Project Report (Submit)
Project Report (Submit)
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
HIGH VOLTEG DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION
(H.V.D.C TRANSMISSION)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
IN
SHRI K.J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH.
SUBMITTED BY
NAME
EN. NO.
RATHOD VIJAY
116450309036
RAJ DEVENDRASINH
116450309049
CHAUHAN VIKRAM
116450309059
CHAUHAN DHRUMEN
116450309062
CERTIFICATE
This
EN. NO.
RATHOD VIJAY
116450309036
RAJ DEVENDRASINH
116450309049
CHAUHAN VIKRAM
116450309059
CHAUHAN DHRUMEN
116450309062
Date :-
Signature of guide
Head of Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
116450309036
116450309049
CHAUHAN VIKRAM
CHAUHAN DHRUMEN
116450309059
116450309062
ABSTRCAT
High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems are
designed to interface with the AC network. In such away as to have
considerable operating flexibility and minimal harmonics impact filter design
as well as gating controls are designed at the inverter with the stated
objective in view. Sometimes designs and operating regimes are an
engineering compromise relating to the amplitude of several harmonic
voltages and currents, inverter performance at the power frequency.
operational power level , SCR or valve parameters and equipment
requirements. The harmonic impact of an inverter is considered in this paper
with regard to network harmonic response. An analysis procedure based on
the harmonic power flow algorithm is described and required models, points
of modeling questions, shortcomings and advantages of the procedure are
described.
INDEX
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
INTRODUCTON
___________________________________________7
STATEMENT OF HVDC______________________________________________8
BLOCKDIAGRAM
___________________________________________9
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT _______________________________10
HIGH VOLTAGE DC TRANSMISSION______________________________ 11
i) WHY USE DC TRANSMISSION? ________________________________12
6) ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER AC TRANSMISSION.______________13
7) DISADVANTAGES __________________________________________________15
8) COMPONENT_______________________________________________________17
9) RECTIFYING AND IVERTING SYSTEM_____________________________20
10) CONFIGURATION___________________________________________________2
11)
12)
13)
1
i) MONOPOLE AND EARTH RETURN_____________________________21
ii) BIPOLAR________________________________________________________21
HVDC SYSTEM USED IN INDIA____________________________________24
PROJECT SCHEDULE______________________________________________25
BIBLIO GRAPHY ___________________________________________________26
1. INTRODUCTION
Electric power transmission was originally developed with direct current. The
availability of transformers and the development and improvement of
induction motors at the beginning of the 20 th Century, led to greater appeal
and use of a.c. transmission. Through research and development in Sweden
at Allmana Svenska Electriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA), an improved multielectrode grid controlled mercury arc valve for high powers and voltages was
developed from 1929. Experimental plants were set up in the 1930s in
Sweden and the USA to investigate the use of mercury arc valves in
conversion processes for transmission and frequency changing.
D.c. transmission now became practical when long distances were to be
covered or where cables were required. The increase in need for electricity
after the Second World War stimulated research, particularly in Sweden and
in Russia. In 1950, a 116 km experimental transmission line was
commissioned from Moscow to Kasira at 200 kV.
The first commercial HVDC line built in 1954 was a 98 km submarine cable
with ground return between the island of Gotland and the Swedish mainland.
Thrusters were applied to d.c. transmission in the late 1960s and solid state
valves became a reality. In 1969, a contract for the Eel River d.c. link in
Canada was awarded as the first application of sold state valves for HVDC
transmission. Today, the highest functional d.c. voltage for d.c. transmission
is +/- 600 kV for the 785 km transmission line of the Itaipu scheme in Brazil.
D.c. transmission is now an integral part of the delivery of electricity in many
countries throughout the world.
2. Statement of UDP
Our project high voltage direct current transmission is
very important for electricity transmission.
10
The key part of the HVDC converter consists of an IGBT valve bridge.
No special converter transformers are necessary between the valve bridge
and the AC-grid. A converter reactor can separate the fundamental
frequency from the raw PWM waveform. If the desired DC voltage does not
match the AC system voltage, a normal AC transformer may be used in
addition to the reactor. A small shunt AC-filter is placed on the AC-side of
the reactor. On the DC-side there is a DC capacitor that serves DC filter too.
Conventional HVDC converter technology is based on those of linecommutated or phase-commutated converters (PCC).With the appearance
of high switching frequency components, such as IGBTs(Insulated Gate
11
Bipolar Transistor)it becomes advantageous
to build VOLTAGE SOURCE
CONVERTER
(Voltage
Modulation)Technology.
Source
Converters)using
PWM(Pulse
Width
12
SMOOTHING
REACTOR
CONV.
TRANSF.
VALVE
D.C.
FILTER
A.C.
FILTER
A.C.
BUS
SHUNT
CAPACITOR
A.C.
FILTER
D.C.
LINE
A.C.
BUS
13
14
15
power transistor device called the insulated-gate
bipolar transistors (IGBT)
16
17
18
thin layer of insulation and a metal sheath
while the extensive length of the
cable multiplies the area between the conductors. The geometry is that of a
long co-axial capacitor. Where alternating current is used for cable
transmission, this capacitance appears in parallel with load. Additional
current must flow in the cable to charge the cable capacitance, which
generates additional losses in the conductors of the cable. Additionally, there
is a dielectric loss component in the material of the cable insulation, which
consumes power.
However, when direct current is used, the cable capacitance is charged only
when the cable is first energized or when the voltage is changed; there is no
steady-state additional current required. For a long AC undersea cable, the
entire current-carrying capacity of the conductor could be used to supply the
charging current alone. The cable capacitance issue limits the length and
power carrying capacity of AC cables. DC cables have no such limitation, and
are essentially bound by only Ohm's Law. Although some DC leakage current
continues to flow through the dielectric insulators, this is very small
compared to the cable rating and much less than with AC transmission
cables.
HVDC can carry more power per conductor because, for a given power
rating, the constant voltage in a DC line is the same as the peak voltage in
an AC line. The power delivered in an AC system is defined by the root mean
square (RMS) of an AC voltage, but RMS is only about 71% of the peak
voltage. The peak voltage of AC determines the actual insulation thickness
and conductor spacing. Because DC operates at a constant maximum
voltage, this allows existing transmission line corridors with equally sized
conductors and insulation to carry more power into an area of high power
consumption than AC, which can lower costs.
7 .Disadvantages
The disadvantages of HVDC are in conversion, switching, control, availability
and maintenance.
HVDC is less reliable and has lower availability than AC systems, mainly due
to the extra conversion equipment. Single pole systems have availability of
exclusively for one system as HVDC systems are less standardized than AC
systems and technology changes faster.
8. Components
The converter station: The converter stations at each end are replicas of
each other and therefore consists of all the needed equipment for going from
AC to DC or vice versa. The main component of a converter station is:
22
transportation requirements and the rated
power, they can be arranged in
other ways
Transmission medium
23
For bulk power transmission over land, the most frequent transmission
medium used is the overhead line. This overhead line is normally bipolar, i.e.
two conductors with different polarity. HVDC cables are normally used for
submarine transmission. The most common types of cables are the solid and
the oil-filled ones. The solid type is in many cases the most economic one. Its
insulation consists of paper tapes impregnated with a high viscosity oil. No
length limitation exists for this type and designs are today available for
depths of about 1000 m. The self contained oil-filled cable is completely
filled with a low viscosity oil and always works under pressure. The maximum
length for this cable type seems to be around 60 km. The development of
new power cable technologies has accelerated in recent years and today a
new HVDC cable is available for HVDC underground or submarine power
transmissions. This new HVDC cable is made of extruded polyethylene, and
is used in VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER based HVDC systems.
24
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1)
Introduction
2)
Circu
it
Diag
ram
3)
Circuit Operation
4)
Working
5)
Component List
6)
Component Details
25
26
10.Configurations
i.
Bipolar
In bipolar transmission a pair of conductors is
used, each at a high potential with respect to
ground, in opposite polarity. Since these
conductors must be insulated for the full voltage, transmission line cost is
Since for a given total power rating each conductor of a bipolar line
carries only half the current of monopolar lines, the cost of the
second conductor is reduced compared to a monopolar line of the
same rating.
In very adverse terrain, the second conductor may be carried on an
independent set of transmission towers, so that some power may
continue to be transmitted even if one line is damaged.
A bipolar system may also be
installed with a metallic earth
return conductor.
may increase if ground electrodes and lines are not designed for the extra
current in this mode. To reduce losses in this case, intermediate switching
stations may be installed, at which line segments can be switched off or
parallelized. This was done at IngaShaba HVDC.
SR.
NO
NAME
CONVERTER
STATION 1
CONVERTE
R
STSTION 2
LENGT
H OF
OVER
HEAD
LINE
VOLTAGE
powe
r
REMA
RK
HVDC
RIHANDDELHI
CHANDRAP
UR-PADGHE
VIZAG-2
RIHAND
BARSOOR
814
KM
500 KV
1500
MW
1992
CHANDRAP
UR
GAJUWAKA
PADGHE
500 KV
EAST
SOUTH-2
BALLIA-
TALCHER
500 KV
BALLIA
BHIWADI
1450
KM
780
1500
MW
500
MW
2000
MW
2500
1997
GAJUWAK
A
KOLAR
900
KM
-
2
3
4
5
176 KV
500 KV
2005
2002
2009
BHIWADI
BISWANAT
H-AGRA
29
BISWANATH AGRA
KM
1875
KM
800 KV
MW
6000
MW1
2012
30
PROCESS
JULY(2013)
Market Survey
AUGUST(2013)
Project Discussion
SEPTEMBER(2013)
Component Purchase
OCTOBER(2013)
Project Report
-
JANUARY(2014)
Making Project
FEBRUARY(2014)
MARCH(2014)
Fault Locate
Final Project
APRIL(2014)
31
13. Bibliography
32