, Sam J. (2010). Ganlan economy more equal, less stable. CNN. Retrieved 6
grillas : the unspoken pros and cons of legalizing drugs.
March 2013.
[U.S.]: Traord On Demand Pub. p. 29. ISBN
1426948468.
[264] Keppel, Stephen (17 January 2014). 5 Ways Hugo
[241] Wilpert 2007 p. 16.
Chavez Has Destroyed the Venezuelan Economy. Fusion. Archived from the original on 2014-09-19. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
[265] UNESCO, Education in Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic
of)
[247] Malinarich, Nathalie (10 January 2007). Chvez accelerates on path to socialism. BBC News.
[266] Meade, Teresa. A History of Modern Latin America: 1800
to the Present (Oxford 2010), p. 313.
[248] http://www.marxist.com/
chavez-trotskyist-president120107.htm
[267] Corrales, Javier; Romero, Carlos (2013). U.S.-Venezuela
[249] Venezuela after Chvez Now for the reckoning. The
Economist. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
relations since the 1990s : coping with mid-level security threats. New York: Routledge. pp. 7981. ISBN
0415895243.
13.1
Footnotes
27
[276] George W. Schuyler. 2002. Globalization and Health: [295] Misin Vivienda incumpli 70% de su objetivo de 2014.
Venezuela and Cuba Canadian Journal of Development
La Patilla. 30 December 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
Studies/Revue canadienne d'tudes du dveloppement
[296] CADIVI, CADIVI, una medidia necesaria
Vol. 23, Iss. 4,
[277] Parker, Dick. 2005. Chvez and the Search for an Al- [297] Hanke, Steve. The Worlds Troubled Currencies. The
Market Oracle. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
ternative to Neoliberalism. Latin American Perspectives
32:39 p. 36
[298] Venezuelas black market rate for US dollars just jumped
by almost 40%". Quartz. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 27
[278] Devereux, Charlie (22 November 2011).
Chvez
March 2014.
Activates Price Law to End Capitalist Speculation.
Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
[299] Pons, Corina (14 January 2014). McDonalds Agrees
to Cut the Price of a Venezuelan Big Mac Combo.
[279] Derham, Michael. 2010 Politics in Venezuela: Explaining
Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Hugo Chvez. Peter Lang. p. 296.
[280] Venezuelanalysis.com, 21 October 2009, Government [300] Goodman, Joshua (22 January 2014). Venezuela overPolicies See Venezuelans Eating Well. Retrieved 3 June
hauls foreign exchange system. Bloomberg L.P. Archived
2012.
from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 26 January
2014.
[281] In Venezuela, Land 'Rescue' Hopes Unmet, Washington
Post, 20 June 2009
[301] Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia Observatorio
Venezolano de Violencia. Observatorio Venezolano de
[282] Venezuelan food shortages bode ill for Chavezs reViolencia. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
election. USA Today. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
[302] Rueda, Manuel (8 January 2014). How Did Venezuela
Become So Violent?n. Fusion TV. Retrieved 16 Decem[283] Neuman, William (20 April 2012). With Venezuelan
ber 2014.
Food Shortages, Some Blame Price Controls. New York
Times. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
[303] GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE 2011 (PDF). UNODC. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
[284] Romo, Rafael (13 December 2011). Food shortages
worry Venezuelans. CNN. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
[304] GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE 2014 (PDF). UNODC. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
[285] Neuman, William (20 April 2012). With Venezuelan
Food Shortages, Some Blame Price Controls. The New [305] Global homicide rates drop, but nearly 500,000 murYork Times. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
dered in 2012. Agence France-Presse. 10 December
2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
[286] Minaya, Ezequiel; Schaefer Muoz, Sara (9 February
2015). Venezuela Confronts Retail Sector. The Wall [306] http://www.oas.org/dsp/documentos/Publicaciones/
Street Journal. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Seg%20Publica-%20Venezuela%20y%20Bolivia.pdf
[287] Empty shelves and rhetoric. The Economist. 24 January
[307] http://issuu.com/lexys/docs/fact_sheet_paz_activa/1
2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
[288] A Food Fight for Hugo Chvez, Business Week, 11 March
2010
[289] Popularity of State-Run Food Markets on the Rise.
Venezuelanalysis.com. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
[308] http://www.eluniversal.com/sucesos/120104/
segun-el-cicpc-el-2011-cerro-con-1150-secuestros-en-todo-el-pais
[309] Reid, Michael.Forgotten continent: the battle for Latin
Americas soul, p. 248. Yale, CT: Yale University Press,
2007. ISBN 0-300-11616-0
28
13
REFERENCES
[314] Gallegos, Raul (10 January 2014). Miss Venezuelas [328] World Report 2012: Venezuela. Report. Human Rights
Murder Is the Price of Politics. Bloomberg L.P. Archived
Watch. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
from the original on 2014-01-27. Retrieved 10 January
[329] Coronel, Gustavo. The Corruption of Democracy in
2014.
Venezuela. Cato Institute. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
[315] Venezuelas Homicide Rate Quadruples In Fifteen Years,
NGO Reports. Hungton Post. 26 December 2014. Re- [330] Factbox: Transparency Internationals global corruption
index. Reuters. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 5 Decemtrieved 21 April 2014.
ber 2012.
[316] Ramrez Miranda, Deivis (25 August 2010). Caracas has
become the deadliest city in the world. El Universal.
[331] GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER 2010/11.
Transparency International. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
James, Ian (28 August 2010). Venezuelans protest
rampant violence, some liken bloodshed to 'unde- [332] Crabtree, Steve; Naurath, Nicole. Gallup Launches
clared war'". startribune.com. Associated Press.
Worldwide Corruption Index. Gallup Poll News Service.
Retrieved 17 November 2012.
Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 21
December 2006.
Bowman, Michael (24 August 2010). Venezuelans
Despair Over Rampant, Deadly Violence. Voice
[333] Fuentes, F. (2005), Challenges for Venezuelas Workers
of America. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Movement. Green Left Weekly. Accessed 15 February
Romero, Simon (22 August 2010). Venezuela,
2006.
More Deadly Than Iraq, Wonders Why. The New
York Times.
[334] Mrquez, H. (2005), Inter Press Service. Accessed 2
February 2006.
[317] United Nations Oce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Murder rates (most recent year) spreadsheet. Archived [335] Parma, A. Venezuela Analysis (2005a), Pro-Chavez
from the original on 2013-03-09. Retrieved 8 March
Union Leaders in Venezuela Urge Chavez to Do Better.
2013.
Venezuela Analysis. Accessed 26 January 2006.
[318] EN EL 2009 SE COMETIERON MS DE 16.000 [336] Martinez, Michael (10 May 2011). Study: Colombian
SECUESTROS EN VENEZUELA, SEGN EL GOBrebels were willing to kill for Venezuelas Chavez. CNN.
IERNO LOCAL. ABC Color. Noticias24. 22 August
Retrieved 21 April 2014.
2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
[337] Padgett, Tim (3 September 2008). Chvez and the Cash[319] Hubo 16,917 secuestros en 2009 en Venezuela. La
Filled Suitcase. TIME. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
Prensa. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
[338] Colombia: Chavez funding FARC rebels. USA Today.
[320] Venezuela favorece a los familiares de fallecidos que no
4 March 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
informan a la prensa. El Mundo. 22 August 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
[339] Cristbal Nagel, Juan (28 April 2015). Something Is
Rotten in the State of Venezuela. Foreign Policy. Re[321] Pretel, Enrique Andres (2 September 2010). Chvez detrieved 17 May 2015.
fends his record on crime in Venezuela. Reuters. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
13.1
Footnotes
29
[348] Scholars Respond to HRWs Kenneth Roths Riposte on [366] Playing the 'Anti-Semitism' Card Against Venezuela.
Venezuelan Human Rights (Press release). Council on
North American Congress on Latin America. September
Hemispheric Aairs. 12 January 2009.
2009. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
[349] Gregory Wilpert. Smoke and Mirrors: An Analysis of [367] Chvez responsabiliza a oligarqua por ataque a la sinHuman Rights Watchs Report on Venezuela. Venezuela
agoga. El Universal. 1 February 2009. Retrieved 4 June
Analysis.
2014.
[350] Venezuelan government deliberately targeting oppo- [368] Present los resultados de la investigacin de los ataques
nents. Amnesty International. 1 April 2010. Archived
a la Sinagoga. Noticias24.com. 9 February 2009. Refrom the original on 2013-08-16. Retrieved 27 February
trieved 4 June 2014.
2012.
[369] Trasladan a los Tribunales a implicados en ataque a la
[351] Freedom in the World- Venezuela (2009). Freedom
sinagoga. Noticias24.com. 10 February 2009. Retrieved
House. 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
4 June 2014.
[352] Forero, Juan (24 February 2010). Venezuela, President [370] Map of Press Freedom 2011. Freedom House.org.
Chvez criticized in OAS report. The Washington Post.
2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
Retrieved 24 February 2010.
[371] Reporters Sans Frontires. En.rsf.org. Retrieved 28
[353] Venezuela violates human rights, OAS commission reSeptember 2010.
ports. CNN. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 24 February
2010.
[372] Bruce, Ian. (BBC, 28 June 2005). Venezuela sets up
'CNN rival'". Retrieved 13 June 2006.
[354] Prado, Paulo (24 February 2010). OAS Report Chastises Venezuela. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 [373] Information on the Villa del Cine Bolivarian Government
February 2010.
of Venezuela
[355] Chvez Rejects Report Citing Rights Violations. New [374] Hugo Chvez Fras (@chavezcandanga) op Twitter.
York Times. Associated Press. 25 February 2010. ReTwitter.com. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
trieved 25 February 2010.
[375] Carroll, Rory. Hugo Chvez embraces Twitter to ght
[356] Venezuelan ocial disputes report on human rights
online 'conspiracy'. The Guardian. 28 April 2010. Reabuses. CNN. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 26 February
trieved 7 August 2010.
2010.
[376] Hugo Chvez Fras (chavezcandanga) on Twitter. Twit[357] Venezuelanalysis, 20 October 2009, Venezuelas OAS
ter. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
Rep: Opposition Human Rights Claims a Smear Campaign
[377] Carroll, Rory (10 August 2010). Hugo Chvezs Twitter
habit proves a popular success. The Guardian (London).
[358] Venezuela ante la ONU: Puede haber individuos armados dentro de los colectivos"". Infobae. 8 November [378] Chris Toothaker Chvez Hires 200 To Manage His Twit2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
ter Account, Associated Press, 8 May 2010
[359] Venezuela tuvo que responder por ms de 3.000 casos [379] Using oil to spread revolution (retitled to Venezuela
de tortura ante Naciones Unidas. Infobae. 6 November
and Latin America) The Economist, (28 July 2005). Re2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
trieved 11 June 2005.
[360] Como una tragedia cataloga la ONU situacin de las [380] Guyana to Try for Better Oil Rates Under Caracas Accrceles en el pas. El Nacional. 28 November 2014.
cord. Guyana Diary (Monthly Newsletter of the Guyana
Retrieved 29 November 2014.
Embassy, Caracas, Venezuela). February 2004. Archived
from the original on 2005-03-06. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
[361] La situacin de las crceles venezolanas es una tragedia,
dice la ONU. La Patilla. 29 November 2014. Retrieved
[381] Mander, Benedict (16 September 2012). Venezuela: Up
29 November 2014.
in smoke. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December
2014.
[362] Lauder urges Venezuela to ght anti-Semitism, resume
ties with Israel. World Jewish Congress. Retrieved 11
[382] Steve Brodner (8 March 2013). Hugo Chavez Cartoons
May 2014.
and Comics. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 April
2013.
[363] Hugo Chavez And Anti-Semitism. Forbes. Retrieved
2014-05-19.
[383] sta writer; no by-line.--> (6 March 2013). Cartoonists
Say Goodbye to Hugo Chavez. The Contributor. Re[364] Venezuelas oldest synagogue vandalized by armed men.
trieved 21 April 2013.
World Jewish Congress. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
[365] Venezuelas Jews Defend Leftist President in Flap Over [384] sta writer; no by-line.--> (21 April 2013). Hugo
Remarks. The Jewish Daily Forward. 13 January 2006.
Chavez Cartoons and Comics. News Cartoons, CartoonRetrieved 11 May 2014.
stock. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
30
13
REFERENCES
[385] sta writer; no by-line.--> (7 March 2013). Hugo Chavez [405] Mara Lilibeth Da Corte. April 23, 2012. "Arman que
Cartoons and Comics. Mercury News. Retrieved 7 April
Chvez representa la tpica religiosidad venezolana" El
2013.
Universal. Retrieved on May 14, 2013.: "The one who
takes a little of the Catholic religion, which does not see
[386] Braschi, Giannina (2012). United States of Banana.
any contradiction in another kind of religious expressions
Seatlle: AmazonCrossing. pp. 240275. ISBN
closely linked to the Cuban, Santeria or African religions,
9781611090673. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
devotion to the spirits, the cult of the dead, Maria Lonza.
[387] South of the Border. Movies.is. 30 December 2010. [406] AP. El Universal. "Chvez, despus del cancer, recurre
a la religin". May 7, 2012 Chavez considers himself
Retrieved 21 April 2013.
a Catholic, but his religious beliefs are somewhat eclec[388] Gomez, Norma. Swan Song.
tic. Sometimes he has declared himself a follower of folk
deities such as Maria Lonza, which is an indigenous god[389] ""Mi Amigo Hugo" Trailer. You Tube. 28 February
dess venerated shrines, candles and rituals.
2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
[407] Redaccin Central. March 6, 2013. "Hugo Chvez muri
'en el seno de la Iglesia'." ACI Prensa. Retrieved on May
[390] Marcano and Tyszka 2007. pp. 254255.
14, 2014.
[391] Byrne, Jennifer.
Venezuela Bolivarian Revolution.Foreign Correspondent. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 11 [408] President Chvezs address to the Nation. El Universal,
1 July 2011
November 2005.
[392] (Spanish) Actriz Venezolana Ruddy Rodrguez Niega [409] Venezuelan VP rules out declaring temporary absence of
Chvez. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14.
Romance con Hugo Chvez. IBL News. 30 June 2006.
Retrieved 1 February 2007.
[410] Maduro niega que haya secretismo sobre salud de
Chvez. El Nacional. 3 July 2011. Archived from the
[393] Marcano and Tyszka 2007. p. 254.
original on 2012-04-05.
[394] Guevara, Aleida, and Hugo Chvez. Chvez, Venezuela
[411] WCBS-TV (New York) morning news report, 17 July
and the new Latin America. New York: Ocean Press.
2011, 07:40 am
2005. p 95.
[395] Marcano and Tyszka 2007. pp. 230232.
13.2
Bibliography
31
13.2 Bibliography
13.2.1 Books
Ali, Tariq (2006). Pirates of the Caribbean: Axis of
Hope. London and New York: Verso. ISBN 978-184467-102-1.
Brewer-Caras, Allan (2010). Dismantling Democracy in Venezuela: The Chvez Authoritarian Experiment. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19587-4.
Bruce, Iain (2008). The Real Venezuela: Making
Socialism in the 21st century. London: Pluto Press.
ISBN 978-0-7453-2736-5.
32
13
REFERENCES
Cannon, Barry (2009). Hugo Chvez and the Bolivarian Revolution: Populism and Democracy in a
Globalised Age. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-7771-5.
Carroll, Rory (2013). Commandante: myth and reality in Hugo Chvezs Venezuela. New York: The
Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-457-9.
33
Beaumont, Peter (7 May 2006). The new kid in the 13.2.5 Websites and e-publications
barrio. The Observer (London: Guardian Media
Trinkunas, Harold and McCoy, Jennifer (February
Group). Retrieved 25 March 2011.
1999). Observation of the 1998 Venezuelan Elec Bellos, Alex (17 December 1999). New Venezuela
tions: A Report of the Council of Freely Elected
hands Chvez wide powers. The Guardian (LonHeads of Government (PDF). Atlanta, Georgia:
don: Guardian Media Group). Retrieved 25 March
The Carter Centre. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
2011.
Del Caracazo Case. Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 21
Carl, Traci (11 January 2007). Nicaraguas Ortega
March 2011.
Signs Trade Pact. The Washington Post (Washington D.C.: The Washington Post Company). Re Venezuela: Hugo Chvezs Revolution. Internatrieved 12 May 2011.
tional Crisis Group. 22 February 2007. Retrieved 8
April 2011.
Carroll, Rory (16 February 2009). Hugo Chvez
wins referendum allowing indenite re-election.
The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group).
Retrieved 27 March 2011.
14 External links
Padgett, Tim (18 April 2005). Hugo Chvez: The
Radical with Deep Pockets. Time (New York City:
Time Inc.). Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Padgett, Tim (30 April 2006). Hugo Chvez:
Leading the Left Wing Charge. Time (New York
City: Time Inc.). Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Padgett, Tim (3 March 2008). War Drums in Latin
America. Time (New York City: Time Inc.). Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Pretel, Enrique Andres (21 September 2009).
Venezuela exhumes unnamed dead in riot investigation. London: Reuters. Retrieved 30 March
2011.
Romero, Simon (16 February 2010). Purging Loyalists, Chvez Tightens His Inner Circle. The New
York Times (New York City: The New York Times
Company). Retrieved 10 April 2011.
Shifter, Michael, M. (MayJune 2006). In Search
of Hugo Chvez. Foreign Aairs (New York
City: Council on Foreign Relations) 85 (3): 4559.
doi:10.2307/20031966. JSTOR 20031966.
Chvez oers oil to Europes poor. The Observer
(London: Guardian Media Group). 14 May 2006.
Retrieved 27 March 2011.
Chvez wins Venezuela re-election. London:
BBC News. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 27 March
2011.
13.2.4
Interviews
34
Hugo Chvez collected news and commentary at
The New York Times
Hugo Chvez collected news and commentary at
The Wall Street Journal
Controversial Venezuelan Leader Hugo Chavezs
Death Teaches Vital Lesson About Cancer.
Archived from the original on 2013-03-27.
Miscellaneous
Extended biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)
Hugo Chvez at the Internet Movie Database
Works by or about Hugo Chvez in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
14
EXTERNAL LINKS
35
15
15.1
36
15
wiki de~enwiki, Nikonjustice, Lambiam, Arnoutf, Technocratic, Rory096, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, JunCTionS, Volt4ire, Kuru, John,
The idiot, UberCryxic, WilliamBarrett, Buchanan-Hermit, Tazmaniacs, Felix-felix, Heimstern, Ocanter, Fev, Horgen, Sir Nicholas de
Mimsy-Porpington, Lvialviaquez, Tktktk, Al1encas1no, Courcella, JorisvS, LSD, Merchbow, Dumelow, Joelo, NYCJosh, Green Giant,
Bjankuloski06en~enwiki, Archangel127, Tymothy, Syrcatbot, Jsaxton86, The Man in Question, Ripe, KevinCarmody, Alejousb, Tasc,
Beetstra, Patinthehat1, InedibleHulk, SandyGeorgia, Mets501, Interlingua, Midnightblueowl, Ryulong, Alast0r, Fluppy, Halaqah, Dr.K.,
Fromeout11, Caiaa, Newparadise~enwiki, Eastfrisian, KJS77, Hu12, Lucid, BranStark, Sdistefano, Seqsea, Iridescent, WGee, RaiderTarheel, Missionary, Nickmulcahy24, Notque, Joseph Solis in Australia, JoeBot, Tophtucker, Pegasus1138, Fsy2ya86sf6zks6zk2hzt2hk,
Skeptic2005, TheNewMessiah, Jpag87a, RekishiEJ, Thegoosez3, Chrisaltmann5, Architec, Straightliner, Ewulp, Gil Gamesh, Onewell,
Kaltter, Eluchil404, Joontree, Coreycubed, Daniel5127, FedorPetrich, Michaelh2001, Heqs, DejahThoris, Brillemeister, Croctotheface,
CPeter, JForget, Bootleg42, Wolfdog, CRGreathouse, CmdrObot, Leonoel, Hyphen5, JohnCD, Dub8lad1, Jcaragonv, Kylu, Iamcuriousblue, Sadena, SkylineEvo, NickW557, Twodos, Martn Oregn, Caracas1830, Alexandria dawn, Anthony Bradbury, Qrc2006, The Photographer, Deuterium, Worcesterma, Cydebot, Cahk, Peripitus, Jjerey, Kevinp2, Reywas92, Treybien, Gatoclass, Thobanster, M4rilyn,
SyntaxError55, Urregoluis, Tellectualin, Gogo Dodo, FairNBalanced, Siberian Husky, Ericfassbender, Rjharary, Jayen466, Pascal.Tesson,
Ttenchantr, Chamoquemas, Dervon, Courtburl, DumbBOT, Teratornis, Telex, Bramlet Abercrombie, Optimist on the run, Nc11, Energyfreezer, After Midnight, Salvador Allende, Omicronpersei8, CieloEstrellado, JamesAM, Lectert, Marina T., Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Barticus88, Biruitorul, Wikid77, Michael40, Newseditor, Varavour, Serpent-A, Mojo Hand, Jasoncuevas, Atillidie13, West Brom 4ever,
John254, Ufwuct, Heinzlinser, TXiKi, Mnemeson, Davidhorman, Hadoren, Hcobb, Kaaveh Ahangar~enwiki, AgentPeppermint, Fireman
sam, Therequiembellishere, Joolze, Chavando, Shopping freak, Nick Number, Merc owner, Tocino, Gatoclass stinks, Mariou, Stephanie
thomas, Mdriver1981, Otto Von Haasns, J.K Rowling, Escarbot, I already forgot, Wadofwhatyoulove, Fedayee, Onyx65, America1, Luna
Santin, CodeWeasel, Downtown deadbeat, Prolog, Autocracy, Joel55, James57, Activist, Bilbo baggins, Superzohar, Darklilac, MECU,
TheRealdeal, Jale86, Gdo01, Spencer, Yewlongbow, Once in a Blue Moon, David Shankbone, Pepi elizabeth, Yancyfry jr, DagosNavy,
Fennessy, Dan D. Ric, Thomasmallen, Dogru144, Trishipedia, Husond, MarkWolf, Tc-engineer, Tony0106, Meegn, MER-C, Robocracy, Goncalo, Alekboyd, Avaya1, Janejellyroll, Nwe, Hello32020, Andonic, Samil20, Panarjedde, Herman Downs, East718, Craigdjeffries, Ohpuu, Savant13, Attarparn, Rothorpe, Amitkinger, Acroterion, SteveSims, Naval Scene, Eddiesno2, Frbc13, NintendoFB, Abu
ali, Magioladitis, Connormah, Gopluvr, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, MiguelMunoz, StudierMalMarburg, The Timid Crusader, Dentren,
Jetstreamer, MastCell, BillyBoom, Norden1990, Cwo91481, Frip1000, Lansinge, IronCrow, Harelx, Mauriciolustosa, Bill j, Sofa jazz
man, Nyttend, Jatkins, Englishmajor07, Republitarian, Caracas 2000, Jhw57, HieronyMouse, Brusegadi, Betty Haas, Jperkins683, Gr1st,
Bleh999, Thekoolaidpimp, Howyalikemenow, Leon284, Animum, Orbasgu, MetsBot, Torchiest, Loonymonkey, Monsumo, P.B. Pilhet,
Davidwiz, Am86, Memotype, E104421, DerHexer, Media anthro, Plexos, Olivierchaussavoine, Markus451, Bibliophylax, GraL, Khalid
Mahmood, T.C. Craig, DIEXEL, Kiko3, Patstuart, Mateuscb, Joel23, Syntacticus, Jimmy-bimby-barnes, [email protected], FisherQueen, Kornfan71, Kerr avon, Ericster08, Pennywisepeter, Bobcat hokie, NAHID, Poeloq, Phoenix X91, Canyoutakeit, Phasechange,
Juansidious, Frostedtornake, BUZZARD86, Starsare69, Loke Laufeyiarson, Zachjack, MagicKirin, Cvdfsad, Mschel, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Acw us, Kajuble, Yuval a, Creol, RisenAge, Tgeairn, Cjxxi, Matt57, J.delanoy, Kimse, Jgchao, Trusilver,
Rgoodermote, Tannim, Hila1, Hangyakusha, Tom Paine, Bogey97, UBeR, Dawmail333, Tikiwont, William oneal, Tyerion, DD2K, House
Boy, Das333, Alex2706, CelestialDog, FrummerThanThou, Katalaveno, DarkFalls, Slippered sleep, Little Professor, Porvenezuela, Negrocity, HOUZI, JayJasper, Bkeer, Plasticup, Jonay81687, Bolivar2036, Arms & Hearts, TomasBat, Assassin3577, Sd31415, DadaNeem, WMonheit, 83d40m, TwilightDragon, Domminico, Themoodyblue, Student7, Gabrielzorz, Mikeonatrike, Neighborhooddopeman,
Jordan Boxer, Dpm12, 2help, Shshshsh, Beese, STBotD, Ejrcito Rojo 1950, Lamp90, Globulin777, Preform, Agrofe, Gibbons.Burke,
DMCer, Ajfweb, NYDCSP, Andy Marchbanks, Homo logos, Icecold7, Allamerican7, Tcguy999, Kimdime, HereKITTYkittyKiTTy11,
Randillion, Ryuutei, Aslfkjsdk, Intangible2.0, Thismightbezach, Goyston, Kylonscott, Idioma-bot, Christopher Mann McKay, FeralDruid,
Cecil9sm, Saisatha, Decshealy, F.F.McGurk, Roaring phoenix, Hammersoft, CWii, HughGRex, Camster, BenMTOS, BoogaLouie, AlnoktaBOT, Mim37204, Carlos1978, Philip Trueman, Lubrio~enwiki, Abberley2, TXiKiBoT, EvanCarroll, Skypad, A4bot, Rei-bot, Z.E.R.O.,
Anonymous Dissident, Rez9000, Qxz, Reapor, Melsaran, Jisok, Victoria2007, CooLa.M, Rm99, Abdullais4u, MFEMF, Dajanes, PDFbot,
Mathaytace, Maxim, Katimawan2005, Malus Catulus, NodnarbLlad, RadiantRay, Larklight, Kmhkmh, Phobos11, Yk Yk Yk, Y, Synthebot, Agglutinare, Burntsauce, Dzarkhan, Australia03, CJHaynes, Doc James, AlleborgoBot, Freivolk, Munci, Rock2e, Ramospk, EmxBot,
4r1st0tl3, Uncle Scrooge, Givegains, Lorangriel, Billinrio, Garrettanderson983, LuCasMorginnson, Moranje, Saatho37, Jon33, SieBot,
Giza E, YonaBot, Jon2harman, Moonriddengirl, Scarian, Euryalus, WereSpielChequers, PeterPredator, Vbevins, Dawn Bard, Raskiy,
RJaguar3, OpDe, Mangostar, Grundle2600, Andersmusician, Periergeia, Veritatis splendor~enwiki, Questioning81, Sylmarman, AlexHammer, Gotipe, Radon210, Wizzard2k, Perspicacite, Cuvette, Kcuello, Grimey109, Arbor to SJ, ChuDeLaChu, Monegasque, Rocketmanfan12, Allmightyduck, Bob98133, Randy guy, Dark4destiny, Gunnymorris, Lightmouse, Dazed87, Ahangar-e-Gaz, Jocksito, Conollyb,
Afernand74, OKBot, Makalu04, Chirag suvarna, Vojvodaen, Belligero, Uwaisis, The Four Deuces, Achiesara, Chillum, Sean.hoyland,
Mtaylor848, Up to You, Shire113, Luis Ruiz Berti, Into The Fray, LarRan, Shrewpelt, Kirin1, Drosera99, Gr8opinionater, Frankmlr, ImageRemovalBot, Mr. Granger, Cultrcombatant, Martarius, ClueBot, SummerWithMorons, Mariordo, Sdglkkjdsgsd, PipepBot, Hashmi,
Usman, Itskamilo, Kennvido, Hadden08, All Hallows Wraith, Rvannith, General Epitaph, Maxsmodels, Grasbal, Magnoliasltd, Drmies,
Frenchquarterback, JTBX, Boing! said Zebedee, DaveBurstein, Edward77x, Rprpr, Marcos Evangelista, Solar-Wind, Puchiko, MC
Scared of Bees, PhGustaf, Deaconisback, Wutizevrybudylookingat?, DragonBot, SuurMyy, Sansoncarrasco, Excirial, BodybyBeef, NKCTrio, ColinBelyea, MatttK, Rastov, Ludwigs2, Flask1982, Zaharous, Jaguarjaguar, Lususromulus, Arjayay, Terra Xin, Jotterbot, Turnipface, Sanjoman, Holothurion, Tournay, Homoaectional, Ancient Apparition, CowboySpartan, CptnWillard, Hunttthetroll, Razorame,
Huntthetroll, Paco1979, Redthoreau, Mickey gfss2007, BOTarate, FedeloKomma, Another Believer, JaneGrey, Thingg, DerBorg, Carlson288, Chudogg, Djidash, MelonBot, Cookiehead, Ace2209, Chhe, DumZiBoT, Canadian Monkey, Jameselmo, Bridies, Trogdorman121,
MikeOtown, UESPArules, Ism schism, Themarsvoltafan, Robpanini, DavidD4scnrt, Good Olfactory, SweetNightmares, Merlincita~enwiki,
Kbdankbot, Stargat, Alchaemist, King Pickle, Addbot, BOB PIXER, Vtria 08, DOI bot, DaughterofSun, Trasman, Wda, Schuylkill, Miramar93, Lt.Specht, Mike J B, Koov, Alsoam, Download, TriiipleThreat, Cambalachero, Lihaas, AndersBot, Chzz, NittyG, Giovanosky,
LuxNevada, LinkFA-Bot, Guydrawers, Pipin2000, Angry Shoplifter, I'm very great, Mbinebri, Numbo3-bot, David0811, Arbitrarily0, LuK3, GloriousLeader, Arxiloxos, Ben Ben, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Apollonius 1236, Ptbotgourou, Fenrir-of-the-Shadows,
Freikorp, SuperDragonBowling, Inemanja, Eduen, Umbertoumm, AlexLevyOne, Againme, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Ichwan
Palongengi, Veertlte, 1exec1, RanEagle, ThaddeusB, Peetsapye, Greenbreen, JackieBot, Lecen, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Vanished user zm34pq51mz, Dynablaster, LilHelpa, Potonik, Enok, Tikiparrot, Carturo222, Xqbot, AlejandroMS, Jbruin152,
Deeejazzy, TracyMcClark, Vivaelcelta, Lucky to be me, Agusx12, Sexyparty, Sunwin1960, Ukussa, The Evil IP address, CanadianChavista, GrouchoBot, O2riorob, JanDeFietser, Naur, Mark Schierbecker, RibotBOT, Invest in knowledge, Scritti86, Tokiohotelover, Sael,
BlackMath77, Thehelpfulbot, RightCowLeftCoast, Tktru, FrescoBot, Surv1v4l1st, Calibrador, Tobby72, Srsrox, Ong saluri, Mistakender,
Magic Lemur, Mewulwe, HCPUNXKID, Haeinous, Markeilz, Something1235, LeUrsidae96, Alphateam7911, Lyoha95, Rd232 public,
Freebirds, Citation bot 1, PigFlu Oink, Praise of Folly, Sopher99, Wikispan, I dream of horses, Aclouzot, SriSuren, Degen Earthfast,
15.2
Images
37
Tlk041394, Jonesey95, Rahlgd, Skyerise, Super Goku V, Jschnur, Kenloyds, Az88, Kepkke, Motorizer, Foobarnix, Cnwilliams, Kgrad,
Ksanexx, Mono, JMRAMOS0109, Lotje, Gulbenk, Rivet138, IRISZOOM, Tbhotch, ArwinJ, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, IANVS, Thiridaz, Ak
si Gundam, Steve03Mills, Sbrianhicks, DarknessShines2, RasN, EmausBot, And we drown, John of Reading, AriasFco, Lucien504, WeiszGypsy305, Dewritech, Htanna, ZiaLater, GoingBatty, MarturetCR, Sp33dyphil, Jonte93, Caloox, Dishcmds, Le kasydzu, Jim Michael,
K6ka, Schwindtd, Nightwolf87, Zictor23, ZroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, Bongoramsey, Josve05a, Inhakito, Abe41, BCLH, Redhanker,
CrimsonBot, BredoteauU2, AvicAWB, Unused000705, Medeis, WikiReformist, H3llBot, Physalia physalis, Princess Caraboo, Diego Grez
Bot, Zloyvolsheb, Green, blue, and purple, Andeep3450, SporkBot, Vramasub, Thisdaytrivia, Sduty, Brandmeister, Sahimrobot, Richard
Tuckwell, CurtisNaito, Haemetite, Donner60, Dogfacebob, ITacho, Pkeaton, I think I'll dye my hair blue, You used to call me paranoid,
They're putting up reindeer, Ramble tamble, Status, TheObsidianFriar, HandsomeFella, Load of rich creamery butter, Mocctur, Concert
Interruptus, Great Pumpkin, Elmo Ziller, 56E-478, BabbaQ, , Guillec96, Spicemix, Petrb, MissWizzy, ClueBot NG, Echolab,
NapoleonX, Ess5309, MIKHEIL, Qetuo1470, Tatoie, Sirat2, Somedierentstu, ATX-NL, Hh224, Spkfank1, Alexeinikolayevichromanov, Swng1122, December 3, Chester Markel, Goose friend, Tricks Are Not Treats, RohilPCS, Atmospherica, European Magpie,
Creativemind15, Wikiepdiax818, Zephyr911, Chrysiridia rhipheus, Our man in leotards, Turquoise is a lovely color, Delusion23, Hazhk,
Tobit balsley, Mesoderm, HarryBowman, Widr, JoetheMoe25, Mohd. Toukir Hamid, Ryan Vesey, V Debs, Helpful Pixie Bot, Kyactivist, Tholme, Kronn8, Rhydic, Curb Chain, Luis ciudad vaca, Candleabracadabra, WNYY98, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Itz arka,
Beaumont877, Will102, Sematz, Iselilja, Cbrittain10, ComputerJA, Reduolf13, Huhshyeh, Gabriel Yuji, MusikAnimal, Kendall-K1, Diane Chambers, Outside Woman Blues, Ytpgs36, IraChestereld, SugarRat, Elchupaya, JephthahsDaughter, Afghandeaths, Blackdoom77,
Cadiomals, Adriano.93, Dainomite, Zerna24, Jeancey, Marco Antonio Merchn, Jgreen48, Mythic Writerlord, Philpill691, Dontreader,
Notallan, 17danielb, Alarbus, Fmvh, Colorless and odorless, Gb8pGFyohbcg, Rexcactorum, BattyBot, Justincheng12345-bot, Solntsa90,
HueSatLum, Vanobamo, Hp1522, Inops, Ddcm8991, Gins90, Christopher Lotito, Trevor Goodchild, DemirBajraktarevic, ChrisGualtieri,
Dog Whipper, Basemetal, Nick.mon, Tandrum, 28boxhead, BrunoMelo1995, Khazar2, Egeymi, AMS351996, EditorE, JYBot, Qbek16,
Yeah 93, PICAWN, E4024, 306ujfv, Dexbot, Webclient101, Bilingual2000, Charles Essie, Mogism, Zcbeaton, Geochron, Livermorium,
MrGcCc, Deel2, WroteOddly, VIAFbot, Kayat941183, TortoiseWrath, LeoXXVI, WolfgangAzureus, Alexander1257, EeuHP, JustAMuggle, Hillbillyholiday, Mskole, Ppsathyan, Cantalapiedralalal, Marxistfounder, Furious Style, I am One of Many, BreakfastJr, Redd
Foxx 1991, Kazim5294, WikiIkiIkiIki, Melonkelon, TRGUY, Frellington, FPO123, Advocata, LGA, Rybec, Emilia Leblanc, Musician21,
SamX, Polyglotism, Kyre67, ArmbrustBot, Hedgefall, Reuther, Hans, JacobiJonesJr, LatinCultureTodat, StefanoRR, El machisimo 1000,
Tessf, D6011, Heeren10, PrivateMasterHD, Ginsuloft, Te og kaker, Back slade, Logical1004, Anti Wikileaks, Stormmeteo, CommunistUSSR, Zozs, Mosfetfaser, Kevieman94, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, SANTABABES, Kascanio, BIG COXX, Leerslost, Chowdhary747,
Vincius94, LeroyFranz, Marcelo Armando, Cathar66, GreekSocialist100, Elcooetuhhhh, Victorvilleg, TonyJJFish, KasparBot, Dinoloco27 and Anonymous: 1429
15.2
Images
38
15
File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
Own work based on:
<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='https:
//docs.google.com/viewer?a=v,<span>,&,</span>,q=cache:tRiqYRg_YJ4J:www.casc.gob.ni/index.php?option%3Dcom_
docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D704%26Itemid%3D4+ley+sobre+los+simbolo+patrios+nicaragua+
2002,<span>,&,</span>,hl=es,<span>,&,</span>,gl=ni,<span>,&,</span>,pid=bl,<span>,&,</span>,srcid=ADGEEShaqFptSDRqZyUoeWlWgMGTvcFvWOs
About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua</a> Original artist: C records (talk contribs)
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com
File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ocial websites Original artist: Zscout370
File:Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_-_Hugo_Chavez.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/
Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_-_Hugo_Chavez.png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ZiaLater
File:Frum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/F%C3%B3rum_
Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Fabio Rodrigues Pozzebom/ABr
File:Hillary_Clinton_and_Hugo_Chavez.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Hillary_Clinton_and_
Hugo_Chavez.png License: CC BY 3.0 us Contributors: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/4376 Original artist: venezuelanalysis.com
File:HugoChavez1820.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/HugoChavez1820.jpeg License: CC BY 3.0
br Contributors: AgenciaBrasil Original artist: Victor Soares/ABr
File:HugoChavez1823.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/HugoChavez1823.jpeg License: CC BY 3.0
br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Victor Soares/ABr
File:HugoChavez1824.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/HugoChavez1824.jpeg License: CC BY 3.0
br Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Traced in Adobe Illustrator from http://www.thedegree.org/venezuela.jpg Original artist: Hugo Chavez
File:Hugo_Chvez_(02-04-2010).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_
%2802-04-2010%29.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://archive.premier.gov.ru/events/news/10054/photolents.html Original
artist: Premier.gov.ru
File:Hugo_Chvez_2012.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: This le was derived from: Hugo Chvez (2).jpg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_(2).jpg' class='image'><img alt='Hugo Chvez (2).jpg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/d/d5/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_%282%29.jpg/50px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_%282%29.jpg' width='50' height='50'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_%282%29.jpg/75px-Hugo_Ch%C3%
A1vez_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_%282%29.jpg/
100px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_%282%29.jpg 2x' data-le-width='3223' data-le-height='3223' /></a>
Original artist: Hugo_Chvez_(2).jpg: https://secure.flickr.com/photos/waltervargas/7364456714/
File:Hugo_Chvez_on_USS_Yorktown.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_
on_USS_Yorktown.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
This Image was released by the United States Navy with the ID 020302N0872M506 <a class='external text'
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Files_created_by_the_United_States_Navy_with_known_
IDs,<span>,&,</span>,lefrom=020302N0872M506#mw-category-media'>(next)</a>.
This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.
15.3
Content license
39
File:PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/
PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiki Romi
File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Presidential_
Standard_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This le was derived from: Standard President of Venezuela.png:
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_President_of_Venezuela.png' class='image'><img alt='Standard President of Venezuela.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Standard_President_of_Venezuela.png/
50px-Standard_President_of_Venezuela.png' width='50' height='50' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/
53/Standard_President_of_Venezuela.png/75px-Standard_President_of_Venezuela.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/5/53/Standard_President_of_Venezuela.png/100px-Standard_President_of_Venezuela.png 2x' data-le-width='1000'
data-le-height='1000' /></a>
Original artist: Standard_President_of_Venezuela.png: *Flag_of_Venezuela_(state).svg:
File:ProtestosRCTV.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/ProtestosRCTV.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br
Contributors: Agncia Brasil [1] Original artist: Amrico Morillo/ABN
File:Red_flag_waving.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Original PNG by Nikodemos. Original artist: Wereon
File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png License: CC BY
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Artur Balana
File:Sabaneta_calle.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Sabaneta_calle.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Periergeia
File:San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/San_Carlos_
military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mcdemoura/2316758515 Original
artist: Mrcio Cabral de Moura
File:United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_logo.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f6/United_Socialist_Party_
of_Venezuela_logo.gif License: PD Contributors:
http://www.psuv.org.ve/ Original artist:
United Socialist Party of Venezuela
File:Venezuela{}s_Corruption_Score_2004_to_2013.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/
Venezuela%27s_Corruption_Score_2004_to_2013.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zgueroa
File:Venezuela_Black_Market_2010-2014.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Venezuela_Black_
Market_2010-2014.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ZiaLater
File:Venezuela_Economic_Indicators,_Chvez_administration.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/
Venezuela_Economic_Indicators%2C_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration.png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
ZiaLater
File:Venezuela_kidnappings_past_1989.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Venezuela_
kidnappings_past_1989.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ZiaLater
File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
15.3
Content license