SK Goyal Maths Book
SK Goyal Maths Book
mt
| 0 BJ E C T I VE
MATHEMATICS
J.H.
VJ W I ' AL.
Director
Omega Classes, Meerut
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN
ARIHANT
\ MATHEMATICS GALAXY
Q
Q
Q
&
&
&
/ } lea g W ^ Algebra
A lext g W Co-ordinate Geometry
IxtvuitUue. Algebra (Vol. I & II)
A lea SW Calculus (Differential)
A lea gW Calculus (Integral)
A lea Book 4 Vector & 3D Geometry
Play with Graphs
/f lext g W Trigonometry
Problems in Mathematics
Objective Mathematics
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN
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if.
Author
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system transmitted in any form or by any means- electronic, mechanical, photocopying
recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the author and publisher.
ISBN 8183480144
Printed at:
Sanjay Printers
S.K. Goyal
S.K. Goyal
S.K. Goyal
Amit M. Agarwal
Amit M. Agarwal
Amit M. Agarwal
Amit M. Agarwal
Amit M. Agarwal
S.K. Goyal
S.K. Goyal
PREFACE
This new venture is intended for recently introduced Screening Test in new system of
Entrance Examination of IIT-JEE. This is the first book of its kind for this new set up. It is in
continuation of my earlier book "Problems in Mathematics" catering to the needs of students for
the main examination of IIT-JEE.
Major changes have been effected in the set up the book in the edition.
The book has been aivided into 33 chapters.
In each chapter, first of all the theory in brief but having all the basic concepts/formulae is
given to make the student refresh his memory and also for clear understanding,
Each chapter has both set of multiple choice questions-having one correct
alternative, and one or more than one correct alternatives.
At the end of each chapter a practice test is provided for the student to assess his relative
ability on the chapter.
Hints & Solutions of selected questions have been provided in the end of book,
J
<db The number of auestions has been increased two fold and now there are more than 2000
questions.
I am extremely thankful to Shri Yogesh Chand Jain of M/s Arihant Prakashan,
Meerut for their all out efforts to bring out this book in best possible form, I also place, on
record my thank to Shri Raj Kumar (for designing) and M/s Vibgyor Computers (for laser
typesetting).
Suggestions for the improvement of the book are, of course, cordially invited.
- S.K. Goyal
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Complex Numbers
Theory of Equations
Sequences & Series
Permutations & Combinations
Binomial Theorem
Determinants
Probability
Logarithms and Their Properties
Matrices
Functions
Limits
Continuity & Differentiability
Differential Coefficient
Tangent and Normal
Monotonicity
Maxima & Minima
Indefinite Integration
Definite Integration
Area
Differential Equations
Straight Lines
Pair of Straight Lines
Circle
Conic Section-Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Trigonometrical Ratios & Identities
Trigonometric Equations
Inverse Circular Functions
Properties of Triangles
Heights & Distances
Vectors
Co-ordinate Geometry-3D
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
1
14
25
36
47
57
65
76
79
86
97
104
112
119
124
128
134
141
153
158
164
177
182
197
208
220
231
241
247
254
265
271
285
297
ALGEBRA
1
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1.1. Important Points
1. Property of Order : i.e. (a + ib) < ( o r > ) c+ id is not defined. For example, the statement
9 + 6/< 2 - /'makes no sense.
Note : (i) Complex numbers with imaginary parts zero are said to be purely real and similarly those with real
parts zero are said to be purely imaginary.
v i
/2
4n
/
I n+3
(ii) iota :
Also
In general
For example,
Also,
/ = ,
i
2. A complex number z is said to be purely real If lm (z) = 0 and is said to be purely imaginary if
Re (z) = 0. The complex number 0 = 0 + /'. 0 is both purely real and purely imaginary.
3. The sum of four consecutive powers of / is zero.
4/JJ-7
in+ 7
Ex.
X
?=
+?+ I
/ " = / ' - 1 - /'+ 0 = - 1
n=1
n=4
4. To find digit in the unit's place, this method is clear from following example :
Ex. What is the digit in the unit's place of (143) 86 ?
Sol. The digits in unit's place of different powers of 3 are as follows :
3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7, 1
(period being 4)
remainder in 86 + 4 = 2
So the digit in the unit's place of (143) 86 = 9
[Second term in the sequence of 3, 9, 7 , 1 , . . . ]
5. V ^ a = /'Va, when 'si is any real number. Keeping this result in mind the following computation is
correct.
V - a V- b - i^fa i^fb = F ~{ab
=-^fab
Objective Mathematics
(ii) z = z <=> z is purely real
(iii) z = - z<=> z i s purely imaginary
(iv) R e ( z ) = R e ( z ) =
(v) Im (z) =
(vi)
z- z
2/
Z1 + Z2 = z 1 + Z 2
(vii)zi - Z 2 = Z1 - z
(viii) Z1 Z2 = z 1 . z 2
(ix)
Z1
Z2
Z1
Z2
= (z) n
^
a
(iii) (a, b) e third quadrant a < 0, b< 0, the principal value
-1
arg z = 9 = - n + tan
(iv) (a, b) e fourth quadrant a > 0, b < 0, the principal value
= arg z = 9 =
tan
Note.
(i) - 7 i < 9 < n
(ii) amplitude of the complex number 0 is not defined
(iii) If zi = Z2 <=> I zi I = I Z2 I and amp zi = amp Z2 .
(iv) If arg z=n/2 o r - r c / 2 , is purely imaginary; if arg z = 0 orrc, z i s purely real.
1.4 Coni Method
If zi , Z2, Z3 be the affixes of the vertices of a triangle ABC
described in counter-clockwise s e n s e (Fig. 1.1) then :
(-Z1 ~ Z2) j
or
I Z1 - Z2 I
Z1 -Z3
amp
Z1 -Z2
Note that if a = |
(Zi - Z 3 )
I Z1 - Z3 I
= a = Z BAC
A( z t)
B(Z2)
o r t h e n
Fig. 1.1.
Complex Numbers
Z\ - Z3 .
. .
is purely imaginary.
(vi)
Z2 I
(vii) I Z1 + Z2 I < I Z1 I + I Z2 I
In general I zi + Z2 + 23
(Vi) I Z1 - Z2 I > II zi I - I z 2 II
+ z n I < I zi I +1 Z2 I +1 23 I +
+1 zn I
(ii) Arg
Z1
Z2
(iii) Arg I - | = 2 A r g z
z
(iv) Arg (z") = n Arg (z)
( v ) l f A r g ^ j = 9 , then Arg ^
= 2kn - 9 where ke I.
r o " - 1 which are in G.P., and about which we find. The sum of
9 Objective Mathematics
2/ot + 9
n
+ / sin
2/ot + 9
whe.e k = 0, 1, 2, 3
(n-1)
The value corresponding to k = 0 is called the principal value.
Demoivre's theorem is valid if n is any rational number.
and
Izl + a
2
h i I- a
for b > 0
z I+ a
I* + a
for b < 0.
Notes:
1. The square root of i are : ^
2. The square root of - /' are :
J (Here 6 = 1 ) .
1 -/"
= or; ex. co
co 3 n =1,co 3
2
= co
= co.
z2
Complex Numbers
(v) a z + a z
Z1
z\
Z2
Z2
Z3
Z3
=0
Note : The complex and real slopes of the line a z + az+ b= 0 are (b s Ft)
and . ^ are respectively.
a
Im (a)
'
(a) If a i and 02 are complex slopes of two lines on the Argand plane then
* If lines are perpendicular then ai + <X2 = 0
*lf lines are parallel then a i = 0C2
(vi) I z - zo I = r is equation of a circle, whose centre is Zo and radius is r and I z - zo I < r represents
interior of a circle I z - zo I = r a n d I z - zo I > rrepresents the exterior of the circle I z - zo I = r.
(vii) z z + az + a z + k = 0 ; (k is real) represent circle with centre - a and radius ^l a I2 - k .
(viii) ( z - z i ) (z - Z2) + ( z - Z 2 ) (z - z 1) = 0 is equation of circle with diameter AB where
A (zf") and B (z 2 ).
(ix) If I z - zi I + I z - Z2 I = 2a where 2a > I zi - Z2 I then point z describes an ellipse having foci at
zi and Z2 and ae Ft.
(x) If I z - zi I - I z - Z2 I = 2a where 2a < I Zi - Z2 I then point z describes a hyperbola having foci at
zi and Z2 and ae Ft.
(xi) Equation of all circle which are orthogonal to I z - z\ I = n and I z - Z2 I =
Let the circle be I z - a I = rcut given circles orthogonally
a - zi I
...(1)
r 2 + n2
z2 + / f
and
(2)
I a - Z2 I
2
On solving r - r? = a (z 1 - z 2) + a (zi - 2) + I Z2 I - I zi I
and let
a = a + ib.
z - Zi
Z-Z2
(xii)
(xiv) If Arg
or
( iv ) If
1
z
Z12
=
a + n a 2 + 4)
+ Z| +
Z32
Z2 - Z 3
Z 3 - Z1
=0
a + \(,a + 4 )
and
Objective Mathematics
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
One of the values of i' is (i = V - 1)
(a) e
_7C/2
(b)^
(c) ^
xx. x2....
then value of
(a)l
(b)-l
(c) - i
(d ) i
3. The area of the triangle on the Argand plane
formed
by
the
complex
numbers
- z, tz, z - iz, is
(a)itzl2
(b) I z r
(c)|lzl2
Zi - z
= ; then z satisfies
(a) I z - ( 5 - 0 1 = 5 ( b ) l z - ( 5 - / ) l = V5
(c) I z (5 + i) I = 5 (d) I z - (5 + /) I = VT
5. The number of solutions of the equation
z + I z I2 = 0,
(a) one
(c) three
where z e C is
(b) two
(d) infinitely many
(b)x + y > 0
(c)x-y>0
(d)jt-y<0
21-22
^ m n (m e 7)
^ Zl + 22
is
Z-Zi
= 1 and arg
Zl - 22
(d) e *
z,+z2
(b)lz2l
(d) None of these
(a) zero
(b) a rational number
(c) a positive real number
(d) a purely imaginary number
10- If z * 0, then J
100
E
(where
[.]
=0
[arg I z I] dx is :
denotes
the
greatest
integer
function)
(a) 0
(b) 10
(c) 100
(d) not defined
11. The centre of square ABCD is at z = 0. A is
Zi. Then the centroid of triangle ABC is
(a) Z) (cos n i sin 7t)
ZI
4) x V(- 16) =
4) x ( - 16)
Complex Numbers
1, then n is equal
<xx<x2,y^=y2
z2=x2
+ iy2
and
22. If
z-1
- f
z+i
1 +1
(d>
then
-1
the value of (9 - co) (9 - co ) ... (9 - co
will be
(a)n
9" - 1
(c)
(b)0
(d)
9"+l
(c) arg
18. I f l z l = l , t h e n f - | - 7 = lequals
1+z
(a)Z
(b)z
(c) z '
is equal to
(b) 16
(d) 32
(a) 8
(c) 24
CO
(c) -
1+z
l -z
-i
Z+ 1
the
= 0
expression
2x - 2x2 + x + 3 equals
(a) 3 - (7/2)
(b) 3 + (//2)
(c) (3 + 0 / 2
(d) (3 - 0 / 2
23. If 1. co. co2 are the three cube roots of unity
then for a . (3. y. 5 e R. the expression
- r sin 0
r sin 8
(b) re~
r cos 9
(c)e
I Z3 - Zl I I Zl -
(Z2-Z3)
Z2
, then
(Z3-Z1)
(Z]-Z2)
(a) 0
(b) abc
(c) 3abc
(d) a + b + c
30. For all complex numbers zi,z 2 satisfying
I Z! I = 12 and I z 2 - 3 - 4/1 = 5. the minimum
value of I Z\ - Z21 is
(a)0
(b) 2
(c)7
(d) 17
Objective Mathematics
31. If z \ , z 2 , z i are the vertices of an equilateral
triangle
in
(z? + zl + zj)=k
the
argand
plane,
then
(a) A: = 1
(c)Jt = 3
(b) k = 2
(d) A: = 4
the
vertices
of
(b) 2
(c) 3zl
(d) 9zl
35. If a complex number z lies on a circle of
radius 1 / 2 then the complex number
( - 1 + 4z) lies on a circle of radius
(a) 1 / 2
(b) 1
(c)2
(d)4
36. If n is a positive integer but not a multiple of
3 and z = - 1 + i <3, then (z2" + 2Y + 2 2 ") is
equal to
(a) 0
(b) - 1
(c) 1
(dj 3 x 2"
37. If
the
vertices
of
a
triangle
are
8 + 5i, - 3 + i, - 2 - 3;, the modulus and the
argument
of
the
complex
number
representing the centroid of this triangle
respectively are
(a)2,-
(b)V2,J
(d) 2 V2, |
0 _
,
38. The value of
(a) - 1
(c) - i
10 f . 2nk
.
2nk
I
sin - 1 cos
k=l
11
11
(b) 0
(dj i
39. If
1 V3~ ,50
f
+ _
co
(c) 2co
(b) co2
(d) 3C07
by complex
and Z\ - Z2 are
=0
=0
Z1+Z2
<a) ^
z3
2
Zi +Z 2 - z 3
(c)
(b)
(d)
Zi + z 2 - Z3
Zl - z 2 - z 3
Complex Numbers
maximum value of I iz + Z\ I is
I z + 1 + i I = <2
47. The system of equations
IzI= 3
has
(a) no solution
(b) one solution
(c) two solutions
(d) none of these
48. The centre of the circle represented by
I z + 1 I = 2 I z 1 I on the complex plane is
(a) 0
(b) 5 / 3
(c) 1/3
49. The
value
of
the
expression
3(2(0+l)(2co2+1)
(b) 7
(d) V31~+ 2
(a) 2 + VTT
(c)V31~-2
tf z =
A/3~+
56. If
- j then (z ] 0 1 + (.103.105
) equal. .to
(a) z
(b) z 2
(c) z 3
(d) z 4
satisfying
the
(no)2 + 1) is
(a)
n (n+
T,
50. If
l)2
(c) f " ( W 2 +
a = cos
. .
+;sin
( 871
Re ( a + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 ) is
(a) 1 / 2
(b)-l/2
(d) None of these
(c)0
51. If
200
50
2 i + II f = x + iy then (x, y) is
k=0
p=1
(a) (0,1)
(c) (2, 3)
52. If
(b) ( 1 , - 1 )
(d) (4, 8)
then I Z] + z 2 + z 3 1
(a) is less than 6
(b) is more than 3
(c) is less than 12
(d) lies between 6 arid 12
53. If I z I = max {I z - 1 I, I z + 1 1} then
(a) I z + z I = |
equation
(c)lz + z l = l
(d) z - z = 5
54. The equation I z + i I - 1 z - /1 = k represents a
hyperbola if
(a) - 2 < k < 2
(b) k > 2
(c) 0 < k < 2
(d) None of these
55. If
I z - i I < 2 and z, = 5 + 3/
then
the
(b) z + z = 1
(a) Reflexive
(c) Transitive
(b) Symmetric
(d) Anti-symmetric
59. The
roots
of
the
cubic
equation
3
3
(z + a(i) = a ( a ^ 0), represent the vertices
of a triangle of sides of length
(a)^lapl
(b) V3"l a I
(c)V3"ipi
(d)^-lal
10
Objective Mathematics
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I I
Each question in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the letters
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s).
67. If I z - 1 I + I z + 3 I < 8, then the range of
values of I z - 4 I is
(a) (0,7)
(b) (1, 8)
\
(Cl-J
m f
71
(c) [1,9]
68. sin
(b)
3" - 1
n+ 1
(d)
3" - 1
then
69. If
3" - 1
63. If
z
satisfies
I z - 1I <I z +3 I
co = 2z + 3 - isatisfies
(a) I co - 5 - i I < I co + 3 + I
(b) I co - 5 I < I co + 3 1
(c) /, (/co) > 1
(b) 3m + 1
(d) None of these.
z+ 1
r is a purely imaginary number; then z
z+I
lies on a
(a) straight line
(b) circle
(c) circle with radius =
(d) circle passing through the origin.
(C) 2/771
+ 1 = 0
(d) x - 2x cos 0 + 1 = 0
( d ) 2/!7t +
purely
71/4
65. If
(a)
(d) [2, 5]
-1
and
a^z + b^z
b^z + a^ z
+
(a) (a i a 2 a 3 + b, b2b t ) I z I
(b) I z I2
(c)3
(d) None of these
72. Let
^
r'Jt/2
- ,'jt/6
- / 5K/6
e
B
JTe
- ^ 3 e
' . _=V3~
be three points forming a triangle ABC in the
argand plane. Then A ABC is :
(a) equilateral
(b) isosceles
(c) scalene
(d) None of these
Complex Numbers
11
1+z
1 +z
73. If | z l = 1, then
+1| ^
| is equal
to :
(a) 2 cos n (arg (z))
(b) 2 sin (arg (z))
(c) 2 cos n (arg (z/2))
(d) 2 sin n (arg (z/2))
(b) I b I > 3
(d) None of these
(b)cosec 3 8 . e - ' ( 2 4 - W 2 )
(c) cosec 3 8.e' ( 3 6 _ 7 r / 2 )
(d) cosec 2 8. e ~ 2 4 i +
(b) - to2
(c) - co3
(d) - co4
77. If I a,-1 < 1, A,- > 0 for i = l , 2 , 3,.., n and
+ ^ + A3 + ... + A = 1, then the value of
I A ^ j + A2a2 + ... + Anan I is
(a) = 1
(b) < 1
(c) > 1
(d) None of these
78. I f l z , + z 2 I 2 = Izi I2 + I z 2 I 2 then
Zl .
Z)
(a) is purely real (b) is purely imaginary
Z2
Z2
z,. K
(c) z, z 2 + z 2 Zi = 0 (d) amp
:
z2' 2
79. If Zj, Z2, Z3, Z4 are the four complex numbers
represented by the vertices of a quadrilateral
taken in order such that Z] - Z4 = Z2 - Z3 and
amp
Z4 - Zi
Z2 + ~
S3
az
(a)
(c)
(d)
is a complex
constant
such
that
(amp z) - is equal to
z
(b)l
(a) i
(d)-
(c)-l
n/2
81. If
VT
n
(c)
<2
then
Zl Z2
(a) at least one of z,, z 2 is unimodular
(b) both Z], Z2 are unimodular
(c) Z], z2 is unimodular
(d) None of these
87. If
1 -iz
z = x+ iv and co = Z-l
then I co I = 1
12
Objective Mathematics
88
L Sr is (n e N)
r= 1
(a) - cos x + c
(b) cos x + c
(c) 0
(d) not defined
89. For complex numbers Z\=X\ + iy] and
Zi = x2 + iy2
we
write
Z\ n z2
of
< x2 and Vi S y2 then for all complex
numbers z with 1 n z we have
1 -z
n
1+z
(a)0
(b) 1
(c)2
(d)3
90. Let 3 - i and 2 + i be affixes of two points
A and B in the argand plane and P represents
of the complex number z~x + iy then the
locus of P if I z - 3 + /1 = I z - 2 - i i is
(a) Circle on AB as diameter
(b) The line AB
(c) The perpendicular bisector of AB
(d) None of these
is
Practice Test
T i m e : 30 Min.
MM : 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
1. The n u m b e r of points in t h e complex plane
that
satisfying
the
conditions
| z - 2 | = 2 , 2 (1 - i) + z (1 + i) = 4 is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) more t h a n 2
2. The distances of t h e roots of the equation
3
| sin 03
+ | sin 0 4 |
2-i
3 +i
(b) 3 - i
(c) | + Ai
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
5. Let f ( z ) = sin z and g{z) = cos z. If * denotes
a composition of functions t h e n the value of
(f+ig)*(f~ig)
is
(b) ie'
(a) ie
(d) i e
(c) iee
6. If one root of the quadratic
(1 + i) x - (7 + 3i) x + (6 + 8t) = 0
t h e n the other root m u s t be
(a) 4 4- 3i
(b) 1 - i
(c) 1 + i
(d) i (1 - i)
7. L e t ( a ) = eia/p\
then
^ . e3ia/p2
...
equation
is
4 - 3i
em/p
Lim fn (k) is
n <*>
(a) 1
(c) i
g The common
3
z + ( 1 +i)z
1993
z
+z
(a) 1
1994
(b) - 1
(d) - i
roots of
the
+(l + j)z+j = 0
.
equations
and
+ 1 = 0 are
(b) co
(c) co2
(d) (o 981
(c) tan
(-2)
(b) - t a n " 1 2
[ ^
(d) - t a n " 1 [ |
Complex Numbers
13
10. If | z x | = 1, | z 2 | = 2, | z 3 | = 3 and
z
I l + 2 + 3 I
(b) 36
(d) None of these
(a) 6
(c) 216
1 then
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice
1. (a)
7. (c)
13. (c)
2. (c)
8. (d)
14. (b)
19.
25.
31.
37.
43.
49.
55.
20.
26.
32.
38.
44.
50.
56.
(d)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
Multiple
61.
67.
73.
79.
85.
90.
1. (c)
7. (c)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(b)
45. (a)
51. (b)
57. (a)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
34.
40.
46.
52.
58.
(b)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(a)
5. (d)
11. (d)
17. (a)
6.(b)
12. (d)
18. (a)
23.
29.
35.
41.
47.
53.
59.
24.
30.
36.
42.
48.
54.
60.
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(c)
66.
72.
78.
84.
(b), (d)
(a)
(b), (c),
(c)
(b) .
(a)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
Choice -II
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c), (d)
(a), b)
(c)
Practice
(a)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(c)
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
33.
39.
62.
68.
74.
80.
86.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a), (b), (c)
(c)
63.
69.
75.
81.
87.
(d)
(b)
(d)
(a)
Test
2. (a)
9. (a), (b)
4. (d)
10. (a)
5. (d)
6. (c), (d)
2
THEORY OF EQUATIONS
2.1. Quadratic Equation
An equation of the form
ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
where a , b, c e c and a * 0, is a quadratic equation.
The numbers a, b, c are called the coefficients of this equation.
...(1)
A root of the quadratic equation (1) is a complex number a such that a a 2 + ba+ c = 0. Recall that
D= b 2 - 4 a c is the discriminant of the equation (1) and its root are given by the formula.
-> + VD
x =
,
2a
If a, b, c e R a n d a * 0, then
(a) If D < 0, then equation (1) has no roots.
(b) If D > 0, then equation (1) has real and distinct roots, namely,
- b + VD
-b-VD
and then
ax 2 + bx+c
= a ( x - x i ) (X-X2)
...(2)
ax
+ bx + c = a ( x - x 1 ) 2 .
...(3)
To represent the quadratic ax + bx + c in form (2) or (3) is to expand it into linear factors.
2. If a, b, c e Q and D is a perfect square of a rational number, then the roots are rational and in c a s e it
be not a perfect square then the roots are irrational.
3. If a, b, c e R and p + iq is one root of equation (1) (q * 0) then the other must be the conjugate p - iq
and vice-versa, (p, q e R and /' = V- 1).
4. It a, b, c e Q and p + Vg is one root of equation (1) then the other must be the conjugate p-Jq
and
vice-versa, (where p is a rational and J q is a surd).
5. If a = 1 and b, c e I and the root of equation (1) are rational numbers, then these roots must be
integers.
6. If equation (1) has more than two roots (complex numbers), then (1) becomes an identity
i.e.,
a=b=c=0
a'x 2 + b'x + d = 0
a_ _ b^ _ c^
a' ~ b' ~ d
Theory of Equations
(ii)
15
da)2.
and
a,p
be
the
roots.
Suppose
> k,
2a
(ii) If both the roots of f(x) = 0 are less than k
and
< k,
2a
(iii) If k lies between the roots of f(x) = 0,
then D > 0 and f(k)<0.
(iv) If exactly one root of f(x) = 0 lies in the interval (ki , k2)
then D > 0, f(ki) f(k2) < 0,
(v) If both roots of f(x) = 0 are confined between k-[ and k2
then D > 0, f (/c-i) > 0, f(k2) > 0
g +P
i.e.,
k-\ <
<
k2.
(vi) Rolle's theorem : Let f(x) be a function defined on a closed interval [a, b] such that
(i) f (x) is continuous on [a, b]
(ii) f(x) is derivable on (a, b) and
(iii) f (a) = f(b) = 0. Then c e (a, b) s.t. f (c) = 0.
(vii) Lagrange's theorem : Let f(x) be a function defined on [a, b], such that
(i) 1(x) is continuous on [a, b], and
(ii) f(x) is derivable on (a , b). Then c e (a , b) s.t. f' (c) =
^ ^
3
( x - a) ( x - b) (x- c) ( x - d ) = A,
a< b< c< d, b- a = d- c, can be solved
Objective Mathematics
16
by a change of variable.
(x - a) + (x - b) + (x - c) + (x - d)
i.e.,
y=x
or
(a +
c+ d)
+ t /(*) = c
am
a, b, c e R
where
and a, b, c satisfies the condition a 2 + b 2 = c
then solution of the equation is f (x) = 2 and no other solution of this equation.
6. An equation of the form
(ft*)} 9 0 0
is equivalent to the equation
{f(x)} 9 W = 10 9 ( J 1 0 9
nx)
where f{x)> 0
logi* ^ = ^ log a b
2.
f lo9a 9 = gloga f
3.
4.
a^'=f
[x + /?] = n + [x], n e I when [.] denotes the greatest integer.
5.
6.
[x] -
7.
(x) =
11 r
x + 21 +
x+ +
n
[x],
... + r x +
" - i i = [nx]
X
thus
ab
Theory of Equations
17
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate you choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d which ever is appropriate.
1- Let f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
and / ( - 1) < 1,
/(1)>- l,/(3)<-4anda*0then
(a) a > 0
(b) a < 0 *
(e) sign of 'a' can not be determined
(d) none of these
2. If a and (3 are the roots of the equation
x - p (x+l)-q
= 0, then the value of
a 2 + 2 a + 1 | P2 + 2 P + 1
a 2 + 2 a + q p 2 + 20 + q
(a) 2
(c)0
(b)l
(d) None of these
(c) b 4ac
(b) b2 -
4. The
real
roots
of
2
5 log 5 (, -4 J : + 5 ) = ; c _ l a r e
(a) 1 and 2
(c) 3 and 4
lac
(d) 4b2 -
lac
the
equation
(b) 2 and 3
(d) 4 and 5
(b)2
(d) infinite
number
of
real
solutions
1
1
x = 2is
x2 4
x2 -4
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) infinite
7. The number of values of a for which
sin(lll)
= 4lcosxl
(a)0
(b)2
(c)4
(d) 6
10. The number of values of the triplet (a, b, c)
for which
a cos 2x + fc sin x + c = 0
is satisfied by all real x is
(a)2
(b)4
(c) 6
(d) infinite
11. The coefficient of x in the quadratic equation
ax +bx + c = 0 was wrongly taken as 17 in
place of 13 and its roots were found to be
(-2) and (-15). The actual roots of the
equation a r e :
( a ) - 2 and 15
(b)-3 and-10'
(c) - 4 and - 9
(d) - 5 and - 6
12. The value of a for which the equation
( a + 5) x 2 - ( 2 a + 1) x + ( a - 1) = 0
has roots equal in magnitude but opposite in
sign, is
(a) 7/4
(b) 1
(c)-l/2p
(d) - 5
13. The number of real solutions of the equation
of
(a2 - 3a + 2) x + (a - 5a + 6) x + a2 - 4 = 0
is an identity in x is
(a)0
(b) 1
(c)2
(d)3
8. The solution of x - 1 = (x - [x]) (x - {x})
(where [x] and {x} are the integral and
fractional part of x) is
(a)xeR
(b)xe/?~[1,2)
(c) x e [1,2)
(d) x e R ~ [1, 2]
2* /2 + (V2 + l) x = (5 + 2 < l f
(a) infinite
(b) six
(c) four
(d) one
is
(b)l
(d) None of these
18
Objective Mathematics
a = 1 and
a = 1 and
a = 2 and
a = 2 and
18. If
a, P
p=- 1
p = - 2^
j$ = 1
P=- 2
are
the
8x - 3x + 27 = 0
2
f (a /P)
(a) 1/3
(c) 1/5
l/3
+ (p /a)
roots
of
the
then
the
equation
value
of
173
1 is :
(b) 1/4 4
(d) 1/6
(b)0
(d) 2
roots of
* 0. Then
(x - P) + c
(b) b , c
( d ) a + c,b
the equation
the roots of
= 0 are :
21. If
roots
the
a, P
are
the
of
equation
and p is :
(a)x2 + * + l = 0
(b> jc2 - jc + 1 = 0
(c) x2 + x + 2 = 0
( d ) x 2 + 19x + 7 = 0
22. The
number
of
real
solutions
of
- bx c = 0
is
and
root
of
the
29. The
roots
of
,x + 2 ^-jbx/(x- 1) _
the
equation,
= 9 are given by
(a) 1 - log 2 3, 2
(c) 2 , - 2
( d ) - 2 , 1 - ( l o g 3)/(log 2) N.
30. The number of real solutions of the equation
cos (ex) = 2x+2~x
(a) Of
(c)2i
l + l c ' - l \ = ex(ex-2)
is
(a)0
(b) 1 >
(c)2
(d)4
(al ( 4 / 5 , 2)
(c)(-1,-4/5)
ax
(b)log 2 (2/3), 1
+c
is
(b)l
(d) infinitely many
ax +bx
(a )a
+ c then
(b )a2-c2
+ c = -ab
2
(c) a -c
= -bc^
= -ab
a2
b2
c2
a2
b2
c2
Theory of Equations
2
2
-
,2
19
2
(c)3
1, h a s :
(d) 2~ l o g y
( d ) * e (1,2)
(L.OO)
44.
(a)3
(c)l.
The
roots
1 5
where
(a) 2, V J
(b) 4, V l T
(c) 3, V5
(d) 6, V20
45. The number of number-pairs (x,y) which
will
satisfy
the
equation
2
(d) x 2 - x + 1 = 0
46. The
solution
set
of
log* 2 log 2 r 2 = log 4 , 2 is
(a) { 2"
I
(c) j
x - 2x + 4
2 (k-x)
1
lies between and 3, the value
3
x + 2x+ 4
between
which
the
expression
->2x
equation
(a + Jbf~
+ (a - -lb) x " = 2a,
a2 - b = 1 are
,
For
9 . 3 2 * - 6.3 X + 4
the
15
9.3+6.3+4
(b) 2
(d)0
of
x - x y + y = 4 (x + y - 4) is
(a) 1 '(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) None of these
equation
( C ) X 6
the
(b) x e ^0, j j u ( 5 k - )
V(5x 2 - 8x + 3) - V(5x 2 - 9x + 4)
x - 2a I x a I - 3a 2 = 0 is
(a) a ( - 1 - VfT)
(b)a(l-V2)<
(c)a(-i+V6)
(d)a(l+V2~X
then
(c)2,og'"
(a) no solution
(b) unique solution,
(c) infinitely many solutions
(d) finitely many solutions
(d) 7,
lies are
(b) - 2 and 0
( d ) 0 and 2
(a )k
(b)
2
,2 }
equation
any
real
2
[Vx +
k 2]
the
expression
(c) 3k
the
is
(b)4
X2(3X-4)3(X-2)^Qis
(x-5)5 (2x-7)6
(a) Four
(b) Three
Objective Mathematics
20
(c) Two
(c) Three
(a) N o n e ,
(c) Two
(b) One
(d) More than two
|x + J
i) (3 +
- x2) _
51. The
equation
(JC 3) I JC I has
(b) Two solutions
(a) Unique
(d) More than two
(c) No Solution
52. If
xy = 2 (x + y), x<y and x, y e N,
the
number of solutions of the equation
(a) Two ja,
(b) Three'
(c) No solutions
(d) Infinitely many solutions
53. The number of real solutions of the system of
equations
2x z
2z
0 **
1 is
l+x2
l+y2
1+z
(a) 1 /*
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
54. The number of negative integral solutions of
2
+1 ,
x .2
+2
(a) None .
(c) Two
jr 3 I + 2
2 r,lx-31+4 ,
=x .2
(b) Only one
(d) Four
+2
is
dx<~-
1S
(d) Four
equation
then
(1 - a ) (1 - p ) (1 - Y ) is equal to
( a ) ( l + a , ) 2 - ( a o + a 2 )
(b) (1 + a{) 2 + (a 0 + a 2 ) 2
(c) (1 - atf + (a0(d) None of these
a2)2
the
roots
of
59. The
4
4
4
(3 - x) + (2 - x) = (5 - 2x) are
(a) all real
(b) all imaginary(c) two real & two imaginary
(d) None of these
equation
60. The
number
of
ordered
4-tuple
( x , y , z , w) (x, y,z, we [0, 10])
which
satisfies
the
inequality
2
which
5C0S
> 120 is
(b) 144
(d) Infinite
(b) Two
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I I
Each question in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s).
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answerfs).
61. The equation
^Kiogj x) - (9/2) log, x + 5] _ 3 ^
has
Theory of Equations
63. For
a > 0,
the
21
roots
of
the
equation
a = 0, are given by
-4/3
-3/4
(a)a
(b) a
t \ -1/2
-1
(c) a
(d) a
64. The real values of X for which the equation,
3x 3 + x - lx + X = 0 has two distinct real
roots in [0, 1] lie in the interval(s)
(a) ( - 2 , 0 )
(b) [0, 1]
(c) [1,2]
(d)(-~,oo)
65. If a
is one root of the equation
4JC + 2x - 1 = 0. then its other root is given
by
(a) 4 a 3 - 3 a
(b) 4 a 3 + 3 a
(c) a - ( 1 / 2 )
(d) - a - ( 1 / 2 )
66. The
roots
of
the
equation,
2
2
2
(JC + 1) =x(3x
+ 4x + 3), are given by
(a) 2 - V 3 "
( b ) ( - l + /V3)/2
(c) 2 + V3~
(d)(-l-/V3)/2
67. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 (a. b, c e R) then the
quadratic equation ax' + bx + c = 0 has
(a) At least one in [0, 1]
(b) At least one root in ( - 1 , 1]
(c) At least one root in [0, 2]
(d) None of these
68. Let F (x) be a function defined by
F (x) = x [x], 0 * x e R, where [.t] is the
greatest integer less than or equal to .v. Then
the
number
of
solutions
of
F(x) + F{\/x) = 1 is/are
(a) 0
(b) infinite
(c) 1
(d)2
69. The
JC
1 2
largest
-.C
. V
- J C +
interval
1 >
in
which
is
(b) I a I > 1
(d) None of these
73. If
when
I1
(a)-3
(c) - 7
+ a
(b) - 5
(d) None of these
] is
a, P
(b) 1
(d)3
be
roots
of
x~ - .v - 1 = 0
and
(b) l/2A + i
(d) None of these
78. If
a. b. c e R
and
the
equality
ax' - bx + c = 0 has complex roots which are
reciprocal of each other then one has
(a) I b I < I a 1
(b) I b I < I c I
(c) a = c
(d)b<a
79. If a. b. c are positive rational numbers such
that a > b > c and the quadratic equation
(a + b- 2c) ,v: + (b + c - 2a) x + (r + a - 2b) = 0
has a root in the interval ( - 1, 0) then
(a) b + c > a
(b)c + a<2b
(c) Both roots of the given equation are rational
(d) The equation clx2 + 2bx + c = 0 has both
negative real roots
22
Objective Mathematics
(b)(5,~)
(c)(o,-5]
(d)[5,oo)
possess
four
real solutions
(a) - 2 < a < 0
31*112 - I x h = 1
'(b) 2
(d)4
+ a-b-
GMiJ-
(a) x - x + 1 = 0
(b) x +
(c)
(d) .v2 - 3x + 9 = 0
JC2
+x+ 1 =0
3JC
+ 9= 0
nn
Z sr is
n > oo r= 1
(a)
(b)
116
29
(C)
358
1
12
of x + 27 = 0 is
Practice Test
M M : 20
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
1. Let a , p, y be the roots of the equation
(x - a ) (x - b) (x - c) = d, d 0,
then
the
roots
of
the
equation
(x - a) (x - p) (x - y) + d = 0 are
(a) a, b, d
(b) 6, c, d
(c) a, b,c
2. If
one
2
root
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
(d) a + d, b + d, c'+ d
of
the
equation
ix - 2 (1 + i) x + 2 - i = 0 is (3 - i), t h e n the
other root is
(a) 3 + i
(b) 3 +
Theory of Equations
23
(c) - 1 + i
(d) - 1 - i >
3. In a quadratic equation with leading
coefficient 1, a s t u d e n t reads the coefficient
16 of x wrongly as 19 and obtain t h e roots
are - 1 5 and 4 t h e correct roots are
(a) 6, 10 <
(b) - 6 , - 1 0 5
(c) - 7 , - 9
(d) None of these
4. The n u m b e r of solutions of | [x] - 2x \ = 4,
where [x] denotes t h e greatest integer < x,
is
(a) Infinite
(b) 4 *
(c)
(d) 2
5. The interval of x in which t h e inequality
51/4
l o g l X > g l / 5 log5 I
(a) ( 0 , 5 " 2 ( b ) [ 5 2 v 5 , ~ )
(e) both a and b
(d) None of these
6. The
solution
set
of the
equation
(c) 0 = 2nn, ne I
(d) 9 = ^
a, p, y are
the
roots
,n e /
of
the
(a) - (27q + 4r 3 )
(b) - (27q + 4r 2 )
(c) -,(27r 2 + 4^ 3 )
(d) - (27r + 4g 2 )
of
the
2
(b)
2 "
for i = 2. 3. .., n is
'
nn
(c)
(d) infinite n u m b e r of solutions
Answers
1. (b)
7. (b)
13. (d)
19.
25.
31.
37.
43.
49.
55.
(a)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(b)
an
Choice
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
32.
38.
44.
50.
56.
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(a)
3. (c)
9. (c)
15. (a)
21. (a)
27. (a)
33.
39.
45.
51.
57.
(d)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
34.
40.
46.
52.
58.
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(a-)
(ai
(a)
5. (c)
11. (b)
17. (b)
23. (b)
29. (d)
35.(b)
41. (ai
47. (hi
53. (ai
59. (ci
the
^ 1/sin xn ^ ^ ,
(a) 1
Multiple
'
3. Third attempt
cubic
x + qx + r = 0, t h e n t h e value of n (a - P) =
(b) 0 = nn + ^ , n e I
8. If
(x + L ) + [x - L ] =
(JC - L )
+ [x + L ] ,
where
and (x) are the greatest integer
and nearest integer to x, is
(a )xeR
(b)xeN
(c) .v el
(d) xe Q
2
(a) 9 = nn, n e I
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
36.
42.
48.
54.
60.
(ai
(ci
(bl
(ci
(ai
(ci
(bl
(.ci
(ai
(bl
Objective Mathematics
24
Multiple
Choice-II
61.
66.
71.
77.
83.
89.
(b), (c)
62.
(b), (c), (d)
(c)
72.
78.
(c)
84.
90.
(a),
(a),
(b),
(b)
(a),
(b)
Practice
1. (c)
7. (a)
(a), (b)
(a),
(a),
(a),
(a),
(b)
(b), (c)
(c)
(b), (c)
63.
67.
73.
79.
85.
(a), (c)
(a, b, c)
(b)
(b), (c), (d)
(c)
64.
68.
74.
80.
86.
65.
69.
75.
81.
87.
(a), (d)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
70.
76.
82.
88.
(b)
(b), (d)
(d)
(b)
Test
2. (d)
8. (c)
3. (b)
9. (b)
4. (b)
10. (b)
5. (c)
6. (c)
+ /in
and
Tn=Sn-Sn--\
(iii) Arithmetic mean for any n positive numbers ai, az, a3,.... an is
_ a i + a2 + a3 + - . + a n
A
n
(iv) If n arithmetic means Ai, A2, A3
An are inserted between a and b, then
' b-a '
r, 1 < r< n and /Ao = a, /4 n +1 = b.
Ar= a +
n+ 1
3.2. Geometric Progression (G.P.)
(i) If a is the first term and r is the common
a, ar, ai 2, ai 3, ar A,..., ar" _ 1 ,....
nth t e r m :
Tn = ar n~1 = / (last term)
where
nth term from last
r=
Tn' =
a ( 1
( 1
_ ^
Sn =
Sn = an
Sum of infinite G.P. when I rl < 1.
/re. - 1 < r< 1
=
if r< 1
if r = 1
(I rl < 1)
then
Tn 1
and
ratio,
bn is
1/n
G.P.
can
be
written
as
26
Objective Mathematics
Gr= a
r_
, \ n+ 1
b
a
, Go = a, and Gn +1 = b
(v) To find the value of a recurring decimal: Let Xdenote the figure which do not recur, and suppose
them x in number; let / d e n o t e the recurring period consisting of /figures, let R denote the value of
the recurring decimal;
then
R =
OXYYY....;
10xxR = X
YYY....\
10* + y x f l = XY
and
YYY....;
therefore by subtraction
_
XY-X
(10
- 10*)
x+y
common
ratio
then
nthtermof A.G.P.:
Tn=(a + (n- 1) d)
(ii) Sum of first n terms of A.G.P. is
a
drQ-/1-1)
[a+(n-1)d]^
, "t"
(1-0
(1-r)
(iii) Sum upto infinite terms of an A.G.P. is
c;
On
(1 - f) 2
0 - 0
rl < 1)
1 r= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .... + n =
r= 1
(n+1)
zn
vi ?^ =
_ 1-.22 +, 222 +, 0322 +, .... +. n22 _= nn( (nn++11) )c((2^n++11)) = Zn2
r= 1
r= 1
r 3 = 1 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + .... + n 3 =
n(n+ 1 ) l 2
= [2 n f
= En 3
(iv)
Z a= a+ a+ a+ ... nterms = na.
Note : If nth term of a sequence is given by Tn = an 3 + bn 2 + cn+ d, then
Sn=
n
Z
r= 1
Tr= a
r= 1
n
r +b Z
r= 1
r +c
Z r + Z d.
r=1
/-= 1
27
Tn =
ai
+ (n-
an
are in A.P.
1)
a2 ai
ai a 2
a 2 + ( n - 1)(ai - a2)
(ii) Harmonic mean for n positive numbers ai, a2, a3,..., a n is
H
n I ai
a2
""
an
Hr
(n + ^)ab
Theorem : If A, G, H are respectively A.M., G.M., H.M., between a and b both being unequal and
positive then
(i) G 2 = AH
(ii) A> G> H. and every mean must lie between the minimum and the maximum terms. Note that
A = G = H iff all terms are equal otherwise A> G> H.
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. If
a, b, c
are
in
1
1
Jc+Ja ' -la+Jb
(a) A. P.
(c) H.P.
A.P.,
then
1
Jb + Vc
arC m
(6)2
(d-c)
are
(b) 3
(d)5
(a)5
(b)6
(c)7
(d)8
(b) 7
(c)9
(d) 15
Objective Mathematics
28
(a
)P-Q
(c) 2Q
(b )P + Q
(d)2 P
a" + b"
is the A.M.
n-I
a
+bn~
a and b, then the value of n is :
(a) - 1
(b) 0
(c) 1 / 2
(d) 1
9. if
between
(b)
(d)
1-V5
2
I
13. The largest interval for which the series
9
1 + ( x - 1 ) + ( x - 1 ) " + ... ad inf. may be
summed, i s :
(a) 0 < x < 1
(b) 0 < x < 2
(c) - 1 < x < 1
(d) - 2 < x < 2
14. Three numbers, the third of which being 12,
form decreasing G.P. If the last term were 9
instead of 12, the three numbers would have
formed an A.P. The common ratio of the G.P.
is :
(a) 1/3
(b) 2/3
(c) 3/4
(d) 4/5
2
49
50
(a) 208-34
(c) 2 1 2 1 6
(b) 1
(d) None of these
=
.1-658, then f
(1-05)" equals :
n= I
(b) 212-12
(d) 213-16
(b)4
(d) None of these
(b) n 2 + 1
(c) ( - l ) 2 - 1
(d) (n l) 2 + 1
n (+l)(2+l)
6
of
the
series
( - 2) + ... + 1 is :
... (+!)(;/ + 2 )
(b)
3
( + 1) (2/; + 1)
3
> 4 V3~(b)
-7
(d) no p and r
: 4 VT
25. If
29
a + bx b + cx c + dx.
-a
bx = -b
~cx= c dx
then
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
(c) H.P.
and
two
H.M.s
Hj and H2
are
inserted
1
G2]
(D){AX+A2)/G,G2.
24cm
24cm
24cm
(a) 144 cm
(c) 400 cm
n
m = Z a r - a
a, b, c, d are in
(b) 169 cm
(d) 625 cm
ai
a2
then ,
ay
,
,...,
are in
/(")
(a) A.P.
(c) H.P.
(b) G.P.
(d) None of these
(a) J
<c,f
(b)x = 4<3
(d) x =
a2 +
+ ... + an ' Q] +
+ ... + an '
an
..., ax + a2 + .. + an _ j are in
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
(c) H.P.
(d) A.G.P.
0>
(0?
30
Objective Mathematics
43. The
(n + 1) ( 2 - 1)
(a)
1+2
(n-\T(2n-l)
(b)
(n + 1) ( 2 n + 1)
(c)
(b)V3",|
5'5
' 2
sum
of
terms
of
the
series
is
n (n + 1)
the
series,
+ ... is
(a) n
(b) n (n + 1)
(c) n I1 1 + n
... + a2n)
(a\ +a]+
(b) G.P.
(c) H.P.
(d) None of these
45. The cubes of the natural numbers are
grouped as l 3 , (2 3 , 3 3 ), (43, 5 3 , 6 3 ) , ... then
the sum of the numbers in the nth group is
(a) i n 3 (n2 + 1) (n 2 + 3)
(b)
16
n ( n - l )
( c ) - ^ ( 2 + 2) (n2 + 4)
in the polynomial
( j c - 1) ( j c - 2 ) (JC- 3 ) ... ( J C - n ) is
n (n 2 - 1) (3n + 2)
24
n (n2 + 1) (3n + 4)
(c)
24
(d) None of these
(b)
be
X c
K=0
such
that
a4
l
= and a 2 + a< = 216. Then a, =
6 4
108
(a) 12 or
(b) 10
/ \
54
(c) 1 OX
b\z=
/i = 0
24
{an}
46. If jc Z a,y=
n = 0
n (n + 2) ( 3 / t + l )
41. Let
of
(b) T7 n (" 2 + 1 6 ) (n 2 + 1 2 )
sum is
(a)
1 f
+ 3| 1 - n
(a) A.P.
(a)
infinity
then ah a2..., a me in
V3" 1
39. The
1 -
to
3
45 + 1
(c)
(d)
sum
a,+a6 + a u + a ] 6 =
(a) 96
(b) 98
(c) 100
n=1
a2n = a and
100
n=1
-1
4?. If
< an >
is
an
A.P.
a , + a 4 + a-j + ... + a 1 6 = 147, then
100
numbers. Let
(b)JC<-|
(c)*>4
(d) jc = -
an
31
49. If
a2, a 3 (aj > 0) are in G.P. with common
ratio r, then the value of r for which the
inequality 9a, + 5 a 3 > 14a 2 holds can not lie
in the interval
(a) fl.oo)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(a) - 3 5
(c) 13
51. If the
1 +2
x 203
9 '
in the expansion of
(b) 21
(d)15
of n terms
1+2 + 3
of
the
series
1
3
3 + .. is S. then S
13 + 23 1 + 2 + 3
exceeds 199 for all n greater than
(a) 99
(b) 50
(c) 199
(d) 100
1 , > 0 4 - 2 sin 2x j:
The numbers 3
, 14, 3
form
first three terms of an A.P., its fifth term is
equal to
(a)-25
(b) - 1 2
(c) 40
(d) 53
(b)
g\g2n
is equal to
2n
, a2 + a2n-\
t an
g2g2n-\
+ an + 1
gn gn + \
(b) 2nh
1,
n. 2
+a2n
(c) nh
(a)
a\
2n + 1
22"-l
,n + l
n. 2'
22n-l
(c) n. 2"
(d) None of these
55. If a, ah a2, a3,..., a2n, b are in A.P. and
a
< Si'g2' #3' > S2n> b are in G.P. and h is the
H. M. of a and b then
(d)'
CA It
T is given
71
96
89tt 4
90
(b)
(d)
11
90
71
45
/
46
8 16
128
T
p
57. Let S = - + +... +
, then
5 65
2'+ 1
1088
(a) 5 =
545
545
(b)5 =
1088
1056
(c ) S =
545
545
(d ) S =
1056
58. If sin 6, V2 (sin 0 + 1 ) , 6 sin 6 + 6 are in G.P.
then the fifth term is
(a) 81
(b) 82 -12
(c) 162
(d) None of these
59. If In (a + c), In (c - a), In (a-2b
A.P., then
(a) a, b, c are in A.P.
+ c) are in
32
Objective Mathematics
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I I
Each question, in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the letters
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s).
61. If tan 'JC, tan 1 y, tan 1 Z are in A.P. and
x, y, z are also in A.P. (y being not equal to 0,
1 or - 1 ) , then
(a) x, y, z are in G.P.
(b) x, y, z are in H.P.
2b5
(c)x = y = z
(d) (x-y)2
+ (y - z)2 + (z - x) 2 = 0
( d ) ^ 2 " - 2" + f
+q
= pq
(b) Tpq = p + q
(c )Tp + q>Tpq
(d) Tpq >Tp + q
66. If the first and (2n - l)th terms of an A.P., a
G.P. and a H.P. are equal and their nth terms
are a, b and c respectively, then
(a )a = b = c
(b )a + c = b
(c)a>b>c
(d) ac = b2
67. If a, b, c be three unequal positive quantities
in H.P. then
, , 100 , 100 ^
100
(a )a
+c
>2 b
(b) a 3 + c 3 > 2b*
22"-2'! + j
(b)
18
36
54
of
the
series
is
w(n + 6 n + 11)
18 (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
n + 6
(b)
18 (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
(a)
1
(c) w
18 3 (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
1
6 2 (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
(b) A. P.
(c) H. P.
z
(b)
1790
9
33
74. If
< an >
given
an =
by
(x) w2
bn = (x) U- - 0 ' ) 1 / 2
ai a2 a3 ... an is :
(a)
x +y
7S
for
sequences
(y) 1/2
all
ne N
and
x+y
(d)
bn
xY2
, Z n
, IS
3_
r>
c"
J2__
ca
r,
n ( n + l ) ( n + 2)
(b) Z n
(d) " +2C3
82. If an A.P., a7 = 9 if a , a 2 a 7
is
lea
s t , the
common difference is
13
23
(a) 20
(b)
a
1
- + - - T
(c)"C 3
77. If S n , ~ l n
(a)
bn
(b)(n-l,3)
(d) (n + 1, 3)
(a) 90 or 175
(c) 360 or 700
, , 2
fee
- >
(2n I) 3" + b .
. ...
^
then (a, b) is :
(a) ( n - 2 , 3)
(c) (n, 3)
i_i
81. Z Z
Z 1= .
, = 1 ; = 1 (t=l
,2
then
(b) x-y
2 ,
(c)
43
20
33
value of n is :
then
(b) 4
(d) non existent
(a) 3
(c)2
(a) z = x
(b>i
(b) x = y~
-i
3
(c) z~ = y
(d)x = y
=z
85. If bl,b2,b3(bl
> 0 ) are three successive
terms of a G.P. with common ratio r, the
value of r for which the inequality
b3 > 4b2 - 3by holds is given by
(a) r > 3
(b) r < 1
(c) r = 3-5
(d) r=5-2
(d) 1
78. If
( + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
r= 1
denotes
Lim
the
rth term
of a series,
^
then
~ 1
X is :
r = 1 tr
(c)i
79. Given that 0 < x < t i / 4 and r t / 4 < y < n/2 and
Z ( - \f tan * x = a, ( - 1 )*
k=0
i =0
2
cot2*
(c)
ab
(b )a +
(d)
then Z tan?*
cot12* is
1
*=0
, ,1
v = b,
equal to
b-ab
ab
a + b- 1
(a)
b+c-a'c+a-b'a+b-c
b
b-a
b-c
are in H.P.
34
Objective Mathematics
(c)-f,f,c-^areinG.P.
2 2
2
Vm + V ( m - n )
(d) 7
,
,
are in H.P.
fc+cc+aa+fc
88. If the ratio of A. M. between two positive
real numbers a and b to their H.M. is m : n;
then a: b is equal to
89. if
r= 1
.
,
( r + i ) ( 2 r + 3) = an + bn
+ cn 2 + dn + e, then
(a) a = 1 / 2
(b)6 = 8 / 3
(e) c = 9 / 2
V(w - n) - AIn
90. If l, l 0 g 9 (31
Vn~-
- n)
(d)e = 0
1
y[m+-l(m-n)
(a) log 4 3
Vm - V(m - n)
(c)
(b) log 3 4
i _ iog3 4
( d ) i o g 3 (0 75)
Practice Test
Time : 30 Min.
MM : 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
n
1
*
1. If X
+
90
71 = 1 3
integral p a r t of x, t h e n k =
(a) 84
'(b) 80
(c) 85
(d) none of these
2. If x e |1, 2, 3, ..., 9} and fn{x) =xxx ...x
7. The coefficient of x
(4)
(d) n + (n + l ) 3
(c) H.P.
(O/hnU)
fin
(c) n + (n - l ) 3
(a) A.P.
(b)/n(l)
(d) -
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
5. The series of n a t u r a l n u m b e r s is divided
into groups : 1; 2, 3, 4; 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; ... and so
on. Then the s u m of the n u m b e r s in t h e n t h
group is
(b) 173
(d) 1/5
(1 - X ) ( 1 -2x)(1
15
-2
in t h e product
2
X ) ( 1 -23.X)
...
l5
(1 - 2 .x) is
(a) 2 1 0 5 - 2 1 2 1
(c)2120_2104
(b)2m-2105
(d)2105-2104
(a) 6
(b) 12
(c) 3
the
[a]
Value of L = lim
n ->
fr
\
ix 2
3. Z k + . . .
k=l
+71.1
r2
x+a x+P
x+a-y
x+p X+ Y
x -1
X+Y x+b
x-p+5
then the common difference d is :
(a) 1
(b) - 1
(c) 2
(d) - 2
is
f(x)=
(a) 1/24
(c) 1/6
Jq /(X) <2*
(b) 1/12
(d) 1/3
must be 100%
Answers
lultiple
Choice
l.(a)
2.(d)
8. (c)
7. (a)
13. (b)
14.
20.
26.
32.
38.
44.
50.
56.
19. (d)
25. (b)
31. (c)
37. (a)
43. (a)
49. (b)
55. (a)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
3. (b)
9. (d)
15. (c)
21. (d)
27. (a)
33. (d)
39. (a)
45. (a)
51. (c)
57. (a)
4. (d)
10. (d)
16. (c)
22. (c)
28. (c)
34. (c)
40. (b)
46. (c)
52. (d)
58. (c)
5. (c)
11. (d)
17. (d)
23. (a)
29. (a)
35. (a)
6. (c)
12.
18.
24.
30.
36.
42.
48.
54.
60.
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
41.
47.
53.
59.
(a)
(a)
(a)
(d)
64.
68.
74.
80.
85.
89.
(a), (d)
(d)
69. (d)
(b)
75. (d)
(a), (b), (c)
81. (a, d)
(a), (b), (c), (d)
(a), (b), (c), (d)
Practice
1. (b)
7. (a)
(a), (d)
(d)
(c), (d)
(c)
Test
2. (c)
8. (b)
3. (d)
9. (a)
4. (a)
10. (a), (b)
5. (a), (c)
6. (a)
4
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
4.1. The number of ways of arranging n distinct objects in a row taking r(0 < r< n) at a time is denoted
by Pror P(n, 0n
and
Pr= n ( n - 1) ( n - 2) ... ( n - r+ 1)
/?!
" (n - 0 !
n
Note that
P0 = 1, n Pi = n and nPn~ i = nPn= n \
4.2. The number of ways of arranging n distinct objects along a circle is (n- 1)!
^ '
4.4. The number of permutations of n things taken all at a time, p are alike of one kind, q are alike of
another kind and r a r e alike of a third kind and the rest n - (p + q + r) are all different is
nI
p! girl '
4.5. The number of ways of n distinct objects taking r of them at a time where any object may be
repeated any number of times is n r.
4.6. The number of ways of selecting r(o< r< n) objects out of n distinct objects is denoted by nCr or
C(n, r> and
n c _ n ( n - 1 ) ( n - 2 ) ... ( n - r + 1 )
r . ( r - 1 ) . ( r - 2 ) . . . 2-1
nI
r\(n-i)\
_nPr
r!
37
_(P + g+/)!
p\q\r\
(ii) If 3p distinct elements are divided in three groups each containing p elements, then number of
3p I
divisions =
3 ! (p I)3
(iii) If 3p distinct elements are divided equally among three persons, then the number of divisions
_ 3p!
(p!)3'
(i) The number of ways in which n different things can be arranged in rdifferent groups n!.
Cr-1(ii) The number of ways in which n things of the same kind can be distributed into r different groups is
n+ r~ 1 Cr-1 or n~1 Cr-1, according as groups or are not permitted.
4.15. Derangements : The number of derangements (No object goes to its scheduled place) of n
objects
,r 1
1
1
1
, (,ni
4.16. Some Important Results
(0 The coefficient of V in the expansion of (1 - xf " = n+r~ 1 Cr.
(ii) If there are k objects of one kind, I objects of another kind and so on; then the number of ways of
choosing r objects out of these objects (i.e., 1+ k+ ...) is
The coefficient of / in (1 + x+ x 2 + x 3 + ... + x*) (1 + x + x 2 + ... + x*)... Further if one object of each
kind is to be included, then the number of ways of choosing robjects is
The coefficient of / i n (x+ x2 + ... + x k) ( x + x2 + ... + V ) . . .
(iii) If there are k object of one kind, I object of another kind and so on; then the number of possible
arrangements/permutations of robjects out of these objects (i.e., 1+ k+ ...) is
coefficient of x r in
X
x2
. x'Y,
X
x2
xk
1+
T7+2!+-+7!
TT + f l + ^ T
(iv) How to find number of solutions of the equation :
If the equation
a+
+ 3y+ ... + q9 = n
(a) If zero included then number of solutions of (1)
r\
1 +
...(1)
<J(q +1)
2
jn ( i _
x)-
(i
_ y i (i _ ^y-1 .
_ y?)-1
o
r
Objective Questions
4.18. Some Important Results to Remember
1. The number of ways in which n different things can be distributed into r different groups is
r"- rCi (r- 1)"+ rC2 ( r - 2 ) " - ... + ( - 1)"~ 1 rCr-1
or
1)r.
Ep(n !) =
'
n'
.P.
n'
y .
n'
V.
41 4-T
n'
.Ps.
where s is the largest natural number such that p s < n < p s+1 and [.] denotes the greatest integer.
3. n straight lines are drawn in the plane such that no two lines are parallel and no three lines are
concurrent. Then the number of parts into which these lines divide the plane is equal to 1 + X n
4. The sum of the digits in the unit place of all numbers formed with the help of ai, a2, ..., an taken all
at a time is
= ( n - 1)! (ai + a2 + ... + an)
5. The sum of all digit numbers that can be formed using the digits ai,a2,... an (repitition of digits not
allowed) is
,
HM,
J (10"~ 1)
= ( n - 1 ) ! ( a i + a2 + ... + an) - -
6. If there are n rows, I row has a i squares, II row has a 2 squares, III row has ct3 squares, and so on. If
we placed p Xs in the squares such that each row contain at least one X, the number of ways
= coefficient of x*3 in
( a 1 Ci X + a i C 2 X2 + ... + a i C a , X0") X ( a 2 Ci X + K2 C2 X2 + ...+ 012 Ca2 x"2)
X ( a3 Cl X+ a3 C2 X2 + ... + a 3 Ca 3 X"3) X ....
7. Given n distinct points in a plane, no three of which are collinear then the number of line segments
they determine is nC2
In particular: The number of diagonals in n-gon (n sides closed polygon) is
"C2-n
If in which m points are collinear (m > 3) then the number of line segment is
8. Given n distinct points in a plane, no three of which are collinear then the number of
triangles is "C3
If in which m points are collinear (m > 3) then the number of triangles is
nC3
- mC3
39
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. When
47
simplified,
5
c4+ n z= 1 52 - n C
the
equals
(a ) 4 7 C 5
(b)49c4
52
( d ) 5 2 C4
(c)
expression
C5
= 120 then
(b)2
(d)4
C,.,>2.
10
(a) 7
Cj is
(b)8
(c) 9
(d) 10
vX
(b) 1023
(c) 2 1 0
(d) 10 !
13. The number of ways in which 7 persons can
be seated at a round table if two particular
persons are not to sit together, is :
(a) 120
(b) 480
(c) 600
(d) 720
14. The number of ways in which r letters can be
posted in n letter boxes in a town, is :
(a)n
(b) r
(c) "Pr
(d) "C r
(b) 4
(d) 4 C 3
(C) 4 P 3
1 6 / T h e number of ways in which the letters of
^
the word A R R A N G E can be made such that
both R ' s do not come together is :
(a) 900
(b) 1080
(c) 1260
(d) 1620
17. Six identical coins are arranged in a row. The
total number of ways in which the number of
heads is equal to the number of tails, is
40
Objective Mathematics
(a) 9
(c) 40
(b) 20
(d) 120
(c) 13
(a) 224
(b) 280
(c) 324
(d) 405
,0
(O c5
(b) 'P 5
(d) None of these
(b) 18
(d) 40
(d) 14
20.
of
30
(a) 11
(b) 12
(c) 27
(d) 63
(b)n(n-l)2
(c) n (n - 1)
(d) n ( - l) 2
(b) Eight
(c) Five
(d) None of these
35. A class has 21 students. The class teacher has
been asked to make n groupsof r students
each and go to zoo taking one group at a
time. The size of group (i.e., the value of r)
for which the teacher goes to the maximum
number of times is (no group can go to the
zoo twice)
(a) 9 or 10
(b) 10 or 11
(c) 11 or 12
(d) 12 or 13
36. The number of ways in which a score of 11
can be made from a through by three persons,
each throwing a single die once, is
(a) 45
(b) 18
(c) 27
(d) 68
37. The number of positive integers with the
property that they can be expressed as the
sum of the cubes of 2 positive integers in two
different way is
(a) 1
(b) 100
(c) infinite
(d) 0
41
40. In a plane there are 37 straight lines, of
which 13 pass through the point A and 11
pass through the point B. Besides, no three
lines pass through one point, no lines passes
through both points A and B, and no two are
parallel, then the number of intersection
points the lines have is equal to
(a) 535
(b) 601
(c) 728
(d) 963
41. We are required to form different words with
the help of the letters of the word INTEGER.
Let tii\ be the number of words in which
/ and N are never together and m2 be the
number of words which being with / and end
with R, then m]/m2 is given by
(a) 42
(c) 6
(b) 30
(d) 1/30
Ci Ca
(b)"C4(c)
'4
m
(d) C 4 + C 3 .
"rc 4
Ci
(a) p" + 1
(b)(p+l)"-l
(c)(p+\)n-p
(<l)pn
42
Objective Mathematics
(a) ( 2 - \)
mn
(b) (2n 1 )m
(d) None of these
(b) 225
(d) 105
(b) 2"
(c) 2" - 1
(d) 3"
(c) (m + 1) 2" - 1
(b) 45 x 105
(c) 81 x 10 5
(d) 9 x 105
12
(O ,2P3
(b) 12
(d)
,2
C3
(b) 532
(d) 536
(w-ir
(b)
(n+lT
43
(b) 272
(d) None of these
(a) 271
(c) 300
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I I
Each question, in this part, has one or more than one correct answers).
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s).
61. Eight straight lines are drawn in the plane
such that no two lines are parallel and no three
lines are concurrent. The number of parts into
which these lines divide the plane, is
(a) 29
(c) 36
(b) 32
(d) 37
(b) 6
(c) 6 !
(d)6C6
position
v=x'i+yj
vector
+ zh
of
when
point
x,y,zeN
is
and
a = 1 + j + %. If r . a = 1 0 , The number of
possible position of P is
(a) 36
(b) 72
(c) 66
(d) 9 C 2
10
C5 - 2 x 8 C 4
(b) nCm x (m - 1) !
(c)"Cmxm!
(b) 2 x 8 C 3
(d) None of these
(d) 'C2
Objective Mathematics
44
75. In a class tournament when the participants
were to play one game with another, two
class players fell ill, having played 3 games
each. If the total numebr of games played is
84, the number of participants at the
beggining was
(a) 15
6
(C) C2
(b) 30
(d) 4 8
(b) 25200
/ \ 10/"
/n
(C)
10 !
2 ! 2 !3 !3 !
(a) 26
(c) 6 !
(b) 26 x 6 !
(d) 2 ! x 6 !
(b) 53
(d) None of these
(d) ;/4
32
(b) 2 3 2 - 1
- 2
(d) 2 3 2 - 3
(d) >
(b) 1512
(d) None of these
45
(b) 7 C 2 2 5
(c) 7 C 2 5 2
Practice Test
Time : 30 Min.
M M : 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
1. The number of points (x,y, z) is space,
whose each co-ordinate is a negative
6. The number of ways in which we can choose
2 distinct integers from 1 to 100 such that
integer such that x + ; y + z + 1 2 = 0 is
difference between them is at most 10 is
(a) 385
(b) 55
(c) 110
(d) None of these
(b) 72
(a) 1 0 C 2
The number of divisors of 2 2 . 3 3 . 5 3 . 7 5 of
the form 4n + 1, n e N is
(a) 46
(b) 47
(c) 96
(d) 94
3. The number of ways in which 30 coins of
one rupee each be given to six persons so
that none of them receives less than 4
rupees is
(a) 231
(b) 462
(c) 693
(d) 924
4. The number of integral solutions of the
equation 2x + 2y + z = 20 where x > 0, y > 0
and z > 0 is
(a) 132
(b) 11
(c) 33
(d) 66
5. The number of ways to select 2 numbers
from (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) such that the sum of the
squares of the selected numbers is divisible
by 5 are (repitition of digits is allowed).
(a) 9 Ci
(b) 9 P 8
(c)9
(d)7
(c) 1 0 0 C 2
90,
(fe)
n - 2Q
(C)"~3C3+"~3C2
(d) None of these
10. Number of positive integral solutions of
abc = 30 is
(a) 9
(b) 27
(c) 81
(d) 243
46
Objective Mathematics
Record Your Score
Max. Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
3. Third attempt
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
1.
7.
13.
19.
25.
31.
37.
43.
49.
55.
14. (a)
20. (a)
26. (a)
32(c)
38. (a)
44. (c)
50. (c)
56. (d)
1. (b)
7. (a)
3. (b)
9. (b)
15. (c)
21.
27.
33.
39.
45.
51.
57.
(d)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(d)
63.
69.
75.
81.
87.
(a)
(c)
(a), (c)
(c)
(a)
5. (d)
11. (d)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
34.
(b)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
17.
23.
29.
35.
(b)
(a)
(d)
(b)
40.
46.
52.
58.
(a)
(d)
(a)
(d)
41.
47.
53.
59.
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)
64.
70.
76.
82.
88.
(b)
(b)
(b), (d)
(c)
(d)
6. (b)
12. (b)
18. (b)
24. (b)
30. (d)
36. (c)
42. (b)
48. (d)
54. (b)
60. (c)
Choice -II
(d)
(a), (c)
(a), (b)
(c)
(a), (c), (d)
Practice
-I
2. (b)
8. (c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(a)
Multiple
61.
67.
73.
79.
85.
Choice
62.
68.
74.
80.
(a), (d)
(a)
(c)
(c)
86. (b)
71.
77.
83.
89.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
66.
72.
78.
84.
90.
(b),
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
Test
2. (b)
3. (b)
8. (c)
4. (d)
10. (b)
6. (c)
BINOMIAL THEOREM
5.1. Binomial Theorem (for a positive integral index)
It n is a positive integer and x, y e C then
( x + y ) " = " C b x " - V + " C i x " - 1 y 1 + " C 2 x " - 2 / + ... + " C n y "
Here "Co, "Ci, "C2,...., "C n are called binomial coefficients.
5.2. Some Important Points to Remember
(i) The number of terms in the expansion are (n + 1).
(ii) General term :
General term
= (r+ 1)fMerm
.-. =>
7 r + i = nCrx n~ ry r, where r = 0 , 1, 2
n.
(iii) Middle term : The middle term depends upon the value of n.
(a) If n is even, then total no. of term in the expansion is odd. So there is only one middle term
i.e.,
-+1
(b) If n is odd, then total number of terms in the expansion is even. So there are two middle terms
n+1
( n+ 3
i.e.,
th and
th are two middle terms.
(iv) To find (p + 1) th term from end :
(p + 1) th term from end = (n - p + 1) th term from beginning
= Tn - p + 1
(v) Greatest Term :
To find the greatest term (numerically) in the expansion of (1 + x)".
(a) Calculate p =
x(n+
1)
(x + 1)
(b) If p is integer, then Tp and Tp+1 are equal and both are greatest term.
(c) If p is not integer. Then T[P] +1 is the greatest term. Where [ ] denotes the
greatest integral part.
How to find greatest term in the expansion of ( x + y ) " :
(x + y)
xn
1 +-
'2
Objective Mathematics
48
+ <?n =
2n
Cn
represent
2n
Cn-r
If (VP + Q) n = / + f where / and n are positive integers, n being odd, and 0 < f< 1, then show that
(/+ f) f = k" where P-Cf
= k> 0 and VP - Q< 1.
Proof. Given VP - Q< 1
0<(VP-Q)"<1
Now let
or
V-1<f-f'<1
=>
f+f
Hence
( / + 0 ( 1 - f ) = (l+f)P
.'
l+f+f
0<f+f'<2
f' = 0 - f )
= (<P + Q) n (-fP - Q) n
= ( P - Q 2 ) " = A".
2
n
1
a3
ai ! a2 ! a'3 I.... a* I xf . x . X3
Xk",
expansion
is
where ai + az + a3 +.... + a* = n
and 0 < a/ < n, i = 1, 2, 3,... A. and the number of terms in the expansion are n + k ~ 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
/iac/j question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
! The coefficients of x1/,
a equals
(b) 3
(d) 6
(1 +x) 4 3 , the coefficients
49
Binomial Theorem
5. If the three successive coefficients in the
Binomial expansion of (1 + JC)" are 28, 56 and
70 respectively, then n equals
(a) 4
(c) 8
(b)6
(d) 10
(m - n ), is
(a) 4
(c)8
(b)6
(d)9
25
( O X - i
25
15. The
number
of
10
terms
in
is
(b)4
(d) 1
[(f'-^jc+Cr' + iyV1]
of
VffT-VJ
3
(a) 5 / 1 2
(b)l
(a) 56
(c) 70
n
is
- If
a2nx
In
i - n
l+t
1 -t
l+t
(b) 56
l +t
1 -t
(d) 70 i + r
i-t
then a0 + a2 + a4+...
...+
+a2n equals
(a)^(3"+l)
(b)|(3"-l)
(c)i(l
(d) | + 3"
2n
(b)A2-B2
(d) None of these
(c ) A 2 + B 2
19 t The largest term in the expansion
(2 + Sx)25 where x = 2 is its
(a) 13 th term
(b) 19th term
(c) 20th term
(d) 26th term
( a ) 4 Afl
3")
is
of
50
Objective Mathematics
(2w ) i
(a)
(2
(c)
"
2 ) !
(d)-
n ! (n + 1) !
(2n + 2 ) !
(b)
(n!)2
{(+l)!}2
(2n)!
number X r ! + 2
r= 0
is
the
Binomial
(a) n 2"
(c) n.2"~ 2
(d)n.2"~3
24. If
( l + ^ ) n = C 0 + C 1 ^ + C 2 x 2 + . . . + Cx",
1
C . is
(n + 1)
(c)
(b)
( n + 1)
2"
- 1
(d)
v /
(+l)
(H+l)
10
^13
are
('VQ)" - ('"C,)" + .. .
_ ( C 9 ) + ( C 1 0 ) equals
(b)- 1 0 C 5
,0
(a) C 5
(c).('C 5 )
(d)(10!r
(b) 30
(c) 31
(d) 32
number
of
expansion of (1
(a) 6
(c)5
rational
(1 + a + b - c )
terms
in
the
IS
(b)7
(d) 8
in the expansion of
is
(a) 2. 9 C 7 . 7 C 4
(b) - 2. 9 C 2 . 7 C 3
(c) 9 C 7 . 7 C 4
(1 + x + 2* 2 ) 20 = a 0 + fl) x + a2x2+
040x
("+D
( V T + 3 V2) 9 , is its
(a) 2nd term
(c) 4th term
33. If
2" + ' - 1
expression
. , 1
26- The
(c) 5"
(51 r
,n + l
(a)
(b) 2 3 "
30. The
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c)l
(d)0
23. If C 0 , C,, C 2 ,.... C are
(a) l 2 n
n ! (+ 1) !
100
40
(a) 2
19
(c) 2
20
... +
19
(b) 2 1 9 (2 20 - 1)
- 1)
i?32
34. If 7 divides 32
(a) 41
(c)
, the remainder is
(b)
(d) 60
35. " i
cr
r-0
/ \
nCr
+ "Cr+1
2
n(n+1)
(c)
2
36. The largest
b
b\
2+ 2j
(a )b
100
is equal to
(b)
n+ 1
2
w(w-l)
(d)
W 2 ( n + 1 )
term in the expansion
.
1S
h N'OO
(b)ll
of
Binomial Theorem
51
100
(O
,00
C50
(b) 2 2 " + 1 1
(c) 2 2 "
rvs
(l+x)
= C0 + C,x+C2x2+
n
( l + 2 x + 3x 2 ) 10 = a 0 + a , x + a 2 x 2 + . . .
20
n6
(c) 10 4
... + Cnx",
(b) 3. "Cr
(c)3nCr
(d )"C3r
48. If
the
second
term
(b) 2" ~ 2 (n 2 + 5 + 4)
19
expansion of ( 1 + x )
when expanded in
ascending
powers
of
x
is
18
,19
(a) 2
(b) 2
(d) None of these
IO
" 1
(c) 2
43. The
-.m
m ++
(1 + x) m + (1 + x)
(a) n+lCm
(c)"C m
of
xm
(d)"CB + i
(b) (x 3 / 5 + 2x~ 1 / 5 ) 2 4
+
2x-,/5)22
1 / x in the expansion
of
( l + x ) " ( l + l / x ) is
n\
(a)
(n-
1)! ( n + 1 ) !
In !
( - 1)!(+1)
n!
(2n - 1) (2n + 1) !
1
+ ... + (1 + x)", m < n is
+1
(d)
coefficient
+ 2x
375 25
(2n -- l ) ! ( 2 n + l ) !
(c)
2n !
(b) n an
1/5
50. Coefficient of
(b)
42. If a. = Z
then r=0
Z equals
r 0 Cr
Cr
(a) (n - 1) an
term containing x
(c) (x 3 / 5 2x~ 1 / 5 ) 2 3 ( d ) ( x 3 / 5
(c)
(b) 3
(d) 6
49. Which of the following expansion will have
(a) ( x -
(b) 7 / 8
(d) None of these
2I8-19C
expansion
" C 3 / n C 2 is
(a) 4
(c) 12
(a) 3 / 8
(c) 1/8
the
(a) 2" ~ 3 (n 2 + 5n + 4)
ne
in
100
Z
100
C
( x - 3 ) 1 0 0 _ m . 2 m is
Cmm(x-3)
m= 0
(a)
100
(C) -
(b)
C 47
I00C
100
c53
( d ) 53
expansion
52
Objective Mathematics
V(9* ' + 7 )
is 84 is
equal to
(a) 4
(c) 2
(b)3
(d)5
53.. ' r- 1 n
I C/C.
r
r= 1 p=0
2"
then
(l+x)n
... + Cnxn,
2-.
2.2n!
- M l
(c) 2ln
+ ]
55. The
+
n In !
2n
value
1.2
(d)22"-1
2.n !
of
99
- 99-98
(97) 50 + ... + 99 is
(a)-l
(c)-3
of
"
(b) 2
2H
the
( 2 n + 1) !
n+ 1
cn
+1
in
dx then k =
+1
,
. n. n !
(2n + 1) !
59. The
terms
( - D" C
2n + 1
(d) 2
value
2
, (n2
. n. (n !)
(2n+
of
the
1) !
expression
C 2 + 2 [ C 2 + C 2 + C 2 + ... + "C 2 ] is
(a) Z n
(b) Z n
(c) Z n
(d)
(b) - 2
(d)0
irrational
+3
) is
(b) 56
(d) 48
2n + 1
where k e /
,,,1/5 , 01/10N55
if_ +
1
3
5
(C)
is
( b ) 2
number
expansion ote (2
(a) 47
(c) 50
(a)
= C0 + C]x+C2x2+
Z Z
C,C,
1
0<i<j<n
(d) 8"
= _[ x (1 -x2)"~1
(b) 2k+\,
(c) 4"
57. The
58.
is equal to
(a) 2k where k e /
(a)4
(c)0
(+D
Z ( - 1 / ( n - r) (n - r + 1)
(b) 3
(d) 1
5"C2)...
is
(a) n . 2"
(c) (n + 1) . 2"
(d) n . 2" + 1
(b)
C2+2
r=0
(c)
n
C
(d)
+3
r=0
63. If
r=0
(1 +x + x2)n = a0 + a^x + a2x2 + ... +
a 2 n x 2 " then
(&)a0-a2
+ a4-a6
+.... = 0,
if n is odd.
(b) a\ - a 3 + a5 - an + .... = 0,
if n is even.
(c) Oq - a2 + a 4 - a6 + .... = 0,
if n = 4p, p e / +
(d) aj - a3 + a5 - a1 + .... = 0,
ifn
4p+\,ps
Binomial Theorem
53
to
2n_
'c_ |
a2 + a3
2a2
a2 + a3
r
a2 +
a3
4
2
2a,
(d)
a 2 + a3
expansion of
of (x + 2y - 3z + 5w hi)" is
(x + 3)""
1)) in the
+ (x + 3 ) " ' 2 (x + 2)
(a) n + 1
(b)" + 4C4
(b) nCr
( c ) " + 4 C
(d)
(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
24
67. If
n
is
a
positive
integer
and
(3^3 + 5) 2 " + 1 = a + (J where a is an integer
and 0 < (3 < 1 then
(a) a is an even integer
(b) ( a + P) 2 is divisible by 2 2 "
74. Let a
+ rCr is
(a) "Cr+ [
(b)" + ,Cr
(c)"+1Cr+1
(1000)"
greatest when
(a) / ( = 998
(c) n = 1000
75. If
there
+1
69
(d)(l-F)(P+F) = 1
is
(3"~r-2n~r)
for n G N.
Then
is
(b) n = 999
(d) n .= 1001
a
term
containing
in
J V ~3
,v +
then
v"
(a) n - 2r is a positive integral multiple of 3
(b) /I - 2r is even
(c) 7i - 2r is odd
(d) None of these
76. The value of the sum of the series
3. " C 0 - 8. "C, + 13. "C\ - 18. "C, + ...
(71 + 1) terms is
(a) 0
(b) 3"
(c) 5"
upto
54
Objective Mathematics
(c)
(a) 1
(c) na
the
of
(x + V(x3 - l ) ) 3
expression
- 1) is a polynomial of degree
(b) 6
(d) 8
equals
n
25/^
Cr. Ck.x
then
86. If
in the expansion of
\999 , , 2 , ,
+ 2*(1+JT)
,998
+ 3JC ( 1 + J C )
+, ....1000+ ... + 1 0 0 1 x
is
(b)100^^
(a)
50
,000
, , 1002^
(c)
51
50
(d)
+1
(a) 15n + 1
(b) 20"
(c) 25"
value of
n (n - 1)
1.2
(b- n) is
ab
(d) 0
[(a + 3b) ( 3 a - b ) ] is
(a) 14
(b) 28
(d) 56
(c) 32
(a) 3" 1
(b) 0
(c)2"
89. If
(1 +
20
2JC
3JC 2 ) 10
(b) 60
(d) 240
= a0+ ai x +a2x2
+ ... +
#20 JC , then
+1
1)" (a -n)
(b)
(be + ca + ab)]0 is
(a) 30
(c) 120
the
1000
c
c
w2 (n + l)2 (n + 2)2
144
JC
.Z
then
(a - 2 ) (b -2) -...+(-
(c) {ab)
.1000 . / , / , .
r-k
ab - n (a - 1) (b - 1) +
50
.y
n ( n + l ) ( n + 2) 2
(c)
12
25 r
n ( n + l ) 2 (n + 2)
12
coefficients in
(b) 20
(d) 5
84. The
(b) n
(d) nb
(1+JC)
the
25
of
(1 +x)n is
(a) 35
(c) 10
(a) 15
(c)7
(d) "C n _2
,,
sum
{{n + 2) !)z
(b)
the
expansion of (x-2y
2n !
2
(d)
83. If
90
l L
(a) a , = 20
(b) a 2 = 210
(c) a 4 = 8085
(d) a ^ = 2 2 . 3 7 . 7
- ^
coefficient of the middle term in the
In
expansion of (1 + JC) is
(b)1.3.5....(2n-l)2n
n!
(c) 2.6
(4n - 2) (d) None of these
55
Binomial Theorem
Practice Test
MM : 20
Time: 30Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
2 20
1. If
( l + x + 2x)
i0
OS40 x
(a) 2
19
= a Q + aiX+a2X + ...+
then a j + a 3 +
(2
19
20
21)
(b) 2
20
(2 19 - 19)
(b)
n+1 *
(d)
20
(c) 2 (2 + 21)
(d) None of these
2. If maximum and minimum values of the
determinant
2
1 + sin x
cos x
2
. 2
1
sin x
1 +, COS
. 2
2
sin x
COS X
are a and p then
3
w i f
(a) a - p
17
sin 2x
sin 2x
1 + sin 2x
= 26
97
(b) a + P = 4
2n
(c) (a - P ) is always an even integer for
neN.
+lis
(b) 2
(d) 4
1
1
9. I f : 1
and f ( x
1 ! 11! 3 ! 9 ! 5 ! 7 !. ml
= f(.x).f(y)Vx,y,fa)=l,f
'(0) = 10 then
(a) f\n) = m
(b)f'(m)=n
(c) f\n) * f\m)
(d) None of these
10. The number 101 100 - 1 is divisible by
(a) 100
(b) 1000
(c) 10000
(d) 100000
Objective Mathematics
56
Record Your Score
Max. Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
must be 100%
3. Third attempt
Answers
Multiple
Choice
2.(b)
l.(b)
7. (a)
13. (d)
19. (c)
25. (b)
31. (b)
37. (a), (c)
43. (a)
49. (d)
55. (d)
ultiple
61.
67.
73.
79.
85.
1. (a)
7. (a)
8. (c)
14. (d)
20. (c)
26. (a), (b)
32. (c)
38. (b)
44. (c)
50. (b)
56. (a)
3. (a)
9. (d)
15. (c)
21. (b)
27. (d)
33. (b)
39. (b)
45. (a)
51. (c)
57. (c)
4. (a)
10. (c)
16. (a)
22. (d)
28.
34.
40.
46.
52.
(c)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
5.
11.
17.
23.
29.
(c)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
35. (a)
41. (a)
47. (c)
58. (d)
53. (d)
59. (b)
64.
70.
76.
82.
88.
65.
71.
77.
83.
89.
6. (c)
12. (b)
18. (b)
24. (d)
30.
36.
42.
48.
54.
(b)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(d)
60. (c)
Choice -II
(c)
(a), (b). (d)
(b)
(b)
(a), (b), (c)
ractice
-I
62. (d)
68. (c)
74. (b), (c)
80. (c)
86. (d)
(c). (d)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b), (c)
(a), (d)
(a)
(a), (b), (c)
66.
72.
78.
84.
90.
Test
2. (a), (b), (c)
8. (a), (d)
3. (d)
9. (b)
4. (b)
10. (a), (b), (c)
5. (c)
6. (d)
DETERMINANTS
6.1. Definition
Determinant of order 2, 3 and 4 are written as
an
321
311
312
a2i
331
322
a 13
323
333
ai2
a22
332
and
an
a2i
ai2
331
332
a42
341
322
ai3
a23
333
a43
ai4
a24
334
344
(viii)
(ix)
ai +
32 + X2
a3 + X3
ai
0
0
a2
b2
0
bi
C1
b2
C2
bs
C3
ai
32
bi
C1
b2
C2
a3
b3
C3
ai
a3
bs = ai t>2 C3 = bi
ci
C3
ai
bi
Ci
32
b2
C2
33
b3
C3
ai
<*2
3
P1
p2
p3
71
Y2
73
0
bi
02
Xi
+
x3
0
0
C3
bi
Ci
bz
C2
bs
C3
58
a i a i +i?i(3i + ciyi
a 2 a-| + >2PI + C2Y1
a3ai + b3pi + C3Y1
Note that we can also multiply rows by columns or columns by rows or columns by columns.
6.4. Systems of Linear Equations
The system of homogeneous linear equations
a i x + b\y+ ciz = 0
a2*+ bzy+ C2Z = 0
and
33X + b^y + C3Z = 0
has a non trivial solution (i.e. at least one of x, y, z is non zero) if
a =
ai
32
>1
>2
ci
c2 = 0
a3
te
<5
and if a ^ 0, then x = y = z = 0 is the only solution of above system (Trivial solution).
Cramer's Rule : Let us consider a system of equations
a-ix+ toiy+ ciz = di
a2X+ b>2y+ C2Z = cfc
a3X+i>3y+ C3Z = cfe
ai
d^
C1
bi
61 C1
a = a2 b2 C2
ai = cfe b2 C2
Here
as bs
d3
c3
c3
a2 =
ai
a2
a3
d^
ch.
cfe
c1
C2
c3
A3 =
ai
a2
a3
bi
to
<*
cfe
cfe
a2
a3
x = Al - y =
and z =
a
a
a '
Remarks:
(i) A / 0, then system will have unique finite solution, and so equations are consistent.
(ii) If a = 0, and at least one of a1, a2, a3 be non zero, then the system has no solution i.e., equations
are inconsistent.
(iii) If a = a1 = a2 = a3 = 0 then equations will have infinite number of solutions, and at least one
cofactor of a is non zero, i.e. equations are consistent.
6.5.. Differentiation of Determinant Function
If
F (x) =
ft
92
93
hi
h3
/12
where ft, h, h\ flu, 52, g3; hi, te, hx are the functions of x, then
ft'
fe'
ft
h'
f2
F'(x) =
92
92'
93'
91
93 + 91'
/72
h3
/71
ft
91
/n'
92
fits
/13'
Determinants
59
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. If the value of the
a
1
1
b
1
1
(a) abc > 1
(c) abc <
determinant
1
1 is positive, then
c
(b)abc > - 8
(d) abc > - 2.
1 +/(2)
1 +/(3)
1 +/(4)
(c) A , = A 2
1
c
2
C
, A2 =
1
1
1
be
ca
ab
a
b
c
then
(b) A, + 2A2 = 0
(d) A, = 2 A2
+ 1
(d)
- 1
o,
i = j
i>i
H - l ; i <j
then the value of the determinant
(a) 0
(b)l
(c) - 1
(d) None of these
A(x) =
5. If
1
1
a
b
2
a
b2
(a) A, + A2 = 0
If
9. If
A,=
3 + 2?
5-i
7 - 3i
i
2i
-3i
, then
3-2i
5 +i
7 + 3i
(a) z is purely real
(b) z is purely imaginary
(c) z is mixed complex number, with imaginary
part positive
(d) None of these
8. In a third order determinant a,-, denotes the
element in the ith row and the yth column
7. If z =
log (1 + x")
cos
1 +xz
x
e
tan x
x
sin x
2
sin x
then
(a) A (x) is divisible by x
(b) A (x) = 0
(c) A' (x) = 0
(d) None of these
the
determinant
10. The
value
of
log (x/y) log a (y/z) logfl (z/x)
log,, (y/z)
log,, (z/x) logh (x/y)
log c (z/x) log, (x/y) log c (y/z)
(a) 1
(b) 1
(d) None of these
(c) log a xyz
11. If V- 1 = i, and to is a non real cube root of
unity then the value of
1
(
1 -i
(a) 1
(c) CO
(0
- 1
co2 1
1 + i + to
- 1 - (' + to is equal to
- 1
(b) i
(d) 0
60
12. If
the
determinant
cos 2x
sin x
cos 4x
sin2*
coslr
c o s 2 * is expanded in
2
cos 4x
cos x
cos 2x
powers of sin x then the constant term in the
expansion is
(a) I
(b) 2
(c)-l
(d)-2
13. Using the factor theorem it is found that
b + c,c + a and a + b are three factors of the
-2a
a+b
a+c
The
determinant b +a
-2b
b+c
c+a
c+b
2c
other factor in the value of the determinant is
(b)2
(a) 4
2
(c) a + b + c
14
The
value
of
the
in/3
in/A
- in/3
2/71/3
in/4
- 2m/3
e
(a) 2 +
(c) - 2 +
15. If
determinant
IS
1
( b ) - ( 2 + V2)
(d)2-<3
x+ 1
1
x
2x
x(x-l)
x(x+ 1)
(x 1) x C * - I ) ( o r - 2) .v (A2 1)
then/(200) is equal to
f(x)=
(a) 1
(c) 200
16. If
(b)0
(d) - 2 0 0
1
<h.
2k
2k- 1
and
(a)4
(c) 8
L Dk
*=1
n
n2 + i;+ 1
i
n'
2
n +n
n~ + n + 1
56 then n equals
(b)6
(d) None of these
r'
(b) 2t
(d )t
(a)0
(c)5
19. If
a
x
x
X
X
= f ( x ) - x f ' ( x ) then
/ (A) is equal to
(a)(x-ot)(*-P)(*-7)(x-S)
(b) (x + a)(x + P) (x + y) (x + 5)
(c)2(x-a)(x-P)(x-y)(x-8)
(d) None of these
20. For positive numbers x, y, z the numerical
value of the determinant
1
log^y
logxz
log,, A;
3
logv z is
log, Alog ; y
5
(a) 0
(b) log* logy logz
(c)l
(d)8
21. If
f ( x ) = ax + bx + c, a, b, c e R
and
equation f ( x ) -x = 0 has imaginary roots a
and P and "{, 8 be the roots of f ( f ( x ) ) - x = 0
2 a 5
then p 0 a is
Y
(a)0
(b) purely real
(c) purely imaginary
(d) none of these
22. If n is a positive integer, then
n + 2r
H+3 ~
n + \C r
L
n
'-n+l
+4^
l
+2
(a) 3
(c)-5
+4
n+ 1
n +2
n + 5,-,
(
-n + 3
(b) - 1
(d) - 9
n+
H +2
ti + 3
n + (>
l n
h+4
61
Determinants
(x-2)
23. Let A(x) =
(x-i r
2
(x-1)
(x+1)
(x + 2)"
(a) 1
(c)-l
(b)-2
(d) 0
X
if/M =
29. L e t f ( x )
sinx
cos X
2
X
sec x
tan x
-n/2
cos x
0
sin x
then
- sin x
cos x
0
determinant
p
Y
then
the
value
p Y
y
a
cos x
cos 2x
cos 3x
sin x
sin 2x
sin 3x
of
the
is
(a) 4
(b)2
(c)0
(d) - 2
27. If a, b, c > 0 and x,y,ze
R, then the value of
the determinant
-x.2
{a + a x ) 2
a )
>
y 2
y
is
(b + b~ )
(b ~b->)2
z
z 2
z
(c + c~ )
(c -c-f
(a) 6
(b)4
(c)2
(d)0
(-1 )" + lb
1 -b
b+ 1
a
( - 1 )"b
(_1) + 2 c
equals
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) None of these
26. If a , (5, y are the roots of the equation
x + px + q = 0,
Dna
a+ 1
a- 1
(-
sin 2x = 1,
0
sin x
cos x
(b) 0
(d)2
(b)3
(d)0
25. If
cos C
tan A is equal to
0
cos x
2 cos 2x
3 cos 3x
Then/'(71/2) =
(a) 8
(b)6
(c)4
(d) 2
,1/2
then the value of J
/ ( x ) dx is equal to
(a) 5
(c)l
sin (A + B + Q sin B
- sin B
0
cos (A + B) - tan A
(a) 3
(c)-l
n+1
(-1)'
1 +c
1 -c
a+1
1 -b
1+c
a- 1
b+ 1 is equal to
1 -c
(b)l
(d) None of these
(d)l
a +x
A =
ab
ac
ab
b12 +, x2
be
ac
be
C
2 ,
+ X
(a) x
(b) x
(c)x 3
(d) x 4
62
34. If
Dk =
z
sm
2" 1
then
1
sin kQ
k(k + 1)
3x
9 sin 1 0
8 + cos 6
x + * s i n 9 + sin
sin 2 6
1+
3 cos29
sin 2 9
1+
3 sin 2 6
are
sin 9 / 2
Z)^ is equal to
k= 1
40. In a triangle
determinant
. A
sm-
(a)0
(b) independent of n
(c) independent of 0
(d) independent of x, y and z
35. The value of the determinant
V6
2i
3 + V6
<U
V3~+VsTz
3<2+<6i
Vl8~
V2+Vl2"j
^lzf+2i
x +x sin 9 + sin
+ xcos
X +X COS 0 + COS 0
' n +1
n +1
(a) Complex
(b) Real
(c) Irrationa
(d) Rational
36. The determinant
a
b
aa + b
b
c
ba+c
aa + b
ba + c
0
is equal to zero, if
(a) a, b, c are in A.P.
(b) a, b, c are in G.P.
(c) a, b, c are in H.P.
(d) a is a root of ax + b x + c = 0
(e) (x - a ) is a factor of ax + 2bx + c
37. The digits A, B, C are such that the three digit
numbers A88, 6B8, 86C are divisible by 72
then the determinant
A
6
8
8
B
6 is divisible by
8
8
C
(a) 72
(b) 144
(c) 288
(d) 216
38. If a> b> c and the system of equations
ax + by + cz = 0,
bx+cy + az = 0,
cx + ay + bz = 0 has a non trivial solution
then both the roots of the quadratic equation
at2+ bt + c = 0 are
(a) real
(b) of opposite sign
(c) positive
(d) complex
cos
'A+B+C
value
of
the
. B
sin
sin
. B
sin
cos
tan (A + B + C)
sin
sin (A + B + Q
is
the
t +3t t - 1 f 3
f+1 2 t t-3
t-3
t + 4 31
(b) - 3 9
(d) 24
(l+x) f l l & 2
(l+x)"A
(b)2
(d) - 2
(l+x)a^
(1
+xf^
(1 +x)a^
is
Determinants
45. If
a, P
63
be
the
roots
of
the
equation
A=
3
1 +5,
1 +S2
1 +5,
1 +S2
1+S3
1 +S2
1 +S3
1 +S4
(a)
s1 (b2 - Aac)
, sb2 - Aac
(c)
4
a
(b)
(d)
(a + b + c) 2 (b2 - Aac)
(a + b + c)
then A =
Practice Test
M.M : 20
Time : 30 Min
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
k+2
k+ 3
k
then
the
value
of
5a
+
4(3
+
3y
+
28
+X=
X
X
X
kk++2 2
k *+ +3 3
1. If / k
(a)-11
(b)0
y
y
y
y
y
k
k+2
k+3
(c) - 1 6
(d) 16
Z
Z
Z
6.
Let
1 1
then
= ( x - y) (y - z ) ( z - x ) +
1
sin 0
1
x y
A= - s i n 6
1
sine ;0<6<2rcthen
(a) & = - 2
(b) k = - 1
- 1
- sin 6
1
(c) k = 0
(c) k = 1
2. If
fr (x), gr (x), hr (x), r = 1, 2, 3
are
(a) A = 0
(b) A e (0, oo)
polynomials
in
x
such
that
(c) A e [ - 1, 2]
(d) A e [2, 4]
fr
Sr (a) - K ( a ). r = L 2, 3 and
n +2
n
n +1
n+lp
re + 2 p
fl (x)
f2 (x)
f3 (:x)
7. Let fix) = 1 n
"n + 2
"re + 1
n + 2r
re + ly-,
l
F (x) = g! (x)
g2 (x)
g3 (x)
c
c
+2
re + l
hx (x)
h2 (x)
h3 (x)
where the symbols have their usual
then F' (x) at x = a is
meanings. The f(x) is divisible by
(a) 1
(b) 2
(a) n + n + 1
(b) (TI + 1)!
(c) 3
(d) None of these
(c) n !
(d) none of these
3. The largest value of a third order
8. Eliminating a, b, c, from
determinant whose elements are equal to 1
c
a
b
or 0 is
we get
X =
,y- c b-c
(a)0
(b)2
1 -X
x
(c) 4
(d) 6
(a) 1 -y
y = 0
1 -z
z
-x
1
sin x
cos x
x
= 0
(b) 1
1
4. Let f(x) = 6
-1
0
where p is
1
z
2
3
P
P
P
1
- X
d.3
= 0
1
(c)
y
a constant. Then j \f (x)| at x = 0 is
-z
z
dx
(d) None of these
(a )p
(b )p+p2
3
9. The system of equations
(c) p +p
(d) independent o f p
x-y cos G + z cos 26 = 0,
x2 2 ..
- x cos 0 + y - z cos 0 = 0,
4
3
5. Let x
x 6 = ax + px + "p? + 8 x + X
x cos 20 ~y cos 0 + z = 0,
x x 6
has non trivial solution for 0 equals to
64
(a) TI/3
(b) TC/6
(d) TC/12
x +a x +b x +a - c
10. Let A(x) = x + b x + c
x- 1
and
x + c x + d x-b +d
(c) 2TT/3
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice-I
l.(b)
7. (a)
13. (a)
19. (a)
25. (d)
31. (c)
Multiple
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
32.
(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(d)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(b)
5. (a)
11.
17.
23.
29.
(d)
(c)
(b)
(c)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(d)
Choice -II
Practice
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
Test
1. (b)
7. (a),.(c)
2. (d)
8. (b), (c)
3. (b)
4. (d)
9. (a), (b), (c), (d)
5. (a)
10. (b)
6. (d)
7
PROBABILITY
7.1. Definition
The probability of an event to occur is the ratio of the number of cases in its favour to the total number of
cases (equally likely).
p _ _ n ( ) _ number of favourable cases
n (S)
total number of cases
Remark : If a is the number of cases favourable to the event , b is the number of cases favourable to
t h e e v e n t ", t h e n odds in favour of a r e a : b a n d odds against of E a r e b: a
a
In this case
P() =
a+ b
and
P() =
b
a+ b
P (E)+ P ( ) = 1.
0 < P (E) < 1 therefore maximum value of P (E) = 1 and the minimum value of P () = 0.
7.2. Type of Events :
(i) Equally likely Events : The given events are said to be equally likely, if none of them is expected to
occur in preference to the other.
(ii) Independent Events : Two events are said to be independent if the occurrence of one does not
depend upon the other. If a set of events E-\, E2,..., En for Independent Events.
P (1 n
E2 n
3 n
.... n
n) =
P (1)
P (2).... P
()
(iii) Mutually Exclusive Events : A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive if occurrence of one of
them precludes the occurrence of any of the remaining events.
If a set of events 1, 2
En
for mutually exclusive events. Here P (1 n 20
n En) = <|>
then
P (1 u 2 u .... u ) = P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + .... + P (7)
(iv) Exhaustive Events : A set of events is said to be Exhaustive if the performance of the experiment
results in the occurrence of at least one of them
If a set of Events 1, 2,..., n t h e n for Exhaustive Events
P ( 1 u 2 u . . . . u En) = 1
(v) Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events : A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive and
exhaustive if above two conditions are satisfied.
If a set of Events 1, 2
En then for mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
P ( 1 u 2 u . . . . u En) = P ( i ) + P ( 2 ) + ... + P( n ) = 1
(vi) Compound Events : If 1, 2,
En are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events then, if i s any
event
P ( ) = P ( n / ) = . P(/) P
/= 1
/=1
( E
if P(;) > 0
66
/. e..
P ( i n E2)
P{Ez)
P | #
, 2 * $
k= 1
Remark : We can visulise a tree structure here
P(A) = p; P ( S ) = q;
7'
f?'
p
\ T l = P I ; pi ^ l = <71;
R '
B
P2;
If we are to find
f A }
Ifl.
<72;
we go
/
P
p f ^ U
p^jp(A)
p^|jp(S)
= 1), then
<f~ r
(iii) The mean, the variance and the standard deviation of binomial distribution are np, npq, -Inpq.
Notation : If 1 and 2 are two events, then
(i) 1 u 2 stands for occurrence of at least one of 1, 2
(ii) 1 n 2 stands for the simultaneous occurrence of 1, 2.
(iii) E or E or stands for non occurrence.
(iv) 1' n 2' stands for non occurrence of both 1 and 2.
Probability
67
7.7. Expectation
If p be the probability of success of a person in any venture and M be the sum of money which he will
receive in case of success, the sum of money denoted by pM is called expectation.
7.8. Important Results
(i) If Ei and 2 are arbitrary events, then
(a) P (Ei u Ez) = P (i) + P (Ez) - P (Ei n Ez).
(b) P (Exactly one of E-\, Ez occurs) = P (Ei n Ez') + P (EV n E2)
= P(Ei) -P(Ein
Ez) + P(EZ) - P (Ei n Ez)
= P (i) + P (Ez) - 2 P ( i n Ez)
= P(Ei u E 2 ) - P ( E I n 2 )
(c) P (Neither Ei nor E2) = P (Ei' n Ez') = 1 - P (Ei u E2)
(d) P ( E i ' u E 2 ' ) = 1 - P(Ei n Ez)
(ii) If Ei, E2, E 3 are three events then
(a) P (Ei u Ez u E3) = P (Ei) + P (E2) + P (E3) - P (Ei n E 2 )
- P(E2 n E3) - P ( E 3 n Ei) + P ( E m E 2 n E3)
(b) P (At least two of 1, 2, E 3 occur)
= P ( 1 n 2 ) + P ( 2 n 3) + P ( 3 n 1 ) - 2 P ( 1 n 2 n 3)
(c) P (Exactly two of Ei, Ez, 3 occur)
= P ( 1 n 2 ) + P (2 n 3) + P (E 3 n 1 ) - 3 P(Ei n 2 n E3).
(d) P (Exactly one of 1, 2, 3 occur)
= P (1) + P ( 2 ) + P ( 3 ) - 2P ( 1 n 2) - 2 P (E 2 n 3) - 2 P ( 3 n 1 ) + 3 P ( 1 n Ez n 3).
(iii) If 1, 2 , 3
En are n events then
(a) P (1 u 2 u .... u En) < P (Ei)_+ P (?)_+ .... + P ()_
(b)
P (1 n
2 n
... n
n ) > 1 - P ( 1 ) - P ( E 2 ) - .... -
P().
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. For
n
independent
events
Aj's, P (A,) = 1/(1 + i ) , / = 1,2,..., n.
The
probability that atleast one of the events
occurs is
(a) 1 / n
(b) \ / ( n + 1)
(c) n/(n + 1 )
(d) none of these
2. The probabilities that a student will obtain
grades A, B, C or D are 0.30, 0.35, 0.20 and
0.15 respectively. The probability that he will
receive atleast C grade, is
(a) 0.65
(b) 0.85
(c) 0.80
(d) 0.20
3. The probabilitity that a teacher will give a n ,
unanounced test during any class meeting is
1/5. If a student is absent twice, the
probability that he will miss at least one test,
is :
(a) 7/25
(b) 9/25
(c) 16/25
(d) 24/25
If the probability for A to fail in an
examination is 0.2 and that for B is 0.3 then
the probability that either A or B fails, is
(a) 0.38
(b) 0.44
(c) 0.50
(d) 0.94
A box contains 15 transistors, 5 of which are
defective. An inspector takes out one
transistor at random, examines it for defects,
and replaces it. After it has been replaced
another inspector does the same thing, and
then so does a third inspector. The
probability that at least one of the inspectors
finds a defective transistor, is equal to
(a) 1/27
(b) 8/27
(c) 19/27
(d) 26/27
68
(d) (
C3x
C,)/
C4
(b) ( 3 / 5 ) 7
(c) ( 8 / 1 5 )7
(d) None of these
14. The probability that a man aged x years will
die in a year is p. The probability that out of
n men M,,M 2 ..., Mn, each aged x, M\ will
die and be the first to die, is :
(a) 1 /n
(c) - j
(b)l-(l
'
-p) n
(d) - [1 - (1 -p)"]
(d)i-rr
Probability
69
11 !
6 !7!
5 !7!
(d)
(c)
2 ! 11 !
'2 ! 11 !
22. A mapping is selected at random from the set
of all mappings of the set A = {1, 2 ..., ;i} into
itself. The probability that the mapping
selected is bijective, is
W-7
n !
<4
J_
(d) 20
70
34. The probabilities of two events A and B are
0-3 and 0-6 respectively. The probability that
both Aan&B occur simultaneously is 0 1 8 .
Then the probability that neither A nor B
occurs is
(a) 0 1 0
(b) 0-28
(c) 0-42
(d) 0-72
35. One mapping is selected at random from all
the mappings of the set A = {1, 2, 3,.., n]
into itself. The probability that the mapping
selected is one to one is given by
(a) A
(C)
(-l)
n-I
729
(b)
729
13
729
2n
(b) 1/ 2 "C
Cn/2^
100
cn-is
> 50
x
(a) 1/10
(b) 11/50
(c) 1/20
(d) None of these
42. If X and Y are independent binomial variates
B (5, 1/2) and B (7, 1/2) then P(X+Y= 3)
is
(a) 55/1024
(b) 55/4098
(c) 55/2048
(d) None of these
43. A die is rolled three times, the probability of
getting a larger number than the previous
number each time is
(a) 15/216
(b) 5/54
(c) 13/216
(d) 1/18
44. A sum of money is rounded off to the nearest
rupee; the probability that round off error is
at least ten paise is
(a) 19/101
(b) 19/100
(c) 82/101
(d) 81/100
45. Eight coins are tossed at a time, the
probability of getting atleast 6 heads up, is
7
57
(a) 7647
( b ) 64
77
37
229
(d)
^ 256
256
46. 10% bulbs manufactured by a company are
defective. The probability that out of a
sample of 5 bulbs, none is defective, is
(a) (1/2) 5
(b) (1/10) 5
(c) (9/10)
(d) (9/10) 5
47. Of the 25 questions in a unit, a student
worked out only 20. In a sessional test of
unit, two questions were asked
by
teacher. The probability that the student
solve both the questions correctly, is
(a) 8/25
(b) 17/25
(c) 9/10
(d) 19/30
has
that
the
can
Probability
48. The probability that at least one of the events
A and B occur is 0-6. If A and B occur
simultaneously with probability 0\2, then
P(A) + P(B),
where
AandB
are
complements of A and B respectively, is
equal to
(a) 0-4
(b) 0-8
(c) 1-2
(d) 1-4
49. Let
/I = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
An element (a, b) of their cartesian product
A x B is chosen at random. The probability
that a + b = 9. is
(a) 1/5
(b) 2/5
(c) 3/5
(d) 4/5
50. Dialing a telephone number, a man forgot the
last two digits and remembering only that
they are different, dialled them at random.
The probability of the number being dialed
correctly is
(a) 1/2
(b) 1/45
(c) 1/72
(d) 1/90
51. If A and B are any two events, then the
probability that exactly one of them occurs,
is
(a ) P ( A n B ) + B ( A n B )
(b) P [A u B) + P (A u B)
(c) P(A) + P (B) - P (A n B)
(d) P (A) + P (B) + IP (A n B)
52. A speaks truth in 609c cases and B speaks
truth in 70% cases. The probability that they
will say the same thing while describing a
single event is
(a) 0:56
(b) 0-54
(c) 0-38
(d) 0-94
53. If the integers X and (i are chosen at random
between 1 to 100 then the probability that a
number of the form 7X + 7U is dirisible by 5 is
(a) 1/4
(b) 1/7
(c) 1/8
(d) 1/49
54. If two events A and B are _such that P (A) > 0
and B (B) * 1, then P ( A/B ) is equal to
71
(a) I P (A/B)
( b) 1 - P ( A/B)
P(B)
P(B)
55. A three digit number, which is multiple of
11, is chosen at random. Probability that the
number so chosen is also a multiple of 9 is
equal to
(a) 1/9
(b) 2/9
(c) 1/100
(d) 9/100
\ - p 1-2/7
T, l + 4 p
so. If ' - , ^ , ' - are probabilities ot
4
4
2
three mutually exclusive events, then
1
(b ) - J < p < J
(a
)\<P<\
(C)j:<p<\
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I I
Each question, in this part, has one or more than one correct answers).
a. b. c. d corresponding to the correct answerfs).
61. A fair coin is tossed n times. Let X= the
number
of
times
head
occurs.
If
72
(b) 10
(d) 14
, ^ 91
121
121
(d)
101
121
30 !
(30) 10
(30)'-
30
C 10
10
Probability
73
(a)
50
19
(c)
C2x30C2
C
C2 x
50-
31
C3
30
(b)
C 2 X 19 C 2
50
c<
J_
(b ) P =; :
2
(c)p<\
(d )p<
2nC,
1_
(b) 2 ris-,
1.3.5. . . ( 2 n - i )
3"
I
a"
2 .n !
4
87. A die is thrown 2n + 1 times, n e N. The
probability that faces with even numbers
show
2 nodd
+ 1 number of times is
1
(b) less than
(a)
2n + 3
2
(c) greater than 1/2 (d) None of these
88. If E and F arc the complementary events of
the events E and fjcspcctivcly then
(a) P (E/F) + P ( E/F) = 1
(b) P (E/F) + P (E/F) = 1
Objective Mathematics
74
216
Practice Test
Time : 30 Min.
M.M. : 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
A four digit number (numered from 0000 to
9999) is said to be lucky if sum of its first
two digits is equal to sum of its last two
digits. If a four digit number is picked up at
random, the probability t h a t it is lucky
number is
(a) 1 67
(b) 2-37
(c) 0 067
(d) 0-37
2. A number is chosen at random from the
numbers 10 to 99. By seing the number a
man will laugh if product of the digits is 12.
If he
chosen
three
numbers
with
replacement then the probability t h a t he
will laugh at least once is
, t43
o s3
31 s3
(a) 1 (b) 1
45
45
41
42
(c) 1
(d) 1 - 7c
45
43
3. If X follows a binomial distribution with
parameters
n = 8 and p = 1 / 2
then
p ( | x-4
| <2) =
(a) 121/128
(b) 119/128
(c) 117/128
(d) 115/128
4. Two numbers b and c are chosen at random
(with replacement from the numbers 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9). The probability t h a t
2
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
Probability
75
(c) 8/15
(d) 17/30
10. The probabilities t h a t a student in
Mathematics, Physics and
Chemistry
are a, p and y
respectively.
Of
these
subjects, a student has a 75% chance of
passing in at least one, a 50% chance of
passing in at least two, and a 40% chance of
passing in exactly two subjects. Which of
the following relations are true ?
(a) a + p + y = 19/20
(b)a + P+ y=27/20
(c) apy= 1/10
(d) aPy = 1 / 4
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple Choice
l.(c)
7. (b)
13. (b)
19. (c)
25. (b)
31. (d)
37. (b)
43. (b)
49. (a)
55. (a)
Multiple
61.
66.
72.
78.
83.
88.
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
32.
38.
44.
50.
56.
Choice
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
33.
39.
45.
51.
57.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(d)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
34.
40.
46.
52.
58.
(b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(b)
fd)
5.
11.
17.
23.
29.
35.
41.
47.
53.
59.
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(d)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
36.
42.
48.
54.
60.
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(d)
63.
69.
75.
81.
85.
(b)
64.
(c)
70.
(c)
76.
(a,, (b), (c), (d)
(a)
86.
(a)
(d)
fa)
65.
71.
77.
82.
87.
-II
(a), fd)
62.
(a)
67.
(b), (c), (d)
73.
(c)
79.
(a), (b), (c), (d)
(a, d)
89.
Practice
(b)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(a, c)
(a, c)
Test
l.(c)
7. (b), (d)
2. (b)
8. (a)
3. (b)
9. (c)
4. (b)
10. (b), (c)
6. (a)
= 2-30258509 ..
Since l n x = logio x . loge 10 = logio e
I n x = 2 303 logio x
2. Properties:
(i) a k = x<^> l o g e x = /c; a > 0, a * 1, x > 0
(ii) a * = e * ' n a , a > 0
(iii) n! (x) = 2nn /'+ ln(x); x * 0, i=^T,
x> 0 (iv) log a (mn) = log a m+ log a n; a > 0, a * 1, m, n> 0
(v) log a ( m/n) = log a m - l o g a n ; a > 0 , a * 1 , m , n > 0
(vi) log a (1) = 0; a > 0 , a * 1
(vii) log a a = 1; a > 0, a * 1
(viii) log a (mf = n log a (m); a > 0, a * 1, m > 0
(x) a' 9s w = x; 4 > 0, a * 1 , x > 0
loga (x)
log a (b)
a>0, a * 1
0; a > 0, a * 1
ak
MULTIPLE CHOICEI
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d which ever is appropriate.
1. If A = log 2 log 2 log 4 256 + 2 logvy 2 then A =
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c)5
(d) 7
il
2. 7 1 o g | i f l + 5 1 oDg f f f V 3 1 o g
15 J '
| 24 | '
| 80
is equal to
(a)0
(c) log 2
(b) 1
(d) log 3
(d) 21
+ 7
log 3 n
(a)
1
log 43 ! n
(c)
1
log 4 2 n
...
1
is
log 43 n
1
(b)
log 43 n
+
(d)
1
log 4 3 n !
(b) 1
(d) 81
(b) 3 log 7 2
(d) 1 - 3 log 2 7
12.
77
(a) xyz
(c)0
1
13.
1 + log a be
(a) 0
(c) 2
14. I f (4 yg* 3 +
(b) abc
(d)l
+
1
1 + logfc ca
:
"
1
1 + log c ab
(b) 1
(d) 3
( 9 )
iog2 4
(a)2
(c) 10
(]())
] o g , 83
t h e n
(b) 3
(d) 30
z(x+y-z)
logz
(d) xxyy
=^
=
b-c
ca
a-b
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I I
Each question in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the letters
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s).
21. The value of 3 ,og4 5 5 ,og4 3 is
(a)0
(b)l
(c) 2
(d) None of these
22. The value of \ogh a. log c b. log ;/ c. log a d is
(a) 0
(b) log abed
(c) log 1
(d) 1
23. If x 1 8 = / ' = z 2 8
7 l o g ^ are in
(a) A.P.
(c) H.P.
then
3, 3 log v x, 3 log z y,
(b) G.P.
(d) A.G.P.
78
(a) 2
(c) n
]o x
Sl
LOG2)'
25. IJCf - = =
(b)3
(d) None of these
'0G2^
, 3 2
,
,
^ - a n d x ; y z = 1 TU
then/: =
(a)-8
v( b ) - 4
(c)0
(d)l0g2
(a)-2
(c) o
\Qaa
2 8. I f J ^ L
(b -c)
a
(b)-l
(d) 1
=
b+c
10S.b
LOSC
= lu ^ t h e n
(c - a) (a - b)
ic + a
.b
.c
a+h
(b)1
(256j
+ M ( Ina + lnb \ ,
a b
26. If In - =
then
2
b + a -
(a)l
(b) 3
(c)5
(d) 7
27. If n = 1983 ! then the value of
1 '
1
- + + ; + ..
log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n " ' ' log 1983 n
(c)a + b + c
(d) log 2 16
is equal to
(c) 8
(d) 16
Practice Test
M.M. : 10
Time 15 Min.
(A) There are 5 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[ 5 x 2 = 10]
(a) 2
(b) 4
1. The interval of .r in which the inequality
(c)6
(d) 8
g l / 4 log* x > 5 i 1 / 5 log5 x
4. The solution of the equation
(a) (0, 5" 2
(b)[52Vr,~)
log 7 log5 (Vx + 5 + -Jx) = 0 is
(c) both (a) & (b)
(d) None of these
(a) 1
(b)3
2. The solution set of the equation
(c) 4
(d) 5
logx 2 loga* 2 = log^ 2 is
5. The number of solutions of
log4 (x - 1) = log2 (x - 3) is
(a) { 2 - ^ , 2 ^ )
(b) { 1 / 2 , 2 }
(a) 3
(c)2
,2
(c) { 1/4 , 2 j
(d) None of these
3. The least value of the expression
2 log] 0 x - \ogx 0 01 is
(b) 1
(d)0
Answers
Multiple Choice -I
1. (c)
7. (c)
13. (b)
19. (c)
2. (c)
8. (a)
14. (c)
20. (c)
3. (d)
9. (a)
15. (a)
4. (c)
10. (c)
16. (a)
23. (a)
29. (b)
24. (a)
30. (d)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5.(c)
17. (c)
6. (c)
12. (a)
18. (c)
26. (d)
11. (c)
Practice
1. (c)
Test
2. (a)
5. (b)
9
MATRICES
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS, FORMULAE AND TECHNIQUES
9.1 Definition
An m x n matrix is usually written as
an
321
ami
ai2
a22
a m2
am
a2n
amn
where the symbols ai/ represent any numbers (a/y lies in the Ah row (from top) and /th column (from left)).
Matrices represented by [ ], (), IIII
Note: If two matrices A and B are of the same order, then only their addition and subtraction is
possible and these matrices are said to be conformable for addition or subtraction. On the other
hand if the matrices A and B are of different orders then their addition and subtraction is not
possible and these matrices are called non-conformable for addition and subtraction.
9.2 Various Kinds of Matrices
(i) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A 2 = A.
(ii) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix A is the least positive integer for which A k+1 = A, then k is said to
be period of A. For k= 1, we get A 2 = A and we called it to be idempotent matrix.
(iii) Nilpotent Matrix : A square matrix A is called Nilpotent matrix of order m provided it satisfies the
relation A*' = 0 and A~ 1 * 0, where k is positive integer and 0 is null matrix and k is the order of the nilpotent
matrix A.
(iv) Involutory Matrix : A square matrix A is called involutory provided it satisfies the relation A 2 = I,
where I is identity matrix.
(v) Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix will be called symmetric if for all values of / and j, i.e., a,j= aji or
A' = A
(vi) Skew Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix is called skew symmetric matrix if (i) a,y=-a// for all
values of / and j. (ii) All diagonal elements are zero, or A' = - A.
Note : Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric
matrix.
i.e.,
(A + A') + ~ (A - A'),
AA' = I
80
(viii) Complex Conjugate (or Conjugate) of a Matrix : if a matrix A is having complex numbers as its
elements, the matrix obtained from A by replacing each element of A by its conjugate (a ib= a+ ib) is
called the conjugate of matrix A and is denoted by A.
(ix) Hermitian Matrix : A square matrix A such that A' = A is called Hermitian matrix, provided a,/ = ajifor
all values of /' and j or A = A.
(x) Skew-Hermitian Matrix : A square matrix A such that A' = - A is called skew-hermitian matrix,
provided afy = - ay for all values of i and j or A = - A.
(xi) Unitary Matrix : A square matrix A is called a unitary matrix if AA = I, where I is an identity matrix
and A is the transposed conjugate of A.
Properties of Unitary Matrix
(i) If A is unitary matrix, then A' is also unitary.
(ii) If A is unitary matrix, then A~ 1 is also unitary.
(iii) If A and B are unitary matrices then AB is also unitary.
9.3 Properties of adjoint A
(a) If A be n rowed square matrix then
(adj A) A = A (adj A) = I A I. In
i.e., the product of a matrix and its adjoint is commutative.
Deductions of a:
Deducation 1. If A is n rowed square singular matrix then
(adj A) A = A (adj A) = 0 (null matrix)
since for singular matrix, I A I =0.
Deduction 2. If A is n rowed square non-singular matrix, then
1
I adj A I = I A
since for singular matrix, I A I * 0.
(b) Adj (AB) = (Adj B) (Adj A)
(c) (Adj A)' = Adj A'
(d) adj (adj A) = I A l"~ 2 A, where A is a non-singular matrix.
.2
I
0
Matrices
81
(i) If I A I * 0, the system of equations have only trivial solution and it has one solution.
(ii) If I A I = 0, the system of equations has non-trivial solution and it has infinite solutions.
(iii) If No. of equations < No. of unknowns, then it has non trivial solution.
Note : Non-homogeneous linear equations also solved by Cramer's rule this method has been discussed
in the chapter on determinants.
9.5 Rank of Matrix
The rank of a matrix is said to be r if
(i) If has at least minors of order ris different from zero.
(ii) All minors of A of order higher than r a r e zero.
The rank of A is denoted by p (A).
Note 1. The rank of a zero matrix is zero and the rank of an identity matrix of order n is n.
Note 2. The rank of a matrix in echelon form is equal to the number of non-zero rows of the matrix.
Note 3. The rank of a non-singuiar matrix (I A I * 0) of order n is n.
9.6 Types of Linear Equations
(1) Consistent Equations : If Rank of A = Rand of C
(1) Unique Solution : Rank of A = Rank of C = n
where
n = number of unknowns
(ii) Infinite Solution : Rank of A = Rank of C = r
where
r< n
(2) Inconsistent Equations : i.e., no solutions.
Rank of A # Rank of C.
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. Let A and B be two matrices, then
(a) AB = BA
(b)AB * BA
(c) AB < BA
(d) AB > BA
2. Let A and B be two matrices such that
A = 0, AB = 0, then equation always implies
that
(a) B = 0
(b) B * 0
(c) B = - A
(d) B = A '
3. In matrices :
(a) (A + B) 2 = A 2 + 2AB + B 2
(b) (A + B) 2 = A 2 + B 2
(c) (A + B) 2 * A 2 + 2AB + B 2
(d) (A + B) 2 = A 2 + 2BA + B 2
4. The characteristic of an orthogonal matrix A
is
(a) A '
(b) A A " 1 = I
A= I
(d) A A' = I
0
3
0
0"
0 is equal to
5
(b) 3
(c)5
6.
"3
2
(d) 1
- r
5
(a) x = 3,y =
(c) x l,y = 7. Given A =
4"
-3
(b) x = 2,y = 5
(d).x = - l , y = 1
, which of the following
result is true ?
=-I
(a) A 2 = I
(b) A
(c) A"1 = 21
1
co
CO
>
CO"
CO
CO2
CO2
1
(b)
CO
1
1
CO
equals
82
(b) A'
- 2
18. If A =
3
-3
2
10. If A :
16
(a) 17
(b) 25
(c) 8
(d) 15
11. If A is a square matrix of order n x n, then
adj (adj A) is equal to
(b) I A I" ~ 1 A
(a) I A I" A
(d) I A l" ~ 3 A
T
T
If A is a square matrix, then adj A - (adj A)
is equal to
(a) 2 I A I
(b) 2 I A 11
(c) Null
(d) Unit matrix
13. If A =
x is a matrix of rank r, then
(a) r = min (m, n)
(b) r > min (m, n)
(c) r < min (m, n)
(d) None of these
14. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then
(a) I A I = 0
(b) IA I = 1
(d) None of these
(c) IA I = 2
,*
'(c) IA I "
-2
2
1
2
1
- 1 -2
3'
3 is
-3
(a) idempotent
(b) nilpotent
(c) involutory
(d) orthogonal
16. Matrix theory was introduced by
(a) Cauchy-Riemann
(b) Caley-Hamilton
(c) Newton
(d) Cacuchy-Schwar
17. If A =
(a)
(c)
0
0
b
0
0
b
0
0"
0
c
1 /a
0
0
0
\/b
0
then A
(b)
0
0
1/c
a
0
0
(d)
=
0
ab
0
- a
0
0
0
0
ac
0
-b
0
- 2
- 2
then adj A=
- 2
(a) A
(b) A
(c) 3 A
(d) 3 \
the line
(a)x=\
(b)x + y = 1
(d) x = y
(c) y - 1
20. If I is the identity matrix of order n, then
s -1
(U"
(a) does not exist
(b) I
(c) 0
(d) n I
2 -2 -4
21. If A = - 1
3 4 is an idempotent matrix
1
then x =
(a) - 5
(c)-3
- 2
(b) - 1
(d)-4
(b) 1
(d) 1
and AA' = I, then
Matrices
83
(a)-5
(b)-4
(c)-3
(d)-2
27. The sum of two idepotent matrices A and B
is dempotent if AB = BA =
(a) 4
(b)3
(c)2
(d) 0
3
28. The rank of
is equal to
(a) 1
(c) 3
(a) A" B~ C 1
(b) cr' B~' A - 1
-1
1
1
(c) A C~
(d j r ' c ' A " '
2
30- If A + A - 1 = 0, then A~ 1 =
(a) A - I
(b)I-A
1
(c) I + A
(b)2
MULTIPLE CHOICE-II
Each question in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the letters
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s).
31. If A =
(a) A"' = 9 A
4
2x - 3
x +2
x+\
is symmetric, then x
(a)3
(b) 5
(c)2
(d) 4
33. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. The
following system of equations in x, y and z
2
=
,2
' 2
a
,~>
Zr
sin JC
cos x
0
0
0 = / ( * ) , then A ' =
1
(a ) f ( - x )
(b ) / ( * )
(c )-f{x)
(d ) - f ( - x )
37. For all values of X, the rank of the matrix
(b) A" = 27 A
, .-!
(d) A does not exist
.2
(c) A + A = A"
32. A =
cos x
36. If A = - sin x
0
then
7 = i > - f L2 + y,2_L
b
+ = 1 has
c
(a) no solution
(b) unique solution
(c) infinitely many solutions
(d) finitely many solutions
8 - 6
2
34. If the matrix A = - 6
7 - 4 is singular,
X
2 -4
then X (a) 3
(b)4
(c)2
(d)5
35. If A is a 3 x 3 matrix and det (3 A)
= k {det ( A ) } , k =
(a)9
(b) 6
(c) 1
(d) 27
A =
1
X
i+ r
5
8X-6
&X + 4 2X + 21
84
Practice Test
Time : 30 Min
M.M: 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
a1
(a) A
(b) - A
1. If A = [ o f e ] , B = [ - 6 - o ] and C =
-a '
( c )Null matrix
(d) I
then the coorect statement is
3 -4
, the value of X* is
7. I f X =
(a) A = - B
1 -1
(b) A + B = A - B
2n + n 5 - n
3n - 4n
(c) AC = BC
(b)
(a)
n
-re
n
- n
(d) CA = CB
5 2
3
( - 4)
(d) None of these
,then A 1 =
(c)
2. If A =
3 1
1" ( - 1 ) " .
(a)
r
(c)
1
-3
-2"
5
(b)
-l
-3
-2"
-5
(d)
3. If A =
then
(a) A + B exists
(c) BA exists
and
1
3
1
3
2
-5
2
5
B =
5
4
-5
(b) AB exists
(d) None of these
1 - 2
3
2 - 1 4
is a
3k 4 1
(a) rectangular matri
(b) singular matrix
(c) square matrix
(d) non singular matrix
A and B be 3 x 3 matrices. Then
| A - B [ = 0 implies
(a) A = 0 or B = 0
(b) | A | = 0 and | B | = 0
(c) | A | = 0 or | B | = 0
(d) A = 0 and B = 0
1 0
0
2
6. If A = 0
1 0 , then A is equal to
a b
-1
l
2
=0
c
<*3 b3
3
then the system has
(a) more than two solutions
(b) one trivial and one non-trivial solutions
(c) no solution
(d) only trivial solution (0, 0, 0)
c
c
must be 100%
Matrices 90
Answers
Multiple
Choice -1
1. (b)
7. (b)
13. (c)
19. (d)
25. (b)
Multiple
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
1. (c)
7. (d)
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
(d)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(a)
5.
11.
17.
23.
29.
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
6. (a)
12. (c)
18. (d)
24. (b)
30. (c)
35. (d)
36. (a)
5. (d)
6. (d)
choice-ll
Practice
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(c)
32. (b)
38. (a)
33. (b)
39. (b)
2. (b)
8. (a)
3. (c)
9. (a)
34. (a)
40. (a)
Test
4. (c), (d)
10. (a)
CALCULUS
10
FUNCTIONS
10.1. Formulas for the Domain of a Function
1. Domain ( f (x) g (x)) = Domain f(x) n Domain g{x).
2. Domain (f(x).g(x)) = Domain f(x) n Domain g(x).
3. Domain ^
f(x,);
x e [0, a]
f ( - x ) ; x e [- a, 0]
(ii) Odd Extension : If a function f(x) is defined on the interval [0, a]
0 < x < a => - a< -x< 0 - x e [- a, 0]
We define f (x) in the interval [- a, 0] such that f(x) = - f (- x). Let g b e the odd extension, then
. _ J f(x,) I X E [ 0 , a]
g (x) = \<- f ( - x ) ; x e [- a, 0]
Functions
87
f(x+T)
If f(x) is a periodic with period T, then the function f{ax+ b) is periodic with period
la I
If f (x), g (x) and h (x) an periodic with periods Ti, 72, T3 respectively then period of
F(x) = ar'(x) bg (x).+ ch (x)
where a, b, c are constant
= { L.C.M. of (7i. T2, 7-3},
...
\ a b c )
L.C.M. of 1fa, b, c}
Note: L.C.M. , , =
' ' \
[ ai >1 ci J H.C.F. of {ai,
ci}
(vi)
such that
{9
(y) = r 1 (y)}
V x e A and ye B
Then g is said to be inverse of f.
and for1 = r 1of = I, I is an identity function
(fof
) X =
I (X)
f{r\x)} = x
Note : If A and B a r e two sets having m and n elements such that 1 <n<m
then
y = 1, x>0
as
if x > 0
if x = 0
if x < 0
0
y = 1, x<0
>
i
Fig. 10.1
88
n<x<n+1
[x] = n.
then
Properties of Greatest Integer function
(i) If f (x) = [x+n], where ne /and [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function, then
/(x) = n + [x]
(ii) x = [x] + {x}, [. ] and {} denote the integral and fractional part of x respectively
Least Integer Function
(x) or [x] denotes the least integer function which is greater than or equal to x. It is also known as ceiling
of x.
Thus,
(3-578) = 4, (0-87) = 1, (4) = 4,
[ - 8 239] = - 8, [- 0 7] = 0
Properties of Least Integer function
(i) (x+ n) = (x) + n, n e I
(iii)(-x) = - ( x ) , x e I
(v) (x) > n => x > n - 1, n e I
(vii) (x) < n => x < n, n e I
(ix) n2 < (x) < n-i => n2 - 1 < x < ny, n-i, n2 e I
(xi) [ M
(xii)
n
' n+ 1
,ne N
n+2
n+4
(xiii) (x)+ x + -
+ x+
n+8
16
+ ... + x +
2n, ne N
n- 1
= (nx) + n - 1, n e N
Functions
89
(a) [ - 2, VlT]
(c) [3, VT3~]
-1
' (*) equals
(b) [ - 2, 3]
(d) None of these
( c ) ((In
then
(a)/(x)
(b)/(x)
(c)/(x)
(d)/(x)
I)71,2JI)
is
(c) {0}
(a) ( - , . ) - | - 2 , 2 |
90
(b) ( - 0 0 , ) - [ - 1, 1]
(c) [ - 1 , 1] u ( 00 , 2) u (2,
(d) None of these
10. Let f-.R^R
be a given function and
A a R and B czR then
( a ) / ( A u B ) = f (A) vjf(B)
(b )f(AnB)
=f(A)nf(B)
(c )f(Ac) = [f(A)] c
( d ) / ( A \ B ) = / ( A ) \f(B)
11. The
domain
of
the
y = logio logio logio ... log 1 0 n times
(a) [10". 00)
function
(b)(10""',oo)
r= 1 2000
(b)/(x)=xflA~ 1
a +1
a 1
X
a - a
(c)/(x)=a +a
(d)/(x) = sin x
(a) x
(b) [x]
(c) {x}
(d) x + 2001
13. If [.] denotes the greatest integer function
21. If
100
is
then the value of E
r= 1 2 + 100
(a) 49
(c) 51
(d) 50
(d) 52
14. If / ( x )
is a polynomial
satisfying
/ ( x ) . / ( l / x ) = / ( x ) + / ( l / x ) and / ( 3 ) = 28,
then/(4) =
(a) 63
(b) 65
(c) 17
(d) None of these
15. If f ( x + y) = / ( x ) + / ( y ) - xy - 1 for all
x, y a n d / ( l ) = 1 then the number of solutions
o f / ( ) = n, n e N is
(b) two
(a) one
(d) None of these
(c) three
16. The function
/(x) = s i n [ ^
g (5/4) = 1
then
(gof) x is
(a) a polynomial of the first degree in
sin x, cos x
(b) a constant function
(a) a polynomial of the second degree in
sin x, cos x
(d) None of these
22. If the function / : [1,
l<A
l)
> [1,
is defined
(a)'
( b ) | ( l +Vl + 4 1 o g 2 x )
TLX
(11+I)!
(a) not periodic
(b) periodic, with period 2 (11 !)
(c) periodic, with period (/; + 1)
(d) None of these
(c)^(l
-4\+4\og2x)
{./'(y)}v and f ( l ) =
k*l.
Functions
91
(a) k" - 1
(b) k"
(c) k" + 1
/=
function
[ - 3, - 2] excluding ( - 2-5)
[0, 1], excluding 0-5
[ - 2, 1], excluding 0
None of these
is
fix)
(x -x2)
(b) ( - 2, oo)
(d) [6, oo)
28. If f:X~>Y
defined by / ( x ) = V3~sin x +
cos x + 4 is one-one and onto, then Y is
(a) [1,4]
(b) [2, 5]
(c) [ 1, 5]
(d) [2, 6)
29. i f
+ 3~' + 2 is
(a) [ - 2, oo)
(c) (6, oo)
x, if x e Q
1 - x , if xi Q
Then for all x e [0, 1 ] / / ( x ) is
(a) Constant
(b) 1 + x
(c) x
(d) None of these
I XI
T-l_
, r cos nx + x - f.t] + COS Tt( 35. The period of e
is
([.] denotes the greatest integer function)
(a)2
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) - 1
36. If / ( x ) = sin~'. { 4 - ( X - 7 ) 3 } 1 / 5 , then its
inverse is
1/3
(a) (4 - sin 5 x)
(b) 7 (4 - sin 5 x) 1 / 3
, ,
, 5 ,2/3
(c) (4 - sin x)
(d) 7 + (4 - sin 5 x) 1 / 3
.
. . r , , . I f I sin x I I c o s x I
37. The period o f / ( x ) = - ^
+ :
2 [ cos .1
sinx
is
(b)7t
(a) 2k
(d) n/4
(c) Jt/2
1
38. Given
f(x)
R (x)
=f{f(x)l
(1-x)
and h(x) f{f{f(x))}.
Then the value of
fix), a (x). hix) is
(a) 0
(b) - I
(c) 1
(d)2
39. The inverse of the function
y = log,, (x + Vx 2 + I ) (a > 0, a * I) is
92
(a ) \ ( a - a
45. The
domain
of
the
function
f ( x ) = l6~xC2x_]+20~3xP4x_s,
where the
symbols have their usual meanings, is the set
(log 2 JC)
(a) {2, 3}
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+ Vcos (sin x)
2 >
1+x
2x
+, sin - 1
( a ) {JC: 1 < J C < 2 }
(b)(1)
(c) Not defined for any value x
(d) { - 1 , 1 }
41. Let f:R>R
be a function defined by
, x +2x+ 5 .
f(x)=
"is
x +x + 1
(a) one-one and into
(b) one-one and onto
(c) many one and onto
(d) many one and into
42. L e t / ( * ) =
1+JT,
0 < J C < 2
then
//(JC)
2 + x, 0 < JC < 1
(a) = 2-x,
1 <x<2
4-x,
2<x<3
2
+
x,
0<x<2
(b) =
4-x,
2<x<3
0<x<2
(c) = 2 + x,
2-x,
2<x<3
(d) None of these
43. Let f : R - > R , g : R - * R
be two given
functions susch that / is injective and g is
surjective then which of the following is
injective
(a) g,f
(b )f0g
(c )gg
(d)//
cos
(d)
^(4n-l)7t
(4n+\)n
COS
is
n2
2
T7 x
16
(b) {2, 3, 4}
(d) None of these
3 _3_
l l ' <2
(b)
(d) None of these
(c)
47. The domain of
f(x) = ^x-4-2-[(x-5)
-^x-4
2<x^f
is
(a)[-5,oc)
(b) ( - , + 2]
(c) [5, - j , ( - o o , - 2 ]
(d) None of these
sin x I + I cos x I
is
48. The period of . .
I sin JC cos JC I
(a) 2 T I
(b) n
(c) t i / 2
(d) n/4
49. If [.] denotes the greatest integer function
then the domain of the real valued function
2 I is
lg[x+l/2]
3 00
,
(a)
2 '
(b)
|u(2,oo)
1
(01 J . 2 u ( 2 , ~ )
(d) None of these
50. Let
/(JC) = sin 2 JC/2 + cos 2 JC/2 and g (JC)
2
= sec JC - tan 2 JC. The two functions are equal
over the set
(a)*
(b ) R
(c) R -1
JC : JC =
(2n + 1) - , n e /
Functions
93
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I I
Each queston, in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the letters
a, h, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s).
51. The domain o f / ( x ) is (0, 1) therefore domain
x
o f f ( e ) + f(ln I A' I) is
(a)(-l,e)
(b) (1, e)
(c)(-e,-l)
(d) (- e, 1)
52. If / : [ - 4, 0] -> R is defined by ex+ sin JC, its
even extension to [-4, 4] is given by
(a) e~ l j r ' sin Ix I (b) e~ Lvl - sin I x I
(c) e ~ u l + sin Ixl
(d) - e~ l v i + sin I x I
53. If f(x) =
= - ^ x
-1/2-1x1
lis
(a) [0, 3]
(b) [-6,6 ]
(c) [ - 1 , 1 ]
(d) [-3, 3]
57. Let / be a real valued function defined by
IXI
/ = V ^ r then range o f / i s
e+e
(a) R
Cb) 10, 1]
(c) [0, 1)
(d) [0, 1/2)
/=
(a)Sgn (e x)
(b) sin x + I sin x I
(c) min (sin x, I x I)
1
1
+
(d) X+
2 + 2 ; x]
2
([* denotes the greatest integer function)
61. Of the following functions defined from [-1,
1] to [-1, 1] select those which are not
bijective
2
(a) sin (sin x)
(b) - sin (sin x)
7C
(c )(Sgnx)ln(ex)
(d)x(Sgnx)
62. If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x, the extreme values of the function
/ ( x ) = [1 + sin x] 4- [1 + sin 2x] + [1 + sin 3x]
+ ... + [ 1 + sin nx], n e
(0, n) are
(a) n - 1
(b) n
(c) n-l-l
(d) n + 2
63. I f / ( x ) is a polynomial function of the second
degree
such
that
/ ( - 3) = 6 , / ( 0 ) = 6 a n d / ( 2 ) = 11 then the
graph of the function / ( x ) cuts the ordinate
x = 1 at the point
(a) (1,8)
(b) (1, - 2 )
(c)l,4
(d) none of these
94
*2
(0,
(b) -^f- 0
2
(c)
-f,0
(d)
w
67 If e + e'J'W.
= e then for / ( x )
(a) domain = (
1)
(b) range = (-<, 1)
(c) domain = (
0]
(d) range = (-<*>, 1]
[.]
M.M. : 20
x - [x]
The
(b) [x] - x
Practice Test
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
(c) a periodic function
1. The function
ion/(x) =
log, ^
jc/x is
(d) None of these
(a) an even function
2. If f: R R, g : R > R be two given
(b) an odd function
functions then fix) =
2 min {fix) - g (x), 0) equals
Functions
95
(a)f(x)+g{x)(b)f(x)+g(x)
\g(x)-f{x)
| | g(x)-f{x)
(c)f{x)-g{x)+
| g(x)-f(x)
(d) f(x)-g(.x)~
| g(x)-f(x)
3. The
domain
of
(a)
|
|
the
(b)
(c)
function
(d) Di n Z>2
5. sin ax + cos ax and | sin x | + | cos x | are
periodic of same fundamental period if a
equals
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 4
6. If g (x) is a polynomial satisfying
g (*) giy) = g(x) +ty) + g (xy) - 2 for all real
x and y and g (2) = 5 then g (3) is equal to
(a) 10
(b) 24
(c) 21
(d) None of these
7. The interval into which the function
(*-l)
transforms the entire real
y=-2
(X - 3x + 3)
line is
Record Your Score
where [x]
Vx - [x] '
denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x is defined for all x belonging to
(a ) R
( b ) R - ( ( - 1,1) u { n i n e 711
9. The
function f (x)
(c)7e + -(0, 1)
(d) R+ - In : n e N)
10. The period of the function
f (x) = [sin 3x] + | cos 6x | is
([.] denotes the greatest integer less then or
equal to x)
(a) 7i
(b) 27t/3
(c) 2TC
(d) 71/2
(e) None of these
Max. Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
3. Third attempt
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice
-I
l.(b)
2. (b)
3. (b)
4. (a)
7. (d)
13. (c)
8. (b)
14. (b)
9. (c)
15. (a)
10. (d)
5. (a)
11. (d)
16. (d)
17. (b)
19. (b)
25. (d)
20. (a)
21. (b)
27. (d)
22. (b)
23. (d)
12. (c)
18. (b)
24. (a)
28. (d)
29. (c)
30. (c)
26. (b)
6. (b)
96
31.
37.
43.
49.
(c)
(c)
(d)
(b)
Multiple
51.
57.
61.
67.
72.
32.
38.
44.
50.
Choice
(c)
(d)
(b), (c), (d)
(a), (b)
(a)
Practice
1. (a)
7. (b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(c)
33. (a)
39. (a)
45. (a)
34. (b)
40. (b)
46. (b)
35. (b)
41. (d)
47. (c)
54.
59.
64.
70.
75.
55.
60.
65.
71.
36. (d)
42. (a)
48. (b)
-II
52.
58.
62.
68.
73.
(b)
(a),
(b),
(a),
(a),
53.
(b), (c), (d)
(c)
63.
(d)
69.
(b)
74.
(d)
(a), (d)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(d)
56. (b)
(a), (b), (c), (d)
(b)
66. (a), (c)
(d)
Test
2. (d)
8. (b)
3. (b)
9. (b)
5. (d)
6. (a)
11
LIMITS
11.1. Limit
Let f{x) be a function of x. If for every positive number e , however, small it may be, there exists a
positive number 5 such that whenever 0< I x-a I < 8, we have I f(x) - I I < e then we say, f (x) tends to limit I
as x tends to a and we write
Lim
x-> a
f(x)=l
Similarly, when x - > a from the values of x smaller (or less) than a, then the corresponding limit is called
the left-hand limit (L.H.L.) of f (x) and is written as
Lim f(x) or f(a- 0)
x-> a The working rule for finding the left hand limit is :
"Put a - h for x in f (x) and make h approach zero."
In short we have
f { a - 0) = Lim f ( a - h )
h > 0
If both these limits f(a + 0) and f(a - 0) exist and are equal in value, then their common value is the
limit of the function f{x) at x = a, i.e. I is the limit of f(x) as x - > a if
f ( a + 0) = I = f{a - 0)
The limit of f(x) as x - > a does not exist even if both these limits exist but are not equal in value
then also the limit of f(x) as x
a does not exist.
11.3. Frequently used Limits
(i)
Lim
n >
(ii)
Lim
(iii)
(iv)
n <x
+-
\n
I =- e =- L.IIII
Lim (1
l l -+r /h)
l l1 / / j
0
\n
n
y
Lim (1 + a/?) 1/ " = e a
x" - a"
Lim
= na"
x-> a x- a
where n e O .
98
..
sin 6 C
.
...
sin x
Lim
= 1 and Lim
x->0 x
e->o ec
180
t (180' = k ) and
Lim
e->o
tan e c
= 1
ec
a x- 1
= In a (a > 0)
x
(vi)
Lim
x- 0
(vii)
Lim
x 0
(viii)
Um ~
= 0 (m > 0)
x-*oo y n
e x-
1
x
= 1
...
(ix)
. . (1 + x ) m - 1
Lim
= m
x- 0
x
(x)
Lim
x-0
(xi)
Lim{f(x)} 9(J = e
x> a
loga(1+x)
= log a e ( a > 0, a * 1)
x
Lim{/(x)-1}fir(x)
~*a
tan x =
1
x) 2 = ^
ID
x + .
x2
x4 + 2
(iii)
(sin
(iv)x
. -1
x 3 x5
tan
x = x-
+ 5 3
(vi)
(1 + x) 1/x=
(II)
2
'4
.
sin
x = x+
^.x3
l ^ . x
+
3!
5!
12.32.52 7
x+.
7!
x6
x2
(v)sec-1x=1+|T
5x 4 61 x 6
^ r + ^ y + ...
* 11 J?
e *
1 - ~ + x 2
24
0
oo
Some times we have to repeat the process if the form is - or again.
OO
99
Limit
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate :
1. If 0 < a < b, then Lim (b" + a") " is equal to
(a)e
2. The value of Lim
(b ) a
(d) None of these
V l / 2 ( 1 - cos 2x) .
X
10.
(b) - 1
(c^jione of these
(c) 0
3- The value of Lim
JC->0
JS where {JC}
{x}
(b) 2
Lim
*->3
value
of
(b)7t
(d)l
SJ
.
sin x - (sin x)
L
^JIII
,
.
is equal to
Lim
:-
~.
* -rc/2 1 - sin x + In sin x
(a) 4
(b)2
(c) 1
(d) None of these
12. The value of the limit
Jx
lWx
a -a
, .
T .
(b)2
(d) 0
13.
Lim
n sm n !
, 0 < a < 1, is equal to
n+ 1
(b) 1
(a)0
(C)oo
Lim
n > <*>
is
, . _.
14. Lim
x^O
(b) 1
(d) None of these
sin
x - tan
~
2
x
x .
,
is equal to
(a) 1/2
(b) - 1 / 2
(d)=o
(c)0.
15. Lim {log{ _ i) () log (n + 1 ) log + 1 (n + 2)
... logl _ ] ( ) } is equal to
(a) n
(b)k "
(c) oo
(d) None of these
Lim
is
" 00
em + 1
(a)/(x)
(b) g(x)
(c) 0
(d) None of these
8. The integer n for which
j . (cosx-1) (cosx-el)
Lim
x"
non-zero number is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c)3,
(d)4
+a
(a) 4
(c) - 1
a 2
x sin (1/x) - x
is
1 1x1
1
4 + 9 + ... +
n + 1 n + 1 3+l
n +1
is equal to
(a) 1
(b) 2/3
(c) 1/3
(d) 0
7. If x > 0 and g is bounded function, then
6.
Lim
*->0
(a) 0
(c) - 1
(b) -1/9
(d) 1/9 ,
(a)0
(c) - 1 / 3
5-- The value of Lim
the
:^y2-(y-x)2
Lim
r^ is equal to
* 0 (V8xy - 4X2 + Vfoy) 3
(a) 1/4
(b) 1/2
(c) 1 / 2 V2~
(d) None of these
(a)-7t
(c) 71/2
LI.
9.
16.
_ .
finite
Lim c o f 1 ( r 2 + 3 / 4 ) i s
n oo r= 1
l
(b) tan 1
(a) 0
(c^ tan -
17. If Lim
(a) a = l,b = 2
n2
2
= e then
(b)a =
2,b=\
100
(c)a=l,be.
R
(d) None of these
Ci ,
l/n
l/n
(n - 1 )/n
1 e +e
18. Lim - +
... +"
n
n
n
n
equals
(a)0
(c )e-}
1ft
T.
"" 5
(b) 1
(d) None of these
, . 3V2
(a) *
2
4-12
(c)
(d)
{a)a=l,b
(c) a =
22
2,b-3
1/3
thgn
- If Lim ( V ( x - x + 1) - ax 2 - b) = 0 then
Lim
V
y z
k= 1
n -00
is equal to
then
(b)l
n!
Lim
n > (mnf
(a) 1 /em
(c) em
30. If y = 2
~.a
(c) 0
29.
k =l
$n+ 1 - 5
(b)a
(d)2a
(b) x 2 - l.Ox+^21 = 0
( a ) a = I, b = -2
(b)a=\,b=\
(c) a = 1, b = - 1 / 2 (d) None of these
sn=
are
X 00
the
(b) a = 1, b = - 3 ] ^
=2
{x2-l,
(a) x 2 - 6x + 9 = 0
tan x) sin nx = _ ,
j
0' where
(c) n
f(x) =
25. Let
(b) 2 V2"
IA TF T
i(a ~n)nxz
20. If Lim
is
equal to
2 V2~-(cosx + sinx)" .
:
is equal to
1 - sin 2x
Lim
AT
k/4
Lim
(a) - 1
(c)0
l/n
(d)<f
(me N) is equal to
(b) m/e
(d) e/m
then Lim y
x-> 1 +
is
(b) 1.
(d) 1/2
T. LOW
Limit
101
Lim
(c) e'
(a) 0
(c)2
33.
(b) 1
(d) None of these
34. If Lim
,v (1 + a cos x) - b sin x
35.
36.
that
1 then
x > oo
.v + In (1 - x)
+
38.
jr- 0 JT 'j.
(A]A 2 ...A n ),
J ' l f - 1 I dt
is equal to
42. Lim
,V-> 1 + 0
sin ( A - 1 )
(a)0
(b) 1
(c) - 1
*>
[A]
integer function is
(a)0
(b) 1
(c) 1
(d) non existent
44. If [A] denotes the greatest integer < x, then
Lim \
.V
(c) Lim
0 V J + V.v2 + 2.v
C O S A"
x +1, x* 0,2
then Lim g {/(A)} is
4 , A = 0
JT -> 0
5 , A = 2
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c)7
(d) 1
x- a
41. If A; = , , / = 1, 2, 3
n and
if
I x - a,-1
43. Lim
(d) Lim
A' > 0
otherwise
1<m <n
Lim
is non zero finite then n
x - 0 x" _ sin x
must be equal to
(a) 1
(b)2
(c)3
(d) None of these
(b) Lim
x-> 0
(b) In I a ( a - P) I
ala-(3l
(d) e
* tin, n E / a n d ,
g (x) =
a} <a2<a3
a = - 5/2, b = - 1/2
a = 3/2, b = 1/2
a = - 3/2, b = - 5 / 2
a = - 5 / 2 , /; = - 3 / 2
(a) Lim
.v -> 0
:(A-P)
, . . i sin A ,
40. I f / W H
2 ;
.0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
is
3fix)
(b) 1
(d) None of these
x+y
is equal
to (where c is a constant)
2
sin y
(a)
(b) sin 2y e s i n ' y
(c)0
(d) None of these
n oo
f)-
{[1'2 x] + [2 A] + [3
equal
(a) A / 2
(c) A / 6
A] +
... +
[H2
X] }
(b) A / 3
(d) 0
1/sin
"t+. . + n
(b) 0
(d) n
1/sin .risin x
102
Practice Test
Time : 30 Min.
M.M.: 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
11
l
l
e
r ^
X Sill X
(b)1. Lim
7 is non zero finite then n
24
24 6
x sin x
(d) None of these
(c)
must be equal to
24
(b) 2
(a) 1 "
7. Lim ~Jx (Vx + 1 - \5T) equals
X oo
(d) None of these
(c) 3
2. Lim tog* M
^
denotes
e N
x -> o
[x]
greatest integer less t h a n or equal to x)
(a) has value - 1
(b) has value 0
(c) has value 1
(d) Does not exist
3. Lim gHL; C0S
([ ] denotes the gratest
x -> 0 1 + icos x\
integer function)
(a) equal to 1
(b) equal to 0
(c) Does not exist (d) None of these
2
(b)|(a-p)2
(c)y(a-P)2
(d)-y(a-P)2
-x
x
1 - cos x
(b) Lim
x->0
V( 1 + x ) - 1
(c) Lim
x->0
(d) Lim
x-> 0 ^x + V(x2 + 2x)
.
tan ([- it ] x ) - tan ([- n ]) x
.
Lim
equals
0
sin x
denotes the greater integer
where [
function
(a)0
(b) 1
(c) tan 10-10
(d) oo
2
9. Let
a = min {x + 2x + 3, x R}
and
of
b = Lim 1 - cos 9
The
value
6 0
0
T
v ar .o
un
Z
r=0
(a)
(c)
2n +
-l
3.2"
4
n+ 1
10- Lim
(1+x)
In (1+x)
(a) Lim
x->0
x -> 0
(a) 1
(c) e -
-l
3.2
sinx
(b)
2n + 1 + l
3.2"
equals
(b) e
- 2
(d) e
Limit
103
Record Your Score
Max. Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
3. Third attempt
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice
1. (b)
7. (a)
13. (a)
19. (a)
25. (b)
Multiple
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
Choice
Practice
-I
fd)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(c)
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
(d)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(a)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
(d)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
5. (a)
11. (b)
17. (c)
23. (a)
29. (a)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
(c)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
-II
32. (c)
38. (c)
44. ( t )
33. (d)
39. (c)
45. (d)
34. (d)
40. (d)
35. (b)
41. (d)
36. (b)
42. (a)
2. (a)
8. (c)
3. (b)
9. (c)
4. (c)
10. (c)
5. (a)
6. (a)
Test
1. (a)
7. (b), (c)
12
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
12.1. Continuity of a Function
Continuity of a function f(x) can be discussed in two ways (1) at a point (2) in an interval.
(1) The function f(x) is said to be continuous at the point x = a if
Lim f(x) exist = f(a)
x-> a
i.e.
= a
or
discontinuity.
(2) The function f (x) is said to have an unremovable discontinuity when Lim f(x) does not exist.
x-> a
i.e.,
Lim f(x) * Lim f(x).
x- a x- a +
12.3. Right hand and Left hand Derivatives of a Function
The progressive derivative or right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a is given by
..
f{a + h) - f (a) , n
LIM
h-> 0
h> 0
A/
105
V
1
3-
then
for/
(5x + 32)
- 2
to be continuous every where, / ( 0 ) is equal
to
(a) - 1
(b) 1
(c)2 6
(d) None of these*
Let
f"(x)
be
continuous
at
x = 0 a n d / " (0) = 4 the value of
2/(x) 3/(2x) + / ( 4 x ) .
Lim
is
(a) 11
(b) 2
(c) 12 (d) None of these
5. Let
/
be
a
function
satisfying
fix + y) = / ( x ) +f(y) and fix) =x2g (x) for
all xand y, where g (x) is a continuous
function t h e n / ' (x) is equal to
(a) g' (x)
(b) g (0)
(c)s(0)+*'(*)
(d) 0
^ y m m
(d)/'(l)
be
J
a
(
function
)
such
that
and
106
(b)/(jc) is continuous in R ~ Q
( c ) f ( x ) is continuous in R but not
differentiable in R
(d)f(x) is neither continuous not
differentiable in R
the
derivative
of
the
function
bx + ax + 4 ; x > - 1
is everywhere
2
ax +b ; x < - 1
continuous, then
(a) a = 2, b = 3
{b)a = 3,b = 2
(c) a = - 2, b = - 3 (d) a = - 3, b = - 2
sin x, x n n, n e /
13. If
and
2 , otherwise
2
4
5
1,
JC *
0,
JC =
x = 2
is
(a)5
(b) 6
(c)7
(d) 1
14. The function fix) = I 2 Sgn 2x\ + 2 has
(a) jump discontinuity
(b) removal discontinuity
(c) infinite discontinuity
(d) no discontinuity at x = 0
15. If the function
(1 + I sin x I)a/\
sin x I
t a n 2 , t / i a n 3JT
continuous at JC = 0 then
(a) a = log e b, a = 2 / 3
(b) b = log, a, a = 2 / 3
(c) a = log, b,b = 2
(d) None of these
16.
If/(A-) =
J- 1 \t\dt,
JC>-
1, then
'1
JC
V
;
N
;
JC *
JC =
then f{x)
18
- If
f(x)=
,.
[JC]
1
2 '
for 2n
1 < JC <
2n + 2
the function
(a) is discontinuous at JC = 1 , 2
(b) is periodic with period 1
(c) is periodic with period 2
is
is
20. f ( x ) =
n
r,
0 < x<
6
JC -
<x<0
x = 0
fix)
x sin
1
2
1+-sin(logA:)
/(0) = 0
[.] = Integral part, The function
(a) is continuous at JC = 0
(b) is monotonic
(c) is derivable at x = 0
(d) con not be defined for JC < - 1
_ J [cos 7t .r] , x < 1
22. I f f i x )
[
I JC 1 I ,
1 <.T <
, J C * 0
107
+^ ,n e I
( d ) / ( x ) is differentiable at x = n 71, n e I
24. The function defined b y / ( x ) = (-1) [JC 5 ([.]
denotes greatest integer function) satisfies
(a) Discontinuous f o r x = n 1 / 3 , where n is any
integer
(b)/(3/2) = 1
( c ) / ' (x) = 0 for - 1 < x < 1
(d) None of these
25. If fix) be a continuous function defined for
1 < x < 3 / ( x ) e G V X E [1,3], / ( 2 ) = 10,
then/(1-8) is
(where Q is a set of all rational numbers)
(a) 1
(b) 5
(c) 10
(d) 20
1
xP s i n | ^ J + x l x l , x * 0
* 26. L e t / ( x ) =
1 +
= 12 iln 4) , x = 0
may be continuous at x = 0 is
(a) 1
(b)2
(c)3
(d) 4
28. The value of / ( 0 ) so that the function
, , . 1 - cos (1 - cos x)
/(x) =
is
continuous
X
everywhere is
(a) 1/8
(c) 1/4
(b) 1/2
(d) None of these
l/x
1 +k
\/x
(a) 4
(c) 3
ik > 0) is
(b)2 "
(d) None of these
(x) - 3 / ( 2 x ) + / ( 4 x )
(a) 6
(c) H
(b) 10
(d) 12
is
, x=0
108
ic) fix) is continuous on R ~ I
(d) None of these
34. Let f{x) and (J) (X) be defined by fix) = [JC]
and <b (x) = J ^2' X & ^
(where [.] denotes
[ x , x G R -1
the greatest integer function) then
(a) Lim (j) (JC) exists, but (J) is not continuous at
X> l
(b) Lim /(JC) does not exist and/is not continuous
X
atx = 1
(c) <>| of is continuous for all x
(d) fo (J) is continuous for all JC
35. The following functions are continuous on
(0,71)
(a) tan x
( b ) f t sin
>
0 <
(c)
(d)
JC <
3K
371
2 sin JC, - < X < 7 I
9
4
x sin JC ,
0 < x < re/2
7C
s i n ( r t + x),
, 7 1
<X<Tl
tan [x] 71
where [.]
[ 1 + l / n (sin x + 1 ) 1 ]
denotes the greatest integer function, then
fix) is
(a) continuous V x e R
(b) discontinuous V x e I
(c) non-differentiable V x e /
(d) a periodic function with fundamental period
not defined
36. If
f(x):
(d) k (a) = 1 + I x I, a e R
39. L e t / ( x ) = Lim (sin A)2", t h e n / i s
(a) Continuous at x = n/2
(b) Discontinuous at A = 7i/2
(c) Discontinuous at A = 7T/2
(d) Discontinuous at an infinite number of points
40. I f / ( x ) = tan" 1 cot x, then
in) fix) is periodic with period 71
(b) f{x) is discontinuous at x = n/2, 3n/2
(c)/(x) is not differentiable at x = n, 99n, 100n
(d)/(x) = - 1, for 2nn < x < (2n + 1) 7t
41. L e t / W = f 0 1 + I 1 " " ) A ' X > 2
[
5x + 1 ,
x<2
Then
{a) f{x) is not continuous at x = 2
( b ) / ( x ) is continuous but not differentiable at
x=2
(c)/(x) is differentiable everywhere
(d) The right derivative of fix) at x = 2 does
not exist
42. fix) = min (1, cos x, 1 - sin x } , - 7t < x < n
then
(a) f{x) is not differentiable at '0'
(b)/(x) is differentiable at TC/2
(c) fix) has local maxima at '0'
(d) None of these
43. I f / ( x ) =
44. Let / ( x ) =
S1
"
( A ) , / " (A),
...
109
I 2x - 3 I fx] ; x > 1
KX
x<1
2
([.] denotes the greatest integer function)
(a) is continuous at x = 0
(b) is differentiable at x = 0
(c) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
(d) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 3 / 2
2
a!x - x - 2I
x <2
2+x-x
:
46. L e t / ( x )
x= 2
b
x-[x]
x> 2
x- 2
([.] denotes the greatest integer function)
I f / ( x ) is continuous atx = 2 then
(a) a= 1,6 = 2
(b)a=\,b=\
{c)a = 0,b=\
(d) a = 2, b = 1
45. The function
fix)-
tan
t a n A" ,
+1
is discontinuous
atx =
(a) nn + n
(c) nn + tc/4
(b) nn + n/2
(d) nn + n / 8
1, x < 0
48. L e t / ( x ) = < 0 , x = 0 and
[ 1, x>0
g (x) = sin x + cos x,
then
points
of
discontinuity o f f { g (x)} in (0, 27t) is
7t 37C1
f 3n In
(a),
(b)
2 ' 4 j
j 4 ' 4
27t 5rc
(c).
3 ' 3
<{t-T
49. The points of discontinuity of the function
In
(2 sin x)
/ ( x ) = Lim
are given by
s2 n
- > ~ 3" - (2 cos x)z
(a) nn 7T/12
(b)nnn/6
(c) nn n/3
(d) None of these
50. Let / ( x ) = [cos x + sin x] , 0 < x < 27t where
[x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x. The number of points of
discontinuity o f / ( x ) is
(a) 6
(b) 5
(c)4
(d) 3
fix)
1 - tan x
, X
4x n
and
* 71/4
x e [0,71/2)
= X, x = 71/4
I f / ( x ) is continuous in (0,7t/2] then A, is
(a) 1
(b) 1/2
(c) - 1 / 2
(d) None of these
54. A function / ( x ) is defined in the interval
[1,4] as follows :
log, [x] , 1 < X < 3
f(x)=
I log, x I , 3 < x < 4
the graph of the function/(x)
(a) is broken at two points
(b) is broken at exactly one point
(c) does not have a definite tangent at two points
(d) does not have a definite tangent at more than
two points
55. If
g (x) =
[/Ml
3
, x = 7t/2
where [x] denotes the greatest
function and
,.
Jfix)
v
f.K
integer
110
Practice Test
M.M. : 20
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
6. Which of the following functions are
1. f (x) = 1 + x (sin x) [cos x] , 0 < x < n/2
differentiable in (-1, 2)
([.] denotes the greatest integer function)
(a) is continuous in (0, it/2)
(b) is strictly decreasing in (0, ji/2)
(c) is strictly increasing in (0, n/2)
(d) has global maximum value 2
2. If f (x) = min (tan x, cot x) then
(a) f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0,Jt/4, 57t/4
( b ) f ( x ) is continuous atx = 0,71/2, 37T/2
rn/2
(c)|
f(x)dx = 2ln<2
0
(d) f(x) is periodic with period n
3. If f (x) is a continuous function V x e R and
the range of fix)
is (2.V26) and
g(x) =
is continuous V x e R, then
c
the least positive integral value of c is,
where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 6
[ 1 / 2 + * ] - [1/2]
4. f(x) =
- 1<x < 2
x
has ([.] denotes the greatest integer
function).
(a) Discontinuity at x = 0
(b) Discontinuity at x = 1 / 2
(c) Discontinuity at x = 1
(d) Discontinuity at x = 3 / 2
a+-
5. I f / ( * ) =
x
2 ,
h + sin x x
x>0
x=0
x<0
(b)JZt^<c
(a) J ^ (log x f d x
l -1+r
dt (d) None of these
(c) J
ol+t+t
7. If f(,x) = [x] + [x + 1/3] + [x + 2/3] , then
([.] denotes the greatest integer function)
(a) fix) is discontinuous a t x = 1, 10, 15
(b) fix) is continuous at x = n/3, where n is
any integer
f2/3
(c)J
fix)dx=
1/3
/(*) = ]
e .e
9. If fix) = | ( s i n ~ 1 x)2q
cos
"
c o s (1/x
t;
* * 0 then
111
must be 100%
Answer
Multiple
1.
7.
13.
19.
25.
(c)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
Multiple
31.
37.
43.
48.
54.
Choice
(a),
(a),
(a),
(b)
(a),
Practice
-I
2. (a)
8. (c)
14. (b)
20. (b)
26. (c)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
(c)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(a)
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
(d)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(d)
33.
39.
45.
50.
(b)
34. (a), (b), (c)
(b), (c), (d) 40. (a), (c)
(a), (b), (c), (d)
(c)
51. (c)
5.(d)
11. (b)
17. (a)
23. (c)
29. (b)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
(d)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(d)
36.
42.
47.
53.
(a), I
(a), I
(b)
(c)
Choice -II
(b)
(d)
(c)
(c)
32.
38.
44.
49.
55.
(b), (c)
(a), (b), (d)
(a), (d)
(b)
(b)
Test
l-(a)
7. (a), (c)
2. (c), (d)
8. (b)
3. (d)
9. (b), (c)
5. (c)
6. (c)
13
DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT
13.1. Theorems on Derivatives
^
(iii) ^
~ ^dx
w h e r e k is a n
constant
h (x) + h (x) ^
h (x).
{fl (X) . h
( X ) . h (X)
dx
h (x). ^
} =
fe(x)
(X)
( /1 (x) f 3 (x)
( f2 (x) /3 (x)
)+
( h (X)). h
(X)
) + .
(iv)
t fe (x)]2
(v) If y = fi (t/), u = f2 (v) and v = b (x)
then
di
dx
du
du
dv
dv
dx
g'(f)
dx
f'd)
f -dx
df_
dy
In particular
if f(xu X2, X3,
df
df
df
dx3
df
dxn
Differential Coefficient
113
If
k w
Va
./ ?
- x
Substitution
x = a sin 6 or a cos 0
x = a tan 0 or a cot 0
+ X
?
2
'a-x
x = a sec 0 or a cosec 0
x = a cos 0 or a cos 20
>a+x
V(2ax- x 2 )
x = a (1 - cos 0)
Hb) - f(a)
b-a
Method
d r^^
c/6
114
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. l f J = ex \ then
dx
is equal to
(a)(l+logJc)-
dx = l
(a) 14
(c) 1
(b)(l+log*r
-2
(c) log x (1 + log x)
(d) None of these
2.
then k is equal to
dx
dy
()0
()2
(b)l
(d) none of these
3. If y = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + / ) . . . (1 + x 2 ) then
at x = 0 is
dx
(a)0
(c)l
4. If x = e>
(c)-
(b)-l
(d) None of these
then ^ is
dx
1 -x
(b)
(d) None of these
l+x
2x
to tan
1 -x
with respect
(b)l
1
6. Uxy.yx
( d )
= 16 then ^
(a) 1
(c) 1
T~2
1 +x
at (2,2) is
(b)0
(d) None of these
(b) 7/8
(d) None of these
9. If 2X + 2y = 2x+y,
x = y= 1 is
(a) 0
(b)-l
(c) 1
(d) 2
10. If f ( x ) = \x-2 \ and g(x)=fof(x),
then for
x > 20, g\x) =
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) None of these
11- I f f ( x ) = sin" 1 (sin x) + cos" 1 (sin x) and <)> (x)
= f ( f ( f ( x ) ) ) , then 4.' (x)
(a) 1
(b) sin x
(c) 0
(d) None of these
12. If
f{x) = (log cot x tan x) (log tan x cot x)~ 1
+ tan
-1
then f
(a) - 2
(c) 1/2
(0) is equal to
(b) 2
(d) 0
13. If x2 + y2 = t - j a n d / + y 4 = f 2 + - 2r ,
is
(a) 0
(c)
l+x2
is equal to
xy
dx
(a) - 1
(c) 1
14. If
then
equals
variables
(b) 0
(d) None of these
x and y
equation x -J
are related
by
* =rr*du, then ^
dx
equal to
1
(a)
V1 + 9y2
(b) Vl + 9 y 2
(c) 1 + 9y
(d)
1
1 + 9y
the
is
Differential Coefficient
15. If yl/n = [x +
115
^l+x2
is equal to
(b) ny2
(a) n y
, , 2 2
(c) n y
16. I f / ( x ) = cot
(a)-l
(c) log 2
17. The
solution
set
-x
24. Let
t h e n / ' ( l ) is
(b) 1
(b) - l o g 2
of f'(x) > g' (A)
cos X
2y- 1
cosy
(d)
2jc 1
2y-i
cos X
2x- 1
(c)
cos y
(a)
(b)
fix) = log { ^
-k/2
a n d / ( 2 ) = 4 = / ' ( 2 ) t h e n / 2 ( 1 9 ) + g1 (19) is
(a) 16
(b) 32
(c) 64
(d) None of these
19. If (j) (x) be a polynomial function of the
second degree. If <f>( 1) = <{> ( 1) and a u a 2 , a 3
are in A.P. then ((>' ( a ^ , <j)' (a2), (j)' (<23) are in
(a) AP
(b) GP
(c) HP
(d) None of these
dy
20. If y = sin A" and u = cos x then ^ is equal to
(a) - cosec x. cos x
,.
1 o(J
cosec x. cos x
n
(c) - - cosec x. cos x
1 ou
(d) None of these
21. The diff. coeffi. of / ( l o g x) w.r.t x, where
f ( x ) = log x is
(a) A/log x
(b) log x/x
(c) (A log
A)
y
=
^ dy_
at 0 - 37t/4 is
cos 20 J ' dx
(b) 2
(d) None of these
then
a
26. If
(y/x)
(b) ae-
(b)
) , '(2) = 4, v'(2)
:~ 1 at x =
then
is equal to
(a) - 1
(b)0
(c) - 2 V2TT
(d) None of these
27. If Pix)
is a polynomial such that
P (A2 + 1) = {P (A)}2 + 1 and P ( 0 ) = 0 then
P'i0) is equal to
(a) - 1
(b)0
(c) 1
(d) None of these
28. If sin y = x sin (a + y) and
^ =
, ^
then the value of A is
dx
1+x -2xcosa
(a) 2
(b) cos a
(c) sin a
(d) None of these
29. The third derivative of a function f i x )
varishes for all A. I f / ( 0 ) = 1 , / ' ( 1 ) = 2 and
f" = - 1, then f i x ) is equal to
(a) ( - 3 / 2 )
A2
(b) ( - 1 / 2 )
(c) ( - 1 / 2 )
A2
3A
(d) ( - 3 / 2 )
7A
+ 2
3A
equal to
(a) 1/3
(c) 4/3
+1
- 3 A
30. If y = l o g / ( A - 2 )
+ 9
1
for A * 0 , 2 then y' (3) is
(b) 2/3
(d) None of these
116
MULTIPLE CHOICE-II
Each question, in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the letters
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s).
31. Let f{x)-x"
, n being a non-negative integer,
the value of n for which the equality
/' (a + b) =/' (a) +/' (b) is valid for all
a, b > 0 is
(a)0
(c) 2
(b) 1
(d) None of these
32. If y = tan
+ tan
-1
(a)(c)
1
1+ n
n
1 +nz
x + 3x + 3 /
(b)3
(d) none of these
dxL
equals
(a) 2 / a
(b) -
(c) 2/a
2/a
dy
36. If sin (x + y) = log (x + y), then ^ =
(a) 2
(c)l
(b) - 2
(d)-l
log 2 e
x log e X
.
(b)
V( 1 +1 2 ) - V(1 - 1 2 )
47
Tf
J
38. If y = i
'2 I
' and x = \ ( 1 - t ) ,
2
V(l + r ) + V ( l - r )
( a
dx
ic
is equal to
1
x log, x log, 2
\2{l+Vl-f<}
(b)
(c)
(b)-^
1+ n
log, (2x)x
then
, + up to n terms,
x + 5x + 7
then y' (0) is equal to
+ tan
\+x + x
1
(c)
{V(i-f4)-i}
1
t 2 {l + V(i - r 4 )!
(d)
39. Let xcos-v +y c o s * = 5. Then
(a) at x = 0, y = 0, y' = 0
(b) at x = 0, y= 1, y' = 0
(c) at x = y = 1, y' = - 1
(d) at x = 1, y = 0, y ' = 1
40. If
/(x) = ( 1+x)"
(a ) n
the
value
fix)
of
(b) 2n
( c ) 2" ~ 1
41. If
then
Differential Coefficient
117
m=x1
P<-(2) = 24
45>
xg'(\)+g'\2)
and
I f / W
e q u ^ x , t h e n / ' ( V ^ i s ^ a l to
[")-VTT
(d) N o w of these
Practice Test
M.M. 20
Time : 30 Min.
(AJ There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
If
(d)
k2f(x)
V(1 - x 6 ) + V ( 1 - y 6 ) = a
dy _
fix
dx
+ k2y
(JC3
-y3)
and
1-xfc
then
(a
)f(x,y)=y/x
(b
)f(x,y)=y2/x2
2 , 2
(b) 1
(d) - 1
d3
4. If x = a cos 0, y = b sin 0, t h e n ^ is equal
dx
to
-36
4
4
(a)
cosec 0 cot 0
3
a
(b) 3b3 cosec 0 cot 0
(c)
-3b \
cosec 0 cot 0
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
5. If f
equals
(a) 32/9
(b) 64/3
(c) 64/9
(d) None of t h e s e
6. l f f i x - y ) , f i x ) . f ( y ) a n d fix +y) are in A.P.,
for all x, y and /"(0) * 0, t h e n
(a)/"(2) ==/"(- 2)
(b)/"(3) +/"(- 3) = 0
(c)/" ( 2 ) + / " ( - 2 ) = 0
( d ) f (3) = f ( - 3 )
7. If y = '\jx + ^y +
t h e n dz
dx
+ Vy + ...
is equal to
(b)
/ - *
2yf - 2ry - 1
(c) (2y - 1 )
(d) None of t h e s e
x
-x
8. The derivative of cos 1
at x = - 1
1
X +X
is
(a) - 2
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d)l
9. If
then
(a) - 3
(c )%/3~
k/2
dl)
is
(b) 0
(d) None of t h e s e
118
10. If fn (x) = / " 1 (x) for all n e N and f0 (x) = x
(b
)fn(x).fn_X{x)
(d) n fi(x)
t= i
Record Your Score
Answers
Multiple Choice -I
1. (a)
7. (c)
13. (c)
19. (a)
25. (c)
2. (a)
8. (b)
14. (b)
20. (c)
26. (c)
Multiple Choice
1. (c)
7. (b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(c)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
5. (b)
11. (c)
17. (d)
23. (b)
29. (c)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
35. (c)
41. (b), (d)
45. (b)
36. (d)
-II
Practice
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
34. (a)
40. (b)
44. (a), (b), (c)
Test
2. (d)
8. (b)
3. (c)
9. (c)
4. (c)
10. (a), (c), (d)
5. (a)
6. (a), (c)
'
dy\
dx
(*- X0)
S
Ax>, M>)
equation of the normal at a point (xo, yo) to the curve
y = f (x) is
- 1
y - y o = / ...x
(x-xo)
dx
yo)
Note : (i) If tangent is parallel to the x-axis or normal
is perpendicular to x-axis then
dy
dx
Fig.14.1.
= 0.
(ib, yb)
(ii) If tangent is perpendicular to the x-axis or normal is parallel to the x-axis then
Length of the
Tangent:
yo^f
KPT) =
dy
dx
dx
V
Length of the
Normal:
l(PN)
Subnormal:
-sf
dy
dx
= y>
(*> ,yo)
I (TM) = yo
dx
Length of the
(*>. >b)
l(MN)
:*>. yo)
ya
Xo, yo)
14.2. Equations of Tangent and Normal if the Equation of the Curve in Parametric Form
If
then
x = f ( f ) , and y = g(t)
dx
f'(t)
In this case, the equations of the tangent and the normal are given by
= frjj (*-'(
and
yy-g(t))sf(f)+ (x-f(t))f'(t) =
0.
= o.
120
p z
8V
/A01
0
Y'
Fig.14.2
MULTIPLE CHOICE-I
Each question is this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. The equation of the tangent to the curve
y = 1 - ex/ at the point of intersection with
the y-axis is
( a ) x + 2y = 0
(b)2x + y = 0
(c)x-y
=2
(d) None of these
2. The
line
touches
the
curve
(c)Uf
(b) a -b
(c)a2-b2
+ p2
2
=a-
p2
= a2+p2
(d) a2 + b2 = a2 - p 2
6. The
to the
curve
y = J[
^ x at the point where x = 1 is
o 1 +x i
(a) 1/4
(c) 1
(b) 1/2
(d) None of these
(c)'
(a; a2 + b =a
IXI
y=e
at the point where the curve cuts the
line x- 1 is
(a) * + )> = e
(b)e(x + y ) = l
(c) y + ex = 1
(d) None of these
8. If the tangent to the curve VJC" +
= Va~ at
any point on it cuts the axes OX and OY at
P and Q respectively then OP + OQ is
(a) a/2
(b) a
(c) 2a
(d) 4a
2
121
(a) 1/2
(c) 3/2
14. The
(b) 1
(d) 2
acute
angles
between
the
curves
(b) tan
(4 -12/7)
-4/3
(b ) a
+ q~~
is
-1/2
1 /2
(c) a
(d) None of these
19. If y = / ( x ) be the equation of a parabola
which is touched by the line y = x at the point
where x = 1. Then
(a)/'(0) = / ' ( l )
(b)/'(l) = 1
(c)/(0)+/'(0)+/"(0)=l
(d) 2/(0) = 1 - / ' (0)
20. Let
the
parabolas
y = x + ax + b and
y = x ( c x) touch each other at the point (1,
0) then
(a) a = - 3
(b)f>=l
(c) c = 2
(d) b + c = 3
21. The point of intersection of
drawn to the curve x y = 1 - y
where it is meet by the curve
given by
(a) ( 0 , - 1 )
(b) (1, 1)
(c) (0, 1)
(d) none of
the tangents
at the points
xy = 1 y, is
these
122
(b)G.P.
(d) None of these
(9
>
_9
VTT' V l T
(c)fJL _
V3~'
v u
Practice Test
MM : 20
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
xy
4098
_
2048
8
1- The curve y -e
+ x = 0 has a vertical
(c) y
27 X~~3
81
tangent at the point
32 = 80 i
(a) (1, 1)
(b) at no point
(d)y
243
~ 81
3
(c) (0, 1)
(d) (1, 0)
6. If the parametric equation of a curve given
x
2. For F(x) =1r 2 | t | dt, the tangent lines
by x = e cot t,y -e sin t, then the tangent
0
to the curve at the point t = ti/4 makes with
which are parallel to the bisector of the first
axis of x the angle
co-ordinate angle is
(a) 0
(b) tc/4
(b)y = x +(a)y = x - (c) ti/3
(d) 7t/2
(c )y=x-~
(d)y=x + |
(c)f =
8. If
j f'{x)f"(x)dx
J
+\
(a) Si
2
-1.2,.,
1 .
t dt atx = -. is
4
V2"
( 4V8" 1
3l
(b)
3
4
4
,
at
any
point
on
y = a"
x is of constant length, then the
value of n is
(a)-2
(b) 1/2
(d)2
(c) 1
9. The tangent and normal at the point
f" (X) dx
<3
the subnormal
1 - n
1
2
if" (x) is suppose to be continuous) is
3 V3-1
(a) 4 ^ 3 - 1
(b)'
(a)
3>/3
4 - V3~
(c)
(d) None of these
y-r
(a) tan
71
12
(b) cot
V
1
(c) tan
t
(d) c o t " 1
J[_1 10. The value of parameter a so t h a t the line
(c)
(d) None of these
2
4
3
(3 - a) x + ay + (x - 1) = 0 is normal to the
5. The equations of the tangents to the curve
curve xy = 1, may lie in the interval
(a) ( - oo, 0) u (3, ~) (b) (1,3)
y = x4 from the point (2, 0) not on the curve,
are given by
(c) (-3, 3)
(d) None of these
(a)y = 0
(b)y-l = 5(x-l)
5
123
Record Your Score
Max. Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
3. Third attempt
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice
-I
1. (a)
7. (d)
2. (d)
8. (b)
3. (a)
9. (c)
13. (b)
14. (b)
15. (c)
Multiple
Choice
4. (b)
10. (a)
6. (b)
12. (b)
-II
17. (b), (c)
22. (d)
18. (a)
23. (a)
1. (d)
2. (a), (b)
3. (d)
4. (b)
7. (a)
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (a)
Practice
5. (c)
11. (b)
Test
5. (a), (c)
6. (d)
15
MONOTONOCITY
15.1. Monotonocity
A function f defined on an interval [a, b] said to be
(i) Monotonically increasing function :
If
X2>X1 => f(x2) > f(x-i), V x i , x 2 e [ a , b]
(ii) Strictly increasing function :
If
X2> x-] => f(x2) > f(x 1), V xi, X2 e [a, b]
(iii) Monotonically decreasing function :
If
x 2 > X1
f (x2) < f(xi), V X1, x 2 e [a, b]
(iv) Strictly decreasing function :
If
x 2 > x i => /(x2)</(xi), V X I , X G [a, b]
2
The
The
The
The
function
function
function
function
f (x)
f(x)
f (x)
f (x)
is
is
is
is
monotonically increasing in the interval [a, b], if f (x) > 0 in [a, b],
strictly increasing in the interval [a, b], if f (x) > 0 in [a, b],
monotonically decreasing in the interval [a, b], if f (x) < 0 in [a, b]
strictly decreasing in the interval [a, b], if f (x) < 0 in [a, b].
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whicheven is appropriate.
1. Let y = x2e \ then the interval in which y
increases with respect to x is
(a) ( - - . . o o )
(c) (2,00)
u[l,oo)
(b)(-2,0)
(d) (0, 2)
(d) (1, 00)
the interval
(a) (2/; + 1, 2/;), n e N
5. The
function / ( x ) = log (1 + x ) -
increasing on
(a) (0, oof
(c) ( - o o , o o )
(b) (-co, 0)
(d) None of these
is
Monotonocity
125
,
a sin x + b cos x .
,
6. It / (A) = :
:
is decreasing for all
c sin A + a cos A
A then
(a) ad - be > 0
(b) ad - be < 0
(c) ab -cd> 0
(d) ab - cd < 0
7. If f ( x ) = (ab-b2-2)x
+ J ( c o s 4 6 + sin 4 0)
o
c/8 is decreasing function of A for all A e
and /;> E R, /J being independent of A, then
(a) a e (0, VfT)
(b) a e ( - V6, V6)
(c) a e ( - V(T, 0)
(d) none of these
+ X}
B I ( E +
A)
is
is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
always increases
always decreases
never decreases
some times increases and some times
decreases
14. If the function /(A) = cos I A I - 2ax + b
increases along the entire number scale, the
range of values of a is given by
(a) a < b
(b) a = b/2
(c) a < - 1 / 2
(d) a > - 3 / 2
15. The function / (A) = A V(AA - A2) , a > 0
(a) increases on the interval (0, 3 a / 4 )
(b) decreases on the interval ( 3 a / 4 , a )
(c) decreases on the interval (0, 3 a / 4 )
(d) increases on the interval ( 3 a / 4 , a
,4
(b) decreasing in 3,
and
/ " ( A ) > 0,
126
20
- If
f{x) = 2x + cot ' x + log (V1 + x - J C ) ,
then/(x)
(a) increases in (0, o)
(b) decreases in [0,
(c) neither increases nor decreases in (0,
(d) increases in (
)
3
2
21. If f (x) ax - 9x' + 9x + 3 is increasing on
R, then
(a) a < 3
(b) a>3
(c) a < 3
(d) None of these
22. Function
/(x) = I x I - I x - 1 I
is
monotonically increasing when
(a) x < 0
(b) x > 1
(c) x < 1
(d) 0 < x < 1
23. Every invertible function is
(a) monotonic function
(b) constant function
1
2'
1
0,
.0 u
2
JU
1
~ 2
| U
for all x e R.
Practice Test
Time : 30 Min.
M.M. 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
3
2
2
4.
If
f\x)
=
|
x
|
{x}
where
{x}
denotes the
1. Let f(x)=x
+ ax + bx + 5 sin x be an
fractional
part
of
x,
then
f(x)
is
decreasing
increasing function in the set of real
in
numbers R. Then a and b satisfy the
condition
(a) a2 - 3b - 15 > 0
(b) a2 - 36 + 15 > 0
(c) a 2 - 36 - 15 < 0
(d) a > 0 and 6 > 0
2. Let Q (x) =/"(x) + / ( 1 - x )
and f"(x) < 0, 0 < x < 1, then
(a) Q increases in [1/2, 1]
(b) Q decreases in [1/2, 1]
(c) Q decreases in [0, 1/ 2]
(d) Q increases in [0, 1/2]
3. I f f : R > R is the function defined by
2
2 , then
X
e +e
(a)f(x) is an increasing function
(b) f(x) is a decreasing function
(c)f(x) is onto (surjective)
(d) None of these
fix)-
(a) | - f ,0
(b)| - f , 2
1 <
2 '
5. The interval to which 6 may belong so t h a t
the function
(0| - f , 2
(d)
V21 - 46 - 6 2
x 3 + 5x + V6
6+1
is increasing at every point of its domain is
(a) [- 7, - 1]
(b) [- 6, - 2]
(c) [2, 2 5]
(d) [2, 3]
6. For x > 1 , y = logc x satisfies the inequality
/(x) =
(a)x - 1 >y
(c) y > x - 1
(b)x - 1 >y
,,, x - 1
(d)
<y
Monotonocity 132
8. Let the function f(x) - sin x + cos x,
defined in [0, 2n], t h e n f (x)
(a) increases in (n/4, n/2)
(b) decreases in (7r/4, 5n/4)
(c) increases in 0 , J
(d) decreases in
lu
o.j
571
be
,2n
M f . a *
Then
(a)e*>l+x
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice
1. (d)
7. (b)
13. (a)
Multiple
2. (d)
8. (b)
14. (c)
Choice
Practice
-I
3. (b)
9. (b)
15. (a)
4. (d)
10. (d)
5. (a)
11. (a)
6. (b)
12. (a)
-II
17. (a), (b), (c), (d)
22. (d)
23. (a)
Test
1. (c)
6. (a), (b), (d)
2. (b), (d)
7. (c)
3. (d)
8. (b), (c)
4. (a)
9. (c)
16
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
16.1. Maxima and Minima
From the figure for the function y = f{x), we find that the function gets local maximum and local
dv
minimum. The tangent to the curve at these points are parallel to x-axis, i.e., ^ = 0.
Greatest
Fig. 16.1.
16.2. Working Rule for Finding Maxima and Minima
(a) First Derivative T e s t :
To check the maxima or minima at x = a
(i) If f' (x) > 0 at x < a and f (x) < 0 at x > a i.e. the sign of f (x) changes from + ve to - ve, then f (x)
has a local maximum at x = a.
129
Fig. 16.3.
(ii) If f (x) < 0 at x< a and f' (x) > 0 at x> a i.e. the sign of f' (x) changes from - ve to + ve, then f(x)
has a local minimum at x = a.
(iii) If the sign of f' (x) does not change, then f (x) has neither local maximum nor local minimum at
x = a, then point 'a' is called a point of inflexion.
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
S e c o n d derivative T e s t :
If f" (a) < 0 and f' (a) = 0, then 'a' is a point of local maximum.
If f" (a) > 0 and f' (a) = 0, then 'a' is a point of local minimum.
I f f " (a) = 0 and f (a) = 0 then further differentiate and obtain f" (a).
130
MULTIPLE CHOICE - 1
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. The
greatest
value
of
the
function
(a) 1
(c) 3
is
3 VI
2
(c) 3/2
at x - 1 and x - 3 then
(a) 1
(c) 1 / 2
(b) 0
(d) 2
(b) 3 - (x - 2) 4
(c) - 17 - (x - 2) 4
(b) 47/6
(d) 59/6
5. L e t f ( x ) = a-(x
is
(a) 3
(c) a
3) 8 / 9, then maxima o f f ( x )
(b) a 3
(d) None of these
,,
in the interval
[0,2n]
where
n.
(b) ^
(c)7t
8. Let
^
IX" +JC
+3JC +
s i n JC I
(b) 2
(d) infinite many
(b)3
(a)
3 +sin,x*0
* J
, X = 0
(a) a = 3 / 4 , b - 1 / 8
(b) a = 3 / 4 , b = - 1 / 8
(c) a = - 3 / 4 , b = 1 / 8
(d) None of these
10. Let / ( x ) = 1 + 2x 2 + 2 2 / + ... + 2hx20.
f{x) has
(a) more than one minimum
(b) exactly one minimum
(c) at least one maximum
(d) None of these
Then
function
2
/(x) =
2 ( , - 1) ( r - 2 ) >
131
/( a\) pa
(b)
wVf
(d)
JF
11
MULTIPLE CHOICE-II
Each question in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the letters
a, b, c, (1 corresponding to the correct answer(s).
per hour at 16 miles per hour. The most
economical speed if the fixed charges i.e.,
salaries etc. amount to Rs. 300 per hour.
(a) 10
(b) 20
(c) 30
(d) 40
>-1/9
(d) min f ( x )
>-2/9
.v e [ - 7t. 7t]
v e [ - 7t, JT]
3X
< 0
0<x<n/2
1 < A
- s i n A,
18. L e t / ( x ) :
-
1 -
COS A ,
< X <
7T
2,
In
IS
(b)l,e
(a) e, I
2
;(c) 0, eA
(a)
(c)
71 R
71/"
(b) r
(d) 2r 2
132
Practice Test
M . M : 20
Time : 30 Min
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
1. Let f ( x ) = (x2 - 1)" (x2 +x + 1) t h e n f(x)
local e x t r e m u m a t x = 1 w h e n
(a) n = 2
(b) n = 3
(c) n = 4
(d) n = 6
2. The critical points of t h e function
,
. I x-2
I .
w h e r e f (x) =
^is
x
(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 6
x - x + lOx - 5,
x<l
3. L e t / ( x ) =
- 2r + log 2 (b - 2 ) , x > 1
has
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
(b) Function h a s interval of increase and
decrease
(c) Greatest and t h e least values of t h e
function exist
f\x)
9, Let / > ) =
then
x> 1
(a) fix) has local maxima a t x = 1
(b)/"(x) has local minima a t x = 1
(c)f(x) does not have any local extrema a t x = 1
(d) f (x) has global m i n i m a a t x = 1
10. Two towns A and 5 are 60 k m a p a r t . A
school is to be built to serve 150 s t u d e n t s in
town A and 50 s t u d e n t s in town B. If the
total distance to be travelled by all 200
s t u d e n t s is to be as small as possible, t h e n
the school should be built at
(a)townfl
(b) 45 km from town A
(c) town A
(d) 45 km from town B
Max, Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
3. Third attempt
must be 100%
133
Answers
Multiple
Choice
1. (a)
7. (b)
13. (a)
Multiple
2. (a)
8. (a)
14. (a)
Choice
16. (a), b)
22. (d)
Practice
-1
3. (c)
9. (a)
15. (c)
4. (d)
10. (b)
5. (c)
11. (d)
6. (b)
12. (b)
19. (c)
25. (d)
20. (c)
21. (c)
5. (d)
6. (b)
-II
17. (d)
23. (b), (c), (d)
Test
3. (d)
9. (a)
4. (a), (d)
10. (c)
17
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
17.1. Methods of Integration
(i) Integration by Substitution (or change of independent variable):
If the independent variable x in J f{x) dx be changed to t, then we substitute x = <f>(f) i.e., dx = 0 ' (f) dt
j f(x) dx = | /(<{> (t)) <t>' (0 dt
which is either a standard form or is easier to integrate.
(ii) Integration by parts :
If u and vare the differentiable functions of xthen
J u.vdx = uj
udx-j
"
\-jj-uIf/
dx'
dx.
vdx
where if stands for nth differential coefficient of u w.r.t. xand vn stands for nth integral of vw.r.t. x.
- i M .
(^aj
Note - J
1 ( 2 a x - x2)
Cancellation of Integrals:
i-e.
(
j
1 - cos 6 = vers 0
1 - sin 0 = covers 0
ar + bx+c
C')f
12
^(ar
d*
+ bx+ c)
Rule : Express ax2 + bx+ c in the form of perfect square and then apply the standard results.
Type II: Integrals of the type
(i) j
PX+q
ar + bx+c
^
j;
(ii) /
. f
3
dx
yaxr + bx+c
(iii)
(P*+cPd*
( 2 f + b> d x J
= - M
q - &
2a) J (ax 2 +
. bx+c)
i
K ,
ax2 +, bx+c
((2a\
\ ^ 2a
The other integral of R.H.S. can be evaluated with the help of type I.
fax 2 + bx + c)
dx
If
J J ax2 + bx+c
dx
Indefinite Integration
135
(px + q) dx
Vfax 2 + bx+ c)
jd_ t
( 2 ax+b)
2a J V( aJ + bx+c)
= ^
to+O+f
(
{
dx+
ob\r
dx
2a j J V a ^ + b x + c
q-g-1/
2a
\
j
The other integral of R.H.S. can be evaluated with the help of type I.
dX
2
sla^ +
bx+c
Rule for (iii): In this c a s e by actual division reduce the fraction to the form f(x) +
^ and then
(a>c + bx+ c)
integrate.
Type III: Integrals of the form
... f
(OJ
dx
....
a + bsinx
()J
dx
a + bcos
.....
dx
("01
gasinx+bcosx
(iv) |
I
(v) 1
,2
* ( t a n x) d x
3
( a s m x + b c o s x)
a sin x + b s i n x c o s x + c c o s x + d
where 0 (tan x) is a polynomial in tan x.
Rule : We shall always in such c a s e s divide above and below by c o s 2 x ; then
sec x dx = dt then the question shall reduce to the forms J r^
2
(ar + bt+c)
or f ^
(ar +
bt+c)
dx
(iii)J
1' a sin x + b c o s x + c
v(ii)
' JJJ
f
aa -i+ bn crnc
o s xv
. , r p cos x + q sin x + r ,
(v JJ
dx
a cos x + b s i n x + c
. r (p cos x + q sin x) ,
iv JI
f H r dx
( a c o s x + b s i n x)
Rule for (i), (ii) and (iii):
write
cos x =
1 - tan 2 x / 2
=
,
1 + tan 2 x / 2 '
2 tan x/2
sin x
1 + tan 2 x / 2
the numerator shall become s e c x / 2 and the denominator will be a quadratic in tan x / 2 . Putting tan x / 2 = t
2
ar +
bt+c
d.c. of
rf
Cf
= lx+ m In I /1 + c
I (D r) + m (d.c. of D r) + n, find /, m, and n b y comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term
and split the integral into sum of three integrals a s
,r
= Ix + m In I D r I + n J ~ and to evaluate j
Type V : Integrals of the form
2
(") j
ix 2 - a 2) dx
tx 4 + A x 2 + a 4 )
r d.c. of Cf .
dx+ m J
J
Cf
f dx
dx + n J
Dr
136
Rule for (i) and (ii): Divide above and below by x 2 then putting (i) t = x - and (ii) t = x+
,2
a
7
then the questions shall reduce to the form
i.e.,
dt =
x 2 dx
... r
x4
/cx2
.... r
(",J
a4
fcx2
1 r
" 2
dx
(x4
dt
t 2 + t?
Remember:
<I,J
dx
a4)
(x2 + a2) dx
(x
+ /rx +x )
J_ r
2a2
/rx 2
or
dt
t 2-c 2
1, r
(x2 - a2) dx
2J
tf + k f + a 4 )
(x2 + a2) dx
(x4
dt =
and
a4)
_ J_
2a2 J
dx
x
=
+J2Ln3Lf
(x2 + /r)"
k(2n-2) (x2 + A ) " - 1 * ( 2 " - 2 ) J
Type (VI): Integrals of the form
... f
dx
(Ax+ B) V(ax + b)
....
dx
nm f
1
dx
(x2 - a2) dx
(x4 + kx 2 + a4)
dx
+
()
Put ax+b
= P
Put Ax + B = ~
. ax2 + b x + c
2.
Put 5
= r
A^+Bx+C
f
Note : The integral J
,dx
= where r is positive integer, may also be evaluated by
(Ax+ B) ry(a)C + bx+ c)
Rule for (iv):
substitution Ax+ B = -y
Type VII: Integral of the type J x m(a + bx nf dx, where m, n, p e Q
Case ( i ) : (i) If p e /+ then expand by the formula of Newton binomial,
(ii) If p < 0, then we put x = t k, where k is the common denominator of the fractions m and n.
m 1
Case (ii): If -
m1
fraction p.
Type VIII: Integrals of the type :
j f{x, (ax+ b) Pl/ " , (ax + >)P2/Cfe
where f is irrational and pi, pz
<71, <72
) dx
Indefinite Integration
137
; sin x =
; sin x c o s x = -
Expression
_ a \ or V ( x - c t ) ( p - x )
(P X)
'(- a
X - p
Substitution
x = a cos 2 9 + p sin 2 9
or V ( x - a) ( x - P)
1
V(x-a) (x-P)
x = a sec 9 - p tan 9
x - a = t2 o r x - P = t 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE-I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
x 2 + 2x
(x' + x ^ + l ) 2
10
(b)
r^-i
1+ c
2(x + x + l )
5 3
I7
T
( c ) ln(x +x + \ + S2x + 5x ) + c
(d) None of these
sin (2x a) +1
( b =
'
138
6. The
primitive
,, ,
f(x)=
function
of
the
4{cf-x) .
4
IS
(c) c
7. The
antiderivative
1
whose
3 + 5 sin x + 3 cos x
passes through the point (0,0) is
/=
log
1 - ^ tan x / 2
'log
V
1 + 1 tan x / 2
log
1 + | cot x / 2
(a,i
10.
T
, 2
2^3/2
\a
-x
(a
~x)
(
b
)
c
T 2 2
,23
2a x
3a x
, 2 _ 2..3/2
,_ 2t 3 % (d) None of these
3a x
(a)c +
(b) 5c + 5d + x
(d) None of these
1
2 / 4 ..3/4 dx is equal to
X (X + 1)
1 \V4
+ c (b) (xH + l ) 1 / 4 + c
(a) I I + - 7
1/4
W
of
graph
1I
+ c
9. J (x - a) (x - b) (x - c)...
(x - z) dx is equal
In
2 ^
3
- dx is equal to
12. J
(1+*)
(b) e + c
^ (b)
(c)
8. J x (1 + log x) dx is equal to
(c) x+c
j Nl/4
I+-4I
+C
X
(a) x log, x + c
(d)-
form x =f(y) t h e n / ( y ) is
(c,I
(a) constant
"(c) 0
function
(a)
x+ 1
+ c
( c ) - ^ - 7 + c
(b) ex(x+l)
+c
( d ) T + C
(*+l)
to
2/3
(1 + x 1 / 2 ) " 5 / 3 dx is equal to
(a) 3 ( 1 + x ~ 1 / 2 ) ~ l / 3 + c
(b)
/ \
(c)
(d)
3 (1 + x~ 1/2 )~ 2 / 3 + c
1 r\ , l/2\ 2/3 ,
3 (1 +X )
+C
None of these
16. if
J
then
(a) A = 3 / 2
(b) B = 3 5 / 3 6
(c) C is indefinite
(d) A + B = -
19
36
,
1/2
^
f x
2
17. Let j r T - dx =
gof (x) + c then
3
vl - x
.3/2
(a ) / ( * ) = V7
(b)/(x) =x'
.2/3
(c)/(x)=x
(d) g (x) = sin x
18. If J cosec 2 x d x = f ( g (x)) + C, then
139
Indefinite Integration
(a) range g (x) = ( (b) dom/(jc) = ( - oo, oo) - {0}
+ e +1
( c ) s W =
VT77.
(d)/(.v)2(A--2)
f cos 4.i - 1
dx is equal to
20. J
cot x - tan x
i
(a) - - cos 4x + c
(b) - cos 4.t + c
(c) - ^ sin 2x + c
V1 + e + 1
Practice Test
M.M. : 20
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
n
-n
1. If f(x) = Lim n,
x > 1 then
x f ( x ) In (x + V(l + S ))
dx is
V(1 + x 2 )
2
(a) In (x + V(l+x ))
-x + c
(a)
(b)
(1 + n)
(O-
(d)-
1
(1-D
( l + re)|
1 -
1 +
+c
+c
(a) sin x - 6 t a n
+c
3 ,
5
X + cos x
3. The value of the integral J ^2 . 4
dx
sin x + sin x
2 = 20]
(sin x) + c
+c
- 6 tan
(sin x) + c
+ 5 tan
(sin x) + c
log f(x) + c,
-a)
2 (6
then f (x) =
(a)
1
2.2
,2
2
a sin x + b cos x
(b)
2 . 2
,2
2
a sin x - o cos x
(c) 2
2
,2.2
a cos x + b sin x
(d) None of these
5. If l' means log log log
repeated
r
2
+c
answer(s).
[10 x
then
dx is equal to
140
3. Third attempt
Answers
Multiple
Choice
-I
1. (c)
7. (b)
2. (b)
8. (c)
3. (b)
9. (a)
14. (b)
15. (b)
20. (d)
Multiple
Practice
1. (d)
Choice
4. (b)
10. (d)
5. (b)
11. (c)
6. (c)
12. (a)
-II
Test
2. (a)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (a)
18
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
18.1 Definite Integrals
Let f be a function of x defined in the interval [a, b], and let F be another function, such that
F' (x) = f (x), for all x in the domain of f, then
f ( X ) dX = [F (X)]a
= F(b)-F(a)
{Newton-Leibnitz formula}
is called the definite integral of the function f{x) over the interval [a, b] a and b are called the limits of
integration, a being the lower limit and b the upper limit.
Note : In definite integrals constant of integration is never present.
1. Properties of Definite Integrals :
b
rb
Prop. I: J f{x) dx = j
f(t)dt.
a
Prop. II:
f(x) d x = - |
J
a
,b
Prop. Ill:
f(x) dx
b
f(x) dx = J
f(x) dx+j
, t>
f(x)dx
Prop. IV:
Prop. V :
f(x)dx
-a
f(a-x)dx
f(x)dx
= 2J
or
if
J ' ' f(x) dx = j 2 J0 '<*>
=
0
I
0,
if f(2a - x) = - f(x)
fb
rb
J f (x) dx = J f(a + b - x) dx
Prop. VI:
Prop. VII:
Prop. VIII:
Prop. IX :
C na
Prop. X : J
ma
Prop. XI:
rb+nT
( b
J
f(x) dx = J f(x) dx, where f (x) is periodic with period Tand n e I.
a+ nT
a
If f (a + x) = f (x), then
f" a
ra
I
f(x) dx = n I f(x) dx.
J
o
o
f{x) dx= ( n - m) J
/ a
f{x) dxlf f (x) is a periodic function with period a, i.e., f(a + x) = 1 (x)
r*
g(x) = J
f{t) dt, xe [a, b] is differentiable in [a, b) and cf (x) = f(x) for all x e [a, b].
142
If f(x) <
J
,i>
,b
(x) for x e [a, b], then J f (x) dx < J 0 (x) dx
f{x)dx
I f (x) I dx
<J
Prop. XIV : If m is the least value and M is the greatest value of the function f (x) on the interval [a, b].
(estimation of an integral) then
fb
) f(x) dx <
m(b-a)<
M(b-a)
Prop. XV : (i) If the function f (x) increases and has a concave graph in the interval [a, b], then
(b-a)f(a)
< \
(ii) If the function f (x) increases and has a convex graph in the interval [a, b] then
b
f(a) + f(b)
< J' f(x) dx < (b-a) f(b).
(b-a)
Prop. XVI : If f(x) and g(x) are integrable on the interval (a, b), the Schwarz-Bunyakovsky inequality
takes place :
rb
J f(x) g(x) dx
f (x) dx
j S 2 (x) dx
a
1
Prop. XVII : If a function f i s integrable and non-negative on [a, b] and there exists a point c e [a, b] of
continuity of ffor which f(c) > 0,
rb
then J f(x) dx > 0
(a<b).
a
Prop. XVIII: Leibniz's Rule :
If f is continuous on [a, b] and u (x) and v(x) are differentiable functions of x whose values lie in [a, b]
then
d_ M*)
dv
du
f(t)dt = f{v(x)}
- f{u(x)}
d x
dx u (JO
dx
Prop. XIX : If / i s continuous on [a, b], then there exists a number c in [a, b] at which
1
f(c) =
I f(x) dx is called the mean value of the function f(x) on the interval [a, b],
(b-a)
a
Prop. XX : Given an integral
b
jr f (x) dx
a
where the function f(x) is continuous on the interval [a, b]. Introduce a new variable t using the formula
x = ((> (t)
If (i) 0 (a) = a, <>| (P) = b,
(ii) <f> (f) and <|>' (t) are continuous on [a, (3],
(iii) /[()) (0] is defined and is continuous
on [a, p],r p
then
rb
J f (x) dx = J
(f)] <|)' (f) dt.
r
Prop. XXI: If f(x) > 0 on the interval [a, b), then J
f(x) > 0
Prop. XXII : Suppose that f(x, a) and fa' (x, a) are continuous functions when c < a < d and a < x < b,
then
/'(a) = J
f'(x,a)dx,
where/'(a)
is the derivative of I (a) w.r.t. a and f' (x, a) is the derivative of f(x, a) w.r.t. a, keeping x constant.
Definite Integration
143
r*
f{x)dx
fc>->
= Lim
f(x)dx.
(ii) f
f(x) dx = Lim J
f(x)dx
-oo
a > - oo a
+ CO
-C
.+ 00
(iii) J
f (x) dx = j
f(x) dx + J
f(x) dx
oo
oo
(n 1)
"
f(x) dx = Lim h ]T
h-> 0
n oo r= 0
f(a+rh)
nh= b- a
(iii)
gt2="("+1)g"+1>
6
r= 1
/
r= 1
^ ( n + l )
4
, r> 1
a (1 - f )
, r< 1
(1-r)
(viii) 1
(ix)
1
+
32
42
22 + 3 2
1
32
(xi) cos 0
1
+
1
42
52
1
62
1
52 " 62
7t_
12
j?
62
5
+ ....
- + ...
/8
e / e + e~
Tt2
JI2
24
e' - e" *
2/
144
18.4. Summation of Series by Integration
Let f (x) be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b], then
n-1 1 ( r \
r1
Lim
Z - f =
f (x) dx
Rule : Here we proceed as follows :
1 ( r
(i) Express the given series in the form Z f
(ii) Then the limit is its sum when n > <=o
n
lim I oo
The lower and upper limits of integration will be the values of - for the first and last term (or the limit
of these values) respectively.
= 1 ; T(|) = rrc
we have J
sin m x cos" x dx
1[ V J Mr i ' j
2 r
, 2,
' m+ n + 2 "i
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. I f f
I 'J
-5-4 =
o r+ 1
b
then Jf
~Ij
- V " - is equal
to
H
/,_i / - / ; -
f
3. J
[VTtan *]
, , -b
(a) ae
.
-b
(b ) ae
(c)-be'
(d) ae
(a) 5 n / 6
2. The
value
I ,
sin I n + T x
C
sin x / 2
(a) n
(c) 3K
of
the
( n e / V ) i S
(b) 271
(d) None of these
integral
, n
-if
(c) - tan
(b) y
2
- tan" 1 (2/V3)
V.,,,
(d) None of these
7
' - ^ (b) 1
(d) n/2
is equal to
Indefinite
Integration
145
(1
5. The value of I [x [1 + sin tu] + 1] dx i
-1
([.] denotes the greatest integer)
(a) 2
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) None of these
CJC - rt/4
6. J
I sin x + cos x I dx (n e N) is
-It/4
(a) 0
(b) 2n
(c) 2 V2 n
(d) None of these
frlt/2 ;
dx then I lies in the interval
Let / = J
'o
x
(a) (0,1)
(b)[0, 1]
(c) [0, 3/2]
(d) [1, 2)
8. For any t & R a n d / b e a continuous function,
pl + cos t
Let/, = J 2
xf(x(2-x))dx
sin i
, 1 + cos21
I
and/ 2 = J 2
f{x (2 - JC)) dx then is
sin /
'2
(a)0
(b) 1
(c)2
(d)3
9. The value of the integral
nit +1
(I cos x I + I sin x I) dx is
o
(b) In + sin t + cos t
(a) n
(d) 4n + sin t - cos t + 1
(c) cos t
10. If |
.7C/4
J,tc/4 log (1 + tan x) dx is
0
(b)f
(a)-4
, ,
k
~~ 8
(d)|
x dx .
f<-K/4 e x. sec 2 xdx
11. J
j,
is equal to
- n/4 e 1 1
(b)2
(a) 0
(c)e
dx
s,nx
is
+\
(b) 0
(d) JC/2
(a) 1/2
(c)l
14. The
'-r'1
of
value
2
(x - 2)
J
x V ( x 2 - 1)
the
integral
-dx is
(a) 0
(c) 4/3
(b) 2/3
(d) None of these
minimum
lxl,l-lxl,j
4
146
L
2
21.
32
cosec
101
x 1 dx = k then
value of k is
8)1
c) 0
poo
22.
fj
a)
the
(b) 1/2
(d) 1/101
~ and J
2
-o
-fit
f11
then J f(x) cos kxdx is
- it
(b) bk
(d) nbk
dx, a > 0 is
(b)f
2a
, 0 -In
c) 2
a
r' 2
23. f j ex ( x - a ) <ix = 0, then
f1
x dx
5
J
o (x + 16)
lies in the interval [a, b]. Then smallest such
interval is
1
(b) [0, 1]
(a)
17
J_
(d) None of these
(c)
27
<TA dx =
+ 2 bj sin (/.r)
j= l
equal to
(a) ak
(c) nak
7 ^ ? is
+x )
(a) less than 1
(b) greater than 2
(c) lies between 3 and 4
(d) None of these
integer
n,
31. Suppose
for
every
.4
,n + 1
I
f(x)dx = n the value of J / (x) dx is
30. Value of f
2 V(1
a) 1 < a < 2
(b) a < 0
c) 0 < a < 1
(d) a = 0
24. f fx] denotes the greatest integer less than or
Jf"
o
to
a) log e 2
(b) e
2
(d)
c) 0
25.
/ ( I ) is
a) 1/2
c) 1
(b) 0
(d) - 1 / 2
311/4
x
26. The value of Jr
77T77
's eclua't0
k/4 1 + sin x
(a) (-12 1) 7i
(b) (-12 + 1) 7t
(c) 71
(d) None of these
27. L e t / b e a positive function. If
tk
/ , = J1
xf{x(\-x)}dx,I2
\-k
= J*
f{x(\-x)}dx
\ k
where 2k - 1 > 0, then Ix : / 2 is equal to
(a) 2 : 1
(b) k : 1
(c) 1 : 2
(d) 1 : 1
1
"
28. L e t / ( x ) = a0 + X a, cos (ix)
2
j=l
(a) 16
(c) 19
32. The value of
2
sin x
sin
0
(a) 7C/2
(c) 71/4
(b) 14
(d) None of these
cos ] -17 dt is
i
-ITdt + j
0
(b) 1
(d) None of these
dx then
(b)/ = - 2
f2 2
34. The value of J [x - 1 ] dx, where [x] denotes
the greatest integer function, is given by
(a)3-V3T-V2~
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) None of these
a sin 4x
{" ( bt cos At -a sin At
dt =
I
5
0[
t
then a and b are given by
_ _
35. Let
Indefinite
Integration
(a) a = 1 / 4 , / ? = 1
(c) a = 1, 6 = 4
36. If
147
(b) a = 2,b = 2
(d) a = 2, 6 = 4
/(x) = c o s x - [
( x - 0 / ( 0 dt,
then
o
f"(x) +f{x)
(a) - cos A
(c) /, = / 2 < / 3
rh
43 . I f j
equals
(b)0
(c) J" ( A - 0 / ( 0 dt ( d ) - J A ( A - 0 / ( 0 dt
0
0
37. Let /(A) = max {x + I A I, A - [A] }, where [A]
denotes the greatest integer < x . Then
J
(a)-/,=/2>/3
/ ( A ) dx is equal to
(b) 2
(d) None of these
.2
c in 2 v
38. The value of J
dx, where [A]
1
+ 2
denotes the greatest integer
< x, r is
(a) T
(b) 0
(c) 4 -f sin 4
(d) None of these
J'f(x)g
(A)
(b)-U'-2)
(c) ^ ( e - 3)
(c) a 0 and a }
(d) a, and a }
sin x dx
[G(A) +
(a) depend on \
(c) zero
K/1
dx then
G ( ~ A ) ]
- 2
< 4
2n
2tc
x sin A
46. The value of J
o sin .v + cos
(a)
v(b)-*
h =
depends on
(aV)0 and a 2
/3 = f
.v
dx is
' 2
(d) 27c2
(a) \ ( e - l )
dx = 6 then
( 1 6 - A ) "
(c) k~
dx is
A " +
( a ) = 4 , b= 12, n e /?
(b) a = 2, b 14, n e /?
(c) a = - 4, 6 = 20, ne R
(d) a = 2, 6 = 8, n e R
(a)3
(c) 1
r"
dx and /, = j
o
let / be the
/,, 12, / 3 , / 4 then
( a ) / = Z,
(-1
2
A
dx,
e - x'l Jdx
integral
among
( b ) / = /2
( d ) / = /4
(sin"'VT) 2
V7
cos
o
greatest
(c ) / = / 3
48. I f / ( x ) = f
2
I2=]
is
(b) 3 + Ji
(d) None of these
148
- 5 where a
x
(c) 1001 (e - 1)
j j ( x ) dx-\xf(x)~
(b)
b-9a
b-9a
b (a2 b2)
6 (a 2 - fc2)
50. L e t / and g be two continuous functions. Then
ka/24
[ Vx ] dx,
n(n+
1)
. l/n
57.
(b)
(c )f(a)
(d)\f(a)
foa/24
(b)
+ ~ f " (x) } =
3 !"
(b)7(n-l)(4n+l)
(c) n
( + 1) (n + 2)
(d)
is equal to
(a) a
(c) -
(a)
fca/12
Y\f'(x)
[g(x)-g(-x)}dx
(a)n
(b) 1
(c)-l
(d)0
51. L e t / ( x ) be a continuous function such that
(a) -
f
56. The value of J
a K/2
J
+/(-*)}
-kn.
is equal to
Then J[
o
I sin x I dx is
(a) 17/2
(c) 21/2
fiooo
54. The value of J
ex
(b) 19/2
(d) None of these
w
dx, is
Lim
n >
''
ft
equals
(b) < f 1
(d) None of these
(a)
(c) 1
(a) 0
(c)3
59.
cos (cos
cos cos
x)
sin (sin~ x)
dx is equal to
(a) 1
'
(b)0
(c) p - a
(d) None of these
60. If na = 1 always and n o then the value of
II { l + ( r a ) 2 } 1 / r i s
2
(a) 1
n2/24
(c) e
K /8
(b) e
(d)e
-n/\2
(a) 100
(c) 1 0 0 - t a n 1
(b) 1 0 0 - t a n 1 1
(d) None of these
Indefinite
Integration
149
ra + n/2
70. The value of J
(sin x + cos x) dx is
r'
dt
'o tL + 2t cos a + 1
3
nY
(a) independent of a (b) a |
t sin 2t , )
dt - 2 = 0
-3 r + 1
(0 < a < 7i), then the value of x is
(a)
(c) 371/8
(b) 2
sin a
a
(c)4
(a) - 71/2
(c) - n / 3
f [I xXl I
63. The value of the integral J d x , a < b is
X
{a) b-a
(c) b + a
(b) 1
(d)-l
ex dx is
o
(b) greater than e
(d) greater than 1
66. If /s = J
,1
2X dx, I2 = J
(2
2X dx, h = J 2A dx
t2 1
and / 4 = J 2" dx then
(b) I 2 > /,
(a) /, > h
(c) h > U
(d)/4>/3
f 19 sin x
67. The absolute value of j
^ dx is
10 1 + x
(a) less than 10
(b) 7t
(d) 0
min ( x - [ x ] , - x - [ - x]) dx
-2
(b) a - b
(d) None of these
(a)0
(c) 3
(d) 17ia 2
-7
(b) more than 10"
(b) /, > I 2
(c)/2>/,
( b )
1
*+l
(d) 0
-1
\/e
I In x I dx is
(b) 3 ( 1 - We)
(d) None of these
150
78.
(a) log
(b) log
(c) log
27
are
(a) x = 2
(b) JC = 1
(c)x = 0
(d) JC = - 1
85. The values of a which satisfy
f
I sin x dx = sin 2 a ( a e [0,
n/2
are equal to
(a) 71/2
(b) 37t/2
dx
f
integral I
o
are
(1 + sin x)
(a) 7t/4
(b) k
(c) 71/2
(d) 3)1/4
80. Given that n is odd and m is even integer.
(c) 7TI/6
(a)
(c)
(b)
n m
2
2
m +, n
n m
b- a a
(a) maximum
(b) minimum
(c) maximum
(d) minimum
f(/-x)
value/(6)
value/(a)
value bf(b)
value f(a)
b- a
l/4
dx is equal to
1
(a)
15
>5/4
1 -
+C
/
n5/4
+c
,
(c)
15
83.
a/4-
87.
I f / ( x ) = J y ^ dx , then/(x) + /
(b) i (log x)2
\
2
(c)-(xlogA")
+c
X
(a)
,,,
e
2e
1 -e
2e
1 +e
dx is
(c)
e
2e
(d)
2ex
3e
(b) a
(c) a
^ KX ^
i,
/ dx is equal to
y(a - x + Vx
cos
(b) 7t/2
(d) 4tc
\5/4
1A
x
V
then/(x) =
82.
(d) 1 ITI/6
n m
2TI])
,10
86. J Sgn (x - [jc]) dx equals [Here [.] denotes
-^LLi
2 + e'
Indefinite
151
Integration
Practice Test
Time : 30 Min.
M.M. : 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
J.199 JC/2
fr l x 11
1. The value of the integral J
dx , is
0 loga
(a)log a
(b) 2 log (a + 1)
(c) 3 log a
(d) None of these
P7t/4
2. If / = I
o
tan" x dx , then
i
n-1
_ 1
<b) 4 + i + 4 - i
n
l
, where n > 1 is a
, < 2 IUn <
(c)
71+1
71-1
natural number
(d)(/ + 2 + / ) ( n + l ) = 1
(a)J+J_2
2n
3. The value of J
[2 sin x] dx , (when [ .
n
represents the greatest integer function) is
5k
(b) - 71
(a)r(c)
4.
571
(d) - 2k
Lim
n->k
n
r
=1
l
1
a- ,a -
a+k a
a+1
n
(a) 1
(b)2
(c) 3
(d) None of these
5. Let f(x) = min ({.*}, (-.rl) Vx e R, where {.r}
denotes the fractional part of x, then
p.100
J.UU
100
f (x) dx is equal to
(a) 50
(c) 200
(b) 100
(d) None of these
6. The value of J
(a) 50-12
(c) 150V2"
7. The value of
(b) 100^/2"
(d) 200V2"
-it/2
,71/4
-2
(tan" x + tan"
x)d(x[x]),
0
denotes the greatest integer
(where [ .
function) is
1
1
(a)
(b)n-1
n+1
2
(c)
(d) None of these
71-1
8. If |
4
-1
the value of j
f(x)dx
(a) 2
(c) - 5
= 7
is
(b) - 3
(d) None of these
2
(b ) / j = ex
dz and U = J\*
o
(b) 7j = e
I2
I2
.4 r
arg
2
J
2 L
the greatest
Max. Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
must be 100%
-z /4
e~z'*dz
3. Third attempt
= 4 and f 4 (3 -f(x))dx
'22
f(x)dx
_ "
7 dx,
J
integer
+ 1
152
Answers
Multiple
Choice-!
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
32.
38.
44.
50.
56.
1. (b)
7. (d)
13. (b)
19.
25.
31.
37.
43.
49.
55.
(a)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(c)
Multiple
61.
67.
73.
79.
84.
88.
l.(d)
6.(d)
3.(c)
9. (d)
15. (d)
21. (c)
27. (c)
33. (b)
39. (b)
45. (c)
51. (b)
57. (b)
4. (d)
10. (c)
16. (b)
22. (d)
28. (c)
34. (a)
40. (d)
46. (c)
52. (b)
58. (c)
5.
11.
17.
23.
29.
35.
41.
47.
53.
59.
(a)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(c)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
36.
42.
48.
54.
60.
64. (a)
70. (a),
76. (b)
82. (a)
65.
71.
77.
83.
86.
(a), (d)
(b), (c), (d)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
Choice-ll
(c)
62.
(a), (c)
68.
(c)
74.
(a), (c)
80.
(a,) (b), (c), (d)
(d)
89.
Practice
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(a), (b)
(a), (c)
(a), (c)
(b)
(d)
63. (a),
69. (a),
75. (b)
81. (a),
85. (a),
90. (b)
(b), (c)
(d)
(b)
(b), (c),(d)
87. (b)
Test
2. (a), (b), (c), (d)
7. (a)
8. (c)
3. (a)
9. (d)
4. (a)
10. (d)
5. (a)
19
AREAS
19.1
The area bounded by the continuous curve y = f{x), Fig. 1 the axis of x and the ordinates
x = a and x = b (where b > a) is given by
,b
A = J
19.2
f(x) dx = J
y dx
The area bounded by the continuous curve x = g(y), (Fig. 2.) the axis of y and the abscissae
y = c and y = d (where d> c) is given by
f tf
cd
A = J g(y) dy = J xdy
Y'
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
19.3 The area bounded by the straight lines x = a, x = b ( a < b ) and the curves y = f (x) and y = g(x),
(Fig. 3) provided f(x)<g (x) (a < x < b), is given by
A = J
[g(x)-f(x)] dx
kY
ZuU^fa
S '
ra
II
x'
x=b
Fig. 3.
Note : If some part of curves lies below the x-axis, then its area is negative but area cannot be negative.
Therefore we take its modulus.
(i) If the curve crosses the x-axis in two points (i.e., c, d), Fig. 4 then the area between the curve
y = f (x) on the x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b is given by
154
rc
J f(x) dx
a
f(x) dx
rb
f(x) dx
Fig. 4.
(ii) If the curve cross the x-axis at c, then the area bounded by the curve y = f(x) and the ordinates
x = a and x = b{b>a) is given by (Fig. 5)
A =
f(x)dx
f(x)dx
MULTIPLE CHOICE-I
Fig. 5
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is
correct. Indicate your choice of correct answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d
whichever is appropriate :
1. The area between the curve y = 2x x , the
x-axis and the ordinates of two minima of the
curve is
7
(a)
120
13
/ * 11
(d)
120
720
The area bounded by the x-axis, the curve
y = / ( x ) and the lines x = 1 and x = b is equal
to pl(b2+ 1) - \'2) for all b > 1, then/(x) is
(a)V(x-l)
(b) V ( x + 1 )
(C) Vcx 2+\)
(d)
*
V(1 +x 2 )
3. The area of the region bounded
2
x I + I y I = 1 is
1 y = 1 x 1 and
(b) 2/3
(a) 1/3
(d) 1
(c) 4/3
by
(a)(b)
13
(c)"
T
(A\
( d
15
Areas
155
">6
16.
bounded
(b)^8 v r y
(d) - 1
by
the
17.
curves
x
, y = x 1 and x = 0
above
64 +
x-axis is
([.] denotes the greatest integer function)
(a)2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) None of these
v=
13.
18.
19.
(a)(c)
( b )
K+1
20. The
TC
+
bounded
by
the
curve
156
(a) sq. units
... 1
(b) sq. units
(b)
(b) - 2
(d) 0
3
24. The area bounded by y = 2 - I 2 - x I, y = -r
IxI
(c)
2-In 3
2
4-3 In 3
5n
12
(b)f ^
curves
+, 3 sq. units
+ V2"jsq. units
IS
(a)
5 - 4 In 2
(c)
(d)
sq. units
12
57t
-12+ V3~ sq. units
12'
Practice Test
Time : 15 Min.
M.M : 10
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part
1. Area of t h e region bounded by the curve
x
y =e ,y -e
given by
(a) e - e~ 1 + 2
(b)e-e_1-2
(c) e + e - 2
(d) None of these
2. The a r e a bounded by the curve y =f(x), the
x-axis and the ordinate x = 1 and x = 6 is
(b - 1) cos (36 + 4). Then f(x) is given by
(a) (x - 1) sin (3x + 4)
(b) 3 (x - 1) sin (3x + 4) + cos (3x + 4)
(c) cos (3x + 4) - 3 (x - 1) sin (3x + 4)
(d) None of these
Area
bounded
by
the
curve
y =/(*), y = 0 and x = 3a is 9 a / 2 . Then a =
(a) 1/2
(b) - 1 / 2
(c) 0
(d) None of these
4. The area bounded by t h e curves
2
3. L e t f ( x ) = \*
[x : x > 0
(b)A<A_1
(d)A n = 2 A n _ 1
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
must be 100%
Areas
157
Answers
Multiple
Choice
1. (a)
7.(c)
13. (d)
19. (a)
25. (d)
Practice
1. (c)
-I
2. (d)
8. (b)
14. (a)
20. (b)
3. (b)
9. (d)
15. (b)
21. (c)
4. (b)
10. (c)
16. (b)
22. (b)
5. (c)
11. (a)
17. (b)
23. (a)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (b)
Test
6.
12.
18.
24.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
20
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
20.1. Variable Separable :
If the differential Equation of the form
h (x) dx = f2 (y) dy
...(1)
where U and f2 being functions of x and y only, then we say that the variables are separable in the differential
equation.
thus, integrating both sides of (1), we get its solution as
J U {X) dx = | f2 (y) dy+ c
where c is an arbitrary constant.
Method of Substitution :
If the differential equation is not in the form of variable separable but after proper substitution the
equation reduces in variable separable form in the new variable.
20.2. H o m o g e n e o u s Differential Equations :
A differential equation of the form
_y _ 1
y2 where h (x, y) and f2 (x, y)
K y'
y
/J
dx
fztx, y)
are homogeneous functions of x and y of the same degree, is called a h o m o g e n e o u s equation.
Working Rule : To get the solution of a homogeneous differential equation, we follow the following
procedure:
(i) Put 7y = vx
v+ x^f = ^
dx
dx
(ii) The equation thus obtained will be of the form in which variables are separable.
(iii) After integration replace vby y/xand get the general solution.
Equations Reducible to Homogenous Form :
A differential equation of the form
dy _ ax+ by+ c
dx
aix+biy+ci
a
b
Case(i)
If = = m ( say)
ai
bi
dy
m ( a i x + biy) + c
.
then -f- =
:
where m is any number.
dx
( a i x + b i y + ci)
In such c a s e the substitution
so that
Differential Equations
Gase(ii):
159
If
then put
* ~
ai
bi
x = X+ h, y = V+ k, so that
dY _ dy
dX
dx
\Q(e$ Pdx)dx+c
dx
Note : If the differential equation can be represented in the form + Px = Q. where P a n d Q are
functions of y alone or constants and its solution is given by
= j Q (e> Pdy) dy+ c
x e W
alone or constants and n is constant, other than 0 and 1, is called a Bernoulli's equation.
Dividing by y", we get
ynfx+pyn+1 =
y - " + 1 = y, s o t h a t
Nowput
( - n + 1)
y
we get
dv+ (1 -n)Pv
= (1
= ^ ,
d x d x
-n)Q.
^+P0(y)
= Q y (y),
lM
>(y)
N o w p u t
or
^ go that
'
dx[\\i
dx
V (y) dx
= dv
(y) j
dx
y (y)
== k/,-.
, where k is constant,
y (y) dx '
1
160
we get
which is linear differential equation.
20.4. Solution by Inspection :
(i)
d(xy) =
(iii)
d'y
f o \
(V)
d
d
x2
2 xydy -
n\
/dx
x2
_ 2x 2 y dy - 2xy2dx
x4
(ix) d tan-1 y | _ xdy- ydx
x2 + y2
ydx-xdy
=
(xi) d\ In
xy
j , ,
xdy- ydx
(xiii) d
xy
(XV)
(xvii)
ydx - xdy
(ii)
xdy - ydx
X
x
/
(vii)
xdy+ydx
(iv)
(vi)
(viii)
(x)
(xii)
(xiv)
ye* dx - exdy
y2
m 1
d (x^y") = x " y" ~ 1 (mydx + nxdy).
(xvi)
y2
2 xydx-
)?dy
/
2xy2dx-2x2ydy
I
/
.tan - 1 *-
d[ln(xy )]
ydx - xdy
=
J + f
^ ^
xdx + ydy
~ x2 + y2
J_ 1 _ *dy + ydx
d
~*yj~
x2/
_ xe^dy- e^dx
d
d ^ /n (x2 + y2 )
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. If y - f ( x ) passing through (1,2) satisfies the
differential equation y (1 + xy) dx - x dy = 0,
then
2x
x+ 1
(b)/(x) = 2
(a ) / ( * ) =
2~--x2
x +l
4x
x- 1
(c)/(x) =
(d)/(x) = 4 -x2
1 -2xz
2. The differential equation representing the
family of the curves y.^lc
(x + Vc) where c
is a positive parameter, is of
(a) order 1, degree 3
(b) order 2, degree 2
(c) order 3, degree 3
(d) order 4, degree 4
3. The solution of the differential equation
dx
l
x
iis
<j)' (y/x)
(a) x <>
\ (y/x) = k
(c)y^(y/x)
=k
(b) <>
| iy/x) = kx
(d) 4> (y/x) = ky
by
(a) x
(b) e
(c) log,, x
Differential Equations
161
dt o 1 - cos tcosx
satisfies the differential equation
(a)^+2/(r)cotr = 0
(b) f t - 2 / cot r = 0
2/(0 = 0
(d)
2/(0 = 0
<
(a) 2n
(b) n
, \
2
10. The form of the differential equation of all
central conics is
K
(a)x = y f
(b)* +
y f = 0
2
/y
dv
xy ^2 = > ' ;
' dx
(d) None of these
11. The particular solution of the differential
equation y' + 3xy = x which passes through
(0,4) is
-ix/2
(a) y = 1 11 e
-ix/1
(b) 3y = 1 + 11 e
- -ix/2
( c ) 3 y = 1 - 11 e~
(d) None of these
12. The particular solution of I n
& j = 3 x + 4y,y(0) = 0, is
4
162
of
satisfying (Vl +x
+ Vl +y ) = A (x Vl +y
-yVl
+x )is
(a) 2
(c) 4
(b)3
(d) None of these
17. Solution
of
2y sin x
dx
= 2 sin x cos x
(a) y2 = sin x
(b) y = sin 2 x
of all
'Simple
271
dt
A 2
(c)^4-n x
dt
/UC =
=0
.. i d X
(b) j +
dt
d2x
( d ) ^ +
dt
2
r,
nx = 0
(c)y = x tan
c-1
c+1
+c
<>
t W =
(a){2(*-l)}
(t>) {5
(x-2)}
then
1/4
1/5
(c){3(x-l)}1/3
(d) None of these
2
In
1 In
differential
(a)jc cos
cos.y + y sinjc = c
(b) x cos y - y sin JC = c
= (tan - y 1) e tan
r \
' y - 11 +
i c e- tan y'
(c)
x = tan
(d) None of these
24. If
In
1
-Vx = 0
n
y - c- ocos"
-
s2 | |
) then the equation of the curve is
X
[l I
-l
(b) y = x tan
(b) xe<an
(a)y = tan
j + y (x sin x + cos x) = 1 is
(c) y = 1 + cos x
(d) None of these
(AI - - R
x cos x ^ ^
2
n
. .
- y cos x, x = , y = 1 is given by
,2
/ ^d X
(a) (y'-\)(y
+ xy') = 2y'
(b) (y' + 1)
(y-xy')=y'
(c) (y'+l)(y-xy')
= 2y'
(d) None of these
21. Solution of the differential equation
equation
= 1 is given by
of
the
curve
JC
=c
163
Differential Equations
Practice Test
M.M, : 10
Time : 15 Min
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each nart has one or more than one correct
1. Solution
of
= cos
sin
the
-
differential
(1 *
cos
equation
y) is
(x - h) + (y - k) = a is (a is a constant)
(a) {1 + (y') 2 l 3 = ay"
4 ^ - 3 y = sin 2 x i s
dx
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
(a )ye
3l
=- A e
id
1
Ir
(b) y = - (2 cos 2x + 3 sin 2x) + ce
t a n y sin y is
Id
(a) 2x = s i n y (1 + 2cx )
(b) 2x = s i n y (1 + cx2)
2
(c) 2x + sin y (1 + cx )
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice
-I
1. (a)
7. (a)
13. (b)
Multiple
1. (b)
3. (b)
9. (c)
15. (b)
4. (c)
10. (c)
5. (c)
11. (b)
12. (c)
17. (a)
23. (a), (b), (c)
18. (b)
24. (c)
19. (c)
25. (a)
20. (c)
Choice-ll
16. (d)
22. (b), (c)
Practice
Mb)
2. (a)
8. (a)
14. (c)
Test
2. (b)
3. (a, b)
4. (b, c)
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
21
STRAIGHT LINE
21.1. Distance Formula
The distance between two points P (xi , yi) and Q (x2, y2) is given by
PQ = I
(X2-X1) 2 + ( y 2 - y i ) 2
(*iy2-*2yi) I
ai b-t ci 2
az bz cz
33 t>3 C3
where Ci , Cz , C3 are the co-factors of ci , C2 , C3 in the determinant.
A =
1
2C1C2C3
A = 2
Straight Line
165
If the points (xi, yi) and (X2, yz) are on the same side of the line ax+ by+ c = 0, then axi + byi + c and
ax2 + byz + c both are of the same sign and hence ^
+ by2 + c >
0> a n d if t h e
the opposite sides of the line ax+ by+ c = 0, then axi + byi + c and ax2 +toys+ c both are of signs opposite
to each other and hence
axi + byi + c
ax2 + byz + c
<0
mi - mz
.
I + mi mz
Corollary 1 : If two lines whose slopes are mi and mz are parallel iff 6 = 0 (or n ) t a n 0 = 0 <=> mi = mz
1
Corollary 2 : If two lines whose slopes are mi and mz are perpendicular iff 0 =
cot 0 = 0 <=> mi mz = - 1
Note : Two lines given by the equations a i x + biy+ ci = 0 and a2X+ bzy+ c- 0 are
(i) Parallel if ^ = ^ (slopes are equal)
(ii) Perpendicular if aia2 + bibz = 0 (Product of their slopes is - 1 )
(iii) Identical if = ^ = (compare with the conditions in (i))
ctz bz cz
j or -
166
21.11. Equation of a Line Parallel to a given Line
The equation of a line parallel to the line ax + by+ c = 0 is of the form ax+ by+ k = 0, where k is any
number.
21.12. Equation of a line Perpendicular to a given Line
The equation of a line perpendicular to the line ax+by+
any number.
ci
V
+ b2)
S e c o n d Method : Find the co-ordinates of any point on one of the given lines, preferably putting x = 0 or
y = 0. Then the perpendicular distance of this point from the other line is the required distance between the
lines.
21.15. A line Equally Inclined with two Lines
Let the two lines with slopes mi and m2 be equally inclined to a line with slope m, then
mi - m _
rr)2 - m
1 + mim ~
1 + m2m
21.16.
and
where
are
y - y i = tan (9 - a) ( x - x i )
y - y i = tan(9 + a ) ( x - x i )
tan 6 = m.
t>3
C3
Method III : The condition for the lines P = 0, Q = 0 , and R = 0 to be concurrent is that three constants
I, m, n (not all zeros at the same time) can be obtained such that
IP + mQ + nR = 0.
Straight Line
167
A(X1 ,yi)
to
*2 - * i _ yz-yi
21.20.
the
line
mirror
_ - 2 (axi + byi + c)
tf
+ t?)
^(az2
+ bi2)
Conditions
Acute angle
bisector
B (X2 . y2)
Fig.21.1
= 0
bz2)
Obtuse angle
bisector
Acute bisector
obtuse bisector
Fig.21.2
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. If the distance of any point (x,y)
origin is defined as
from the
(c) a square
(d) a triangle
12., 7 V2)
2
2 \ 1
1
1
1
+ q (b)+ = +
a'
b~ p~ q~
.. 2
2 , 2
">sl
1
1
1
( c ) a +p =b +q (b) + = +
a'
p
b
q~
5. The point A (2, 1) is translated parallel to the
line x - y = 3 by a distance 4 units. If the newposition A' is in third quadrant, then the
co-ordinates of A' are
168
(b)|
T3
(c) (-7, 0)
(d) None of these
7. The orthocentre of the triangle formed by the
lines x + y = 1, 2x + 3y = 6 and Ax y + A = 0
lies in,
(a) I quadrant
(b) II quadrant
(c) III quadrant
(d) IV quadrant
8. The reflection of the point (4, - 13) in the the
line 5x + y + 6 = 0 is
(a) ( - 1 , - 1 4 )
(b) (3, 4)
(c)(l,2)
(d) ( - 4 , 13)
9. All the points lying inside the triangle formed
by the points (0, 4), (2, 5) and (6, 2) satisfy
(a) 3x + 2y + 8 > 0
(b)2x + y - 10 > 0
( c ) 2 x - 3 y - 11 > 0
(d) - 2x + y - 3 > 0
10. A line passing through P (4, 2) meets the
x and y-axis at A and B respectively. If O is
the origin, then locus of the centre of the
circumcircle of AOAB is
(b) 2x 1 +>"' = 1
(a)x"'+y-1=2
(c) x
+ 2y~ = 1
(c) 9 : 4
(d) 4 : 9
(b)2(xy1+yx,)=x,y,
, 2m')
- 2
sin a
x cos a + y sin a + cos a
t h e n p \ , p i , p-} are in
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
(c) H.P.
17, If
169
Straight Line
which L x
r=0
n 1
5/V2
a <0
170
Objective Mathematics
(d) I a I <
(c) I a I < 1
q-units
2 Im
l m
(d)tan
,2 ,
2
fl , 2
/ +m
I +m
35. The area of the triangle having vertices (-2,
(c) tan
-1
2m
rational, Lim Lim cos (n ! kx); where x is
m > 0 0 n oo
irrational) is
(a) 2
(b)3
(c) 4
(d) None of these
36. Consider the straight line ax + by = c where
a,b,ce
RH this line meets the co-ordinate
axes at A and B respectively. If the area of
the AOAB, O being origin, does not depend
upon a, b and c then
(a) a, b, c are in A.P.
(b) a, b, c are in G.P.
(c) a, b, c are in H.P.
(d) None of these
37. If A and B are two points having co-ordinates
(3, 4) and (5, - 2 ) respectively and P is a point
such that PA = PB and area of triangle
PAB= 10 square units, then the co-ordinates
of P are
(a) (7, 4) or (13, 2) (b) (7, 2) or (1, 0)
(c) (2, 7) or (4, 13) (d) None of these
b-1
c-t
is
(b) 0
(d) None of these
171
Straight Line
If the point P (a, a) lies in the region
corresponding to the acute angle between the
lines 2y = x and 4y = x, then
(a) a e (2, 4)
(b) a e (2, 6)
(c) a e (4, 6)
(d) a e (4, 8)
A ray of light coming along the line
45.
3x + 4y - 5 = 0 gets reflected from the line
ax + by 1=0
and goes along the line
5x- 1 2 y - 10 = 0 then
64 ,
112
(a) a = 115 '
15
64
(b) a = 115
115
, ,
(c)a =
64
Tl5
64
115
8
(c) an ellipse
(d) a hyperbola
50. The equation of a line through the point
(1, 2) whose distance from the point (3, 1)
has the greatest possible value is
(a) y = x
(b) y = 2x
(c) y = - 2x
(d) y = - x
51. If the point (cos 0, sin 0) does not fall in that
angle between the lines y = I x - 1 I in which
the origin lies then 0 belongs to
371
2 ' 2
(b)
2 ' 2
(c) (0, n)
(d) None of these
52. ABC is an equilateral triangle such that the
vertices B and C lie on two parallel lines at a
distance 6. If A lies between the parallel lines
at a distance 4 from one of them then the
length of a side of the equilateral triangle is
(a) 8
(b)
, ,4V7
th t2 and / 3
are
distinct,
the
points
and
172
Objective Mathematics
57. If
the
lines
2 (sin a + sin b) x - 2 sin (a - b) y = 3
and
2 (cos a + cos b) x + 2 cos (a b) y = 5 are
perpendicular, then sin 2a + sin 2b is equal to
(a) sin (a-b)-2
sin (a + b)
(b) sin (2a -2b)-2
sin {a + b)
(c) 2 sin ( a - b ) - sin (a + b)
(d) sin (2a - 2b) - sin (a + b)
58. The line x+y1 meets x-axis at
A and y-axis at B, P is the mid point of AB
fig. No. 23.3 Px is the foot of the
perpendicular from P to OA\ Mx is that of Px
from OP\P2 is that of M, from OA; M2 is that
of P2 from OP; P 3 is that of M2 from OA and
so on. If Pn denotes the nth foot of the
perpendicular on OA from M _ j, then OPn =
(a) l / 2 n
(b) 1/2"
(C) 2" - 1
(d) 2" + 3
59. If the area of the triangle whose vertices are
(b, c), (c, a) and (a, b) is A , then the area of
triangle whose vertices are (ac - b2, ab - c 2 ),
2
,ca-b)
is
(b) (a + b + c) A
(c) aA + bA
(d) None of these
60. On the portion of the straight line x + y = 2
which is intercepted between the axes, a
square is constructed away from the origin,
with this portion as one of its side. If p
denote the perpendicular distance of a side of
this square from the origin, then the
maximum value of p is
(a) V2
(b) 2 <2
(c) 3 V2
(d) 4 <2
+ f = 1 and y + ^ = 1 lies on
a b
b a
(a) x - y = 0
(b) (x + y) (a + b) = 2ab
(c) (Ix + my) (a + b) = (l + m) ab
(d) (Ix - my) (a + b) = (l - m) ab
3.
, ,
3N
,3
(b - c )x+(c
-a )y +a - b = 0
will represent the same line if
(a) b = c
(b) c = a
(c) a-b
(d)a + b + c = 0
64. The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices
are (2, 1) and (3, -2). The third vertex lies on
y = x + 3. The co-ordinates of the third vertex
can be
(a) ( - 3 / 2 , 3/2)
(b) (3/4, - 3/2)
(c) (7/2, 13/2)
(d) ( - 1/4, 11 / 4 )
through
= 0 and
one of
Straight Line
173
line x
= 0, the co-ordinates of the third
vertex are
(a) (0, a)
(b)
a/2, - a/2)
(c) (0, - a)
(d) ( - 43 a/2, a/2)
70. If the lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0
and
cx + ay + b = 0
are
concurrent
{a + b + c * 0) then
(a) a3 + b3 + C3 - 3abc = 0
(b) a = b
(c) a = b = c
(d) a2 + b2 + c2 - be - ca- ab = 0
71. If the co-ordinates of the vertices of a
triangle are rational numbers then which of
the following points of the triangle will
always have rational co-ordinates
(a) centroid
(b) incentre
(c) circumcentre
(d) orthocentre
72. Let 5], S2, ... be squares such that four each
n > 1, the length of a side of Sn equals the
length of a diagonal of Sn + , . If the length of
a side of Sx is 10 cm, then for which of the
following values of n is the area of Sn less
than 1 sq. cm ?
(a)7
(b) 8
(c) 9
(d) 10
73. A line passing through the point (2, 2) and
the axes enclose an area X. The intercepts on
the axes made by the line are given by the
two roots of
(a) x 2 - 2 I XI x +1 X, I = 0
(b)x 2 + IX,lx + 2 I X l = 0
(c) JC I A. I JC -t- 2 1 X. I = 0
(d) None of these
2
are in A.P.
71
(a)-and-
...
7n
, lire
(b)--and-
(d) None of these
(c) line
^ and
78. A
of fixed length (a + b) moves so that
its ends are always on two fixed
perpendicular lines. The locus of the point
which divides this line into portions of
lengths a and b is
(a) a circle
(b) an ellipse
(c) a hyperbola
(d) None of these
79. If each of the points (x, , 4), ( - 2, y x ) lines on
the line joining the points (2, - 1), (5, - 3)
then the point P (x, , y,) lies on the line
(a) 6 (x + y) - 25 = 0
(b)2x + 6 y + 1 = 0
(c) 2x + 3y - 6 = 0
(d) 6 (x + y) - 23 = 0
80. Two vertices of a triangle are ( 3 , - 2 ) and
( - 2 , 3) and its orthocentre is ( - 6 , 1). Then
its third vetex is
(a) (1,6)
(b) ( - 1 , 6 )
(c) ( 1 , - 6 )
(d) None of these
81. Length of the median from B on AC where
A ( - 1, 3), 5 (1, - 1), C(5, 1) is
(a) VTsT
(b) VTo
(c) 2^3"
(d) 4
82. The point P ( l , 1) is translated parallel to
2x = y in the first quadrant through a unit
distance. The co-ordinates of the new
position of P are
174
1 ;
(b)(l^,l
J_
V5
_2_
V5
(a) (4, 3)
(c)l,4)
(b) (3, 4)
(d) ( 7 / 2 , 7 / 2 )
(c)
1,
<d)
2 '1
(b) (a, 0)
(d) (a + b,b)
89. The
points
(p+ 1 , 1 ) , (2p + 1, 3)
(2p + 2, 2p) are colliner if
(a)p = - l
and
(b) p = 1 / 2
(c)p = 2
90. If 3a + 2b + 6c = 0, the family of straight
lines ax + by + c = 0 passes through a fixed
point whose co-ordinates are given by
(a) (1/2, 1/3)
(b) (2, 3)
(c) (3, 2)
(d) (1/3, 1/2)
Practice Test
Time : 30 min.
M.M.: 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
1. Consider the e q u a t i o n y y\ = m (x - x ^ ) . If
m and xx are fixed and different lines are
d r a w n for different values o f y j , then
(a) The lines will pass through a fixed point
(b) T h e r e will be a set of parallel lines
(c) All t h e lines intersect the line x = x j
(d) All the lines will be parallel to the line y = x j
2. If the line y - V3x cut the
curve
3
3
2
2
x +y + 3xy + 5x + 3y + 4x + 5y - 1 = 0 at
the points A ,B ,C then OA.OB.OC is
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
(a)^(3V3-l)
(b) 3 V 3 + 1
( C )
+ 7
AJLJ - X 2 L 2 = 0
and
AJLJ +
= 0,
Straight Line
175
(a) L i = 0
(b) L 2 = 0
(d) K 2 L l - XxL2 = 0
= (p 2 + q2 - 1) (.qx +py - 1)
(d) None of these
6. The set of values of 'b' for which t h e origin
a n d the point (1, 1) lie on t h e same side of
the
straight
line
2
(a) a =
(b) P = - sin a
(c)y=cosa
10
3
y+5
.x- 3
y+5
and
are
I
6Z = sin G
cos ()> = sin <>|
y+5
,i-3
y + 5,,
=
and ,,
= z
then
a
sin a
p
y
(d)P = s i n a
(b) ( - 2, - 3)
(d) (3, - 4)
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Mb)
7. (a)
13. (d)
19. (a)
25. (c)
31. (c)
37. (b)
Choice-I
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
32.
38.
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(b)
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
33.
39.
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(c)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
34.
40.
(b)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(a)
5.
11.
17.
23.
29.
35.
41.
(c)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(b)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
36.
42.
(a)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
176
Objective Mathematics
43. (a)
49. (d)
55. (c)
Multiple
61.
65.
70.
75.
80.
86.
44. (a)
50. (b)
56. (c)
45. (c)
51. (b)
57. (b)
48. (b)
54. (b)
60. (c)
64.
(a), (b), (c), (d)
(c)
74.
(a)
79.
(b)
85.
(a).
(a), (c)
(b), (d)
(b)
(c)
Test
1. (b), (c)
2. (a)
3. (a), (b)
8. (b)
- (c)
47. (d)
53. (b)
59. (b)
Choice-ll
(a), (c)
62. (a), (b), (c), (d)
(a)
66. (b), (d)
67. (a), (d)
(a), (b), (c), (d)
71. (a), (c), (d)
(a), (b)
76. (a), (b), (c), (d)
(b)
81. (b)
82. (b)
(b)
87. (b)
88. (b), (d)
Practice
46. (c)
52. (c)
58. (b)
4. (d)
10. (a), (b).
5. (c)
6. (b)
22
PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
22.1. Homogeneous Equation of Second Degree
An equation of the form ax2 + 2hxy+ fay2 = 0 is called a homogeneous equation of second degree. It
represent two straight lines through the origin.
(i) The lines are real and distinct if
(ii) The lines are coincident if
h 2 - ab > 0.
h 2 - ab = 0
then
2h
.
mi + mz = - - r - and
b
= 0
a
m 1 mz = ~r
fa
tan 0 =
2 ^(fa2 - ab)
a+b
22.3. Equation of the Bisectors of the Angles Between the Lines ax 2 + 2hxy+ bf
The equation of bisectors is
~ ^h
= 0
(i)
0, x + y = 0.
Corollary 3 : If in (i), coefficient of x 2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0, then the two bisectors are always
perpendicular to each other.
22.4. General equation of Second Degree
The equation
ax2 + 2hxy + fay2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
...(i)
is the general second degree equation and represents a conics (Pair of lines, circle, parabola, ellipse,
hyperbola).
=> represents a pair of straight lines if
i.e., if
A = afac + 2fgh
a
h
g
- af 2 - fag2 - ch 2 = 0
h g
fa f = 0
f c
178
Corollary 1 : Angle between the lines : If the general equation ax2 + 2hxy+ fay2 + 2gx+ 2fy+ c = 0
represents two straight lines, the angle 9 between the lines is given by
^(tf-ab)
(a + b)
these lines are parallel iff hi 2 = ab and perpendicular iff a + b = 0
Corollary 2 : Condition for coincidence of lines :
2
9 = tan
( bg-hf
V rf-ab
af-gh
' l?-ab
or
22.5. Equation of the lines joining the origin to the points of
intersection of a given line and a given curve :
Curve PAQbe (Fig. 22.1)
ax2 + 2hxy+ bf + 2gx+2fy+ c = 0
...(i)
and the equation of the line PQ be
Ix + my + n = 0
...(ii)
From the equation of the line (ii) find the value of (1) in terms of
xand y , i.e.
^
^
= 1
- n
Now the equation (i) can be written as
ax2 + 2hxy+ fay^ + (2gx+ 2fy) (1) + c(1) 2 = 0
aJ
2 h x
y +
b f H 2 g x
Fig. 22.1
...(iii)
2 f y ) ( ^ )
- n
c f m )
...(iv)
=0
[replacing 1 by
l x + 171 ^
- n
from (iii)]
179
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. Which of the following pair of straight lines
intersect at right angles ?
(a) 2x2 = y(x + 2y) (b) (x + y)2 = x (y + 3*)
(c)2y(x + y)=xy
(d)y = 2y
2. If co-ordinate axes are the angle bisectors of
the pair of lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then
(a) a = b
(b)h = 0
(c) a2 + b = 0
(d)a + b2 = 0
2
ax +2 hxy + by = 0
bisects
the
angle
between positive directions of the axes,
a, b, h satisfy the relation
(&)a + b = 2\h\
(b)a + b = -2h
(c)a-b
= 2\h\
(d) (a - b)2 = 4h2
6. The pair of lines joining the origin to the
points of infersection of the curves
2
ax +2hxy + by + 2 g x = 0and
2
(c)2
8. The
gradient
of
(d)2Vf
one of
the
lines
(b) h a + b
(c) 8n = 9ab
the
2
lines
4
4
VE
ac
8 -ac
(b) 2
2
l2
,
2
I.*.
h +a
h +a
2,
K1 + a c
(c)3
ff +ac
(d) 2
a(a + b)
a (a+ b)
2
2
13. If the lines repres" ted by x - 2pxy - y 0
are rotated about uc origin through an angle
0, one clockwise direction and other in
anticlockwise direction, then the equation of
the bisectors of the angle between the lines in
the new position is
(a) 2
180
(c)x2 -Ipxy + y1 = 0
(d) None of these
I4_ If the sum of the slopes of the lines given by
2
2
4x + 2Xxy - 7 y = 0 is equal to the product
of the slopes, then A. =
(a)-4
(b) 4
(c)-2
(d)2
15. The pair of straight lines joining the origin to
2
and
(b)a=l,P = - a
(c) a = - 1, P = - a
(d) a = - 1, P = a
17. Type of quadrilateral formed by the two pairs
2
of
lines
6x - 5xy - 6y = 0
2
2
6x - 5xy - 6y + x + 5y - 1 = 0 is
(a) square
(b) rhombus
(c) parallelogram
(d) rectangle
and
'
between
the
two
lines
2x 2 + 5xy + 3y2 + 6x + ly + 4 = 0
is t a n - 1 (m), then m is equal to
(a) 1/5
(b)-l
(c) - 2 / 3
21. If
the
pair
ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 = 0
origin through 90,
the new position are
= 0 is
(a) 2x + Ixy - 1 lx + 6 = 0
(b) 2 (x l) 2 + 7 (x 1) (y - 1) - 3y2 = 0
(c) 2 (x - l) 2 + 7 (x - 1) (y - 1) + 3 (y - l) 2 = 0
(d) None of these
24. Two pairs of straight lines have the equations
y 2 + xy - 12x2 = 0 and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
One line will be common among them if
(a) a = - 3 (2h + 3b) (b) a = 8 (h - 2b)
(c)a = 2(b + h)
(d)a = -3{b + h)
25. The combined equation of three sides of a
triangle is (x2 - y 2 ) (2x + 3y - 6) = 0. If
( - 2 , a ) is an interior point and (b, 1) is an
exterior point of the triangle then
(a)2<a<y
(c) - 1 <
b<~
(b)-2<a<y
(d) - 1 < b < 1
181
Practice Test
M.M. : 10
Time : 15 Min
(A) There are 5 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
1. The equation of image of pair of lines
y = | x - 1 | i n y axis is
2
(a) x +y
+ 2* + 1 = 0
(b) x 2 - y 2 + 2x - 1 = 0
(c) x 2 - y 2 + 2 x + l = 0
(d) none of these
2. Mixed t e r m xy is to be removed from t h e
general
equation
of
second
degree
2
(a) circle
(b) pair of lines
(c) a parabola
(d) line segment y = 0, - 2 < x < 2
4. If t h e two lines represented by
2
(b) t a n a t a n p = sec 2 9 + t a n 2 9
(c) t a n a - t a n p = 2
t a n a 2 + sin 29
(d)
t a n P 2 - sin 29
2
5. The
equation
ax +by +cx + cy = 0
represents a pair of straight lines if
(a) a + b = 0
(b) c = 0
(c) a + c = 0
(d) c (a + b) = 0
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice-I
1. (a)
7. (c)
13. (a)
Multiple
2. (b)
8. (c)
14. (c)
1. (c)
4. (b)
10. (d)
5. (b)
11. (d)
6. (a)
12. (b)
18. (d)
24. (a), (b)
20. (a)
Choice-ll
Practice
3. (a)
9. (b)
15. (a)
Test
2. (d)
3. (d)
answer(s).
[ 5 x 2 = 10]
23
CIRCLE
23.1. Definition
Circle is the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that its distance from a fixed point in the plane is
always is constant. The fixed point is called the centre and the constant distance is called the radius of the
circle.
Some equations regarding circles :
(1)The equation of a circle with centre ( h , k) and radius ris ( x - h)2 + (y- k)2 = r 2 .
In particular, if the centre is at the origin, the equation, of circle is x ^ y 2 = r 2
(2) Equation of the circle on the line segment joining ( x i , yi) and (X2 , y2) as diameter is
( x - x i ) ( x - x 2 ) + ( y - y i ) ( y - y > ) = 0.
(3) The general equation of a circle is
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx+ 2fy+ c = 0
where g, f , c are constants. The centre is ( - g, - 0 and the radius is ^(g 2 + f2 - c) (c? + f2 > c).
Note : A general equation of second degree
ax2 + 2hxy+ dy2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
in x , y represents a circle if
(i) Coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2 i.e., a = b* 0
(ii) Coefficient of xy is zero, i.e. h = 0.
(4) The equation of the circle through three non-collinear points A (xi , y i ) , B (X2 , y?) , C (xs , ya) is
x2 + y2
x 2 + yi2
xi
yi
xi + yi
X2 yi
X3 +yi
*3
Y3 1
(5) The point P (xi , yi) lies outside, on or inside the circle
S = x 2 + y 2 + 2gx+ 2 f y + c = 0, according as
S-t = x? + y? + 2gxi + 2fyi + c > = or < 0.
(6) The parametric co-ordinates of any point on the circle
( x - h)2 + ( y - k)2 = z2 are given by
(h + rcos 9 , k+ rsin 9). (0 < 9 < 2?t)
In particular co-ordinates of any point on the circle x2 + y 2 = z2 are (rcos 9 , rsin 9). (0 < 9 < 2rc)
(7) Different forms of the equations of a circle :
(i) ( x - i) 2 + ( y - i) 2 = i 2 is the equation of circle with centre (r, r), radius rand touches both the axes.
(ii) ( x - xi) 2 + ( y - r)2 = ? is the equation of circle with centre (xi , i ) , radius rand touches x-axis only.
(iii) ( x - if + ( y - yi) 2 = ? is the equation of circle with centre (r, y i ) , radius rand touches y-axis only.
passes through the origin (0, 0) and has intercepts a and (3 on the axis of Xand Yrespectively.
2
*
which
Circle
183
(8) The equation of the tangent to the circle x 2 + / + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at the point ( x i , y i j is
xxi + yyi + g (x + xi) + f(y + yi) + c = 0 and that of the normal is
yi + / .
In particular, the equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y 2 = r 2 at the point (xi , yi) is xx-| + yyi = i 2 and that
of the normal =
xi
yi
Note : Normal to a circle passes through its centre.
(9) The general equation of a line with slope m and which is tangent to a
circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy+ c = 0 is
( y + f ) = m ( x + g ) ^(fif2 + f2 - c) ^(1 + m 2 )
In particular, the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 is y= mx a ^(1 + m 2 ). If m is infinite, then
the tangents are x a = 0.
(10) The locus of point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents is called the director circle. The
director circle of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 i s x 2 + y 2 = 2a2.
(11) Equation of the chord of the circle
S = x 2 + y 2 + 2gx+ 2fy+ c = 0
in terms of the middle point (xi , yi) is
T = St
where
T = xxi + y y i + g ( x + xi) + f(y+yi) + c
Si = x 2 + y 2 + 2gxi + 2 fy\ + c
In particular, equation of the chord of the circle
x 2 + y 2 = a2
in terms of the middle point (xi , yi) is
xxi + y y i = x\ + y 2
(12) Equation of the Chord of Contact:
Equation of the chord of contact of the circle
s =o
Chord of | contact
Fig. 23.1
X2 + y2 + 2gx+2fy+ c = 0
is
xxi + yyi + g(x+ xi) + f ( y + y i ) + c = 0
which is designated by T = 0.
(13) Length of tangent:
I (AT) =
+ yi2 + 2gx-\ + 2/yi + c) = \S7
(14) Equation of the circles given in diagram are :
( x - x i ) ( x - x 2 ) + ( y - y i ) (y-y2)
+ cot G { ( y - yz) ( x - xi) - ( x - x 2 ) ( y - y i ) } = 0
Objective Mathematics
184
U i , yD
(X2 , y2)
Fig. 23.2
(15) Orthogonal ity of two ci rcles :
In APCi Cz (Fig. 23.3)
(C1C2)2 = (Ci P) 2 + (C2P) 2
d 2 = r? + r
2
(gi -gz) + (fi - hf = gi 2 + tf-ci + gf +
=>
Zg^gz + Zfifz = c<i + cz
ff-cz
Fig. 23.3
P(xi, yi)
Fig. 23.4
SSi.=
where
T2
S 2 J + f + 2gx+2fy+c
= 0
Si = xt + y? + 2gxi +2fy-\+c = 0
T = xxi + yyi + g (x+ xi) + f ( y + y i ) + c = 0.
(17) Equation of straight line PQ joining two points 6 and <>
t on the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is
Fig. 23.5
xcos
<t> e
+ y s m r e~+2 t i = a cos
Circle
185
Fig. 23.6
Ci T _ n
CzT rz
CtD = n
CzD rz
and find D ,
(y+f)
= m(x+ g) + a ^(1 + m 2 )
(where a is the radius of the circle)
T and D will satisfy the assumed equation. Thus obtained 'm'. We can find the equation of common
tangent if substitute the value of m in the assumed equation.
(20) (i) The equation of a family of circles passing through two given points (xi , yi) and (x2 , y2) can be
written in the form
x
y
( x - x i ) ( x - x 2 ) + ( y - y i ) ( y - yz) + X X1 yi
= o,
X2
where X is a parameter.
186
Objective Mathematics
If tangents to the circle at A and B meet at Q (h, k), then locus of Q is called polar of P w.r.t. circle and P
is called the pole and if tangents to the circle at A' and B meet at Of , then the straight line QQ' is polar with
P ' as its pole.
Hence equation of polar of P(x1 , yi) with respect to x2 +-yz = a2 is
XXI
+ yyi
= a2 or (T = 0 (xi , yi))
Q'
Q (h, k)
(24) Family of Circle :
Let
Fig. 23.7
S = x2 + y 2 + 2 g x + 2 f y + c = 0
Circle
187
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letter a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. The number of rational point(s) (a point
(a, b) is rational, if a and b both are rational
numbers) on the circumference of a circle
having centre (n, e) is
(a) at most one
(b) at least two
(c) exactly two
(d) infinite
2. The locus of a point such that the tangents
drawn
from
it
to
the
circle
2
x + y - 6x - 8y = 0 are perpendicular to
each other is
(a) x 2 + y 2 6x 8y - 25 = 0
(b) x 2 + y 2 + 6x - 8y - 5 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 6x + 8y 5 = 0
(d) x 2 + y 2 6x 8y + 25 = 0
3. The locus of the point (V(3/J + 2), -Ilk).
(h, k) lies on x + y = 1 is
(a) a pair of straight lines
(b) a circle
(c) a parabola
(d) an ellipse
If
to the circle x +y
6x 4y - 12 = Ois
(a) x 2 4x 21 = 0
(b) x 2 - 5x + 6 = 0
2
(c) x - - 6x - 16 = 0
(d) None of these
5. If a line segment AM = a moves in the plane
XOY remaining parallel to OX so that the left
end point A slides along the circle
2
2
2
x + y = a , the locus of M is
/ \ 2 , 2
,2
(a) x+y
- 4a
(b)x 2 + y 2 = 2 ax
(c) x 2 + y 2 = 2ay
(d)x 2 + y 2 - lax - lay - 0
6. If (2, 5) is an interior point of the circle
2 2
x + y - 8x - 12y + p = 0 and the circle
neither cuts nor touches any one of the axes
of co-ordinates then
( b ) p e (16,47)
(d) None of these
7. If
the
lines
axx + b\y + cj = 0
and
a2x + bjy + c 2 = 0 cut the coordinate axes in
concyclic points, then
(a) a]b] = a2b2
a\
a2
(c) ax+a2
b2
= bx + b2
of which x + y - 6 x - 8 y + l =
member. The other limiting point is
(a) ( - 2 , - 4 )
is
^ T s ' Y s
4_ J_
( o i - ^ - ^ l ( d ) i 25 ' 25
11. The centres of a set of circles, each of radius
2
= 2 5 . The locus of
188
Objective Mathematics
x + 2px-q
= 0. The radius of the circle
with AB as diameter is
b2 +p2 + q2)
(a)
(b) V ( a 2 V )
(a) x + y - 5x - 3y + 8 = 0
(b) ;c2 + y 2 -
3JC
- 5y + 8 = 0
(c) x + y + 2x + 2y - 3 = 0
(d) None of these
2
circle x + y - 6x + 2y - 54 = 0 are
(a) (1,4)
(b) (2, 4)
(c)(4, 1)
(d) (1, 1)
21. Let <>
| (x, y) = 0 be the equation of a circle. If
<{> (0, X) = 0 has equal roots X = 2, 2 and
$ (X, 0) = 0 has roots X = , 5 then the centre
(a)/ig=/gi
x +y - 1 2 r + 4y + 6 = 0is given by
(a) JC + y = 0
(b);c + 3y = 0
(c)x = y
(d) 3x + 2y = 0
20. The coordinates of the middle point of the
chord cut off by 2 x - 5 y + 1 8 = 0 by the
-a Q
2 2
10
- If a chord of the circle x +y = 8 makes
equal intercepts of length a on the
co-ordinate axes, then
(a) I a I < 8
(b) I a I < 4 <2
(c) I a I < 4
(d) I a I > 4
19. One of the diameter of the circle
of the circle is
(a) (2, 29/10)
(b) (29/10, 2)
(c) (-2, 29/10)
(d) None of these
22. Two distinct chords drawn from the point
2
(b)p2
= \q\
= %q2
2
(c)p <&q
3x + 3y + 2x + 4y - 6 = 0 are equal, is
(b) 3 (x + y ) = 1
(c) x 2 + y 2 = (2 - VTj
2
(d) 3 (x + y ) = 42.
Circle
189
= 0
26
- S = x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y+ 1 = 0
and S' = x2 + y2 + 4x + 3y + 2 = 0
are two circles. The point ( - 3, - 2) lies
(a) inside S' only
(b) inside S only
(c) inside S and 5' (d) outside S and &
27. The centre of the circle
r = 2 - 4 r c o s 6 + 6 r sin 9 is
(a) (2, 3)
(b) ( - 2, 3)
(c) ( - 2, - 3)
(d) (2, - 3)
28. If (1 + ax)" = 1 + 8x + 24x 2 + . . . and a line
2
J-') 9
1 2 ' -12 J '
(a) x - 3 -
<2
=
(c) x 2 + (y - 3) 2 = 9
(d) (x - 3) 2 + y 2 = 9
31. A circle of radius 5 units touches both the
axes and lies in the first quadrant. If the circle
makes one complete roll on x-axis along the
positive direction of x-axis, then its equation
in the new position is
(a) x 2 + y 2 +
(b) x+y2
2
20TIX
- lOy + lOOrc2 = 0
- lax - 2py + b2 + q2 = 0
= 0
2
(b)(-I,-I)
(c) iH
190
Objective Mathematics
2
(a) x^ + y2 ax ay+ = 0
2
(b) x + y2 + ax ay +
=0
(c) x + y - ax + ay + = 0
(d) None of these
38. A, B, C and Z) are the points of intersection
with the coordinate axes of the lines
ax + by = ab and bx + ay = ab, then
(a) A, B, C,D are concyclic
(b) A, B, C, D form a parallelogram
(c) A, B, C, D form a rhombus
(d) None of these
2 o
39. The common chord of x +y - 4 x - 4 y = 0
2
and x +y = 2x + 2 y + l = 0 i s
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c)3
(d)4
41. If tne distances from the origin of the centres
of
three
circles x + y2 + 2\t x-c2 = 0
( i = 1, 2, 3) are in G.P., then the lengths of
the tangents drawn to them from any point on
the circle x + y2 = c2 are in
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
(c)H.P.
(d) None of these
42
- If 4/ 2 5m2 + 6/ + 1 = 0 and the line
lx + my+ 1 = 0 touches a fixed circle, then
(a) the centre of the circle is at the point (4, 0)
(b) the radius of the circle is equal to J
(c) the circle passes through origin
(d) None of these
43. A variable chord is drawn through the origin
2
of
the
normal
to
the
circle
x +y - 4 x + 4y-17 = 0
which
passes
through (1, 1) is
(a) 3x + 2y - 5 = 0
(b) 3x + y - 4 = 0
(c) 3x + 2y - 2 = 0
(d) 3x - y - 8 = 0
49. a , P and y are parametric angles of three
points P, Q and R respectively, on the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 1 and A is the point ( - 1, 0). If the
lengths of the chords AP, AQ and AR are in
G.P., then cos a / 2 , cos p / 2 and cos y / 2 are
in
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
(c)H.P.
(d) None of these
50. The
area
bounded
by
the
circles
x+y
Circle
191
(a) sq. units
, , 371
(c) sq. units
(c) x + y + 4x + 2 = 0
(d) None of these
52. The
x+
values
of
y2 + 6x + 5 + X (x2 +y2
(b)2
(c)2
(d) 1
2<2
3
4
3
4 <2
= 0
BP
P and Q. Let - = a
PA
BO
(x - 3) + (y - 2) = 1
by
x + y = 19 is
(a)(x-14)2 + ( y - 1 3 ) 2 = l
the
mirror
(b)(x-15)2+(y-14)2=l
(c)(x-16)2 + ( y - 1 5 ) 2 = l
(d)(x-17)2+(y-16)2=l
(a) x 2 + y 2 - 4x + 2 = 0
2
(b) cc\x
60. The
circle
2
(x a)2 + (y b)2 = c2
2
and (x-b)
+ (y - a) =c
then
(a) a = b 2c
(b) a = b V2~c
(c) a = b c
(d) None of these
192
Objective Mathematics
X + y
equal to
(a)l
(c)3
(c) (0, 3)
63. If
circle
^.
(hM12
(a)x + y - I6x2
+ 29
0 is
18y - 4 = 0
(b)jc + y - 7 j c + l l y + 6 = 0
touches
x +y = 1
and
(b) cot a/2 =
(c) ( a - P)2 + r
21
72 21_
(d) I I 25 ' 25
passes through the
and
= 0,x2 + y2
+ 5x - 5y + 9 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 2x 8y + 9 = 0
(d) None of these
(b)2
(d)6
(a) (3, 0)
x2 + y2-2x+3y-7
(c )q = ~P
(d) p
65. An equation of a circle touching the axes of
coordinates and the line x cos a + y sin a = 2
can be
(a) x + y2 - 2gx -2gy + g2 = 0
where g = 2/(cos a + sin a + 1)
(b) x2 +y2 - 2gx-2gy + g=0
where g = 2/(cos a + sin a - 1)
(c) x 2 + y - 2gx + 2gy + g2 = 0
where g = 2/(cos a - sin a + 1)
(d) x+y2 - 2gx + 2gy + g = 0
where g = 2/(cos a - sin a 1)
66. Equation of the circle cutting orthogonally
the three circles
2
(c) tan a =
(d) a = 2 tan
4g2+f2-c
I
2 , 2 ,
,,
and
/ \
2
2
(d) None of these
(c) a = c
70. The equation of a common tangent to the
circles
2
x + y2 + 14x - 4y + 28 = 0
and
x + y 14x + 4y - 28 = 0 is
(a) x - 7 = 0
(b) y 7 = 0
(c) 2 8 x + 4 5 y + 371 = 0
(d) lx-2y+
14 = 0
71, If A and B are two points on the circle
2
Circle
193
(a) A =
(b) A =
(C)B =
(d) B =
72. The
(2 (2 +
(2 +
(2 -
2 <2., - 3 2 V2, - 3 +
2A/2,-3 +
2 VI, - 3 +
equations
2
2 V2)
2 V2)
2^2)
2 <2 j
of
2
four
circles
are
(a)x + y - 6 x + 6y + 9 = 0
(b) x + y + 6x - 6y + 9 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 30x - 30y + 225 = 0.
(d) x + y 2 - 30x + 30y + 215 = 0
75. If a circle passes through the points of
intersection of the coordinate axes with the
lines Xx - y + 1 = 0 and x - 2y + 3 = 0, then
the value of X is
(a) 2
(b) 1/3
(c) 6
(d) 3
76. The equation of the tangents drawn from the
origin
to
the
circle
x~ + y 2 2rx 2hy + h = 0, are
(a) JC = 0
(b) y 0
(c) (h2 - r 2 ) .v - 2rhy = 0
(d) (h2 - r2) x + 2rhy =-0
77. Equation
x + y = 25 passing through ( - 2 , 1 1 ) is
(a) 4x + 3y = 25
(b) 3x + 4y = 38
(c) 24x 7y + 125 = 0
(d) 7x + 24y = 230
79. The tangents drawn from the origin to the
2
circle
x + y - 2 r x 2hy + h = 0
perpendicular if
(a) h = r
2
are
(b)h = -r
2
( d ) r 2 = h2
(c) r + h = 1
(d) 6
2
of
the
circles
x2 + y 2 - 6 x - 8 y + 1 0 = 0
2
x + y - 4 = 0,
and
x + y + 2x - 4y - 2 = 0 at the extremities of
a diameter, then
(a) c = - 4
(b)g+/=c-l
(c) g2
c = 17
(d) gf 6
82. A line meets the coordinate axes in A and B.
A circle is circumscribed about the triangle
OAB. If m and n are the distances of the
tangent to the circle at the origin from the
points A and B respectively, the diameter of
the circle is
(a) m(m + n)
(b) m + n
(c) n (m + n)
(d) ^(m + n)
194
Objective Mathematics
84. If
chord
of
the
circle
2 ">
x + v - 4x - 2y - c - 0 is trisected at the
points (1/3, 1/3) and (8/3, 8/3), then
(a) c = 10
(b) c = 20
(d) c 2 - 40c + 400 = 0
(c) c = 15
the
other
to the
C, =x2 +y2 2x - 4y - 4 = 0
C2 = x2 + y2+ 2x + 4y + 4 = 0
and
x + y - 6x - 4y 3 = 0, then
limiting point is
(a) (2, 4)
(b)(-5,-6)
(c) (3, 5)
(d) (-2, 4)
(a)ae
(-4,3)
(b)fle
(-o,-i)U(3,oo)
(c) a e ( - 1 , 3 )
(d) None of these
Practice Test
Time : 30 Min.
M.M. 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
2
2
I If point P (x, y) is called a lattice point if
(c) x +y - 2x - 2y + 1 = 0
x,y e /. Then the total number of lattice
(d) x2 +y2 + 2x - 4y + 4 = 0
points in the interior of the circle
3. The locus of a centre of a circle which
2
2
2
x +y = a , a 0 can not be
touches
externally
the
circle
(a) 202
(b) 203
x2 + y2 - 6x - 6y + 14 = 0 and also touches
(c) 204
(d) 205
the y-axis is given by the equation
2. The equation of the circle having its centre
(a) x - 6x - lOy + 14 = 0
on the line x + 2y - 3 = 0 and passing
through the points of intersection of the
(b) x2 - lOx - 6y + 14 = 0
x2+y2
circles
2
- 2x -4y + 1 = 0
x +y - 4x - 2y + 1 = 0 is
2
(a)x +y -6x
2
+7 = 0
fbj x + y - 3x + 4 = 0
and
(c) y 2 - 6x - lOy + 14 = 0
(d) y 2 - lOx - 6y + 14 = 0
4. lif{x+y)=f{x).f(y)
for all x and y, f{\) = 2
and a = f (n), n e N, then the equation of
Circle
195
square
is
inscribed
in
the
x+y
(a) (x + 5)2 + (y + 0) 2 = 25
(b) (x - 5)2 + (y - 0) 2 = 25
( c ) x 2 + y 2 + lOx = 0
( d ) x 2 + y 2 - lOx = 0
9. The locus of the mid points of the chords of
2
(a) (x + 2) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = 6-25
(b) (x - 2)2 + (y + 3) 2 = 6-25
(c) (x + 2) 2 + (y - 3) 2 = 18-75
(d) (x + 2) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 18-75
10. The point ([P +1], [P]), (where [.] denotes
the greatest integer function) lying inside
2
Max. Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
3. Third attempt
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
1. (a)
7. (d)
13. (a)
Choice-I
2. (a)
8. (a)
14. (a)
20. (a)
19. (b)
25. (b)
31. (d)
26. (a)
32. (a)
37. (c)
38. (a)
3.(b)
9. (a)
15. (c)
21. (b)
27. (b)
x 2 + / - 4 x - 8 1 = 0,
circles
circle
4. (c)
10. (b)
16. (b)
22. (d)
5. (b)
6. (a)
12. (c)
11. (a)
17. (d)
23. (b)
24. (d)
18. (c)
29. (c)
30. (d)
33. (a)
28. (c)
34. (c)
35. (b)
36. (a)
39. (d)
40. (c)
41. (b)
42. (b)
Objective Mathematics
196
43. (c)
49. (b)
55. (b)
44. (a)
50. (c)
56. (d)
Multiple Choice
61.
66.
72.
78.
83.
89.
(a), (d)
(a)
(a), (c)
(a), (c)
(b), (c)
(b)
Practice
46. (a)
52. (c)
58. (b)
45. (d)
51. (a)
57. (b)
47. (c)
53. (b)
59. (d)
48. (b)
54. (b)
60. (b)
-II
62.
67.
73.
79.
84.
90.
(a), (d)
(d)
(a), (c)
(a), (b)
(b), (d)
(c)
63.
68.
74.
80.
85.
(a),
(b),
(a),
(a),
(a)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(d)
64.
69.
75.
81.
86.
(a),
(a),
(a),
(a),
(a),
(b),
(b),
(b)
(b),
(c),
(c)
(c)
65.
70.
76.
(c), (d)
(d)
87.
(a), (c)
(c), (d)
(b)
(a), (c)
Test
2. (a)
8. (a) (c)
3. (d)
9. (a)
4. (a)
10. (d)
5. (d)
6. (d)
24
CONIC SECTIONS-PARABOLA
24.1 . Conic Sections
It is the locus of a point moving in a plane so that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (focus) to its
distance from a fixed line (directrix) is constant. This ratio is known as Eccentricity (denoted by e).
If e = 1, then locus is a Parabola.
If e < 1, then locus is an Ellipse.
If e > 1, then locus is a Hyperbola.
1. Recognisation of Conies :
The equation of conics represented by the general equation of second degree
ax2 + 2hxy+ by2 + 2gx+2fy+ c = 0
...(i)
can be recognise easily by the condition given in the tabular form. For this, first we have to find discriminant
of the equation.
We know that the discriminant of above equation is represented by A where
A = abc + 2 fgh - af2
-b^-ct?
Case I : When A = 0,
In this case equation (i) represents the Degenerate conic whose nature is given in the following table :
Condition
A = 0 & ab-h2
Nature of Conic
A pair of st. parallel lines or empty set.
=0
A = 0 & ab-h2*0
2
A = 0 & ab < h
A = 0 & ab > h
Point.
Nature of conic
A * 0, ab - h2 = 0
a Circle
a Parabola
A * 0 , ab - h2 > 0
A * 0 , ab - h2 < 0
a Hyperbola
A * 0, ab - h < 0 and a + b = 0
a Rectangular hyperbola.
S = ax2 + 2hxy+by^+
Partially Differentiating w.r.t. xand y we get
H
= 2ax + 2hy+2g,^
2gx + 2fy+c
= 0
=2hx+2by+2f
198
Objective Mathematics
= 2ax + 2hy+2g,^
=>
ax+hy+g=
0,
solving these equations, we get the centre.
2hx+2by+2f
hx+by+f=0
( x , y ) = (xi , y i ) .
24.2. Parabola
MJ
II
+
K
S (a, 0)
axis
L'
r
Fig. 24.1
Y
M
c
Sj(-a,0) J
o
II
M
I
*
y 2 = - 4ax
(iii) x2 = - 4ay
Y
(ii) x2 =4ay
\
\
Fig. 24.2
S (0. a) J
L'V
// L
y+a=0
I
I
I
I
h
M
Y'
Fig. 24.3
3. General equation of a parabola :
Let (a , b) be the focus S, and lx+ my+ n = 0 is the equation of the directrix. Let P (x, y) be any point on
the parabola. Then by definition.
Conic Sections-Parabola
199
SP = PM
=>
-f.
~2 " TT
Ix+my+n
V - a) + ( y - br = . t o
o
=>
.2
,
. .2
(lx+my+n)2
( x - a) + ( y - b) = 2
I + rrf
+ ^ y 2 - 2/mxy +xterm + y term + constant = 0 This is of the form
(.mx-ly)2 + 2 g x + 2 / y + c = 0.
This equation is the general equation of parabola.
It should be seen that second degree terms in the general equation of a parabola forms a perfect
square.
Note : (i) Equation of the parabola with axis parallel to the x-axis is of the form x = Ay 2 + By + C.
(ii) Equation of the parabola with axis parallel to the y-axis is of the form y = Ax 2 + Bx+ C.
4. Parametric Equations of the Parabola y 2 = 4ax
The parametric equations of the parabola y 2 = 4axare x = at 2 , y= 2at, where f is the parameter. Since
the point (at2 , 2at) satisfies the equation y 2 = 4ax, therefore the parameteric co-ordiantes of any point on
the parabola are (at 2 , 2at).
Also the point (at2 , 2at) is reffered as f-point on the parabola.
5. Position of a Point (h, k) with respect to a Parabola y 2 = 4ax
Let P be any point (h, k).
Now P will lie outside, on or inside the parabola according as (k 2 - 4ah) > = < 0 .
6. Parabola and a Line :
Let the parabola be y 2 = 4ax and the given line be y = mx+ c .
Hence y = mx + , m* 0 touches the parabola y2 = 4ax at [ ~ ,
m
y n t m
7. Equation of the tangent
The equation of the tangent at any point (xi , yi) on the parabola y 2 = 4ax is
yyi = 2 a ( x + x i )
2a
Slope of tangent is
(Note)
Corollary 1 : Equation of tangent at any point't' is
ty = x + at2
Slope of tangent is -Corollary 2 : Co-ordinates of the point of intersection of tangents at 'fi ' and 'fc ' is {afi tz , a (fi + fc)}
Corollary 3 : If the chord joining 'fi' and 'f 2 ' to be a focal chord, then fi tz = - 1.
Hence if one extremity of a focal chord is (atf , 2afi), then the other extremity (at2 , 2afc) becomes
(a_
2a
ft2'"*
Objective Mathematics
200
8. Equation of the Normal
The equation of the normal at any point (xi , yi) on the parabola y 2 = 4ax is
yi =
yi ,
Slope of normal is - yi
2a
Corollary 1 : Equation of normal at any point't' is
y = - tx + 2at + at 3
Slope of normal is - t.
Corollary 2 : Co-ordinate of the point of intersection of normals at 7 i ' and 'tz ' is
,{2a + a (fi2 + ti + fi t2), - a/i t2(h + t2)}
Corollary 3 : If the normal at the point 'ft ' meets the parabola again at 'tz ' then
tz = - fi - f fi
9. Equation of the Normal in Terms of Slope
y = mx - 2am - an? at
the point (am2 , - 2am)
Hence any line y = mx+ c will be a normal to the parabola if c = - 2am -
am 3.
u,
Fig. 24.5
12. Pair of tangents
If P (xi , yi) be any point lies outside the parabola y 2 = 4ax, and a
pair of tangents PA , PB can be draw to it from P, (Fig. Co. 23) then the
equation of pair of tangents of PA & PB is
SSi = T 2
where
S = y 2 - 4ax = 0
Si = y-f - 4axi = 0
T = yyi - 2 a ( x + x i ) = 0.
passing through P.
Conic Sections-Parabola
201
If tangents to the parabola at A and B meet at Q(h, k), then locus of Q is called polar of P w.r.t.
parabola and P is called the pole and if tangents to the parabola at A' and B meet at Q ' , then the straight
line QQ' is polar with P as its pole.
Hence equation of polar of P (xi , yi) with respect to y 2 = 4ax is
yyi = 2 a ( x + x i )
p (*i, y i ) P o l e
Polar
Fig. 24.7
Corollary 1 : Locus of poles of focal chord is x + a = 0 i.e. directrix or polar of the focus is the directrix.
Corollary 2 : Pole of the chord joining (xi , yi) and (x2 , y2) is
,
^ 4a '
*
2
represent a system of parallel chords of the parabola y 2 = 4ax then the line y = ~
is the
202
Objective Mathematics
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. If P and Q are the points (atx , 2at{) and
(at2 . 2at2) and normals at P and Q meet on
the parabola y
(a) 2
(c)-2
(b) 9 / = 4ax
(c) 9y = ax
(d) y
= 4ax is
- 9ax
(b) 2a 2
(c) - 4a 2
(d) 8a 2
(b) G.P.
(d) None of these
(c)
4V3"
2
(d)
2(V3~+2)
3
condition
the
parabolas
(b) a (SO?
(c) a (SO?
Conic Sections-Parabola
203
^(y-2b)
(b )(x-a)2
^(y-b)
(c
)(x-a)2=l(y-b)
(d) None of these
16. The equation
V ( x - 3 ) 2 + ( j ' - l ) 2 + V ( x + 3 ) 2 + (>'- l) 2 = 6
represents
(a) an ellipse
(b) a pair of straight lines
(c) a circle
(d) a straight line joining the point ( - 3, 1)
to the point (3, 1)
17. The condition that the straight line
lx+my + n = 0 touches the parabola x = 4ay
is
(a) bn = am
(c) In = am
(b) al - mn = 0
(a)-1/t
(b)-^f + y j
( c ) - 2 1 + -{
(d )t + ~
(b) am = In
y + b =OT,(x + a) and y + b = m2 (x + a)
(b) mtm2 = 1
(d) None of these
(a) a = 2b
(b) 2a = b
169 {(x
(c) a2 = 2b
(d) 2a = b2
(a) 14/13
(c) 28/13
!) 2 + ( Y - 3 ) 2 } = (5JC- 1 2 y + 1 7 ) 2 i s
(b) 12/13
(d) None of these
Objective Mathematics
204
31. The points on the axis of the parabola
2
3y + 4y - 6x + 8 = 0 from when 3 distinct
normals can be drawn is given by
(b)|
19
1 ^
7
'3]'a>9
(d) None of these
32. Let the line Ix + my = 1 cut the parabola
(c)f
(b)l
(c) 2
'Cd) 3
2
34. If the normal at P 'f' on y = 4ax meets the
curve again at Q, the point on the curve, the
normal at which also passes through Q has
co-ordinates (
,
).
2a 2a
^ 4a 2a
(a)
t
t
t2
t
4 a 4a
4a 8a
(d)
(c)
t
t
t2
35. Two parabolas C and D intersect at two
different points, where C is y = x - 3 and D
is y = kx'. The intersection at which the x
value is positive is designated point A, and
x = a at this intersection, the tangent line I at
A to the curve D intersects curve C at point
B, other than A. If x- value of point B is 1 then
a =
(a) 1
(c)3
(b) 2
(d) 4
(a)
(c)
f.P
2 '
(b) E
2 '
(d)
2 *
locus
is
(b) it is a parabola
(c) its latus rectum = a
(d) its latus rectum = 2a
39. The equation of a tangent to the parabola
y = 8x which makes an angle 45 with the
line y = 3x + 5 is
(a) 2x + y + 1 = 0
(b) y = 2x + 1
(c) x 2y + 8 = 0
(d) x + 2y - 8 = 0
The
Conic Sections-Parabola
205
(a) ( - 1 6 , - 8 )
(c) (16, - 8 )
+ ^r =
(a,i
a
(b)
(c) a
(b) (-16, 8)
(d) (16, 8)
(b) a / 3
(d) l / 4 a
(c)y + 2 ax = a
(b) x = a + 2ay
(d) None of these
Practice Test
M.M : 20
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
2
2
1. If the normals from any point to the
distance from the circle x + (y + 6)
1,
parabola x = 4y cuts the line y = 2 in
are
points whose abscissae are in A.P., then the
(a) (2, - 4)
(b) (18, - 12)
slopes of the tangents at the three
(c) (2, 4)
(d) None of these
co-normal points are in
3. The figure shows the graph of the parabola
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
y = ax + bx + c then
(c) H.P.
(d) None of these
(a) a > 0
(b) 6 < 0
2. The coordinates of the point on the
,2
(d) b - Aac > 0
(c)c > 0
2
parabola y = 8x, which is at minimum
206
Objective Mathematics
(a)y
< 8
> 8
(d) T
= 4 (a x - a) x
2
- 8) u (8,
(aa' - bb' f
, 2
,2,3/2
(a +a )
(bb' - aa')2
(b2 +
b'2)3/2
(b)
(d)
(ab' - a'b f
, 2 ,
,2,3/2
(a + a )
(a'b - ab')2
(ib2 + b'2)3/2
= 4ax at
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
1. (a)
Choice
-I
2. (b)
3. (b)
4. (d)
5. (d)
6. (b)
9. (a)
15. (b)
10. (a)
11. (c)
17. (b)
23. (b)
29. (c)
12. (c)
18. (d)
7. (a)
8. (b)
13. (b)
19. (b)
14. (b)
20. (b)
21. (d)
16. (d)
22. (d)
25. (b)
31. (b)
26. (b)
32. (d)
27. (b)
33. (c)
28. (d)
34. (c)
35. (c)
24. (b)
30. (c)
0,
Conic Sections-Parabola
Multiple
Choice
Practice
Mb)
7. (d)
207
-II
37. (c)
43. (b)
49. (c)
2. (a)
8. (b)
41. (c)
47. (c), (d)
Test
4.(b)
10. (b)
5. (a)
6. (b)
ELLIPSE
1. Standard form of an Ellipse :
x2
v2
The general form of standard ellipse is : +
= 1 (a > b), where a & b are constants. Fig. 1.
a
b
2. Important properties :
(i) SP = ePM and AS = e AZ
(ii) Co-ordinate of centre C (0, 0)
(iii) AA' = 2a is the Major axis of the ellipse.
BB = 2b is the Minor axis of the ellipse.
(iv) Co-ordinates of vertices A and A' are
( a , 0).
Extremities of minor axis B and B' are (0, b).
(v) Relation in a , b & e is b 2 = a2 (1 - e2)
(vi) Co-ordinates of the foci S and S '
are
( ae, 0 ) .
(vii) Co-ordinates of the feet of directrices are
( a/e, 0)
(viii) Equation of directrix x = a/e.
(ix) Equation of latus rectum x=ae
B' (0, - b)
Directrix
b
f ae,
Fig. 2
2
2
b ) , L' f ae, - b ) , Li - ae
a
a
K
(xi) Focal radii : SP - a - ex and S'P = a + ex
SP + S'P = 2a = Major axis.
J I
tT
2
)
and L'i - ae ,- b
Ellipse
209
=1
4 +4
a
b
AA ' = Minor axis = 2a
BB' = Major axis = 2b
& a 2 = b 2( 1 - e2)
Latus rectum
LL'
= L1L1' =
2a2
=>
(x-a)
,2
F(*,y)
, ,2
2 (lx+my+n) 2
+ ( y - bf = e 1 2 ' 2
{I + m )
(/ 2 + m 2 ) { ( x - a)2 + ( y - b) 2} = e 2 (lx + my + n) 2 .
4. Parametric Equation of the Ellipse :
S (a, b)
axis
Fig. 3
= 1 are
a
x = a cos <)>, y.= b sin <|>, where 0 is the parameter. Since the point (a cos 0 , b sin 0) satisfies the equation
The
parametric
equations
of
the
ellipse
4 ., 4
therefore the parametric co-ordinates of any point on the ellipse is (a cos 0 , b sin 0) also the
a" fcf
point (a cos 0 , b sin 0) is reffered as 0 -point on the ellipse 0 e [0, 2it).
5. Auxiliary Circle and Eccentric angle :
The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as diameter is
called its auxiliary circle. (Fig. 4)
The equation of the auxiliary circle is
A'
x 2 + y 2 = a2
.-. Q = (a cos 0 , a sin 0) and P = (a cos 0 , b sin 0)
0 = eccentric angle.
6. Point and Ellipse :
The point P ( x i , y i )
X
"2
a + b
Si = ~~ +
a2
b
1 > 0, = 0, < 0.
v2
Fig. 4
210
Objective Mathematics
>_
a
(mx+cf
i.e.,
(a^m2 +1?)
above equation being a quadratic in x
fa2
+ 2mca2x + a2
- b2) = 0
y = mx
c
= a + fa .
+ ^
a2m
= 1 at
fa2
, (Note)
aryi
(ii) the equation of tangent at any point '<(>' is
x
v
- COS
cosYw
d> +. -f
, sin <>
t = 1.
a
fa
Slope of tangent is cot 0 .
a
9. Equation of the Normal:
2
x2 _u y^2
rmol sat
an\/ point
rr\int (xi
( Vi , yi)\ on
rn the
tho ellipse
ollinco
(i) The equation of the normal
at any
+ ^ = 1 is
a2x
fa2y
2
= a xi
yi
(ii) The equation of the normal at any point '(j)' is
tr
y . f 9 + T0 ^
f sin
= cos I
fa""|
2
]
[ 2
where
x2
a
v2
Ellipse
211
S 1
. 4
a2
4 _ 1 = o
b2
^
+ ^
a 2 ' tf
= 1
T = 0 ( a t x i , yi)
or
4*4-i.
where
x?
a2
a2
v?
b
Fig. 6
b2
(h, k) Q
Fig. 7
212
Objective Mathematics
If tangents to the ellipse at A and B meet at Q {h , k), then locus of Q is called polar of P w.r.t. ellipse
and P is called the pole and if tangents to the ellipse at A' and B' meet at Q', then the straight line QQ' is
x2
f
polar with P as its pole. Hence equation of polar of P (xi , yi) with respectt Ito ^ + ^ = 1 is
t?
yyi
a2
b2
Corollary: The polar of any point on the directrix, passes through the focus.
15. Diameter:
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords is called a diameter.
If y = m x + c represent a system of parallel chords of the ellipse ^ + ^ = 1 then the line
a2
ti
b2
ePm
x2
f
Hence the equation of director circle of the ellipse - r + ^ = 1 is
a
tr
f
= a2 + b 2 .
Ellipse
213
Reflected ray
Fig. 9
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. Let P be a variable point on the ellipse
2
+ 2- = \ w i t h
25
16
the area of triangle
value of A is
(a) 24 sq. units
(c) 36 sq. units
(b) 2a/b
2
(d) b2/a2
(c) cf/b
The equation
10-a
an ellipse if
(a) a < 4
(c) 4 < a < 10
4-a
= 1 represents
(b) a > 4
(d) a > 10
(v-ir
9
(y-2)= 1
4
and
the
(b) one
(c) three
(d") eight
m
2
b
(a -l> )
=
iiiII
of these
2
2 2
= 1 on the tansrent at
Objective Mathematics
214
(b) ab
(a) a
2
(d ) b
(c )b
x
y
2
r + ^ r = 1 and parabola y = 4ax is given
a
b
by
(b)(3, 5)
(a) (2,0)
(d) None of these
(c)(0, 1)
11. The
eccentricity
of
the
ellipse
2
2
ax + by + 2fx + 2gy + c = 0 if axis of
ellipse parallel to x-axis is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c) a - b
a2+b2
(d) 4a2 + b2
x
y
a focal chord of the ellipse z + ^ = ' > then
a
P.
tan tan ^ is equal to
e-1
e+ 1
e-1
(d)
e+3
1 -e
1+e
e+1
(c)
e-1
(b)
(a)
=1
a" tf
whose latusrectum is half of its minor axis is
+b
+b
(a)
L. =
_ 1 between
(b)
12
(c)
VT
(a)4| b
(b)5ja
= 1 are
215
Ellipse
(c)5
~b
x
y
the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 passes through one
a
the
(a) e 4 + e1 - 1 = 0
(b) e 2 + e 4 = 0
(c)e = <2
(d) e = 3je
20. If A and B are two fixed points and P is a
variable point such that PA + PB = 4, the
locus of P is
(a) a parabola
(b) an ellipse
(c) a hyperbola
(d) None of these
21. The area of the parallelogram formed by the
tangents at the ends of conjugate diameters of
an ellipse is
(a) constant and is equal to the product of the
axes
(b) can not be constant
(c) constant and is equal to the two lines of the
product of the axes
(d) None of these
22. If
C
2
be
the
centre
of
the
ellipse
+y-
centre
2)
(x -
of
Y)
the
ellipse
, .
(a) (0, 0)
(b)(1, 1)
(d) (1, 0)
(c) (0, I)
24. The radius of the circle passing through the
2
JC
y
foci of the ellipse T 7 + "ir = 1. and having its
16
9
centre (0, 3) is
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) V12
(d) 7 / 2
JC
y
the ellipse +
= 1 is
a
b
, . x
v
ex
( a ) + 2 =
a
b
a
x > 2
ex
(b) - ^ 2 =
a
b
a
/ V2
2
2 , 2
(c).v +y =a + b
(d) None of these
29. The locus of the point of intersection of
2
a'
b~
which
Objective Mathematics
216
(a) 4x + 9y2 + 16x - 54y - 61 = 0
2
foci
of
ellipse
the
25 {x + l) 2 + 9 (y + 2) 2 = 225, are at
(a) ( - 1 , 2 ) and ( - 1 , - 6 )
(b) (-2, 1) and (-2, 6)
(c) ( - 1 , - 2 ) and ( - 2 , - 1 )
(d) (-1, - 2 ) and ( - 1 , - 6 )
2
(b) n/2
(c) n/3
(d) 71/8
(d) 1/43
(a) n/4'
(a)ZPOS
(c) ZPAS
(b) ZPSA
(d) None of these
then
(a) x ay = a
22
= a b is
(b) x - ay = b2
/ \ 2 ,
(c)x +ay = a
(d) x2 + ay = b2
37. The distance of the point (V^Tcos 0, V2~sin 0)
2
2
x
y
on the ellipse +
= 1 from the centre is 2
6
2
if
(a) 0 = 71/2
(b) 0 = 3TI/2
(c) 0 = 571/2
(d) 0 = 77t/2
38. The sum of the square of perpendiculars on
2
x
v
any tangent to the ellipse ^ + ^ = 1 from
a
b
two points on the minor axis, each at a
distanct ae from the centre, is
(b) 2b
(a) 2a
(d) a2-b2
(c) a + b2
39. A latus rectum of an ellipse is a line
(a) passing through a focus
(b) through the centre
jc/9+y/4=l
which cut off equal
intercepts on the axes is
(a) y = x + 4(13)
(b)y = -x + 4(U)
(c)y = x- 4(13)
(d)y =
-x-4(U)
43. The equation of tangent to the ellipse
2
217
Ellipse
(a) 4x + y + 7 =
(b)4x + y - 7 =
(c) 4JC + y + 3 =
(d) 4x + y - 3 =
44. If P (9) and <2
x
ellipse +
PQ is
2
, . x
(b) Z
a
,
1
(c)
.2
* 2 ' ' ^. 2 = 2
a
i>
(d) None of these
V8061
V8161
10
10
cos a + cos P
(a)cos ( a + P)
sin a - s i n P
(b)sin ( a - P)
(b)
'10
/ z= 4
ellipse
= 1 where mid-point is ^ - , - j
J_
(a)-
b
2
0
0
0
0
x
a
the equation of
= 0
Practice Test
M.M : 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part
1. Let
, F 2 be two focii of the ellipse and
PT and PN be the t a n g e n t and the normal
respectively to the ellipse at point P. Then
(a) PN bisects ZF]PF2
(bj PT bisects ZFXPF2
(c) PT bisects angle (180* - /b\PF.j)
(dj None of these
Time : 30 Min.
one or more than one correct
2. Let E be the ellipse ^
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]y
2
= 1 and C be
218
Objective Mathematics
an ellipse
(a)
+ ^
3/2
(c)
(b)
given by
(a) tan"
12
(b)tan-11
>/386
(d)
25
(c) tan" 1 1
5. AB is a diameter of x + 9y = 2 5 . The
eccentric angle of A is n/6 then the
eccentric angle of B is
(a) 5 n / 6
(b) - 5n/6
( c ) - 2ji/3
(d) None of these
6. The eccentricity of the ellipse which meets
x
v
the straight line + ^
1 on the axis o f *
x
o
Vf
v
5
2 V3
V386~
(b)
3 V2"
7
(d) t a n
ae
-1
["fee
9. A latus rectum of an ellipse is a line
(a) passing through a focus
(b) perpendicular to the major axis
(c) parallel to the minor axis
(d) through the centre
10 The tangents from which of the following
2
= 20 are
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
1- (b)
7. (c)
13. (b)
Choice-I
2. (a)
8. (b)
14. (a)
3- (b)
9. (c)
15. (a)
4. (a)
10. (c)
16. (b)
5. (b)
11. (a)
17. (d)
6. (a)
12. (d)
18. (c)
219
Ellipse
19. (a)
25. (d)
31. (c)
Multiple
20. (b)
26. (d)
32. (a)
22. (d)
28. (a)
34. (b)
23. (b)
29. (a)
35. (d)
24. (a)
30. (c)
38. (a)
43. (a), (c)
49. (c)
Choice-ll
Practice
21. (a)
27. (a)
33. (b)
Test
1. (a), (c)
7. (c)
2. (d)
8. (c)
3. (b)
9. (a), (b), (c)
4. (a), (b)
5. (b)
10. (a), (b), (c), (d)
6. (d)
HYPERBOLA
1. Standard Form of a Hyperbola :
x2
i/2
The general form of standard Hyperbola is : - - ^ = 1 , where a & b are constants. (Fig. 1)
a
tr
X
lB
B
S
b
|j
M' 'J
! (a, 0) /
zj
AI
(- ae, 0) S'
^ ^
z'
) A'
/ ( - a, 0)
axis
\
S (ae, 0)
B
I
II
H
2. Important Properties:
<B I
11 1
B'
Fig. 1
,0
L-1-.-I
2 tf
3.
b2
i,2
Hyperbola
221
(x-af
,2
,
. ,2
+ ( y - bf =
=>
e2(lx+mv+nf
2
(r + rrr)
e2(lx+my+n)2.
S (a, b)
Fig. 2
X2
Fig. 3
= 1,.
Si =
xf
- 1 > 0, = 0, < 0.
b2.
222
Objective Mathematics
Hence y= mx
sr
= 1
x2
ar
tr
xxi _ yyi
a2
Slope of tangent is
= 1 is
t? ~
tfx-i
(Note)
sry\
(ii) the equation of tangent at any point '<)>' is
X
V
-sec<|> tan 0y = 1
a
/ = 1 is
tr
xi
yi
(ii) The equation of the normal at any point "<t>' is
axcos<f> + by cot t|> = a 2 + P 2 .
10. Equation of Chord with Mid point ( x i , yi) :
The equation of the chord of the hyperbola
x2
- ^
T = S1
where
7 = ^ - ^ - 1 = 0
a2
b2
c
51 =
y?
" 7
"
1 = 0
- ^
Hyperbola
223
Fig. 4
12. Pair of Tangents :
If
P(xi,yi)
be
any
point
out
side
the
hyperbola
x2
y2
"T _ 2 = 1 a n d a P a ' r
tangents PA , PB can be drawn to it
a
b
from P. (Fig. 5).
then the equation of pair of tangents of PA & PB is
SSi = T 2
where
x2
w2
S = -r - 1 = 0
a2
b2
Let P(x1 , yi) be any point inside or outside the hyperbola. Draw chords AB and A B passing through
Fig. 6
If tangents to the hyperbola at A & B meet at Q(h, k), then locus of Q is called polar of P w.r.t.
hyperbola and P is called the pole and if tangents to the hyperbola at A ' & B ' meet at Q ' , then the straight
line Q Q ' is polar with P its pole.
x2
K2
Hence equation of polar of P (xi , yi) with respect to r - f r = 1 is
a
tr
224
Objective Mathematics
XXF
yyi = 1.
14. Diameter:
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords is called a diameter.
If y = mx+c
e-p
and
e# =
...(i)
...(ii)
~2 + ~2 = 1
ei
ei
Note : Complete line is Hyperbola & Dotted line is conjugate hyperbola.
Hyperbola
225
x2
becomes x 2 - y 2 = a 2
a = b,z - ^ = 1
a
tr
Eccentricity,
V2
*>) = *
2
tan- 1
4 - 1
a
a = b
then ~
a
- 4 = 1 becomes x 2 - y 2 = a2.
b
x = ct, y = ^
satisfy
(?.
xy = c 2 , (x, y> = j' cf, -y j is called a ' f ' point with parameter t.
Properties:
(i) Equation of the chord joining fi & fe is
x + yfifc - c(fi + fe) = 0
(ii) Equation of tangent a t ' t ' is
x + yt2 - 2ct = 0
(iii) Equation of normal a t ' / ' is
x f 3 - yt - ct4 + c = 0
(iv) Equation of tangent at (xi , yi) is
X'
xxi - yyi = xf -
y?
r
Fig. 9
x2
V2
z
= 1 which are
2
a
b2
226
Objective Mathematics
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 - /j 2
Fig. 10
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
X
"V
(c)l
x
hyperbola
144
,2
the value of b is
(a) 3
(c)9
81
25
1 and the
(b) 16
(d) 12
2
(c)y (x
+ a) = x
= x3
+ 2a) = 3x 3
(d)y2(x-2a)
= 2r3
3. If the sum of the slopes of the normals
from a
2
point P on hyperbola xy = c is constant
k (k > 0), then the locus of P is
(a) y 2 = k2c
(b) x = kc2
2
2
(d) x = ck2
(c )y = ck
2
coincide, then
4. If
(a - 2) x + ay =4
represents
rectangular hyperbola then a equals
(a)0
(b) 2
(d) 3
2
x
y
-f = 1 from where two perpendicular
25
36
tangents can be drawn to the hyperbola is/are
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) infinite
(d) zero
6. If PQ is a double ordinate of the hyperbola
2
x
y
z - 2 = * SUC'1 ^ a t OPQ is an equilateral
a
b
triangle, O being the centre of the hyperbola.
Then the eccentricity e of the hyperbola
satisfies
(a) 1 < e <
(c) e = V 3 / 2
(d)e
> vr
ll;c-7y-5 = 0
(b) 2x + 4xy + 2y 2 - 7x - 1 ly + 5 = 0
(c) 2x 2 + 5xy + 2y 2 - 1 lx - 7y + 5 = 0
(d) None the these
Hyperbola
227
e + 1
/U\
(d) e
(d) None of these
9. Consider the set of hyperbola xy = k,ke R.
Let ] be the eccentricity when k = 4 and e2
be the eccentricity when k = 9 then e, - e2 =
(a)-l
(b)0
(c) 2
(d) 3
10. The eccentaicity of the hyperbola whose
asymptotes
are
3JC + 4y = 2
and
4x - 3y + 5 = 0 is
(a) 1
(b)2
(c) V2"
(d) None of these
11. If
a
variable
straight
line
x cos a + y sin a = p, which is a chord of the
X
(b) 9 (x 1/3) + 12 (y - l) = 1
(c) 9 ( x - 1/3) 2 + 4 (y - l) 2 = 36
(d) None of these
13. The equation of the line passing through the
centre of a rectangular hyperbola is
x - y - 1 = 0 . If one of its asymptote is
3 x - 4 y - 6 = 0, the equation of the other
asymptote is
(a) 4* - 3y + 8 = 0 (b) 4x + 3y + 17 = 0
(c) 3x - 2y + 15 = 0 (d) None of these
x -y
2-
= a is
(a) m6 - 4m + 2m - 1 = 0
(b) m + 3m + 2m
(c) m6-2m
+1=0
=0
(d) m6 + 4m + 3m2 + 1 = 0
15. If e is the eccentricity of the hyperbola
2
-9 (2x + yI)2 = 80 is
(b) 1/2
(d) 2.5
x
y
hyperbola z - ^ = 1 if
a
b
2
(a) a cos a -b
(b)a cos a -b
2
sin a =p
sin a = p
2
228
Objective Mathematics
16y
(c)x
(d)* =
32y
21. (a sec 9, b tan 9) and (a sec <}>, b tan <t>) are the
X
2
( b )
(a) I a I
(c) a
(b) j I a I
(d)Ia2
T6"i
= 1
CS2 =
(x-l)2_(y-5)2
(c)
16
9
(d) None of these
(a ) r
(c) 3r
(b) 2r
2
(d) 4r 2
(a)/n, + m 2 = 24/11
(b)m,m 2 = 20/11
(c) m, + m 2 = 48/11
(d)m 1 m 2 = 11/20
31. Product of the lengths of the perpendiculars
drawn from foci on any tangent to the
2
2
2
2
hyperbola JC /a -y /b = 1 is
(a )\b2'
(b) r
(c) a2
(d) | a
Hyperbola
229
-2
- ^ r = 1 is
3
2
(a) x y + 1 = 0
(b) x y 2 = 0
(c) x + y - 1 = 0
(d) x y 1 = 0
(c) c
(d) - c
xy = c
and
**
(b)4
(d) 8
(b) - 1
Practice Test
M.M : 20
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
1. The points of intersection of the curves
3. The asymptotes of the hyperbola
whose
parametric
equations
are
xy = hx + ky are
2
2
(a) x = k, y = h
(b)x = h, y = k
x = t + 1, y = 21 and x = 2s, y = is
s
(c)x = h, y = h
(d)x = k, y = k
given by
4. If
P (xj, yO, Q (x2, y 2 ), R (x3, y 3 )
and
(a) (1, - 3)
(b) (2, 2)
S (x4, y 4 ) and 4 concyclic points on the
(c) ( - 2, 4)
(d) (1, 2)
2
rectangular hyperbola xy = c , the co-ordi2. The equations to the common tangents to
nates of the orthocentre of the APQR are
.2
,2
the two hyperbolas ' - ^ = 1 and
(a)(x 4 , - y 4 )
(b)(x 4 ,y 4 )
a
b
(c)(-x 4 , - y 4 )
(d)(-x4,y4)
2
2
iL2 _ ^L
1
are
5. The equation of a hyperbola, conjugate to the
,2
a
b
2
2
hyperbola x + 3ry + 2v + 2x + 3y = 0 is
(a )y = + .v +
4(b2-a2)
(a) .r2 + 3xy + 2v2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
(b) y = x + V(a 2 - b2)
(b) x 2 + 3lvv + 2y2 + 2 t + 3y + 2 = 0
(c)y = x (a2 - f t )
(.c) x 2 + 3xv + 2y2 + 2r + 3v + 3 = 0
(d)v = .v V ^ 2 + ft2)
2
Objective Mathematics
230
6. I f the tangent and normal to a rectangular
hyperbola cut off intercepts x j and x 2 on
one axis and
and y 2 on the other axis,
then
(a)*!?! + x2y2 = 0
(b)*iy2 + x2yi =
(c)x a *2 + y\V2 =
(d) None of these
2
(a) the parabola y = 20x
(b) the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144
2
x
y
7. A normal to the hyperbola r - , = 1
a
o
meets the transverse and conjugate axes in
Af and iV and the lines MP and NP are
drawn at right singles to the axes. The locus
of P i s
2
= (a + by
(b) 9x - 3y + 8 = 0
(d) 9x - 3y - 8 = 0
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice-I
l.(c)
7. (c)
13. (b)
19. (a)
25. (d)
Multiple
2.(b)
8. (b)
14. (d)
20. (b)
Practice
1. (b)
7.(d)
3. (b)
9. (b)
15. (c)
21. (b)
4. (c)
10. (c)
16. (a)
22. (a)
5. (d)
11. (c)
17. (c)
23. (a)
6. (d)
12. (b)
18. (b)
24. (a)
31. (b)
37. (b)
Choice-II
Test
2. (b)
8.(a),(b),(c)
3. (a)
9. (b)
4. (b), (c)
10. (b), (c)
5. (b)
6. (c)
TRIGONOMETRY
27
TRIGONOMETRICAL, RATIOS AND IDENTITIES
27.1. Some Important Results
(i) cos rm = ( - 1)", sin mz = 0 If n e I
(ii) cos - y = 0, sin y
and sin ^ y
i.e.,
i \ cos mA + cos mB
n + cos mC = 1
m , 4* sin
mA sin -mB
(x)
y sin mC
- y
according as m is of the form 4n + 1 or 4n + 3
0"
0
cos
tan
7.5"
V8 - 2V6 - 2V2
4
-IB + 2V6 + 2-12
4
(>/3-V2)(V2-1)
15"
V3-1
2-l2
V3 + 1
2-l2
2-V3
18'
V5-1
4
Vl0 + 2>/5
4
V25-10V5
5
22.5"
V2-2
2
-I2 + -I2
2
V2-1
30"
1
2
V3
2
1
73
cot
oo
(-I3+-I2) (V2 + 1)
(V6-V2)
V( 5 + 2V5)
V2~+1
V3
sec
(V6-V2)
V4 - 2V2
2
V3
V4 + 2V2
v
cosec
oo
(-J6+-/2)
V5"+ 1
36".
V10-2V5
4
V5+ 1
4
V5 - 2-15
V5 - 1
67.5'
-12 +-12
2
-12- -12
2
-12+1
75"
V3 + 1
2-l2
V3-1
2V2
2 + V3
90'
1
45"
1
V2
1
72
1
60"
V3
2.
1
2
V3
1
-13
-12-1
-12
V4 + 2V2
-16 + -12
00
V2
2
73
-14 + 2-12
V6 +V2
2--I3
0
OO
233
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. If
x = r sin 0 cos <(>, y = r sin 0 sin ()> and
z = r cos 0 then the value of x + y1 + z is
independent of
(a) 0, <(>
(b) r, 0
(c) r, <{>
(d) r
2. If
0 < 0 < 180
then
(b) 1/2
(d) 5/4
(a) 3/4
(c)2
7. t a n 7 | =
. . 2V2-(1+VT)
then
8. The
maximum
value
of
sin (x + 7t/6) + cos (x + 71/6) in the interval
(0, TI/2) is alttained at
(a) 7t/12
(b) 71/6
(c) n/3
(d) tc/2
,
( a+ P
= 0 (b) cos
^ 0
(a) sin
(b)b0 =
(c)b0 = -l,b]=n
(d)b0 = 0,b]
value of
cosec 2 0 - sec 2 0 .
is
cosec 2 0 + sec 2 0
11.
71
1 + cos
0
1 + cos
371
1 + COS
571
In
1 + cos -- is equal to
8
(b) c o s 71/8
(a) 1/2
0,b]=n
(c) sin
(c) a2 + b2 = c2 + d2 (d) ab = cd
... 1+V3"
-3-3
, then the
(c) 1/8
12. If A + C = B, then tan A tan tan C =
(a) tan A + tan B + tan C
(b) tan B - tan C - tan A
234
Objective Mathematics
__
.
,
jc
2n
3K
4K
21. The value of cos cos cos cos
and
(C)
(b) 2
(d)0
x=l,
(c)
<1
/u.
<7+2
(b) -
K
4U
67C
1Q
Tl, value
I off cos 2
19. The
+ cos +, cos ' is
(a) 1
(c) 1/2
(b)-l
(d) -1/2
3tc
20. If 7t < a < ^ , then the expression
k
a
is equal to
4 ~ 2
(b) 2 - 4 sin a
(d) None of these
2
1
sin ( a + p + y)
sin a + sin P + sin y
(a) < 1
(b) > 1
(c) = 1
(d) None of these
x
i
z
23. If
cos a
(
2 K )
(
2K
cos I a -
cos a +
then x + y + z =
(a) 1
(c)-l
24. I f A + B+C =
(b) 0
(d) None of these
3K
2 '
then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2 C =
(a) 1 4 cos A cos B cos C
(b) 4 sin A sin B sin C
(c) 1 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
(d) 1 4 sin A sin B sin C
, , <7 - 2
(a) ;
7K .
6K
( 4
5K
n
"
If L cos 9, = n, then sin 9; =
1=1
i=l
(a) n - 1
(b) 0
(c) n
(d) n + 1
26. If
cos a + cos P = 0 = sin a + sin p,
cos 2 a + cos 2p =
(a) - 2 sin ( a + P) (b) - 2 cos ( a + P)
(c) 2 sin ( a + p)
(d) 2 cos ( a + p)
-)c
then
(b) K
(c) n sin
' n
(d) 0
235
third
C4 + 2C6
32. If P is a point on
triangle ABC such
AP is equal to
(a) 2a sin ( C / 3 )
(c) 2c sin (B/3)
( c ) COS X > X
71
38. The
minimum
and
maximum
value
of
ab sin x +
- a )
cos x
(I a I < 1, b > 0) respectively are
(a ){b-c,b
+ c]
(b ){b +
c,b-c}
( c ) { c - b , b + c]
(d) None of these
+ c
39. If
cos x = tan y,
cos y = tan z
cos z = tan x then sin x equals
(a) sin y
(b) sin z
(c) 2 sin 18
(d) sin ( y + z)
and
sin(a-P)
371
5K.
14
14
is
(a)0
,
(d) None of these
34. Which of the following is correct
(a) sin 1 > sin 1 (b) sin 1 < sin 1
K
(c) sin 1 = sin 1 (d) sin 1 = y j ^ sin 1
35. If a , P , y do not differ by a multiple of n
cos ( a + 0) = c o s ( P + 0)
and
if
f
i
r
sin (p + y)
sin(Y+a)
_ cos (y + 0)
k Then k equals
sin ( a + P)
(a) 2
(b) 1/2
(c)0
(d)l
expression
36. If
the
A cos (0 + a ) + B sin (0 + P)
retain the s a m e
A' sin (0 + a ) + B' cos (0 + P)
value for all '0' then
(a) (AA' - BB') sin ( a - p) = (A'B - AB')
(b) AA' + BB' = (A'B + AB') sin ( a - P)
(d)4
41. The value of
18
r= 1
236
Objective Mathematics
(b) a V2 - a
(c) a V2 + a
(d)
(a) x - V3~(l - a) x + a = Q
(b) V3~X 2 -(1 -a)x
of
a4l-a
is minimum when
48. Expression 2 sm 0 + 2
0=
and its minimum value is
, , , ~ _ , 7rc
i - 1/V2
(b) 2nn + , n e 1,2
(c) 7 I 7 I T I / 4 , n e /, 2 ' ~ l W 2
(d) None of these
49. If in a triangle ABC,
cos 3A + cos 3B + cos 3 C = 1,
then one angle must be exactly equal to
(a)
(C) 7t
*>T
(d)
4 71
(c)x
<h>
+ y!3(\+a)x-a
a^3=0
=0
sin"1 0 cos 3 0
cos 0
sin 0 - c o s 0
V( 1 +cot 2 0)
{571/4}
53. If
(a) 2/i7t + ~ , n e /,
71
00?
2tc
(C)
sm a =
(a) 1 - a 2 - b 2
(b) 1 - 2a 2 - 2b 2
(c) 2 + a l - b 2
55. The expression
( 37t
I
(d) 2 - a - b
^
. 4,,
+sin (371 + a )
(1 /7I
> . fi ,
sin + a + sin ( 5tt - a ) is equal to
(a) 0
(c) 1
(b)- 1
(d) 3
( b ) / i e ( - . 2]
(c) n e [ 1,1]
(d) none of these
237
c0+c2 =
33
65
63. If
2 , 1.2
a+b
(a) 4 sin 2 0 = 5
(b) (a 2 + b2) cos 0 = 2ab
2
-n
71
64
=1
(d)/ 5
set of values of
( b ) / ( 0 ) <A < / ( - 2)
(d)e
32
K
128
=1
= 1
X e R such
that
(b) a e
4 ab
2
2
a+b, 1,
-w
67. The
]
I
2 ' 2
e <p'
(c)/ 4
_1_
65
63
(d)cos(a-P) =
65
(c) a e
( - 1, 1)
e 4>
(1 + s e c 40) ...
(b) sin ( a + P ) = | |
(c) tan
66. Let
(b) 0 , 0 , 0 ,
(d) 0 , - 1 , 2
3
5
61. If cos a = and cos P = , then
(a) a
(b) cos
(a) 0 , 1 , 2
(c) 0, 2, 3
(c) sin
+ q cos 2 ( a + p) = q
( b ) t a n ( a + p ) = p/{q - 1)
(c) cos ( a + P) = 1 - q
(d) sin ( a + P) = - p
64. If sin 6 + sin <f> = a and cos 0 + cos (J) = b, then
e-<[>
2
(a) cos
+ b2)
2
(c) (m + n ) cosec 0 = m
(d) sin 0 = 2-375
^
Ck cos 2ka. then
k=0
C] + C 2 + C 3 + C0 =
(a) cos ( a + P) =
(d)/(-l)<A</(-2)
238
Objective Mathematics
(c)
z =
(a) xyz
(b)xyz
(c) xyz
(d) xyz
In
In
(b, then
= xy + z
= x +y + z
, (a * c)
(a) y = z
(b) y + z = a + c
( c ) y - z = a-c
(d) y - z = (a - cf + 4 b 1
/
yi
^ sin A + sin B ^
cos A + cos fi
71.
sin A sin B
cos A - cos B
y
/
(n,even or odd) =
^A -fi ^
A-B
(a) 2 tan"
(b) 2 cot"
72.
73.
m*
74.
sin <()/2
(a) 8 : 9 : 5
(b) 8 : 5 : 9
(c) 5 : 9 : 8
(d) 5 : 8 : 5
77. If cot 9 + tan 9 = x and sec 9 - cos 9 = y, then
= yz + x
a-c
a +b
= xz + y
70. If tan x =
a-bN
(c)0
(d) None of these
3 + c o t 76 cot 16
cot 76 + cot 16
(a) tan 16
(b)cot 76
(c) tan 46
(d) cot 44
In a triangle tan A + tan B + tan C = 6 and
tan A tan B = 2 ,
then
the
values
of
tan A , tan B and tan C are
(a) 1,2, 3
(b)2, 1 , 3
(c) 1 , 2 , 0
(d) None of these
a C0S
Tr
t*
+ b- , then
,
If cos e =
J -<>
tan 9 / 2 =
a + b cos <p
(a)A/
(b)Vf^
' a
239
Practice Test
MM : 20
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct ansuier(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
1
2
2
Minimum value of Ax - 4x | sin 9 | - cos 9
6. If tan 9 = n t a n (j), then maximum value of
is
(a)-2
(b)-l
(c) -1/2
(d) 0
2. For any real 8, the maximum value of
cos 2 (cos 9) + sin 2 (sin 9) is
(a) 1
(b) 1 + sin 1
(c) 1 + cos 1
(d) does not exists
3. If in a triangle ABC, CD is the angular
bisector of the angle ACB then CD is
equal to
( a ) y ^ c o s (C/2)
(b) c o s (C/2)
ab
(c)
cos (C/2)
a+b
b sin A
(d)
sin (B + C/2)
A Tr
1 a n a sin 9 cosec2 a are in
4.
it cos * R.
9 sec 2 a ,
A. P. then
8
6
1
j 8
6
cos n9 sec a , and sin n9 cosec a are in
(a) A. P.
(b) G. P
(c) H. P.
(d) None of them
5. Given t h a t
(1 + V(1 + x)) t a n x = l + V ( l - x )
Then sin Ax is equal to
(a) Ax
(b) 2x
(c) x
(d) None of these
2,
tan (9 - <>
| ) is
( a ) ^
An
(c)
(b)
(2 n + 1
(2re - l)
An
An
If 1 tan A | < 1, and | A is acute then
Vl + sin 2A + Vl - sin 2A
is equal to
V1 + sin 2A - Vl - sin 2A
(a) t a n A
(b) - t a n A
(c) cot A
(d) - cot A
8. The maximum value of the expression
I V(sin 2 x + la ) - V(2a - 1 - cos 2 *) I,
where a and x are real numbers is
(b)V2
(a)V3
(c)l
(d)V5
9. If
cos
n+l
ai
J :
y7
(1 + an)
then
Vi-qp
is equal to
<23 ...to 0
(a) 1
(&-1
(d)A
a
0
10. If in A ABC, ZA = 90 and c, sin B, cos B
are rational numbers then
(a) a is the rational
(b) a is irrational
(c) b is rational
(d) b is irrational
(c) a 0
(d)
(n - If
An
must be 100%
Objective Mathematics
240
Answer
Multiple
1.
7.
13.
19.
25.
31.
37.
43.
49.
55.
(a)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
Multiple
56.
62.
67.
73.
79.
Choice-1
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
32.
38.
44.
50.
1. (b)
7. (b)
3. (a)
9. (a)
15. (c)
21.
27.
33.
39.
45.
51.
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(b)
58.
64.
69.
75.
80.
5. (b)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
36.
42.
48.
54.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
4. (c)
10. (c)
16. (b)
22. (a)
28. (b)
34. (b)
40. (c)
46. (c)
52. (d)
11.
17.
23.
29.
35.
41.
47.
53.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(c)
59.
65.
70.
76.
60.
66.
71.
77.
(b)
61. (b), (c), (d)
(a), (b), (c), (d)
(b), (c)
72. (c), (d)
(a), (b), (c)
78. (a), (b) (c)
Choice-ll
(a),
57.
(b), (d)
63.
(d)
68.
(a), (b)
74.
(a), (b), (c), (d)
Practice
(a)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(c), (d)
(b), (d)
(b), (c)
(b), (d)
Test
2. (b)
8. (b)
3. (c), (d)
9. (c)
4. (a)
10. (a), (c).
5. (c)
6. (b)
28
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
28.1. Reduce any trigonometric equation to one of the following forms
(i)
If sin 6 = sin a
or
or
or
n e I
n e /
0 = 2rm a,
n /
0 = rm + a,
cos 2 0 = cos 2 a or tan2 0 = tan 2 a.
n e I
then 0 = rm. a,
(v) If cos 0 = 0 then 0 = rm +
n e I
2 '
n e I
net
net
net
n e I
...(1)
a = rcos a, b = rsin a
r = "V a2 + b 2
and
a = tan
= 2rm cos
0 = a + 2 rm cos" 1 [ - \, n
242
Objective Mathematics
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. The number of values of x for which
sin 2x + cos 4x = 2 is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c)2
(d) infinite
2. The number of solutions of the equation
x3 + x 2 + 4x + 2 sin x = 0 in 0 < x < 2n is
(a) zero
(b) one
(c)two
(d) four
3. Let a , (3 be any two positive values of x for
which 2 cos x, I cos x I and 1 - 3 cos x are in
G.P. The minimum value of I a - (3 I is
(a) 71/3
(b) TT/4
(c) 7t/2
(d) None of these
4. The number of solutions of the equation
tan x + sec x = 2 cos x lying in the interval
[0, 27t] is
(a)0
(b) 1
(c)2
(d)3
2
5. If 2 tan x - 5 sec x is equal to 1 for exactly 7
nn'
, ne N, then
distinct values of x e 0,
the greatest value of n is
(a) 6
(b) 12
(c) 13
(d) 15
6. The general solution of the trigonometrical
equation
sin x + cos x = 1
for
n = 0, + 1, + 2, ... is given by
(a) x = 2nn
(b) x = 2nn + n/2
(c) x = nn + (- n " -
' 4 4
(d) None of these
The
solution
of
set
(2 cos x- 1) (3 + 2 cos x) = 0 in the interval
0 < x < 2x is
(b)
(c)
If
if
5TC
3
571
-1
cos
3
<b)[f.x
271 1
(OIK.?
- (sin x * cos x) is
cos x sin x
(b) 1
(d) none of these
2
10. The
equation
(cos p - 1) x z + (cos p) x
+ sin p = 0, where x is a variable, has real
roots. Then the interval of p may be any one
of the followings
(a) (0, 2n)
(b) ( - 71, 0)
n n
(d) (0,7i)
(c)
2 ' 2
complete
Solution
of
the
equation
= 30 then x is
15. If
1+sin0 + sin29+.
0 < 6 < 7i, 6 * n/2 then
: 4 + 2 <3,
Trigonometric Equations
(a) 6 = 71/6
(c) e = 71/3 or 7C/6
16. If tan (7i cos 0) =
value(s) of cos (0 -
243
(b) 6 = 71/3
(d) 0 = 71/3 or 271/3
cot (n sin 0), then the
7t/4) is (are)
(a) |
(C)
2^2*
17. The equation a sin x' + b cos .v = c where
I c I > y<? + b2 has
(a) One solution
(b) Two solutions
(c) No solution
(d) Infinite number of solutions
18. The most general values of x for which
sin .v + cos x = min
aeR
1 , < 3 ~ - 4 ( 3 + 6}
(b) 2nn + j
solutions o f / ( x ) :
71
10
the greatest integer less than or equal to .v.)
(a) 2/171 + - , 1 1 6 /
(b)/17t. /! 6 /
7t
(c) 37t
(d) None of these
21. The number of roots of the equation
x + 2 tan x = n/2 in the interval [0, 2n\ is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) infinite
22. If .v = X cos 0 K sin 0, y = X sin 0 + Y cos 0
+ 4.vv + y2 = AX2 + BY' ,
0 < 0 < 71/2 then
(a) 0 = n/6
(b) 0 = 7t/4
(c) A = - 3
(d) B = 1
and
A2
26. The
general
(c) 2/171 +
(a) 71
of
such
that
+ (-l)''J-f
(c) 2/m ~
*2-2^3x + 4
are given by
(a) 2/m
(c),m
In
nn
A
(b) x = nn +
(c) x = 2/m +
(a) x
244
Objective Mathematics
(c) x = 71/3
(d) None of these
31. The general solution of the equation
.100
100
. .
sin x - cos x = 1 is
(a)2nn + j , n e /
(b) nn + ^ ,ne
(c) mt + ^ , e /
(d) 2wJt - - j , e /
(c) nn-n
(d) None of these
34. If x e (0, 1) the greatest root of the equation
sin 271 x = V I cosTtcis
(a) 1/4
(b) 1/2
(c) 3/4
(d) None of these
35. If max {5 sin 9 + 3 sin (9 - a)} = 7, then the
set of possible values of a is 9 e R
(a) { x : x = 2nn , n e I
(b)\x:x
(c)
= 2nnY
>ne I
2tc
3 ' 3 .
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I I
Each question in this part has one or more than one correct answers).
a, b,c,d corresponding to the correct answer (s).
36. 2 sin x cos 2x = sin x if
( a ) X=MI
+ n / 6 (NE
I)
' 2
(b) no solution in
(c) no solution in
371]
(a)xe | ( b ) * e
(c) JC e
(d) cos(.r-71/4) =
JC,
371
(-
1 0 ' 10
( d ) x e (-7t,7t)
42. The
solution
of
the
inequality
log 1 / 2 sinjc > log 1 / 2 cosjc in [0, 2n] is
(a) JC e (0,71/2)
(b) JC e (0, ic/8)
(c) JC e (0, Jt/4)
(d) None of these
equation
Trigonometric Equations
245
(c) x = nn + n/2, ne I
(d) None of these
44. The solutions of the system of equations
sin x sin y = V3/4, cos xcos y = V3/4
are
(a) 7
(b) 14
(c) 21
(d) 28
48. The number of solution(s) of the equation
3
, - 2
2
3
,
sin x cos x + sin x cos x + sin x cos JC = 1
in the interval [0, 27t] is/are
(a) No
(b) One
(c) Two
(d) Three
49. The most general values of JC for which
(a) x, = | + | ( 2 n + k)
(b)y,=| + |(*-2n)
(c)x 2 = | + | ( 2 , n + t )
are given by
(a) 2nn
(d)y2=| + |(*-2n)
2
(b) 2nn + ~~
(d)7t + ( - 1 )
- - 4 3
50. The solution of the equation
103
103
cos'~ JC - sin x = 1 are
(a)--
(b) 0
71
(, ON-
(d)7t
Practice Test
Time: 30 Min
M.M. : 20
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answerfs).
[10 x 2 = 20]
.2
3 .
1
3.
The
solution
set
of
the
inequality
sin x - sinx +
2
then
2
1
.
1. If
I cos x I
2=1,
cos 8a < is
z
possible values of x
n
(a) nn or nn + ( - l) 7t/6, n e I
(a) | 8/(8/1 + 1) | < 8 < (8/1 + 3)
n 6 / j
(b) nn or 2nn + J or nn + (- l) n , ne
i
O
(c) nn + ( l)
(d) nn ,
2. tan | x
(a)x e
(b) x e
(c)x e
(d) x e
~,
b
n e I
n e I
| = | t a n x | if
( - it (2/fe + l ) / 2 , - nk]
[nk , JC (2k + l)/2)
(-nk , - 7i (2k- l)/2)
(7C (2 k - l)/2, nk), k e N
Objective Mathematics
246
(d) Infinitely m a n y solutions
(e) None of these
1
t h e n x must lie in the
5. cos (sin x ) ~
interval
n n
(a)
4 ' 2
<b)|- j , 0
< o f , f
(d)| f ,
it,
6. A solution of t h e equation
(a) zero
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
8. The number of solutions of the equation
1
(0 < x < 271) is
cot X I = cot X +
sin x
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
9. The real roots of the equation
(1 - t a n 6) (1 + t a n 9) sec 0 + 2
7t
(a) -
= 0
71 I .
2 ' 2
J 18
7i/2,
(C)TI/2,
(b) -
(d)
0,
71/2,
0 ,
TI/2
7 I / 4 , 7 I / 2
given by
(a) 0 = 0
(b) 0 = T I / 3
(c) 0 = - 71/3
(d) 0 = T I / 6
7. The n u m b e r of solutions of the equation
1 + sin x sin 2 x / 2 = 0 in [ - rt, 7t] is
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice
-I
l.(a)
7.
13.
19.
25.
31.
(b)
(d)
(d)
(a)
(b)
Multiple
36.
40.
44.
48.
2. (b)
8. (c)
14.
20.
26.
32.
(a)
(a)
(d)
(d)
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
33.
(d)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
16.
22.
28.
34.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
5. (d)
11.
17.
23.
29.
35.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(a)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
(c)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
*
Choice -II
Practice
4. (c)
10. (d)
Test
1. (c), (d)
7. (a)
2. (a), (b)
8. (c)
3. (c)
9. (b)
4. (d)
10. (a)
5. (a), (d)
6. (b), (c)
the
Ex.
29.2. Some Results on Inverse Trigonometric Functions
(i) s i n " 1 ( - x) = - sin"
x, - 1 < x < 1
(iv) cot"
( - x) =
(v) s e c "
( - x) = 7i - s e c "
(iii) tan"
(vi) c o s e c "
1
(vii) sin"
(viii) tan"
JI
(x) s e c "
x. - 1 < x < 1
x e R
x.
1
x. x < - 1 or x > 1
1
( - x) = - c o s e c "
x + cot"
x = sin"
- 1 < x < 1
x = k/2,
x = cos" ' i
(xi) c o s e c "
x.
x = it/2, x e R
x,
- cot"
x e R
I,
x < - 1 or x > 1
x < - 1 or x > i
y = tan"1 !
K
y I
Objective Mathematics
248
(xiv) If x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1, then
tan" 1 x + tan" 1 y = n + tan" 1 { * +
{i-xy
(xv) If x < 0, y < 0, xy > 1, then
in" 1 x - sin - 1 y = s i n - 1 [ x V i - y 2 - y V 1 - x 2 ]
cosf
cos
cos
x - cos
2 tan
x = sin
y = cos" 1 [xy + V i - x 2 V i - y 2 ] .
2x
1+x2
x = sin
2x
1+x2
= cos
1 f i ^ z
_2x_]
= tan
1-x2
[1+x2
= cos- 1
2x
1 - x 2 ! = tan
1+x2
1-x2
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
ac/i question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. cos
cos ( [ - - n
17
1771
15
. , 271
(C)75
(b)
(a)-
2.
tan 2 tan
is equal to
1771
15
i_2E
5
4
(b)
16
( d )
n
_
. -1
. - 1
271
3. If sin x + sin y = ,
71
(c)
6
(d)7t
x is
(d) 3TI/2
If
cos" 1 x + cos" 1 y + cos" 1 z = 37t
xy + yz + zx is equal to
(a)-3
(b)0
(c)3
(d)-l
6. The value of
cot sin" 1 V f
sin
then
2-V3"
m
+ sec- ' V 2
4
(a) 0
7t/4
(c) n / 6
(d) 7t/2
7. The number of real solutions of
+ COS
tan
V x ( x + 1) +sin
(a) zero
V ( x 2 + x + 1) = 7 t / 2 is
(b) one
249
(d) infinite
(c) two
tan" (1 + JC) + t a n
(a) JC = 1
(c) JC = 0
9. If JC], JC2, JC3, JC4 are
JC 4
JC
sin 2P +
then X tan
;= l
JC
- 1
(1 - JC) = T I / 2 is
(b) JC = - 1
(d) JC = 71
roots of the equation
cos 20 -
JC
cos P - sin P = 0.
JC2)
(a)7t
(c)0
1+ t a n - 1 f ^ 1+ t a n - 1 f 1=
xr
yr
(b) 7 1 / 2
(d) None of these
In ] . . -1
cos | (b) sin
sec
7TI
(d) sin
sinyj
2tc
s i n( | ( sin
(d)
1371/12
2n
In
(a) n
n (w + 1)
(c)
JC,
is equal to
i= 1
(b) 2n
3 2 +
...
(b) 7t/2
(d) None of these
(a) x
(b) V(1
-x2)
3)
has
+ cot-1 y = tan-1
JC
is
(a) one
(b) two
(c)three
(d) four
22. The value of c o s - 1 (cos 12) - s i n - 1 (sin 12)
is
(a) 0
(b) 7 I
(c) 87T - 24
(d) None of these
23. The smallest and the largest values of
tan
+ cot-1
+ JC2) - V ( L
zr
18
,
= r = = = a , then x =
/(1 +x2) + V ( 1 - J C )
(a) cos 2 a
(b) sin 2 a
(c) tan 2 a
(d) cot 2 a
tan-1 f
+ cot-1
(a) 7t
(c) TI/4
(b)7t/2-p
(d) - p
V ( 1
X; =
(a)P
(c) 7t p
10. If tan
cot-1 2 + cot-1
is equal to
-1
\ O < J C <
are
1 + JC
(a) 0, n
(b)
0 , 7 T / 4
(d)
7T/4,7T/2
-1
(Vl -
JC2)
x equals
250
Objective Mathematics
(b) tan
-i
sin
J (sin J I / 3 )
(c) - cot
COS
(d) cosec
(b) 10-3TC
(c) 3TI - 10
(d) None of these
26. If a, b are positive quantities and if
a+b
,b{= -laj? ,
ai
al+bi
a2 = -,
(aK. (b) b =
i
b2 = ya2bi and so on then
(a) tan
T(:
x +k
- kx)
2
^
- 1 2x +xk-k
2
x 2xk + k
xk-k2
^ x+2
(b) tan
x' 2.xk + k2
1 ^
- 1 ' x + 2xk - 2k
(c) tan
2x 2xk + 2k2
(d) None of these
29. The value of tan
cos - 1 ( a / b )
cos
-7C/2
is
(b)
cos" 1 (a/b)
(c) b x =
7T/6
COS
(sin 10) is
( a ) 10
V(JC2 + k2 kx)
(d)
cos (b/a)
(d) None of these
27. tan
( C\ x-y )
+ tan
C\ y + x
\
+ tan
C3 ~ c 2
1 + c3c2
-1
(a) tan
(y/x)
1
(c) - tan" f
r c2-c, \
1 + c 2 c, ^
.. + tan
-1
32 +
(b) t a n " y
(d) None of these
(a) TC/4
(b) tan
1
(c) tan" 3
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I I
Each question, in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the letters
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s).
31. The x satisfying
sin" 1
(a) 0
(c)l
JC
real ?
(a) sin" x
(c) sec
(b) tan
x
1
(d) cos" x
251
(b)x = 2
(d) x = 4
-1
(c) a = 71/4
42. The
value of n is
(a)l
(c)9
(b)5
(d) None of these
1
37. If (tan
x) + (cot
(a)0
(c)-2
x)
5ft
= ~ ,
then x equals
1
2r
is
.tan - 1 x +, cos
(a) 1
(c)3
(a)/
VT+ y
(JC) =
C O S
871
.-if 3 ^
= sin
-i
[VToJ
JC) + (cos
'sin
+rt/3)
values
of
x) are
32
(c)
In
(df
43. tan
a (a + b + c)
i -\\b
+ tan
be
tan tan
_1
{a + b + c)
ca
c (a + b + c) .
is
ab
(b) 71/2
(d) 0
is an A.P. with common
1 + tan
then
5)1/18
(c)
1 + a1a-i
1 +a,a2 ,
-1
V
is equal to
(n-l)d
(a)
a, + a n
871
13ir/18
(b)/[TJ-
(b)
nd
1 + axan
(d)
1 +a-i<an
(n- 1) d
1 +axan
an-ax
a + a
(c)/ [-t)=" 2
J
In \
( d ) / [ " T j=
least
+ ... + tan
* (b) 2
(d)4
(a) 7t/4
(c) 7t
44. If au a2, a3,.., an
difference d, then
40. L e t /
+ tan
(b) n / 4
(d) 271
ft
and
, , ft
(sin
-1
(b)-l
(d) - 3
oo
(d) p = 7t
greatest
iiti/12
of k is
(a) 1
(c)3
(b) 1/3
(d) None of these
Practice Test
M . M : 20
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
1. The principal value of
-l (
2n)
- - i f 2ti V
cos
^cosYJ+sin
^sinyjis
(a) It
(c) 7C/3
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
2. The sum of the infinite series
. -i(
1 > . - i f V 2 - n
. -ifVl-V2 )
sin
[ ^ h ^ - ^ J
(b) 7i/2
(d) 471/3
<a)
. -lfV^-Vn-l
[ <n {n +1)
+ Sln
(b)f
l+
'
Objective Mathematics
252
(d)7t
(C);
3. The
solution
of
are
x
the
the
equation
100
+z
100
101 ,
x
(b)l
(d) 3
101 ,
+y
+z
angles
given
by
P = 3 sin" (1/V2)
z = 3K/2
and
8' C S 8
4'72
/ \
_n
1
and
(b)
4'72
-8'CS8
V
n _ 1
It
71
and
(c)
4' 72
8'"COS8
(a)
W l - T4. ' 7 21
9. The
1
of
solution
2
the
inequality
then
x I =xI
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple Choice -I
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(b)
is
1. (d)
7. (c)
13. (c)
19. (c)
25. (c)
101
+y
(a) 0
(c) 2
x)]] = 0 are
100
3. (b)
9. (b)
15. (c)
21. (b)
27. (b)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(c)
5.
11.
17.
23.
29.
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
Multiple
Choice
Practice
1. (a)
7.(c)
-II
32. (a)
38. (b)
44. (b)
Test
2. (c)
8. (a)
3. (a), (c)
9. (b)
4. (b), (c)
10. (a), (b), (d)
5. (d)
36. (b)
42. (a), (c)
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE
30.1
Some important formulae relating the sides a, b, c and angles A, 6, C of a triangle are :
1. Area of the A 4 B C :
The area of A ABC (denoted by A or S) may be expressed in many ways as follows :
(i) A = ^ be sin A = ^ ca sin B = ^ ab sin C.
a + b+ c
(ii) A = Vs (s - a) (s - b) (s- c)
(iii) A =
a2 sin B sin C
2 sin A
b2 sin C sin A
2 sin B
c2 sin A sin B
2 sin C
2. Sine Rule
In any A ABC,
sin A
sin B
sin C
3. Cosine Rule :
In any A ABC,
cos A =
2 , 2
.2
b 2 + c2 - a2
c +a - b
_
; cos nB =
; cos C
2 be
2 ca
2 ,
a + t?-c
2 ab
4. Projection Rule
In any A ABC,
a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C, c = a cos B + b cos A.
5. Tangent Rule (Nepier's Analogy): In any A ABC,
tan
B-C
b-c
. .
cot A/2,
b+c
A- B
tan
2
|
tan
C-/4
a-b
cot C/2
a+ b
(s - b) (s - c)
, sin 6 / 2
be
w'
sin C/2 =
(ii)
cos A/2 =
s ( s - a)
, cos 0 / 2 =
be
(S-c)
( S - a)
ca
/ (s - a) (s - b)
V
ab
Is(s-b)
ca
c- a
cot B/2,
c+ a
Properties of Triangle
255
cos q/2
(,ii)
tan A / 2 = Vy (
'
b H 5 " C
s(s-a)
tan 6 / 2 =
tan c / 2
V^ST
'
ab
y
s(s-b)
'
=
"
SIS
C)
30.2
The lengths of the radii of the circumcircle, the inscribed circle, and the escribed circles opposite to
A, B, Cwill be denoted respectively by Ft, r, n, r2, m.
1. Formulae for Circum-radius fl
sin A
sin B
sin C
2f?cos A cos B.
Objective Mathematics
256
6. Sides and Angles of the Pedal Triangle
(i) EF = a cos A, DF = b cos B, DE = c cos C
(ii) Z EDF = 180' - 2A, Z DEF = 180" - 2B, Z EFD = 180' - 2 C
7. Length of the Medians
If AD, BE and CF are the medians of the triangle ABC then
AD = |
^(2/t 2 + 2c 2 - a2)
BE .= ~ V ( 2 c 2 + 2 a 2 - b 2 )
CF = ^ V(2a2 + 2 b 2 - c 2 )
8. Distance between the Circumcentre and the Orthocentre
If O is the circumcentre and P is the orthocentre then
OP = R V(1 - 8 cos A cos S cos C)
9. Distance between the Circumcentre and the Incentre
If O is the circumcentre and I is the Incentre then
01 = R V( 1 - 8 sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2) = V (R s-2Rr)
10. Ptolemy's Theorem
In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD.
AC. BD = AB.
CD+BC.AD.
Fig. 30.3.
Area = n/ 2 tan n / n
Radius r = cot n/n
Fig. 30.2.
Properties of Triangle
257
An l
Fig. 30.4.
= s2
(iv) rir2 + r 2 r 3 +
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I
question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. In a trinagle
ABC, (a + b + c) (b + c - a) = k be if
(a)A:<0
(h) /t > 6
(c) 0 < & < 4
(d)*>4
2. If X be the perimeter of the A ABC then
,
2C
2B .
b cos + c cos is equal to
(a) X
(b) 2X
(c)X/2
(d) None of these
3. If the area of a triangle ABC is given by
2
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
(c) H.P.
(d) None of these
In a triangle ABC, ZB = n/3 and Zc = 71/4
let D divide BC internally in the ratio 1 : 3.
sin ( Z BAD)
.
Then . ) y ^ . J . equals
sin (Z CAD)
VT
(d)
7T
9. If D is the mid point of side BC of a triangle
ABC and AD is perpendicular to AC, then
(c)
(a) 3a 2 = b2- 3c 2
2
(b)3 b2 =
2
a2-c2
2
(c ) b = a - c
(d) a + b = 5c 2
10. I f f , g, h are the internal bisectors of a AABC
.
1
A 1
fi
1
C
then cos + cos + cos =
2 h
/
2 g
. , 1 1 1
a b c
a b c
, , 1 1 1
(d) none of these
(c) - + T + a b c
11. If a, b, c, d be the sides of a quadrilateral and
8 (x) = f ( f ( f ( x ) ) ) where f(x) =
a +b2 + c2
(a)>*(3)
(c)>g(2)
then
258
Objective Mathematics
12. If
in
a
AABC, sin 3 A + sin 3 B + sin 3
C = 3 sin A. sin B. sin C, then the value of the
determinant
a
b
c
b
c
a
c
a
is
(a)0
(a) 3/4
(b )(a + b + cf
(c) (a + b + c) (ab + be + ca)
(d) None of these
13. In a AABC, if r = r2 + r 3 - rx, and Z A >
(c)3
j
j
then the range of is equal to
(a)
(c)
(b)
1
,3
(d) (3,
(b) isosceles
(c) right angled
(d) None of these
20. Let A0AXA2A3A4A5
be a regular hexagon
inscribed in a circle of unit radius. The
product of the length of the line segments
A0 A j, Aq A2 and A0 A4 is
(d) sin
(b) 3 <3
343
(d)
(b) 2s2
(c) 3s 2
(d) As2
22, In a A ABC, the value of
a cos A + b cos B + c cos C
a +b +c
:R
(a)
<b >
r
2r
r^
(c)
(d)
v_/
R
R
23. In a A ABC, the sides a, b, c are the roots of
the equation x 3 - l l x 2 + 38* - 40 = 0. Then
cos A cos B cos C .
+ : +
is equal to
a
b
c
(a) 1
(b) 3/4
(c) 9/16
(d) None of these
24. If the base angles of a triangle are 22^ and
112^, then height of the triangle is equal to
(a) half the base
(b) the base
(c) twice the base (d) four times the base
25. In a triangle ABC, a = A,b = 3,ZA = 60.
Then c is the root of the equation
(a) c 2 - 3c - 7 = 0 (b) c 2 + 3c + 7 = 0
(c) c 2 - 3c + 7 = 0
(d) c 2 + 3c - 7 = 0
Properties of Triangle
259
7K
31. If in a triangle 1 - ^
1 --
= 2, then the
triangle is
(a) right angled
(b) isosceles
(d) equilateral
(d) None of these
32. Angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in
.b_<3
A.P. If = -J , then angle A is
c
H'
(a) n / 6
(b) 71/4
(c) 571/12
(d) tc/2
33. In any A ABC, the distance of the orthocentre
from the vertices A, B,C are in the ratio
(a) sin A : sin B : sin C
(b) cos A : cos B : cos C
(c) tan A : tan B : tan C
(d) None of these
34. In a A ABC, I is the incentre. The ratio
IA : IB : IC is equal to
(a) cosec A / 2 : cosec B/2 : cosec C / 2
(b) sin A / 2 : sin B/2 : sin C / 2
(c) sec A / 2 : sec B/2 : sec C / 2
(d) None of these
(b) M 2 7
(c)X<9- <3
(d) A, 4 27
38. The two adjacent sides of a cyclic
quadrilateral are 2 and 5 and the angle
between them is 60. If the area of the
quadrilateral is 4 <3, then the remaining two
sides are
(a) 2, 3
(b) 1, 2
(c>3,4
(d) 2 , 2
2
2
39. If in a A ABC, a cos A = b2+c2 then
(a ) A < J
(b)f<A<f
(OA>f
(d)A=f
<
through A is
260
Objective Mathematics
AtA2
(a) n = 5
be a regular polygon of n
1 + 1 , then
AxA 3
a,A4
(b) n = 6
(c) n = 7
(d) None of these
45. If p is the product of the sines of angles of a
triangle, and q the product of their cosines, the
tangents of the angle are roots of the equation
(a) qx -px
+ (1 + q) x-p
( b ) p x - qx2 + (l+p)x-q
=0
=0
(c) (1 + q) x - px + qx - q = 0
(d) None of these
46. In a A ABC, tan A/2 = 5/6
and tan C / 2 = 2 / 5 then
(a) a, c, b are in A.P.
(b) a, b, c are in A.P.
(c) b, a, c are in A.P.
(d) a, b, c are in G.P.
47. In a triangle, the line joining
the
circumcentre to the incentre is parallel to BC,
then cos B + cos C =
(a) 3/2
(b) 1
(c) 3/4
(d) 1/2
48. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2
: 3, the corresponding sides are in the ratio
(a) 2 : 3 : 1
(b) VT: 2 : 1
(c) 2 : V3~: 1
(d)l:V3~:2
49. In a AABC, a cot A + b cot B + c cot C =
(a) r+R
(b)r-R
( c ) 2 (r + R)
(d) 2 (r - R)
50. In a triangle, the lengths of the two larger
sides are 10 and 9. If the angles are in A.P.,
then the length of the third side can be
(a) 5 4 6
(b) 3 4 3
(c) 5
(d) 45 6
51. In a triangle, a2 + b2 + c2 = ca + ab4f.
Then the triangle is
(a) equilateral
(b) right angled and isosceles
(c) right angled with A = 90, B = 60, C = 30
(d) None of the above
(US (2 + 43)
< 0 ^ 3
(d) (2 43) r
a+b
ab
(b) a b
a+b
{d)\a-b\
Properties of Triangle
261
, .
n
(a) cos / \
(c)
COS
2 7t
(d) tan
2 71
MULTIPLE CHOICE - II
Each question, in this part has one or more than one correct answer (sj. For each question, write the
letter(s) a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer (s).
61. If in a triangle ABC, ZB = 60 then
2
(a) (a - b)~ = c
-ab
a = 5, b = 4, A = ^ + B for
2
the value of angle C
(a) can not be evaluated
i
-1 JL
(b) tan
(c) tan
40
(40
(d) 2 tan"
(c) cos C = 0
1.2
64. If A ABC;
2
'
(e) sin A + sin B + sin" C = 2
66. There exists a triangle ABC satisfying
(a) tan A + tan B + tan C = 0
. . . s i n A s i n B sin C
ab
Objective Mathematics
262
70. If a, b and c are the sides of a triangle such
that b. c = X2, then the relation is a,
X and A is
(a) C>2X sin C / 2 (b) b > 21 sin A/2
(c) a>2X sin A / 2 (d) None of these
71. In a A ABC, tan C< 0. Then
(a) tan A tan B < 1
(b) tan A tan B > 1
(c) tan A + tan B + tan C < 0
(d) tan A + tan B + tan C > 0
72. If the sines of the angles A and fi of a triangle
ABC
satisfy
the
equation
2 2
then
2
c2
(c) a +b > c
(d) None of these
74. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle such that
the angle A is obtuse, then tan B tan C <
(a) 0
(b)l
(c)2
(d) 3
75. If the sines of the angles of a triangle are in
the ratios 3 : 5 : 7 their cotangent are in the
ratio
(a) 2 : 3 : 7
(b) 33 : 65 : - 15
(c) 65 : 33 : - 15
(d) None of these
76. For a triangle ABC, which of the following is
true?
cos A cos B cos C
(a)cos A cos B cos C
+ : +
a
, . sin A sin B sin C
(b)
a +b" + c
2abc
3
=
=
=
=
4/5
5/4
3/5
5/3
Properties of Triangle
263
sin B
tan B
and 2
is a
sin C
2
solution of equation x - 9x + 8 = 0, then
AABC is
(a) equilateral
(b) isosceles
(c) scalene
(d) right-angled
sin A _ sin (A - B) then a 2, b 2,c 2 are in
87. If
sinC
sin ( B - C )
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
(c) H.P.
(d) None of these
88. In
a
A ABC, A : B : C = 3 : 5 : 4.
Then
a + b + c <2 is equal to
(a) 2b
(b) 2c
(c) 3b
(d) 3a
86. In a AABC, 2 cos A =
then a c is equal to
(a) ac
(b)2ac
(d) None of these
(c) a/c
90. In a AABC, A - : n / 3 and b : c = 2 : 3.
<3
tan 9 =
, 0 < 9 = : 71/2, then
(a) B = 60 + 9
(c) B = 60 - 9
If
(b) C = 60 + 9
(d) C = 60 - 9
Practice Test
M.M. : 20
Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct
1. I f A , A 1 , A 2 , A 3 are t h e areas of incircle and
the
ex-circles
of
a
triangle,
then
1
1
1
2_
(a)VA
1_
(c)
2VA
In any A ABC
(b)
(d)
TA
( sin A + sin A + 1
is always greater
[
sin A
than
(a)9
(b)3
(c) 27
(d) None of these
3. If A is t h e a r e a and 2s the sum of three
sides of a triangle, t h e n
n
s
3 \3~
(b) a <
(c) A >
V3
inradius
abc
(OB- >
,
a +b +c
(d) AABC is r i g h t angled if r + 2R = s where s
is semi perimeter
(e) None of t h e s e
5. In a triangle if r j > r 2 > r 3 , t h e n
(a) A <
answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
4. In
A ABC,
which of t h e
following
s t a t e m e n t s are t r u e
(a) m a x i m u m value of sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
is same as the m a x i m u m value of
sin A + sin B + sin C
(b) R > 2r w h e r e R is circumradius and r is
x +y - xy = 10 from t h e origin, t h e n
sin A : sin C is
(a) 1 : 2
(b) 2 : 1
(c) 1 : 1
(d) None of t h e s e
7. In a t r i a n g l e :sin A _ sin (A - B)
s i n C ~ sin
(B-C)
(a) cot A, cot B, cot C in A.P.
(b) sin 2A, sin 2B, sin 2C in A.P.
(c) cos 2A, cos 2B, cos 2C in A.P.
(d) a sin A, b sin B, c sin C in A.P.
8. If in a AABC sin C + cos C + sin (25 + C)
- cos (2B + C) = 2 <2 , t h e n AABC is
Objective Mathematics
264
(a) equilateral
(b) isosceles
(c) right angled
(d) obtuse angled
9. The radius of t h e circle passing through the
centre of incircle cf AABC and through the
end points of BC is given by
(a) ( a / 2 ) cos A
(b) ( a / 2 ) sec A / 2
(c) (a/2) sin A
(d) a sec A / 2
3. Third attempt
Answers
Multiple
choice-l
2.
8.
14.
20.
26.
32.
38.
44.
50.
56.
1- (c)
7. (a)
13. ( a )
19. (c)
25. (a)
31. (a)
37. (b)
43. (c)
49. (c)
55. (c)
Multiple
61.
66.
72.
78.
84.
89.
(c),
(c),
(b),
(b)
(a),
(b)
Practice
1. (b)
6. (c)
3. (c)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
9. (b)
15. (a)
21.
27.
33.
39.
45.
51.
57.
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
63.
68.
74.
80.
(a), (d)
(b)
(b)
(a)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
34.
40.
46.
52.
58.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)
5. (a)
11. (b)
17. (a)
23/(c)
29. (c)
35. (a)
41. (c)
47. (b)
53. (c)
59. (c)
64.
69.
75.
81.
86.
(b), (d)
(b)
(c)
(a,) (d)
(a)
65.
70.
76.
82.
87.
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
36.
42.
48.
54.
60.
(d)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
Choice-ll
(d)
(d)
(d)
62.
67.
73.
79.
(b), (c), (d)
90.
(a),
(a),
(a),
(a),
(c), (d)
(c)
(b)
(c), (d)
(b)
Test
2. (c)
7. (a), (c), (d)
3. (a)
8. (b), (c)
5. (a)
31
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES
31.1. If O be the observer's eye and OX be the horizontal line through O. If the object P is at a higher
level than O, then angle POX = 0 is called the angle of elevation.
If the object P is at a lower than O, then angle POX is called the angle of depression.
Horizontal line
Horizontal line
Fig. 31.1.
Fig. 31.3.
Fig. 31.4.
Fig. 31.5.
266
Objective Mathematics
(iv) The angle subtended by any chord on centre is twice the angle subtended by the same chord on
any point on the circumference of the circle.
P
Fig. 31.6.
or
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2 (AD2 + 0D 2 )
(ii) m-n Theorem :
If BD: DC = m : n then
(m + n) cot 6 = m cot a - n cot (3
(.m + n) cot 9 = n cot B - m cot C.
(iii) Angle Bisector:
If AD is the angle bisector of Z BAC
BD
AB
DC ~ AC
Remember:
V2
1-412, \ 3 = 1 / 3 ,
= 0-7, 4 = 1 - 1 5 , f
= 0-87, *
1
7t
1-57, ^ = 1, rt = 9-87, e = 2-718, - = 03183, logioe = 0-4343
2
log e 71 = 0-4972; log e 10 = 2 303; loge x = 2-303 logio x.
267
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. An isosceles triangle of wood is placed in a
vertical plane, vertex upwards and faces the
sun. If 2a be the base of the triangle, h its
height and 30 the altitude of the sun, then
the tangent of the angle at the apex of the
shadow is
2ah<3
2ah<3
(a)
(b) 2
3h a
3h + a
ah 43
(d) None of these
(c) 12
2
h a
2. As seen from A, due west of a hill HL itself
leaning east, the angle of elevation of top H
of the hill is 60; and after walking a distance
of one kilometer along an incline of 30 to a
point B, it was seen that the hill LH was
printed at right angles to AB. The height LH
of the hill is
(a) - i - km
\3
(b)V3 km
(c) 2 4 T km
(d)
km
metres
, , 5(V5 + 1)
(c )
metres
(d) None of these
A tree is broken by wind, its upper part
touches the ground at a point 10 metres from
the foot of the tree and makes an angle of 45
with the ground. The entire length of the tree
is
(a) 15 metres
(b) 20 metres
(c) 10 (1 + V2) metres
43
(d) 10 1 +
metres
7. A person towards a house observes that a
flagstaff on the top subtends the greatest
angle 0 when he is at a distance d from the
house. The length of the flagstaff is
(a) | d tan 0
(b) d cot 0
(c) 2d tan 0
(d) None of these
8. A tower and a flag staff on its top subtend
equal angles at the observer's eye. if the
heights of flagstaff, tower and the eye of the
observer are respectively a, b and h. then the
distance of the observer's eye from the base
of the tower is
(a)
(b )b
a + b-2h
i+b
Vf1
+
b-2h\
a-b
h \
a+b J
(d) None of these
(c)
7-5. If h is
268
Objective Mathematics
the height of the tower, then AB = Xh,
where X" =
(a) 21/700
(b) 42/1300
(c) 41 /900
(d) None of these
10. A ladder rests against a wall at an angle a to
the horizontal. If foot is pulled away through
a distance a, so that it slides a distance b
down the wall, finally making an angle (3
with the horizontal. Then
tan
(a) b/a
(b) a/b
(c) a-b
(d) a + b
11. Two rays are drawn through a point A at an
angle of 30. A point B is taken on one of
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I I
Each question, in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the
letters(s) a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s) :
13. A person standing at the foot of a tower
walks a distance 3a away from the tower and
observes that the angle of elevation of the top
of the tower is a . He then walks a distance
4a perpendicular to the previous direction
and observes the angle of elevation to be p .
The height of the tower is
(a) 3a tan a
(b) 5a tan P
(c) 4a tan P
(d) la tan P
14. A tower subtends an angle of 30 at a point
on the same level as the foot of the tower. At
a second point, h meter above the first, the
depression of the foot of the tower is 60,
horizontal distance of the tower from the
point is
(a) h cot 60
(b) I h cot 30
( c ) - h cot 60
(d) h cot 30
269
(a) square
(b) cyclic quadrilateral
(c) rectangel
(d) None of these
20. The angle of elevation of the top of a T.V.
tower from three points A, B, C in a straight
line, (in the horizontal plane) through the
Practice Test
Time : 15 Min.
M.M.: 10
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
From the top of a building of height h, a
, ,5
(b)| m
(a) m
tower standing on the ground is observed to
make an angle 0. If the horizontal distance
(c) 4m
(d) None of these
between the building and the tower is h,
4. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower
the height of the tower is
standing on a horizontal plane, from two
2 h sin 0
points on a line passing through its foot at
(a)
sin 0 + cos 0
distances
a and b
respectively,
are
2h tan 0
complementary angles. If the line joining
(b)
1 + tan 0
the two points subtends an angle 0 at the
2h
top of the tower, then
(c)
b
1 + cot 0
(a) sin 0 =
a+b
2 h cos 0
(d)
sin 0 + cos 0
2 <ab
(b) tan 0 =
2. From the top of a light house, the angle of
a-b
depression of two stations on opposite sides
a+b
(c) sin 0 =
of it at a distance a apart are a and p. The
a-b
height of the light house is
2 -lab
(d) cot 0 =
, . a tan a tan B
. a cot a cot P
a-b
(a)
(b)
tan a + tan p
cot a + cot P
5. A man standing between two vertical posts
a
finds that the angle subtended at his eyes
( 0 cot a + cot p
(d) cot a cot P
by the tops of the posts is a right angle. If
the heights of the two posts are two times
3. A vertical lamp-post, 6m high, stands at a
and four times the height of the man, and
distance of 2m from 2m from a wall, 4m
the distance between them is euqal to the
high. A 1-5m tall man starts to walk away
length of the longer post, then the ratio of
from the wall on the other side of the wall,
the distances of the man from the shorter
in line with the lamp-post. The maximum
and the longer post is
distance to which the man can walk
(a) 3 : 1
(b) 3 : 2
remaining in the shadow is
(c) 1: 3
(d) 2 : 3
Record Your Score
Max. Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
3. Third attempt
must be 100%
270
Objective Mathematics
Answers
Multiple
Choice
1. (a)
7. (c)
Multiple
2. (d)
8. (b)
3. (a)
9. (c)
4. (b)
10. (b)
5. (d)
11. (b)
6. (c)
12. (d)
18. (b)
Choice - II
Practice
-1
Test
2. (a), (c)
3. (a)
4. (a), (d)
5. (a), (c).
32
VECTORS
1. Linearly Independent Vectors :
A set of vectors a t , a! , ... , an is said to be linearly independent iff
>
>
xn not
Three vectors a*, b*, c*are coplanar if one of them is a linear combination of the other two if there
exist scalars xand ysuch that c* = x a V y b*
(ii)
Four vectors a*, b*, c*, d*are coplanar if 3 scalars x , y , z , w not all zero simultaneously such that
x a + y b * + z c > + wd* = O w h e r e x + y + z + w = 0.
I b*l cos e
(iv) Projection of b on a =
a* b*
\
I D I
a* b*
Ia I
272
Objective Mathematics
(vi) If t , | and 1< are three unit vectors along three mutually perpendicular lines, then
A A
AA
A A
.A A
I . I = J . J = K . K = 1
and
I. j
AA
AA
J.
K.
K =
I =
(vii) Work done : If a force F* acts at point A and displaces it to the point B, then the work done by the
force F is F . A i .
(viii) If a* = ai 1 + az1+ a3 ft and b* =
1 + bz j + bs ft then
a*, b* = ai>i + azbz + azbz
and I a I = Vaf + a l + a l ,
I b*l =
b? + b + b)
cos 0 =
^b?
+ bi + b)
= - b x a (i.e. , a x b * b x a )
(ii) a*x a* = 0
(iii) ( a * x b*)2 = a 2b 2
(a*. b*)2
to
>3 ft then
A A A
I
a'xb' =
J
az
bz
ai
bi
a3
bz
(v) The vector perpendicular to both a*and b*is given by a*x b*.
(vi) The unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a^and b*is
i * x jj*
Ia xb I
and a vector of magnitude X. perpendicular to the plane of (a*and b*or b*and a*) is
, X (a*x b t
Ia xb I
(vii) If f , f , ft are three unit vectors along three mutually perpendicular lines, then
1x1' = t x f =
A
ix j = k , j x k
ftxft
A
= 0&
A
= I , KX I = J.
Vectors
273
(b) The area of a parallelogram if adjacent sides are a* and EMS given by
I a * x b* I
= (a*x b*) . c*
(n) [a b c ] = [b c a ] = [c a b ] = - [ b a c ] = - [ c b a ] = - [ a c b ]
(iii) If X is a scalar then
[Aa,b,c] = A.[a,b,c]
(iv) If a = ai t + az
33 ft, b = bi
bz t + b3 ft and c = ci
cz
C3 ft, then
ai az as
[a b c ] = a x b . c = bi bz bs
C1 Cz C3
(v) The value of scalar triple product, if two of its vectors are equal, is zero.
i.e.,
[a b b ] = 0
(vi) [a b ci + C2 ] = [a b ci ] + [a b C2 ]
(vii) The volume of the parallelopiped whose adjacent sides are represented by the vectors a*, b*and
c is [a b c ]
(viii) The volume of the tetrahedran whose adjacent sides are represented by the vectors a \
and c^is
g [a b c ]
(ix) The volume of the triangular prism whose adjacent sides are represented by the vectors a*, b*and
c is - [a b c ] .
(x) If [a* b* c*] = 0
The vector triple product of three vectors a*, b*and c*is the vector a*x (b*x c^.
a*x (b*x c^ = (a*. c ] b > - (a*. b5 c*
(a*x b5 x c* = (a*. c^ b* - (b*. c ) a*
274
Objective Mathematics
>
>
>
>
>
>
If a , b , c , d are four vectors, the products (a x b) (c x d ) is called scalar prodgcts of four vectors.
a .c b .c
i.e., (a x b ) (c x d ) =
a . ^d b . d^
This relation is known as Lagrange's Identity.
10. Vector product of four Vectors
>
>
>
>
>
If a , b , c , d are four vectors, the products (a x b ) x (c x d) is called vector products of four vectors.
i.e.,
( a x b ) x ( c x d ) = [a b d ] c - [ a b c ] d
Also,
( a x b ) x ( c x d ) = [a c d ] b [ b c d ] a .
An
expression
for
any vector r*. in space, as a linear combination of three non coplanar vectors
a , ii*
b ,c .
[r b c ] a + [ r c a ] b + [ r a b ]c
r ~
r a*
b cN
]
11. Reciprocal System of Vectors
If Ia*,
* , b*, c*be any three
tl
non-coplanar vectors so that [a* b* c*] * 0, then the three vectors a* , b* , c*
defined by the equations
>
b xc
> _
a xb
a' =
b' = c x a
[a d c ]
[ a b c ]
[ a b c ]
are called reciprocal system of vectors to the vectors a , b , c .
Properties of Reciprocal System of Vectors
(i)
a.a
= b . b
= c . c
'x c '
' "c 1 = 1
c
- >
, b* =
x a
c>=
tZ /
x b
Vectors
275
(3) If a*, b*, c*be the P.V. of three vertices of A ABC and F^be the P.V. of the centroid of A ABC, then'
-
->
f
a + b +c
3
'
Vector equation of the straight line passing through origin and parallel to b*is given by r * = fb*,
where t is scalar.
(ii) Vector equation of the straight line passing through a* and parallel to b*is given by f where t is scalar.
a*+fb ,
(iii) Vector equation of the straight line passing through a*and b*is given by r^= a*+ t (b*- a^ when t is
scalar.
(5) Equation of a plane
(i) Vector equation of the plane through origin and parallel to b*and c*is given by
r = s b + fc
where s and fare scalars.
plar passing through a^and paralel to E^and c*is given by r~*= a*+ s b*+ Ic*
(ii) Vector equation of the plane
where s and t are scalars.
(in) Vector equation of the plane passing through a , b and c is
_ - >
r = (1 - s - f) a + s b + f c
where sand fare scalars.
(6) Perpendicular distance of the line
r^= a*+ tb^from the point P(P. V. c)
_ I (c*- a*) x b*l
=
if-l
(7) Perpendicular distance of the plane i.e., r . n = p from the point P (P. V. a )
la . n - p I
=
Irjl
^
(8) The condition that two lines r = a + f b , and r = c + fi d (where f and fi are scalars) are coplaner
(they much intersect) is given by
r> > r-> "V>,
[a - c , b , d ] = 0
(9) The shortest distance between two non intersecting lines (skew lines) r = a + f b , and
F*= c % fi d* (where t and fi are scalars) is given by
[b*.d*,(i*-E5l
=
I b*xd*l
(10) Vector equation of sphere with centre a and radius p is
Ir - a I = p
(11) Vector equation of sphere when extremities of diameter being a , b is given by
(F 15 . (r*- bV = 0
276
Objective Mathematics
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - 1
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. The
two
vectors
{cr= 2 i+j + 3
= 4 i - Xj + 6
are parallel if X =
(a) 2
(b)-3
(c)3
(d)-2
h?
2. If I a + b l = I a^- b l , then
b!(cxa'
b t (c~x a t
(a) 0
(c) 2
ct ( a x bt
c^(bx
at is. equal. to
a*(bxct
(b)l
(d) None of these
(c) I at = I b l
then [a*b*ct is
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c)3
(d) 2
11. The value of c so that for all real x, the
vectors cx f 6 j + 3 ic, x f + 2 j + 2cx make
an obtuse angle are
(a) c < 0
(b) 0 < c < 4 / 3
(c) - 4 / 3 < c < 0
(d) c > 0
12. If a , 6 and c are three unit vectors, such that
a + 6 + c is also a unit vectors 0], 0 2 and 0 3 are
angles
i^les between the vectors a , t>; D , c and
c , a respectively, then among 8,, 0 2 and 0 3
., . e
IS
(a) sin -
(b) sin 0
(c) 2 sin 0
(d) sin 20
4. If
If
a t b t c * are
(b) n/3
(d) 5 n / 3
unit
vectors
such
that
(b) 3
(d) None of these
I a t = 1,1 bt = 2,
l^-b1 =
(a) 3
(c)5
(b)[itbt^1
(c) [at bt c t 2
(d) 2 [at bt c t
then
(b) 4
(d)6
(a)0
I a t = 3,1 b t = 4 and I a + b t = 5,
v k
, , 3
(b)
Vl4
282
Vectors
17. For
non-zero
vectors
a t b t c^
(c)
0, c* a t 0
18. If
a* is
unit
vector
such
that
(d)f
19. Let aand b~*be two unit vectors and a be the
angle between them, then a + b is a unit
vector if
(a) a = n/4
(b) a = 7t/3
(c) a = 2n/3
(d) a = T I / 2
I f a + 2 b + 3 c = 0 and a x b + b x c + c x a i s
equal to X ( bt< c^ then X =
(a)3
(b)4
(c) 5
(d) None of these
oA. = f + 3 _f- 2 (c and ofe = 3 ?+.f 2 ic,
then
o b which bisects the angle AOB is
given by
(a)2i-2j-2fc
(b) 2 t + 2 j + 2 ft
( c ) - 2 t + 2 j - 2 ft
(d)2t+2?-2ft
22. If
a t t + j + ft,bt4 i + 3 j + 4 f t
and
are
linearly
dependent
(b) 2 A*
(c)-2A>
(a) [a b c j
(c)y(f+2jA+2k)
c = ,i + a j + p f t
(a)0*
21. If
I X ( A * x t ) + j x ( A * x j ) + ftx(A*x ft) is
equal to
(a) J (2 f + . f + 2 ft)
(b)j
I ( a x b 5 . c t = l a t l b 1 l c t holds iff
(a) a^b*= 0, b* ctr 0 (b) b^
(c) 2
(b) 2 (
(c) 3 ( a t 2
A(d)0
24. If the vectors a ? + j + ft , t + b j + lc and
t + j + c ft (a * b, c jt 1) are coplanar, then
1 +-
1
1 .
the value ofr 1
a 1-b- + 1 is
c
(a) 1
(b) - 1
(b) p + q + r
(c)(f
(d)a + b + c*
27. If at band ctare unit coplanar vectors, then
the scalar triple product
(a) 0
(c)-VT
(b)l
(d)V3~
(b) Jt/4
(d) n/2
31. Let
I a t = l , l b 1 = 2, I c 1 = 3
and
atl. ( b + c t , btL ( c + at and ctl. ( a + bt.
Then I at- b + c t is
(a) V6
(b) 6
(c) VTT
(d) None of these
278
Objective Mathematics
(b)F*
c x a
ax b
P=
q = . ) ). i > r =
[b'c'aV
[ c *a 'bb l^
[ a *ct
then
(a + ^ . p + (b + c t . q + (c + a t . r t
is equal to
(a) 0
(b)l
(c)2
(d)3
, ,
- A A A ,
. > A A Tr
35. Let a = 2 i + j - 2 k and b = I + j . If c is a
bxc
a t = 2 >fl
If
a and b
two
vectors,
unit
length
such
that
( b ) 7TT/4
(c) TI/4
38. if
(a)
2
A
(c)
( d ) 3TC/4
(b) 2 cos e
a+ b
v( dy)
2 cos 0 / 2
"
a ,b ,c
be three vectors
,
-,
such
that
= 1 or p =
(c) p = - 1 or p =
(d) I a i * I b l * I c i
44. A vector a 4 h a s components 2p and 1 with
respect to a rectangular cartesian system.
This system is rotated through a certain angle
about the origin in the clockwise sense. If
with respect to new system, a has
components p + 1 and 1, then
(a) p = 0
(b)p
(b) a a n d c a r e collinear
(a + b)
|S+ I
[ a V c t = 1/8, then X + p. + v =
a+ b
a x b = c and b x c = a then
a* b^< 0 and I a
t >b l ->
= I a^x b l , then angle
between vectors a & b is
( a ) 7i
, . , a +b
T->
(b) 2
(d) infinite
are
r-
41. Let a and b are two vectors making angle 0
with each other, then unit vectors along
bisector of a and b is
43. If
(d) p = 1 or p = - 1
45. If a \ n d b are parallel then the value of
( atx b t x ( c t x d t + ( a~x c t x ( ET^x d t
equal to
(a) { ( a x c t . b t d* (b) {(b*x c t . a t d*
is
Vectors
279
5 2 . If
(c)
2a*x c t
Ibt = 4
and
0
if
b - 2 c = A, a . Then A. equals
(a) 1
(b)-l
(c)2
(d) 4
48. Let AD be the angle bisector of the angle A
of A ABC, then
(a) a =
(b)a =
, where
IAB I
, P =
!AB + AC I '
AB I + I AC
P =
I AB I
I AC I
(c)a =
(3 =
IAB I
(d) a = ,
I AC I
p =
I AC I
AB + AC I
AB l + I A C I
I AC I
I AB I
AB l + I A C
1AB l + I A C
I AC I
IAB I
49. p f + 3 _f +
and ~iq f + 4 (c are two vectors,
where p,q > 0 are two scalars, then the
length of the vectors is equal to
(a) All values of ( p , q)
(b) Only finite number of values of ( p , q)
(c) Infinite number of values of ( p , q)
(d) No value of ( p , q)
50. The vectors p* = 2 f + log 3 vjA+ a C and
q* = - 3 f + a log 3 x j + log 3 x include an
acute angle for
(a) a = 0
(b) a < 0
(c) a > 0
(d) no real value of a
51
- If
( f x ) =
(a)-l
(c) 2
f x ( i t x i ) + | x (o^x 3 +
..{(??)?+(??)}+(?)*)
(b) 0
(d) None of these
position
vectors
p o i n t s A ,B ,C
of
three
respectively,
c t a*
a . b
(b)
I a t = I c t = 1,
I btx c t = 4 l 5 ,
At. = a A + p
are
a x b
(b)r
and
, b, c
t h e s h o r t e s t d i s t a n c e f r o m A to BC is
then
(a) r = a x b
0*
non-collinear
(c) I b*- S i
(d) None of these
53. If the non-zero vectors
and T? are
perpendicular to each other then the solution
T+.
of the equation r x a = b is
. .
1 .J
(a) r = x a +
(a x
a a
(b) r =
JC
.(a
P-F
(c) r = x (a X b]
(d) None of these
54. Let
dX
= S t 0% = 1 0 a + 2 b*
and
then
+ OB
OM
(a) 1/16
(c) 1/4
+ OC
+ OO
= AOM, if A =
(b) 1/8
(d) 1/2
= OM, ,
280
Objective Mathematics
> >
(b) - 4 c*
(c) 8 C*
MULTIPLE C H O I C E - I I
Each question, in this part, has one or more than one correct answer (s). For each question write the letters
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answers)
61. If a vector r satisfies the equation
F x (f + 2 j V it) = f - ic, then r~is equal to
(a)f+3jj + A
(b) 3 1 + 7 j + 3
(c) jA+1 ( f + 2 J + ic) where t is any scalar
(d) f + ( f + 3 ) M where t is any scalar
62. If d A = a*, A& = b* and c S = k a*,
where k > 0 and X, Y are the mid points of
DB and
AC respectively such that I a*l = 17
and I XY I = 4, then k is equal to
(a) 8/17
(b) 9/17
(c) 25/17
(d) 4/17
63. a*and c*are unit vectors and I b*l = 4 with
a x b = 2 a x c . The angle between a
>
-1
* >
>
and c is cos (1/4). Then b - 2 c = Xa ,
if A. is
(a) 3
(b) 1/4
(c) - 4
(d) - 1/4
64. If / be the incentre of the triangle ABC and
a, b, c be the lengths of the sides then the
force <jIA+i> IB + cIC =
(a)-l
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) None of these
17
19
(a)?w
(b)yw
(c)
21
^^
Vectors
281
(a) I u l
(b) I u l + I u
at
(c) I u l + I u* b i
(b) I u l + u^ ( a + b t
vectors
1 + j, 1 - j
and
p i+
+
respectively, then the points are collinear if
(a)p = q = r=l
(b)p = q = r = 0
(c) p = q, r=0
(d)p=\,q
= 2,r = 0
71. In a parallelogram ABCD, I
and I
I = c. Then
has the value
2,0.2
2
o 2 , .2
2
a +3 b - c
3a + b - c
(b)
(a)
(c)
a - b +3 c
(d)
a + 3 tf + c
2
then ( a x b t 2 is
is
any
vector
in
(b) A, + A, = 3
(c) A, + A2 + A3 = 4 (d) A2 + A3 = 2
80. A parallelogram is constructed on the vectors
(a) A, = 7 / 2
(b) ( ^ t 2
(d) 32
(a) 48
(c) 16
(b) X < - 2
(d) A, e [ - 2 , - 1 / 2 ]
r] = a - b + c , r 2 = b - ) - c - a ,
space
then
[ b c r ] a + [ c a r ] b + [ a b r ] c is equal
to
(a) 3 [ a V c t r *
(b) [ a V c t r ^
(c) [ b * c V j r *
(d) [ c V b t
a t 3 a - j f , b t o + 3 j f if I otl = I p i = 2 and
angle between otand (its 7t/3 then the length
of a diagonal of the parallelogram is
(a) 4 V5~
(b) 4 V3~
(c) 4 4 T
(d) None of these
81. The position vectors a t b t ctind d^of four
points A, B, C and D on a plane are such that
( I t d t . ( b 4 - ^ t = ( b t t ) ( c * - a } = 0,
then the point D is
(a) Centroid of A ABC
(b) Orthocentre of A ABC
(c) Circumccnlre of AABC
(d) None of these
282
Objective Mathematics
(c)lat+lb1 = 0
(c) a = ( 4 n + 1) n + t a n
-1
_ (a*. b t b*
(b*. b t i * -
b t b*
(a) ( a t . d t = X (bt-
e inclined at an angle 9
to both aand b^If c"t= a at- P b1- y ( a t - b l
then
(b) a t - d = X ( b + c t
(a) a = P
(c) ( a t - b t = X (c + d t
(d) None of these
86.
(b) y2 = 1 - 2 a 2
If(Ixbtx^=Ix(bx^t
, then
(a) bt< ( ct< a t = 0
(b) ( c x i t x tt= 0
(c) cNone
x ( aof
x bthese
t =0
(d)
87. If the vectors tt= (tan a , - 1, 2 Vsin a / 2 )
3
and
c = j tan a , tan a , are
Vsin a / 2
orthogonal and a vector a = (1, 3, sin 2a)
90. Consider
tetrahedran
with
faces
be the
Vectors
283
Practice Test
MM : 20
Time 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
1. Let the unit vectors a and b be
perpendicular to each other and the unit
vector c"*be inclined at an angle 6 to both a*
and b*. Ifc* = x a*+y b*+z (a x b), then
(a) x = cos 0, y = sin 0 , z = cos 20
(b) x = sin 0, y = cos 0 , 2 = - cos 20
2
2.
A=
a
a a
a c
f
a
j* -o>
o c
c
a
c>
then
then a + b + c is
(b) 2 6&
(c) 6 6 '
(d) None of then
5. If the vectors c, a = xi+yj+z
fi and
n = q is
a)
x a)
>
[n* x (a* x b ) ) = 0
(n x b] = 0
(c)
0$ _1 ot
2
(c) - 2 i - 2 / + ^
(d) None of these
4. Let O be the circumcentre, G be the
centroid and O ' be the orthocentre of a
AABC. Three vectors are taken through O
and are represented by a
and c
b)
(b) (r
,, , 0? 1
1
are given that
= ;
OA 3
(a) A = 0
(b) A = 1
(c) A = any non-zero value
(d) None of these
A A /S
3. The image of a point 2i + 2\j-k in the line
passing through the points i - j + 2k and
3 i + f - 2k is
A
A
, ^
,
*
- i - l l j + lk
(a) 3i + 11/ + Ik
(b)
^
(a) 0&
(a)
1
3
, OS
oS
' ofc
(a) A = 1/2
(b) A. = - 1
(c) A = 0
(d) for no value of A
x and y are two mutually perpendicular
unit vectors, if the vectors ax + ay + c (x x y),
A
1) 1 + (a J)J + (a
4
%,
-
g = 5 i, 4 r = p + g , then 2 s = p - q
> >
> >
(a) I r + k s I = I r - k s I for all real k
(b) r is perpendicular to s
>
= |
Objective Mathematics
284
Record Your Score
Answer
Multiple
Choice-1
2. (b)
8. (c)
14. (c)
20. (d)
26. (c)
32. (a)
38. (d)
44. (b)
50. (d)
56. (c)
1. (d)
7. (a)
13. ( d )
19. (c)
25. (b)
31. (a)
37. (d)
43. (b)
49. (c)
55. (b)
Multiple
5. (c)
11. (c)
17. (d)
23. (b)
29. (b)
35. (b)
41. (c)
47. (d)
53. (a)
59. (b)
3. (a)
9. (b)
15. (c)
21. (d)
27. (a)
33. (c)
39. (b)
45. (d)
51. (c)
57. (d)
4. (b)
10. (a)
16. (b)
22. (d)
28. (d)
34. (d)
40. (a)
46. (b)
52. (d)
58. (a)
64. (c)
65. (b)
70. (c), (d)
71. (a)
76. (a), (b), (c), (d)
81. (b)
82. (a), (b)
87. (a), (b)
88. (b), (c), (d)
6. (d)
12. (c)
18. (a)
24. (a)
30. (c)
36. (b)
42. (c)
48. (c)
54. (c)
60. (a)
Choice-ll
(c)
62.
68.
(d) 74.
(c)
79.
85.
(c), (d)
(b), (c)
(a)
(a), (b)
(a), (c)
(a), (b)
66. (b)
72. (b), (c)
77. (a), (c)
83. (b)
ractice Test
l.(d)
7. (b)
2. (c)
8. (c)
3. (d)
9. (a), (c)
4. (c)
10. (a), (b), (c)
5. (a)
6. (c)
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY-3D
1. The distance between two points P(x-|, yi, zi) and Q(x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) is space in given by
PQ = V(x2 - xi) 2 + (ys - yi) 2 + (z2 - zQ2
Corollary 1. Distance of (xi, yi, zi,) from origin =
+ yi2 + zi2)
2. Section formula : If R(x, y, z) divides the join of P(xi,yi,z-|) and Q(x 2 , y 2 , z2,) in the ratio
mi : m 2 (m-i, m 2 > 0) then
mi x2 + m 2 xi
mi yz + mzyi . _ m-i z 2 + m 2 zi
x=
;y=- mi + rri2 ]Z
m
mi + m 2
i + m2
(divides internally)
mi z2 ^ Z1
m 1 yi - rri2 yi
mi X2- rri2 xi
and
x= z=
mi - mz
mi - m2
mi - rm
(divides externally)
Corollary 1. If P(x, y, z) divides the join of P(xi, yi, zi) and 0(x 2 , ys, z 2 ) in the ratio X : 1 then
Xy2 yi . _ Xz2 zi
x = Xxz xi 17
z= A+1
X+1
'
X1
x-\
positive sign is taken for internal division and negative sign is taken for external division.
xi + x2 yi + y 2 zi +Z2
Corollary 2. The mid point of PQ is
2
'
'
3. Centroid of a Triangle : The centroid of a triangle ABC whose vertices are A (xi, yi, zi), B (x2, y2, z 2 )
and C (X3, yz Z3) are
(X1+X2
+ XZ
yi
+ y
+ yz
zi
+ z
I
3
'
3
'
3
4. Centroid of a Tetrahedron : The centroid of a tetrahedron ABCD whose vertices are
A (xi, yi, zi), B (X2, y2> z2), C (xz, yz, zz) and D (X4, yt, Z4) are
( X1
+ X 2 + X3 + X4
y i + N + y 3 + y4
ZL + Z2 + Z3 + Z4
I
4
'
4
'
4
5. Direction Cosines (D.C.'s) : If a line makes an angles a,|3, y with positive directions of x, y and z
axes then cos a, cos (3, cos y are called the direction cosines (or d.c.'s) of the line Generally direction cosines
are represented by /, m, n.
Then angles a, p5, y are called the direction angles of the line AB & the
direction cosines of BA are cos (7t - a), cos (n - P) and cos(7t-y) i.e.,
- cos a, - cos p, - cos y.
Corollary
1.
The
direction
cosines
of
the
x-axis
are
cos 0, cos 7t/2, cos n / 2 i.e., 1, 0, 0.
Similarly the d.c.'s of y and z axis are (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) respectively.
Corollary 2. If I, m, n be the d.c.'s of a line OP and OP= r, then the
co-ordinates of the point P are (Ir, mr, ni).
Corollary 3. F + m2 + n 2 = 1
or
P-
Fig.
286
Objective Mathematics
Direction ratios of a line PQ, (where P and Q are (xi,yi,z-|) & (X2.y2.z2) respectively, are
x2-xi,y2-yi,z2-zi.
7. Relation between the d.c.'s and d.r.'s : If a, b, c are the d.r.'s and I, m, n are the d.c.'s, then
a
m- +
n- +
V(a2 + b 2 + c2) '
V(a2 + b 2 + c2) '
V(a2 + b 2 + c2)
Note : If a, b, c are the d.r.'s of AS then d.c.'s of AS are given by the + ve sign and those of the line SA
by - ve sign.
8. The angle between two lines : If (/), mi, m) and (tz, mz, nz) be the direction cosines of any two lines
and 0 be the angle between them, then
cos 0 = hlz + m-\mz + mm
Corollary 1. If lines are perpendicular then
h k + mi mz + m nz = 0
Corollary 2. If lines are parallel then
h _ rm _ m
tz mz nz
Corollary 3. If the d.r.'s of the two lines are ai, bi, ci and a2, bz, ci then
aia2 + bi b2 + ci C2
cos 0 =
V(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) V(a22 + b | + C22)
+
&
o;..o
Vx(friC2-b2Ci)2
S n
'
V(a-p + b f + ci 2 ) V ( a | + b$ + c)
So that the conditions for perpendicular and parallelism of two lines are respectively.
ai bi ci
aia2 + b\bz + C1C2 = 0 and = =
az bz cz
Corollary 4. If h, mi, m & I2, mz, nz are the d.c.'s of two lines, the d.r.'s of the line which are
perpendicular to both of them are : mi nz - mzm, mk- nzh, hmz- kmi.
9. Projection of a line joining the points P(xi, yi, z-i) and 0(X2, yz, z2) on another line whose direction
cosines are /, m, n.
= I (X2 - xi) / + (yz - yi) m + (zz- z-i) n I
Corollary 1. If P is a point (xi, yi, zi) then the projection of OP on a line whose direction cosines are
h, mi, m is I/1X1 + miyi + mzi,\ where Ois origin.
Corollary 2. The projections of PQ when P is (xi, yi, zi) and Q is (X2, y2, Z2) on the co-ordinates axes
are x 2 - xi, y 2 - yi, z2 - z-|.
Corollary 3. If Projections of PQ on AS is zero then PQ is perpendicular to AS.
THE PLANE
A plane is defined as the surface such that if any two points on it are taken as then every point on the
line joining them lies on it.
1. Equation of plane in various forms
(i) General form : Every equation of first degree in x, y, z represent a plane.
The most general equation of the first degree in x, y, z is
ax+ by+cz+ d= 0, where a, b, care not all zero.
Note:
(a) Equation of yz plane is x = 0
(b) Equation of zx plane is y = 0
(c) Equation of xy plane is z = 0
(ii) One-point form : The equation of plane through (xi, yi, zi) is
a(x-xi)
+ b(y-yi)
+ c(z-zi)
=0
(iii) Intercept form : The equation of plane in terms of intercepts of a, b, cfrom the axes is
* y z i
- + JL + - - 1
a b c
Co-ordinate Geometry-3D
287
(iv) Normal form : The equation of plane on which the perpendicular from origin of length p and the
direction cosines of perpendicular are cos a, cos |3 and cos y with the positive directions of x, y & z axes
respectively is given by
xcos a + y cos (3 + zcos y = p
(v) Equation of plane passing through three given points : Equation of plane passing through
A (xi, yi, zi), B (x2, yz, z2) and C (x3, y 3 , z3) is given by
x-xi
y-yi
z-zi
x - x 2 y- yz z - z 2 = 0
x-x3
y-ys
z-z3
(vi) Equation of a plane passing through a point and parallel to two lines : The equation of the
plane passing through a point P (xi, yi, zi) and parallel to two lines whose d.c.'s and h, mi, m and fe, mz, nz
is
' x-xi y-yi
z-zi
/1
mi
m
=0
Iz
mz
nz
(vii) Equation of a plane passing through two points and parallel to a line : The equation of the
plane passes through two points P ( x i , y i , z i ) and Q(x 2 , y 2 , z2) and is parallel to a line whose d.c.'s are
1, m, n is
x-xi
y-yi
z-zi
x 2 - xi yz - yi z 2 - zi = 0
I
m
n
2. Angle Between two Planes :
If 0 be the angle between the planes a i x + >iy+ c i z + di = 0 and a 2 x+ bzy+ c 2 z+ dz = 0 then
aia 2 + b\bz + ci cz
0 = cos
V(a-p + h2 + ci2) V ( a | +
+ d)
Corollary 1. If planes are perpendicular then
aia 2 + bibz + cicz = 0
Corollary 2. If planes are parallel then
az
bz cz
V(a 2 + ^ + <?)
5. Positions of Points (xi, yi. zi) and (x 2 , yz, 22) relative to a Plane :
If the points ( x i , y i , z i ) and (x2, yz, z2) are on the same side or opposite side of the plane
ax+ by + cz+ d= 0 then
axi + byi + czi + d
axi + byi + czi + d
0 o r
r + cz2
u
^<0
ax2 + byz
+ ^d >
ax
2 + byz + cz2 + d
6. Distance between the Parallel Planes :
Let two parallel planes be ax+ by+ cz+ d= 0 and ax+ by+ cz+ di = 0
First Method : The distance between parallel planes is
288
Objective Mathematics
I d - di
^/(a2~H b2 + c 2 )
Second Method : Find the co-ordinates of any point on one of the given planes, preferably putting
x = 0, y = 0 or y = 0, z = 0 or z = 0, x = 0. Then the perpendicular distance of this point from the other plane is
the required distance between the planes. ^
7. Family of Planes
aix+
Any
biy+
plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes ax+ by+ cz+ d = 0 and
ciz+
-J(a? + b? + c 2 )
Conditions
Y2 - yi _ z 2 b
Z1
(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
(a 2 + b 2 + c2)
X1
z 2 .x 2
Z3
X3
Co-ordinate Geometry-3D
289
1
2
&
AXy= I
xz
yi
yz
X3 ys
1
1
1
h
b
f
g
f
c
= 0
i.e.,
two
- i f 2 V f 2 + <? + rf - be-(ca-ab)
1
a+b+c
planes
whose
joint
equation
is
T H E STRAIGHT LINE
Straight line is the locus of the intersection of any two planes.
1. Equation of a straight line (General form):
then
Let ax + by + cz+ d= 0 and aix+ biy+ ciz+ di = 0 be the equations of any two planes, taken together
ax+ by + cz+ d= 0 = atx+ biy+ ciz+ di is the equation of straight line.
Corollary: The x-axis has equations y = 0 = z, the y-axis z=0 = xand the z-axis x = 0 = y.
Objective Mathematics
290
X-X1
I
y-yi
m
z-zi
n
Z-Z1
is
where al+bm + cn = 0
x-xi
y - y i Z-Z1
I
m
n
a ( x - xi) + b ( y - y i ) + c(z-
zi)
8. Coplanar lines:
(i) Equations of both lines in symmetrical form :
If the two lines are
z-z2
x - -x
x-xi
y - y i z-z\ &
2 : y-y2
n2
h
m
m2
/2
X2-X1
yi - yi Z2 - zi ni
Coplanar then
h
rm
m
= 0
Iz
mz
nz
the equation of plane containing the line is
x-xi y-yi
z-zi
mi
= 0
m
/1
mz
nz
Iz
(il) If one line in symmetrical form & other in general form :
Let lines are
X - X1 y - y i
Z-Z1
and
I
m
n
a i x + b i y + c i z + di = 0 =
azx+bzy+czz+dz
The condition for coplanarity is
aixi + biyi + C1Z1 + di a-|/+ bim + c m
a2Xi + b2yi + C2Z1 + dz ~ azl+ bzm + czn
(iii) If both line in General form :
Let lines are a i x + b i y + c i z + di = 0 = azx + bzy + czz+ dz
and
a3x+b3y+c3z+cfe = 0 = a4x+b4y+c4z+d4
The condition that this pair of lines is coplanar is
Co-ordinate Geometry-3D
291
ai
a2
a3
a4
bi
bz
bs
b4
C1
C2
C3
C4
dt
dz
da
ck
= 0.
9. Skew Lines :
Two straight lines in space are called skew lines, when they are not coplanar. Thus skew lines are
neither parallel, nor intersect at any point.
/T71
fe
/TJ2
fJ2
y~p
z-y
~ m ~ n
S.D. = 11 (x2 - xi) + m (yz - y, } + n (z 2 - z\) I
and Equation of shortest distance is
x - X1
X-X2 y-yz
z-zz
y-yi Z - Z 1
h
= 0&
= 0
k
mz
nz
m
m
I
n
m
n
I
m
11. Volume of Tetrahedron
If vertices of tetrahedron are (xi, yi, zi), (X2, yz, z2), (xa, yz, Z3) and (M, y4, ZA) is
xi yi zi
1
1 x 2 y2 z 2
6 X3 yB Z3
X4 y4 Z4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of the letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate.
1. The four lines drawn from the vertices of any
tetrahedron to the centroid of the opposite
faces meet in a point whose distance from
each vertex is k times the distance from each
vertex to the opposite face, where k is
(a)}
(d) *
4
2. Which of the statement is true ? The
coordinate planes divide the line joining the
points (4, 7, - 2 ) and (-5, 8, 3)
(a) all externally
(b) two externally and one internally
(c) two internally and one externally
^3"
, , 16
(b)
(d)i
Objective Mathematics
292
5. The equation of the plane through the point
(2, 5, - 3 ) perpendicular to the planes
x + 2y + 2z = 1 and x - 2y + 3z = 4 is
(a) 3JC 4y + 2z - 20 = 0
(b) 7;r - y + 5z = 30
(c)x-2y
+ z= 11
(d) 10r y 4z = 27
6. The equation of the plane through the points
(0, 4, - 6 ) and (-2, 9, 3) and perpendicular to
the plane x - 4y - 2z = 8 is
(a) 3JC + 3y - 2z = 0
(b)x-2y + z = 2
(c)2x+y-z
=2
(d) 5x-3y + 2z = 0
7. The equation of the plane passing through the
points (3, 2, -1), (3, 4, 2) and (7, 0, 6) is
5x + 3y -2z = X where X is
(a) 23
(b) 21
(c) 19
(d) 27
8. A variable plane which remains at a constant
distance p from the origin cuts the coordinate
axes in A, B, C. The locus of the centroid of
the tetrahedron OABC is y~z + ZV + xy1
2 2 2
=^
(C)
= Z + ^ at
(d) N
(2 '2'2 )
n e f
theSC
(b) - 1
(d)l
any two diagonals of a
(b) cos 0 =
(d) cos 0 =
between I + m + n = 0 and I +m -n = 0 is
(a) n / 2
(b) Jt/3
(c) 7t/4
(d) None of these
The
me
(b)4
P
( o ^
(d)4
p
p
9. The line joining the points (1, 1, 2) and (3,
- 2 , 1) meets the plane 3x + 2y + z = 6 at the
point
(a) ( 1 , 1 , 2 )
(b) (3,-2, 1)
(c) (2, - 3 , 1 )
(d) (3,2, 1)
I- The point on the line
lines
=^
>
1Z
(d)[^f.f.-f
Co-ordinate Geometry-3D
(0
9.-f,9
293
(b)( 2 . 9 , 9
i \x
2
(d)| 9 , | , 9
(c)
2
1
2 ~~ 2
Z P
1
4
(a) 1
(c)3
24. The
JC-
line
27.
28.
29.
30.
d] = Kd2 where K is
(b)5
(d) 2
| =
= f is vertical. The
2
3 1
direction cosines of the line of greatest slope
in the plane 3x - 2y + z = 5 are Proportional
to
(a> (16, 11,-1)
(b) (-11, 16,1)
(c) (16, 11,1)
(d) (11, 16,-1)
25. The symmetric form of the equations of the
line JC + y - z = 1, 2x - 3V + z = 2 is
1
3
(b)
= 2= ini
2 3
5
w
3 5
3 2 5
26. The equation of the plane which passes
through the jc-axis and perpendicular to the
X
y
Z
P
23. The distance between two points P and Q is d
and the length of their projections of PQ on
the coordinate planes are d\,d2,d3.
Then
d\ +
line
31.
(JC-1)
(y + 2 )
(z-3)
is
cos 0
sin 9
0
(a) jctan e + y sec 0 = 0
(b) x sec 0 + y tan 0 = 0
(c) JC cos 0 + y sin 0 = 0
(d) JC sin 0 - y cos 0 = 0
The edge of a cube is of length of a. The
shortest distance between the diagonal of a
cube and an edge skew to it is
(a) a 42
(b) a
(c) 42/a
(d) a/42
The equation of the plane passing through the
intersection of the planes 2x 5y + z = 3 and
JC + y + 4z = 5 and parallel to the plane
JC + 3y + 6z = 1 is x + 3y + 6z = k, where k is
(a) 5
(b) 3
(c)7
(d) 2
The lines which intersect the skew lines
y = mx, z = c; y = - mx, z = - c and the x-axis
lie on the surface
(a) cz = mxy
(b) cy = mxz
(c) xy = cmz
(d) None of these
The equation of the line passing through the
point (1, 1, - 1 ) and perpendicular to the
plane x - 2y - 3z = 7 is
x- 1 y- 1 z+1
(a) :
- 1 2 2
3 '
x
1
y
1
z
+
1
(b) :
' - 1 ~ - 2
3
x- 1 y - 1 z+ 1
(c) :
1 ~ -2 ~ -3
(d) none of these
The plane 4x + 7y + 4z + 81 = 0 is rotated
through a right angle about its line of
intersection with the plane 5x + 3y + 10z = 25.
The equation of the plane in its new position
is x - 4y + 6z = k, where k is
(a) 106
(b) - 8 9
(c) 73
(d) 37
Objective Mathematics
294
32. A plane meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C
such that the centroid of the triangle ABC is
the point (a, a, a). Then the equation of the
plane is x + y + z = p where p is
(a) a
(b) 3 / a
(c) a/3
. (d) 3a
33. If from the point P (a, b, c) perpendiculars
PL, PM be drawn to YOZ and ZOX planes,
then the equation of the plane OLM is
(a)- + + - = 0
a b c
(b) - + - = 0
a b c
(a) 1 : 1
(c) 3 : 1
(b)2 : 1
(d) 1 : 3
2 . , 2 2 . 2 2,. 1/2
(b) (a b + b c +c
a)
(c) ^ abc (a + b + c)
a b c
34. A variable plane makes
planes, a tetrahedron of
k3. Then the locus of the
ron is the surface
a b c
with the coordinate
constant volume 64
centroid of tetrahed-
plane
+ + - = k, meets
the
a b c
co-ordinate axes at A, B, C such that the
centroid of the triangle ABC is the point
(a, b, c). Then k is
(a) 3
(b)2
(c) 1
(d)5
36. The perpendicular distance of the origin from
the plane which makes intercepts 12, 3 and 4
on x, y, z axes respectively, is
(a) 13
(b)ll
(c) 17
(d) none of these
37. A plane meets the coordinate axes at A, B, C
and the foot of the perpendicular from the
origin O to the plane is P, OA = a, OB = b,
OC = c. If P is the centroid of the triangle
ABC, then
(a) a + b + c = 0
(b) I a I = I b I = I c I
(c) + 7 + = 0
(d) none of these
a b c
38. A, B, C,D is a tetrahedron. A,, Bt, Ch D, are
respectively the centroids of the triangles
BCD, ACD, ABD and ABC\ AA,, BBh CCh
DDj divide one another in the ratio
(d )(a
+ b + c)2
m n
i 2 ~ w 2 n i> n\h ~
ih
Co-ordinate Geometry-3D
295
(a)^ + f + ^ = 0
a b c
2 , 2
...a
(a) ( 1 , 2 , - 3 )
(b) + + = 0
/
- 2
0|
(c) (2, 4, - 6 )
(d) (2, 3, 6)
49. The length of the perpendicular from (1, 0, 2)
x+ 1 y- 2 z+ 1.
on the line
is
3 ~ -2 ~ -1
3 46
(a)
2
5
(c) 3 4l
(d) 2 Vf
50. The plane containing the two lines
x-3
v-2
z 1
,
x-2
y+3
and
~ r = 4 =
z+l
is 11 x + my + nz = 28 where
5
(a) m = - 1, n = 3
(b) 7M = 1, n = 3
(c) m = - 1, n = - 3
(d)m=l,n = 3
- 1
Practice Test
MM: 20
Time: 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
3. The distance of the point (2, 1, - 2 ) from the
X+
Z
1- The projection of the line
^= = Q^
1 y+1
2-3
line
1
z
u
measured parallel
2
1 - 3
on the plane x - 2y + z = 6 is the line of
to the plane x + 2y + z = 4 is
intersection of this plane with the plane
(a) <10
(b) V20
(a) 2x +y +z =0
(c) V5
(d) V30"
(b) 3x+y -z = 2
4. The shortest distance between the lines
(c) 2x - 3y + 8z = 3
x - 3 y +15 z - 9
,
x + 1 y 1
(d) none of these
2. A variable plane passes through a fixed
2-9 .
point (1, - 2 , 3) and meets the co-ordinate
=
I S
axes in A, B, C. The locus of the point of
(a) 2 V3
(b) 4 V3
intersection of the planes through A, fi, C
(c)
3
V6
(d)
5 V6
parallel to the co-ordinate planes is the
5.
The
area
of
the
triangle
whose vertices are
surface
, ,
1
1
at the points (2, 1, 1), (3,1, 2), (-4, 0,1) is
(a)xy--yz
+ -zx = 6
(a)Vl9"
(b)|Vl9
(b) yz - 2zx + 3ry = xyz
(c) xy - 2yz + 3zx = 3xy2
(d) none of these
(c)|V38
(d)|V57
Objective Mathematics
296
6. The equation to the plane through the
points (2, - 1 , 0), (3, -4, 5) parallel to a line
with direction cosines proportional to 2, 3, 4
is 9x - 2y - 3z = k where k is
(a) 20
(b) - 2 0
(c) 10
(d) - 1 0
7. Through a point P ( f , g, h) a plane is drawn
at right angles to OP, to meet the axes in
A, B, C. If OP=r, the centroid of the
triangle ABC is
(a) ' f_ JL A
3r ' 3r ' 3r
(b)
3f
2
3g
2
3h
2
r
r
r
{3f'3g'3h
(d) none of these
The plane Ix + my = 0 is rotated about its
line of intersection with the xOy plane
through an angle a. Then the equation of
the plane is Ix + my +nz = 0 where n is
(c)
(a) V F + m cos a
(b)
sin a
+ m tan a
(d) none of these
9. If a straight line makes an angle of 60
with each of the X and Y axes, the angle
which it makes with the Z axis is
(b);
'i
3n
(d)(Of
4
10. The condition for the lines x = az + b,
y = cz+d and x = atz + b\,y = c\z + di to be
perpendicular is
(a) aci + 0^0 = 1
(b) aa1 + cc1 + 1 = 0
(c) bci + b]C + 1 = 0
(d) none of these
must be 100%
Answers
Multiple
Choice
l.(c)
7. (a)
13. (d)
19. (a)
25. (c)
31. (a)
37. (b)
43. (a),(c)
49. (a)
2. (c)
8.(d)
14.(d)
20. (c)
26. (c)
32. (d)
38. (c)
44. (b)
50. (c)
3.
9.
15.
21.
27.
33.
39.
45.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
4.
10.
16.
22.
28.
34.
40.
46.
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(b)
5. (d)
11. (a)
17. (d)
23. (d)
29. (b)
35. (a)
41. (a)
47. (d)
4. (b)
10. (b)
5. (c)
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
36.
42.
48.
(c)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
ractice Test
1. (a)
7. (c)
2. (b)
8. (c)
3. ((d)
9. (b),(d)
6. (&)