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Case Analysis: Section 24 of The HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act Kenya: Reviewing AIDS Law Project V Attorney General & Another (2015)
Case Analysis: Section 24 of The HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act Kenya: Reviewing AIDS Law Project V Attorney General & Another (2015)
Section 24 of the HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act Kenya:
Reviewing AIDS Law Project V Attorney General & Another (2015)
Introduction
On March 18th 2015, a three judge bench seating at the High Court in Nairobi
delivered a ground-breaking decision with regard to the constitutionality of
Section 24 of HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act No. 14 of
2006.
Honorable Justices Isaac Lenaola, Mumbi Ngugi and George V. Odunga held
that Section 24 of the HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act as
defined in the act is vague, overbroad and lacking in
legal certainty
the
advancement
of
the
rights
of
women
and
girls
who
are
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that an offence may arise under Section 24 (1) as read with Section 24 (3)
of the HIV Act from a failure to disclose information to a sexual contact
whose meaning is largely undefined in the act.
Petitioners arguments
It was submitted that, the term sexual contact has no generally accepted
legal or social definition. The lack of a statutory definition of the term renders
its interpretation more problematic as there is no interpretative reference in
law or society. The courts would therefore be left to device their own
interpretation of the term sexual contact.It was further pointed out that
courts would have a very difficult time determining when a sexual contact
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has
been
established.
interpretations
and
This
potentially
may
lead
illogical
to
and
arbitrary
and
inconsistent
capricious
results.
This
It was further argued that criminalizing HIV transmission violates the right to
privacy of people living with HIV under Article 31 of the Constitution and
Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
This it was submitted, may undermine public health initiatives by sending
mixed messages about sharing responsibility for safe sex and creating a
mistrust of public health agencies. Since HIV infection is associated with
sexual and drug related activities, disclosure can further expose HIV-positive
individuals to stigmatization, discrimination, and rejection by family, friends,
and the community.
The petitioner submitted that it would be in order to disclose information to a
sexual contact when the term is defined with more precision and when there
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is a clear risk of infection and that there is no justification for Parliament not
to impose a corresponding duty to keep such information confidential on third
parties to whom such information is disclosed.
It was the Petitioners case that the said provision violates Article 27(1) and
(4) of the Constitution which guarantees that every person is equal before
the law and has the right to equal protection and the benefit of the law.
1st Respondents arguments
The 1st Respondent, opposed the Petition on the grounds that the petition was
incompetent and a gross abuse of the courts process; that Section 22 and
24 of the HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act No. 14 of 2006 is not
vague, ambiguous and/or unconstitutional; that laws once published are
deemed to be sufficient notice; that the rights claimed are not absolute; that
there is no violation of the Constitution or the constitutional right of the
petitioner as disclosed, hence no justifiable cause; and that the substance of
the petition is an affront to the principle of separation of power embodied in
the Constitution.
The 1st Respondent submitted that in interpreting the import and extent of
the rights and fundamental freedoms, the Constitution should be read in
harmony and as a whole. In so doing, the Court was urged to be guided by
the intention of the citizens of Kenya, the people who ratified the
Constitution. The 1st Respondents further submitted that the rights and
freedoms as enshrined in the Constitution are not absolute but can be
derogated from only within the limits of the Constitution. It was therefore
contended that personal freedoms and rights must necessarily have limits,
and the interest of the Petitioners must be looked at vis--vis the interest of
the larger community. To the 1st Respondent, the Constitution provides a
framework for the limitation of various rights and fundamental freedoms
under Article 24 (1), (2) and (3). The 1st Respondent therefore contended
that in considering the constitutionality or otherwise of a statute the court
should be guided by the intentions of the legislature in enacting the statute
and ought to take judicial notice of the socio-economic conditions in Kenya
which informed the enactment of the legislation. The 1 st Respondent
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therefore submitted that Section 24 of the Act is in line with Articles 24, 35
and 43 and does not violate Articles 27, 31 and 50 of the Constitution as
averred by the Petitioner.
In regards to the terms sexual contact, it was the position of the 1 st
Respondent that where the statute does not define any word or term, the said
word should be given its ordinary meaning. The 1 st Respondent submitted
that since the Legislature is the only organ of government that is empowered
by the Constitution under Articles 94, 95 and 96 to make laws, in exercising
its powers under Articles 2(3) and 165 of the Constitution, the court should
take into consideration the principles of separation of power as envisaged in
the Constitution.
Interested Partys arguments
The Interested Party, a non-governmental organization advocating for the
rights of children submitted that Section 24 does not deal with infection per
se but simply obliges a person living with HIV to prevent the transmission of
the virus to others who are at risk of infection. It was their submission that
Section 24 addresses the non-disclosure of ones HIV positive status rather
than the actual infection and therefore if this provision is well enforced the
ability of persons living with HIV to enjoy their social and economic rights
would not be infringed upon.
It was the interested partys belief that a medical practitioner who is
responsible for the treatment of a HIV positive person may disclose the status
of such person to his / her sexual contact who is at risk of getting infected.
The Interested Party insisted that in the absence of Section 24 of the Act,
there would be a gap in the law to punish those who intentionally infect
others with HIV and the victims of such behavior, who include children and
infants, are entitled to recourse.
The Interested Party further argued that the court must make a distinction
between the horizontal transmission from an infected person to his or her
sexual partner and the vertical transmission from mother to child. The
Interested Party submitted that there is therefore need to place a legal
responsibility on mothers and other institutions mandated to protect their
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children because the act of a mother living with HIV breastfeeding her infant
can be criminalized by Section 24 (2) of the Act.
Amicus Curiae arguments
The amicus submitted that the Act contains several flawed provisions which
run counter to the legislations overall goal of protecting the rights of those
living with HIV and further propounds discrimination against them. It was the
amicus submission that the Acts broad criminalization of HIV exposure and
transmission raises serious questions in the context of vertical or mother-tochild transmission particularly when it is clear that women often lack the
information and services necessary to prevent HIV exposure or transmission
during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding.
The amicus argued that allowing non-voluntary partner disclosure of HIV
status and criminalizing HIV exposure and transmission would further
compound violations which are already occurring around HIV testing of
women. It was further contended that allowing healthcare workers to disclose
a persons status to sexual partners without that persons consent can harm
women who are more likely to know their status and are at risk of violence
and discrimination by partners, family, and communities. It was further
submitted that the Act would be better aligned with its object and purpose of
ensuring non-discrimination, protecting rights and encouraging uptake of
services without the problematic provisions in Section 24.
Issues for determination
The central issue in dispute in this Petition was whether Section 24 of the
HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act (the Act) is vague and broad
and should therefore be declared unconstitutional.
The Judgment
In their judgment, the learned Judges held that Section 24 of the HIV Act is
vague, overbroad and lacks legal certainty particularly with respect to the
term sexual contact. The court held that there is a potential risk where
parliament did not attempt to define what they meant by sexual contact
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and that the same is dangerously left to the subjective views of the
prosecutor, the policeman or the court to determine its intention. It was
further contended that the term was vague because one might suppose that
it includes kissing, holding hands, exploratory sexual contact or penetrative
intercourse.
In its judgment, the court reaffirmed two principles of legality: that no one
should be punished under a law unless it is sufficiently clear and certain to
enable him to know what conduct is forbidden before he does it; and no one
should be punished for any act which was not clearly ascertainably
punishable when the act was done as espoused by Article 50 (2) of the
Constitution.
The court further held that Section 24 of the HIV Act contravened Article
31 of the Constitution of Kenya in regard to the right to privacy of a person
living with HIV who has disclosed their status to their sexual contacts; yet
there was no corresponding obligation in place on recipients of such sensitive
medical information to keep it confidential. Such unwarranted disclosure of
information was therefore held to be contrary to the right to privacy as
guaranteed by the Constitution and also confounds the situation by
prejudicing people living with HIV by exposing them to stigma, violence and
discrimination.
The court further recommended that the State Law Office review the HIV
Act with a view of avoiding future litigation surrounding the said legislation.
The meaning of the Judgment to HIV and AIDS actors
In order to demonstrate the actual meaning of the Judgment for HIV and AIDS
actors, it is important to examine the events after the Judgment. Firstly, the
case has attracted national, regional and international media attention. The
importance of this case for HIV and AIDS actors cannot therefore be
overemphasized.
Secondly, the decision effectively settles the debate concerning the
criminalization of the transmission of HIV finding against such reading and
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the
decision
effectively
underscores
the
critical
role
governments must play to prevent the disease whilst also protecting the
rights and freedoms of persons living with HIV and AIDS through effective
policies and laws that eliminate stigma and discrimination and advance the
rights of women and girls.
The Legal import of the Judgment
Legally speaking, this Judgment means that Section 24 of the HIV and
AIDS Prevention and Control Act No. 14 of 2006 has been declared
unconstitutional and cannot therefore be enforced for lack of legal certainty
as pertaining to the term sexual contact. Legal certainty is especially
required for criminal matters and demands that rules by which a citizen is to
be bound should be ascertainable by him/ her by reference to identifiable
sources that are publicly accessible.
Secondly, the judgment affirms that where a right or fundamental
freedom is to be limited, the same must satisfy the requirements as set in
Article 24 of the Constitution. It is therefore imperative that the duty to
disclose information, being a limitation to the right to privacy must strictly fall
within the confines of Article 24.
Way forward
While the Judgment marked a great victory for actors in the HIV and AIDS
sector, care should be taken to avoid complacency. In particular, the civil
society organizations involved in working around policy reforms should do the
following:
1. Engage the state law office in amending the HIV Act to protect persons living
with HIV & AIDS and to eliminate stigma and discrimination.
2. Review other existing laws on criminalization of the transmission of HIV with a
view to advocate for the decriminalization of the same and amendments to
further guarantee access to the highest attainable health care in line with the
Constitution.
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References:
1. High Court Constitutional Petition No. 97 of 2010.
2. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
3. HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 2006
4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
5. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESR)
ALP
Attorney
General
D.P.P.
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Novemb
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April
2014.
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2014
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ber
2014
18th
March
2015
judge of
directions.
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