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SHipyard Management System
SHipyard Management System
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THESIS"W
EVALUATION OF THE SHIPYARD MANAGEMENT
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COS-' 1 CODES
17
F ED
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
SUB-GROuP
GRO.,P
ABSTRACT (ontinue
20
DSTR!BjTON
K
22a
AVAiABITY
NAME OF RESPO;JSEB
OF A i''HA(
E)
UNCLASS;FEDULNLI.V.'ED
SA.';
21
El
AS RPT
[)TIC
N;D",'D,
(408) 646-2187
I'rii
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ie obsolere
iied,tiortr
10 2-LF-() 1
di
UNCLASSIFIED
USERS
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CODE 54Sm
St I , ,I
'() 4
UNCLASSIFIED
;i T,1,S I'At,,
John A. Rackliffe
Lieutenant, Supply Corps, United States Navy
B.A., Miami University, 1980
Submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
September 1989
Author:
__________/__
Jhn
Approved by:.*_
A.
_
Rackliffe//
_
J seph/G.
__
San-Kiguel,
__
?!iesis/Co-Advisor
David R. Wipjle,
hairman
Adminstratve Siin
ABSTRACT
reduction
of
inventories
and
the
modification
of
shipyard
management
management function.
a
theoretical
information
system's
material
"ideal"
is
made
and
recommendations
for
improvement provided.
system has
its
upgraded.
surpassed
useful
life time
and should
be
Rather,
repair process
developed,
information
this
plan
system
encompasses the
based
then
upon
iii
the
be
used
to
required
Once
develop
controls
an
set
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
INTRODUCTION .......................................
A.
PREFACE ........................................
B.
PURPOSE ........................................
C.
SCOPE
..........................................
D.
E.
........................
...........................
A.
BACKGROUND .....................................
B.
C.
D.
............
34
40
A.
..................
40
B.
41
C.
44
D.
PROCUREMENT
...................................
45
E.
46
F.
47
B.
iv
50
C.
59
.................
73
75
A.
INFORAATION NEEDS
.............................
76
B.
ANALYSIS
......................................
77
C.
D.
V.
VI.
87
A.
SUMMARY .......................................
87
B.
RECOMMENDATIONS
...............................
92
C.
95
LIST OF REFERENCES
......................................
-e
, .I
;.v:
...............................
cn 9/or
___I_____
st:t
pecal
V-
96
98
INTRODUCTION
I.
A.
PREFACE
The
Reagan,
1980's,
will
under the
long
be
leadership of
remembered
as
President Ronald
a decade
of
renewed
revenues
increases.
previously
Budget
available
deficits
grew
to
year
offset
after
spending
year
until
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings
1985.
Under
GRH
the
(GRH) Deficit
president
could
Reduction
no
longer
Act
in
be
as
Congressional watchdogs
the past
several years
of
the
congressional
Secretary
of
Defense
appointees delving
Department's activities.
(OSD),
and
the
various
filed
against
top-level
Department
of
Defense
(DOD)
In light of
operates within
NAVSEA
executes
its
duties
of
and submarines.
With these
overhauling
Its
and
Industrial
and
naval shipyards
Conversion,
offices
and
plan
Repair
and
approximately
manage
40
(SUPSHIP) offices.
the
private
overhaul
shipyards
of
The
Navy
located
SUPSHIP
ships
in
in
their
geographical areas.
working
support
capital
adequate
to
materials
alteration work.
large
budget
to
naval
shipyard
complete
operations
required
repair
and
and
and
avoid
the
GRH
"deficit-reduction
ax,"
the
task
at
hand,
an
automated
management
B.
complex
undertaking.
After a substantial
literary
studies highlighting
the
Using
this
framework
analysis of
analysis
the
rno.
as
commonly
the MM application
is
augmented
template
accepted
for
principles.
comparison,
with
rezponses
from
an
The
management
2.
What
factors should be
MIS?
3.
4.
C.
limitations of the MM
and
SCOPE
shipyards are currently using the same
Therefore, in order
maintain
only
on
at
operations
provide
a meaningful
will
limited to
will
exclude
activities
Long
Naval
Works
Public
the
to
scope
non-nuclear surface
as
study needed
Additionally,
for
requirements
focus
This
Shipyard.
of
depth
assessment.
material
such
research will
this
Beach
sufficient
for
limitation allows
be
scope,
reasonable
other
shipyard
maintenance,
capital
solely
Administrative
shipyard
from
Sciences
visits
and
limited
pool
Curricular
detailed
controlled
Office.
personal
As
by
the
result,
interviews
were
RESEARCH TECHNIQUE
Material management studies by GAO and other agencies as
well
as
sources
logistics management
of
data
for
the
NAVSEA
and
LBNSY
instructions
background
and
computer
material
to
user
manuals
formulate
were
interview
used
as
questions.
SYMIS
MM
application.
analysis,
an
evaluation
the
recommendations
for
of
system's
improvements
effectiveness
and
suggestions
for
and
is
effective
Previous
material
studies
management
addressed
in
major
shortcomings
basic
theoretical
concepts
forms
by which
framework
information syster
of
the
Chapter
past.
of
an
information
III
When
summarize
combined
Chapter
II
analysis
the
of
system.
with
the
the
information
the management
Long
Beach
Shipyard
organization,
including
to
comparison
of
the
MM
important
application
against
the
in
terms
Chapter
of
its
I'. then
ability
concludes
to
with
meet
a
system
management's
summary,
some
recomendations,
and
the
identification
topics.
of
future
research
II.
A.
BACKGROUND
In the 1970's, the average annual investment in business
and $170
billion in 1979.
in the 1980's.
have
established
in the future.
goals
[Ref.
to
significantly
2:p. 1]
lower
The Department of
for
its
between
management
activities.
DOD
and
principles
the
Although
different
private
sector,
practiced
by
motives
inventory
profit-making
2.
Answers
to
analys7s
these
of
(SYMIS) as
the
form
will
questions
Shipyard
framework
the
Management
Information
for
System
at the Long
constructing
organizations
productive
make
the
framework,
decisions
system
like
within
the
review
the
shipyard
of
context
will
be
of
how
a
made.
to
information
systems are
categorized
into
decision-making
two
types,
can
decisions
be
broadly
that
require
they
Qualitative
can
be
lecisions
routinely defined
monitored
are
by
usually
and therefore,
mid-level
more
reside
complex
managers.
and
not
to
information
automate
systems
quantitative
(MIS)
are
processes
by
generally
applying
by lower
level
computer-based
storage of
of
The
and
mass
MIS
rapid
processing
decisions.
making
for
allows
However,
involves
given that
individual
qualitative decision-
preference
and
affects
the
question
of
how
an
information
system should be
Norbert
an
organization, much
nervous
system,
as
defined
by
Webster's
New
and
Collegiate
organization
distributing
forming
network
especially
for
The
linked
components.
The systems approach
and all of its components.
is
efficient
and
optimum
manner
the
activities
and
This allows
useful
system
for
this
analysis
is
(materials,
information)
into
services).
subsystem
control
a set
The
to
personnel,
inputs
that
utilities,
desired outputs
productive
change
subsystem
of
capital,
system
into
uses
outputs
provides
and
(products and
a
conversion
monitored
corrective
by
action
a
if
refrigerators,
etc.)
and
tangible (automobiles,
intangible
(education,
service is controlled
10
Such a
INPUTS
CONVERSION
SUBSYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
OUTPUTS
PHYSICAL (Manufacturing)
*Legal
*Political
*Social
LOCATIONAL (Transport)
*Economic
*Technical
MARKET
*Competition
*Product Info.
*Cust. Needs
>
RESOURCES
*Material
*Personnel
*Capital
*Utilities
EXCHANGE
(Retailing/Wholesaling)
STORAGE (Warehousing)
GENERAL SERVICE
(Private/Public)
Feedback
Information
Figure 1.
shipyard
organization using
scheduling,
labor
use
and
information systems
material
flow
to monitor
throughout
the
process.
The
core
of
productive
system
is
its
conversion
production management
to a
service system.
11
[Ref.
5:p.
23]
By
models,
straight-forward
productive
into
systems
service
fitting
of
applications
system
production
can
be
achieved.
Let's
now
examine these
C.
function
under
single
department
that
control
warehousing
function
that
material
inventory,
requirements.
must
requires
and
the
material
purchasing,
expediting
An effective management
to coordinate
these
management
logistics,
slow-moving
information system
activities
and provide
represent a
In a production
Raw Materials
The basic building blocks (steel,
bricks, aluminum, etc.) that will be used to construct
the final product.
12
2.
3.
Finished Goods
Final products that have yet to be
sold, usually held as a hedge against the uncertainty
of demands in the marketplace. [Ref. 5:pp. 444-445)
In
addition, materials
in the
logistics channel
are held
Pipeline Inventory
Because transportation is not
instantaneous inventory ends up in the pipeline
between stocking points or finished goods warehouses
of final destinations.
2.
Speculation Inventory
Although not a factor in DOD,
inventories of raw materials with speculative value,
i.e., gold or silver, are held as much in anticipation
of rising value as for the needs of manufacturing.
3.
4.
Safety Stock
Inventory held as insurance against
being out of stock because of varying demand and
replenishment leadtime, in addition to regular or
cycle stocks held. [Ref. l:p. 357]
Necessary to meet
between successive
private
sector
that
may
have
an
application
in
the
13
[Ref. 6:p.
it supports.
be
maintained
pipeline
delays
and
customer service.
at
an
amount
necessary
the
maintain
to
overcome
operation's
level
of
supplies
and
all
other
goods
function
productive
is
vital
system.
to
services
material
Managers
and
flow
within
this
throughout
division
the
must
In the
with
material
availability
both
from
government
first
step
in
controlling
inventory
levels,
If buyers
the right
Right Ouality
The
process
first
is
step
to obtain
in
the
and
cost
manufacturing
correct
the
parts
or
repair
and materials
to
(including
no
only
price
but
two
major
consideration
of
considerations:
suitability
and
(1) the
(2)
availability.
coordinated
effort
the
ensure
correct
the
Materials-List
who
ensure
maximized.
between
material
the
engineers,
requested
the
economics
of
price
and
economic
This requires a
production
is
technical
on
the
who
Job-
(purchasing)
availability
are
of
the
material.
[Ref.
working
integrated,
6:p.
35)
for
together
If
the
management
common
goal
is
of
between
the
material
and
the
engineering
and the
and
cooperation
engineer is a key
between
the
factor to ensuring
met
by
available
sources
of
supply,
then
engineering
material
in
accordance with
specific
technical
data.
to
and
accurate
quality
specifications
are
specifications
determination.
detailed
descriptions
repair
are
task.
usually
By
targets
also
definition,
of
materials,
a product or perform a
Although purchasing
the
are
of
and
cost
inventory
reductions,
more
refusals
significance
to
the
material
manager.
Material
only
costly
in
direct
dollar
terms,
but
also
cause
to
the
entire
production
schedule.
In
JIT
if
error.
the material
Therefore, there
refusal
is
quality.
2.
undergone
mentioned
a
earlier,
fundamental
significantly,
is
the
inventory
change
view
in
that
this
management
decade.
inventory
has
Most
should
be
supports.
2:p.
6]
required
material
holding
to
costs.
support
The
production
inventory
and minimize
control
system
inventory
must
be
17
Ironically,
come
to
the
becoming
at
forefront
increasingly
time
of
when
inventory
industrial
difficult
to
control
management,
achieve
this
has
it
is
goal.
items held.
easily
[Ref.
6:p. 257]
resolved
techniques.
even
More
with
better
attention
to
material
management
requirements
planning,
conflict
of
objectives
between major
reconciles a
departments.
management
want
capital investment.
hand,
may
be
potential
while
which
represent
less
ambivalent,
(i.e.,
inventories
low
quantity
recognizing
discounts)
simultaneously
the
cost
inherent
experiencing
reduction
in
high
departmental
is
effect
imperative
of
that
management
carefully
18
consider
the
inventory problems
minimize capital
investment
in
inventory;
and
(2)
attempt
to
such
Inventory management
a balance by
examining how
of
material
should
be
purchased.
Figure
common
terms
used
to describe basic
inventory
2.
3.
is
Reorder
cycle
successive orders.
4.
5.
interval
the
of
time
between
a.
b.
c.
Rieorder Cycle
,i
t
Lei dhm.
O )
R..kc,:lr:
of Slipli,,
Piea i.
Collstlns ption
Order:
_=e
Sa fetyN
Stock
S.,fet'
Level
Zero Stock
Periods of Time, Days
Figure 2.
According
to
Figure
the
2,
to
is
goal
the
have
decision
economic
The
placed.
whether
to
with
vary
costs
Procurement
inventory
place
many
the
number
principle
orders
of
orders
the
optimizes
fewer
for
items,
along with
inventory
the associated
holding
costs. The
hold"
and
minimized
Graphically,
the
point
indicates
this
at
the
economic
which
the
optimal
order
Figure 3:
20
cost
combined
order
is
"cost
costs
are
quantity.
represented
in
h1nenor.N Holding
j
: =
Toulo "
,' (o
(j,Q
7Q
( u s : o f O rd c rs
- D
=r
where,
+ CpD/Q
(2CpD/Ch)I1/
For example,
to provide
against
inventory
the
and
level
unexpected
cause
and
of
demand
safety stock as
that
"out-of-stock"
Figure 4)
21
could
insurance
deplete
condition.
the
(see
0
R
0
tockout
r--LT--
-Sockou,
LT
l-I-LT-
= order quontity
Time
LT = leod time
R = reorder point
Figure 4.
overcome the
To
basic EOQ
beyond the
calculated
by
adding
estimates
that
are
control
between
in
shown
as
demand),
point
time
the
Reorder
forecasted
based
the
utilizing
by
distributions.
probability
during
required,
stock
safety
one must go
of demand
uncertainty
on
demand
distributions
and
reorder
Figure
The
4.
are
then
safety
stock
points
plus
of
principles
of
receipt
automated
the
demand
(leadtime
inventory
of
inventory
inventories
material
levels
is
and
a large
represent
control
essential.
systems,
In
investment
in
management
of
timing
of
addition,
22
in
inventory,
is also
of concern
to the
shipyard material
manager.
3.
schedule
through
schedule
affects
467]
From
inventory
the
an
policy,
average
while
inventory
organizational
the
production
level.
efficiency
[Ref.
l:p.
prospective,
management
strategy.
The
logistician
must
be
material
flow
is
going
to
meet
the
demands
of
the
Production Department.
Generally,
the material
or
she
techniques
may
either
may be supplied
the
material
levels,
as material
Japanese method of
deliveries
requirements planning
using such
(MRP) or
the
just-in-time.
through material
inventories maintained by
department
reorder
in which
frequency,
material
handling
inventory
policy.
economic
requirements
These
case,
order
are
techniques
23
required
inventory
quantities,
specified
(MRP, JIT
and
through
and
EOQ),
of
the
most
often
implemented
techniques
inventories is MRP.
into
the
material
ordering
process
by
obtaining
the
and
papers,
advocating
the
benefits
of
in
the
way
they
productive system.
toward the final
regardless
create
material
flow
through
of
the
individual
shop
capacities
enroute
it
through
work-in-process
production
inventories
stations.
This prevents
from accumulating
in
front of
bottlenecks.
The results, therefore, vary greatly between the
two approaches.
balanced.
That
resources
are
sent
to
job
sites
of
scheduling
material
24
resources,
MRP
may
cause
on
This
average.
shops.
individual
By
often
to
tends
MRP
itself,
overload
creates
its
the
own
MRP Fundamentals
MRP provides the logistician a means by which he
Theoretically,
Therefore, MRP is an
methods
do
channel
as
not
perform
they do
as
well
in
the
in the physical
physical
supply
distribution channel,
independent,
and
unbiased.
Rather,
demand
patterns
for
demands
result
high
lumpy demand
methods
are
leadtime
production
patterns.
used
to
set
If
environment
statistical
inventory
this
creates
inventory
control
levels,
the
inventory
demand
lumpy
depletions
can
be
roughly
to
accordingly
ordered
If
patterns.
timing
the
anticipated,
materials may
be
savings
in
substantial
realize
inventory
of
MRP
methodology
begins
with
the
bill
of
and
If
the
it
accomplished
end
is
and
product
known
in
when
what
(i.e.,
each
a completed
repair
quantities
job
repair
will
be
are:
horizon;
(1)
an
extended
planning
the
material
in the master
manager
the
(2)
schedule;
opportunity
system
and
to
(3)
shift
flow
of
materials
is
controlled
by
the
known.
and
extent
of
the
leadtimes
which are
assumed
to be
material
transportation
approach,
leadtimes
delays
therefore,
and
must
is
always
partial
be
26
present
shipments.
modified
to
as
are
The
MRP
handle
these
c.
Demand Uncertainty
Using MRP under conditions of demand uncertainty
A fixed, on-hand
is
one
common
alternative.
Once
a minimum
established
minimum
rather than
to
zero.
Given the
under-stocking,
requests
for
To prevent over-or
materials
under
these
distributed
with
a mean of
fourteen days
and a
each
gate
Additionally,
if
valve
that
gate
valves
does
not
arrive
arrive
early
in
they
time.
must
be
time
question
should
here
be
is
planned
to
determine
into
the
much
requisition
27
how
Let us
T*
Pr
purchase order LT
probability of not
having material
when needed.
L rr
14
r"
Figure 5.
(Pc\Cc+Pc)
where,
Pc=cost of having materials after they are needed
($per unit per day)
Cc=cost of having materials before they are needed
($per unit per day)
Then, the order leadtime (T*) is:
T*
= LT + ZS
where,
LT=mean leadtime (days)
S =standard deviation of leadtime demand (days)
Z =number of standard deviations between LT and T*
28
T* = 14 + (2.33)(3)
= 21 days before production.
[Ref. l:pp. 477-480]
material
Theoretically,
under
these
conditions
Of
these
place
that
principles,
can
gather
tracking
and
process
required
for
ship
mechanism
material
must
be
leadtime
in
and
JIT Fundamentals
JIT
control
the
flow
and inventory
1.
2.
3.
reduces leadtimes.
Its
application,
levels within
however,
requires
production
schedule
long
time.
JIT
cannot
generally
29
respond
rapidly
to
production rates.
systems
that
combine
fundamentals
may
situations.
Service organizations,
just
as
be
useful
concerned with
in
these
and
JIT
non-manufacturing
like
lowering costs,
MRP
a shipyard, are
through inventory
the
complexity
and
certainty
of
the
ship
But,
repair
the
combination
ship
of
on
the
schedule.
principles
In
of
the
MRP,
long
JIT
and
run,
EOQ
a
may
have
become
operating manaqers.
throughout
the
year
day-to-day
concern
for
their
than
30
during
the
traditional
fast movers or
discrepancies
essential
levels,
showed
implemented cycle
to
sooner
thereby,
found
making
maintaining
improved
high
accuracy
and
customer
made
service
management
within
suppliers
and
coordination
the
company
customers,
are
inventory
while
must establish
their peers
of
and
also
between
management
it
important
and
aspects
its
of
maintaining
integrated
in production, design,
The maximization of
inventory
high
customer
service
and planning.
suppliers.
that
revealed
most
private
sector
contracts
that
clauses
product
delivery performance,
packaging,
required
and
quality,
penalties
for
that
contracts
performance
commonly
The
quality.
product
reward
established
used
material
use
of
contractor
cost-type
quality
to provide indefinite
closely
may
and
incentive
delivery
delivery of
approximate
this
JIT
information
critical.
is
information to managers at
private
must
provide
Systems
sector
companies
32
automate
routine
managerial
decisions,
freeing them
to
concentrate
on the
measurement
provides
managers
yet
In the private
material
deliveries
categories,
processing
Inventory levels
backlogs,
and
late
in the shipyard
for
corrective
action.
Whatever
the
objective,
economic
variables
order
and
are
hand.
The
manual
computation
management
gather,
calculations
encompass
many
personal
savings
techniques.
adequate
quantity
MRP
cost
would
that
and
time delay
more
tnan
could
be
offset
gained
associated with
any
by
inventory
using
these
automated management
store,
effectively
and
apply
assimilate
the
data
if
theoretical
he
or
she
concepts
is
can
to
thusfar
ment.oned.
As
shown
earlier
in
Figure
1, supervision
is
of
In
information
factors
these
information
a management
characterize
section these
and
how
do they
In
apply?
and their
issues,
What
system.
are
following
the
application to the
naval
Information
operating
level
of the
depending
differently
used
therefore,
Information,
user.
upon
the
is
used
is
information
routinely
to
conduct
updating
information
example,
routes
supports
at
functions
inventory
all
decision-making
levels.
management
determining
or
the
the
calculating
Whereas,
records.
costs
of
economic
for
all
includes
for
process
It
alternate
order
management
distribution
quantities
for
systems,
which
are
usually
computerized,
While
standard,
that
system
information
routine,
and
derivation
the
tasks,
of manual
current
on the
reports
An
provides
operations
supports
of management
created
from
A management information
customized data
that
and
data
from
sources
outside
the
organization.
A management
information
system
(MIS) can
be defined
Processing
made
automatically
unstructured
decisions
by
are
the
system.
supported
by
More
complex
computers
that
outputs
of
an
information
system
to
serve
the
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
User Interface
For
analysis
characteristics
purposes,
make
up
one
must
decide
satisfactory
what
management
Interface
is concerned with
level
of system
and
expert
information on
use.
should
Screens
flexibility
have
as
enough
he or she
so
that
the
expert
may
bypass
36
information.
Galitz
[Ref. 10],
making
or
the
It
to
contain, according
should
performance
of
an
action;
and
it
should
In
other words, the user should not have to memorize data from
a previous screen to use the current one.
In
an
Satisfaction,"
1977,
Schewe
article
entitled,
"Guide
to
MIS
User
Weik
provide some
characteristics
of
depth of information,
2.
width of
information,
the number
information categories in the database,
3.
4.
5.
response time,
6.
7.
8.
9.
37
in
of
different
of
interpreting
the
the
The
analytic sophistication
2.
information overload
3.
information currency
4.
output complexity.
Within the system context, the thesis will examine how the
shipyard
material
management
division
uses
the
MIS
to
An analysis
material
management
may
be
needed
to
improve
inventory
The impact of
studies
concerning
shipyard
a review of some
management,
growing
in
these
studies
must
be
given
serious
consideration.
system
problems;
rather,
38
it must
of
be carefully
New
material
ideas
for
efficient
sector
methods
of
if the
39
conditions described in
III.
A.
Since
1978,
management
have
numerous
been
studies
conducted.
of
The
shipyard
General
material
Accounting
In fact,
add to
this
proliferation of discrepancy
June
1989,
Secretary
of
Defense
Cheney
made
June
GAO
6,
1989,
"...military
officials
were
reported
to
say,
[Ref.
The
B.
1.
2.
3.
Procurement Constraints
4.
Inventory Management
5.
in private shipyards
from fiscal
year
contract
costs
resulted
from
contract
Increases
changes
for
According
to
the
Navy
representatives
It is clear
outside
shipyard
observer,
management,
who
would
is
unfamiliar
probably
41
make
with
a
public
logical
it considers all
possible cases
(best to worst)
one
would
assume
that
managers
carefully
along
with
vendor and
supply
system
leadtimes,
and
again
material was
for
in
1985
that
historical
data
first in
for
direct
material
planning.
Without
accurate
usage
data
were
result,
not
actually
unused
material
required.
stocks
[Ref.
13:p.
increased
by
visit
to
Long
Beach
Naval
4]
As
sixty-three
In fact, during a
Shipyard
(May
1989)
and
Lybrand,
who
were
contracted
by
the
42
Coopers
excess
and
Lybrand
material
materials
found
that
inventories
planning
in
in
impeded
addition to
dollar
terms,
shipyard
inflating
ineffective
operations.
Poor
in
the number of
expedite,
receive,
In
required to order,
warehouse,
distribute
and
to
February
had
to
be
availability.
single
date
on
1988
policy
change,
all
Direct
This policy
inventory holding
costs.
guided
by
the
leadtimes.
material
overhaul
Rather,
requirements
scheduling
the
Planning
based
on
system
and
Department
the
total
material
determines
work
package
regardless of the start and stop times of the jobs for which
they
are
ordering
associated with
sourcing
and/or
with
individual
no
required
Department,
determine
material.
delivery
material
Lists
consideration
requisition
because
Job-Material
dates
for
priorities
planning
43
for material
procurement
(RDD).
For
are
is
not
(JML's)
leadtimes
the
Supply
difficult
tied
to
to
the
automated
production
fundamentals,
schedule
outlined
within
in Chapter II,
SYMIS
as
the
require.
MRP
Therefore
is
process.
often
overlooked
maintaining
inventory
production.
The
thereby
before
result
is
disrupting
they
are
increased
work-in-
required
indirect
for
personnel
future
work
and
resource
information
systems
at
utilized
collect
and
to
business data.
processing
is
requirements.
naval
shipyards
process
Management
are
both
primarily
engineering
and
principal
function
of
Code
110.
They
systems.
responsibility
of
Engineering
the
design
data
is
division
generally
(Code
the
240).
and
efficient
hardware,
inconsistent
lack
information
of
leadership,
systems,"
comprehensive
ineffective
44
MIS
citing
planning,
organizational
structures,
and
contributors.
complex
[Ref.
acquisition
14:p. MIS-i]
process
major
as
The plan
According to Coopers
PROCUREMENT
Although specific contract regulations and statutes are
were
requirements
found
of
to
lack
provisions
commonly-purchased
to
items
consolidate
to
eliminate
found
to
be
excluded
from the
decision-making
access
to
performance data.
vendor
performance
sources of supply.
current
procurement
history
or
vendor
was
not
being
used
to
evaluate
Often
caused additional
This
requirements
production schedule.
E.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
Inventory
extensively
thesis.
researched
policy
by
LT
at
Rory
Ndval
shipyards
Souther
in
was
graduate
corrective
increased
management
actions
taken
management
by
NAVSEA,
attention
in
he
the
pointed
area
out
of
that
inventory
material
manager
determine
material
and
was
believed
eliminating
that
early
this
would
deliveries
reduce
and
inventory
by
requisitions
for
unnecessary material.
Despite
significant
Beach
these
problem
still holds
Management's
planning.
efforts,
in
$30
the
material
shipyard.
For
million of
concern and
Obviously,
excess
example,
excess material
their use of
historical
remains
data
is
Long
even with
historical data
usage
not
for
the
Shop
Stores
production
Material.
material
The
available
requirement
prior
to
to
the
have
start
all
of
and
lowering
an
inventory
accounts.
[Ref.
for
15:p.
92]
The theme which underlies the studies of the past decade
is that investment in inventory is too high.
Safety stocks,
stock
points.
Historical
usage
data,
procurement
in the
production
communication
and
material
In addition, improved
particularly
would
improve
between
material
final
criticized
in past
include
Control
Center
(SPCC),
the Defense
Logistics Agency
(DLA)
to
policies,
support
citing
shipyard
that
they
overhaul
were
and
not
repair
contain
requirements
for
organizational
level
repairs but are not broken down into depot level piece parts
support.
When
may
exceed
organizational
level
expected
demands
requirements.
from
combined
Additionally,
studies
have shown that materials received from SPCC and DLA do not
meet form or fit requirements and often, even though stock
numbers were the same, were not interchangeable.
The studies have been numerous since the late 1970's and
the corrective action process has continued with each one.
Naval shipyard material management will always be difficult
and certainly
needed
material
to
implement
flow
to
the
support
corrective
production.
actions
The
and
improve
analysis
will
48
range
of
policy
and procedural
needs to be modified.
49
changes
or whether
it
too
IV.
must
be
established.
To
accomplish
this,
two
A.
1.
What policies at
decision-making?
2.
the
shipyard
influence
material
of
the
(Code 500)
five
major
subfunction
(Logistics
Material).
Control
division
under
Systems,
each
purview
Control,
of
of
whom
the
Purchasing,
performs
Supply
Officer
Technical,
and
Divisions
deputies.
the
heads
He is assisted
These
as well as
positions
were
50
designed
to
provide
a
S
a'a
4
h1
U
'a
0
hi
-'a
o
U
I
2
U
'a
-9
'a
-~
'a
I-
.4'a
-hi
.J..
4'a
U'a
9-
'a
S
S.
9.
P*4
-i
9-
.1-I
0
N
C
4
S.
'a
'a
-J
.p4
49.
--
9.
~
4
-.
___
__
__
4
9*
9S.
.9
U
0
a
U
99-
.~
~9
'-
'.0
-4
9-
4
-4
--.
19.
49.
~..a
C-
,.~
S.
-,
.99..
45
9-
~c~1
'-'a
'a
ii
-0
4*2*
CAl
'
z~I
I
U
*
~-
4
'a
53
4
S
U
-~
\Ii
'a
52.
-'--.5
-5-
V.
.9 ~
44
5O
00
h.
16P
552
S.
continuity
operations
of
when
respective
the
military
and
effective
management
of
industrial
of
industrial
materials
policies
to
see
how
and
on-tirn
quality
they
influence
the
shipyard
manager.
B.
Responding
to
all
of
the
recent
Naval
Sea
Systems
at
Instruction
NSY
4400.4
"establish
Long
on
June
policies,
responsibility,
Beach
and
issued
3, 1989.
identify
establish
NAVSHIPYDLBEACH
performance
areas
goals
to
of
for
industrial materials
within
[Ref.
Long
Beach Naval
addresses
the
receipt,
storage,
disposition
of
functional
Shipyard."
areas
issue,
excess
of
material
inventory,
material,
16:p.
and
1]
It
requisition,
accounting
provides
and
performance
instruction
is
divided
into
four
areas:
Shop
53
Supplies
Reserve
Materials
(formerly
Unassigned
Direct
with
recurring
demand
and
those
held
as
items
insurance.
occasional
Comptroller
accounting
of
or
the
within
sporadic
demand.
Navy Manual,
the
Navy
According
to
the
Industrial
Fund
(NIF),
stock
is
assistance
incumbent
from
the
upon
the
operating
Supply
Department,
departments,
to
with
review
for
and
SS
planning
organization.
is also
Material
responsible
for
the
shop
setting and
pp. 1-3]
is
availability
Furnished
material
or
which
project.
is
assigned
This
Material/Equipment
includes
(GFM)/(GFE),
54
to
specific
Government
ship-specific
material
for
overhauls
and
repairs,
project-specific
Level
Repairables
16:encl. (1),
(DLR)
overhaul
material.
[Ref.
p. 3]
is
the
sole
responsibility of
screening,
outstanding
material.
orders,
The
Supply Department
submits
receives,
operating
the
requisitions,
stores,
departments
and
are
expedites
issues
the
responsible
for
appearing on JML's.
These requirements
p. 3]
(excess).
[Ref.
16:encl.
(1),
p.
5]
M&SRM
is
an
2.
3.
screened
semi-annually,
Navy
Stock
Fund
for
(NSF)
shipyard policy
requires
provided "maximum
M&SRM be
that
addition,
In
year period.
a two
The
of
unused
DMI
is
by
determined
the
in
the
custody
of
the
Supply
Department
for
measures
established
by
the
p. 5]
shipyard
summarized as Table 1.
4.
established
to
minimize
for
receipt
and
receipt
storage
inventory
procedures
accuracy
errors
are
and
delivery and
each
item
and
issue
from
requisition
processing
must
to
be
issue.
done
56
be
as
TABLE 1
[Ref. 16:encl. (1),
Material Category
1. Shop Stores
pp. 1-6]
Measures
(a) STOCK TURN = Value of Issues/Inv.
Value
*Goal: two or more stock turns
per year
(b) Ratio - Insurance items:Demand-
based SS
*Goal: less than three percent of
Inv.
(c) Service level (Percent Req filled
by stk)
*Goal: 99% or higher (established
items)
97% or higher (plus new
items)
(d) Inventory Record Accuracy:
*Goal: Quantity - 90% or higher
Location - 97% or higher
avail.
*Goal: 1% or less
(d) Inventory Record Accuracy:
*Goal: Quantity - 98% or higher
Location - 98% or higher
**Gross Monetary Adjustment - 2%
or less
3. M&SRM
or less
(b) Total Dollar Value (ceiling)
*Goal: $23 Million
57
The goal
to a customer,
is three
working days
for 95%
of the
of
working days
15
for
90%
of the
transactions.
p. 7]
policies
represent
the
extent
to
which
Most
his
material
divisions
and
make
future
strategic
2.
3.
4.
5.
MIS
from all
to
monitor
discrepancies
processing
(such as
and
transactions
backlogs,
inventory
Therefore,
Its usefulness,
C.
FUNCTION
The
computer-based
Shipyard
MIS
supports
shipyard
areas:
Industrial
Planning
and
Control,
Financial
Material
Subsystem,
SYMIS
includes
Within
three
major
applications:
1.
2.
3.
within
separately.
the
shipyard
and
Figure 8 is a system
will
be
analyzed
entire Shipyard MIS and how the MR, MS, and MM application
interface with the system.
1.
Planning
MR
application
Department with
the
is
designed
to
identification
59
assist
of
the
material
4-)
>1~
0
rq0
sow
Q)
Z4
60
that
material.
It
assists
managers
in
streamlining
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Provides
statistical
information developed from
historical data from similar work packages to assist
in making future material budgeting
(purchases)
decisions. [Ref. 19:p. I-l--I-4]
MR
is
used
primarily
Planning Department.
for
many
source
files
commercial
history
sources
of
at
the working
a repair
automated
level
the
identification.
sources,
in
Navy
designers,
industrial
Material
(SPCC),
material
Although
application
this
tedious
eliminates most
file
so that
it
MR does not
system.
automated
means
to
coordinate
order
deliveries,
using
to
avoid
Neither material
unnecessary
storage
and
handling
costs.
entry on all
requisition documents.
Without
an
estimation of
the
RDD.
This
procedure
is time
raising
material
is
inventory
received
holding
costs.
excessively
62
early,
Additionally,
and
if
for
if
some
reason
the
job
is
cancelled,
the
shipyard
is
left
with
Stores are
issuing
required
and
they
support.
by
Application
"retail" outlets,
their
"customer"
supports this
inventory
control
shops.
The
Shop
function by automating
functions
for
Stores
financial
management
and
operations personnel.
As most SYMIS applications, Shop Stores
process.
is a batch
MS: the Master Stock Item Record (SIR) file, the Shop Stores
Ledgers
file,
the
Description file,
data
include
receipts,
Shop
Description
file,
the
quantity
issues,
Stores
balances,
rejection
material
records,
DMI
File
descriptions,
financial
records,
files;
prints;
edits;
related routines
such
also provides
performance
and
management controls
ensure
maximum
to
monitor
industrial
inventory
support
by
63
The
"Inventory Manager
Analysis
As
9, tue
shown
tool
primary management
in Figure
Data"
provided by MS
of
and
performance
is required
is the
to review the
The Supply
information in this
and
problem
performance
areas
and
monitor
goals
addressed
in
Table 1.
Careful inspection of Figure 9 shows that MS-455Q is
comprised
useful
of
a large
information
amount of
data.
In
order to obtain
locally
personnel
data,
prepared
review
several
and consolidate
monthly
report
shop stores.
by
it
summarizes
The
his
staff.
SYMIS
reports,
Supply
the
performance
following data
the report:
64
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Number of Issues
7.
Effectiveness
(Number of Material Requests
divided by Number of Requests Submitted)
8.
9.
At
first
visible
glance,
by
contains
these
reviewing
many
more
particular
Figure
data
9.
In
fields
than
data
fields
fact,
a
Filled
are
not
report
MS-455Q
top-level
Manager
is
yet
another
compilation
of
data
that
is
division
pulled
from
Managers.
This
SYMIS-produced
information
reports
and,
is
in
once
again
this
case,
Inventory
Balances
by
Material
Classification
(DMI,
SS, M&SRM)
2.
3.
JML
Submissions
by Material
Classification
(DMI,
M&SRM)
4.
5.
SS,
6.
Receiving Backlog
7.
8.
9.
reports.
poorly
capability.
useful
designed
and
no
graphics
information
something
formats
report
that
from
was
not
the
shipyard
anticipated
information
or
desired
system,
when
the
for updating.
Therefore
This
it
is
difficult
to
plan
material
flow
processing
creates
an
additional
problem.
by
the
system.
Exception
reports,
as
they
as
the
correct
data
into
the
system
immediately.
Long
Officer
Beach
on
and
backlogs
a weekly
considerably
from
are
basis.
these
monitored
Inventory
backlogs
by
the
accuracy
because
the
Supply
suffers
database
processing
functions.
If
error messages
could be
the
routine
work
could
be
accomplished
and
inventory
time
receipt/issue
is
spent
processing
accuracy suffers.
on
backlogs
exception
are
reports
created,
and
inventory
accuracy is degraded.
the
computer records
receipts
Receipts are
MS programs
to match the
inventory
record
document number
file.
If the
The card is
Transaction
Listing
(MSl35A
Part
1)
and
various
manual
procedure
of
correcting
transaction
spend
much
of
their
time
Material managers
on
this
function.
introduced,
as
is
done
daily
If
an inventory is
under
cycle-counting,
the
that
system
is
eliminates
required
69
in
the
much
of
management
the
of
inventory,
batch-processing
creates
its
own
offsets
any
paperwork
time-savings
and
listing-reconciliation
backlog.
gained
This
by
backlog
automating
often
material
records offsets.
3.
the
capabilities
cf
the
Shipyard
MIS,"
is to "improve
and
to
support
of
information.
MM, which
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Provide
a more
efficient means
of
physical inventories.
(Ref. 18:p. 1-3]
The
all
MM
Direct
application maintains a
Material
Inventory
accomplishing
complete
(DMI)
from
record
the
of
time
retains
information
excess material,
the status of
on
unshipped
DMI
material
(rip-outs),
Additionally, it tracks
be filled.
70
have
access
to
the
same
realtime
That is,
information.
punched cards
MM
and huge
Management
performs
many
of
the
same
So, rather
Purchasing
MM provides complete status on all
contracts
and
material.
It
purchase
orders
maintains
an
for
outstanding
non-standard
historical
record
overhaul
of
vendor
"Rip-out" Material
MM tracks the status of material which has been
removed,
for
refurbishment
or
storage,
from
ship
in
overhaul.
c.
Status Processing
The material ordering statistics, information on
material
received
requisitions,
and
status
of
critical
items
are
all
Excess Material
d.
Physical Inventory
MM produces reports that provide locations and
within
cards
that
used
by
warehouse.
inventory
It
produces
personnel
to
inventory
annotate
count
physical
with
inventory
records.
After
inventory
of
the
material
Management Application
information
is
at
the
It
receives
inputs
from
the
As shown in Figure 8,
Shop
Stores,
Cost,
and
as
between
well
as
the
Accounts
list
processing
Payable
is
Files.
Interface
performed by magnetic
exceptions,
72
which
are
then
manually
System changes
are centrally
controlled by
Naval
Sea
for
used;
changes
change
other
outside
deficiencies
from
sources
of
found
individual
include NAVSEA
NAVSEA
by
shipyards
control,
system
users
audits, policy
and
or
are one
results
SEADSA
of
personnel.
proposal
to
assess
its
impact
upon NAVSEA
policies.
its
impact on the
of
system
would
performance;
fit
within
the
and
it
implementation
previously
approved
software
OPNAVINST
5231.1,
"Procedures
changes
in
for
determines
exercises
how
schedule
accordance
the
the
Management
of
with
of
control
over the
If
for
analysis
and programming,
is
written.
Once a
approved
Shipyard
forwarded
to
MIS
each
of
programs
the
library
shipyards
and
copies
are
they
are
where
conclusions
about
SYMIS'
effectiveness
as
in terms
usefulness
general
of the
to
the
description
of
manager.
the
Shipyard
material
policy
management
and
functions
74
V.
The
primary
Shipyard
question,
Long
information?,"
Beach
is
fundamentals
of
the
"Does
provide
the
MIS
useful
at
management
Naval
decision-making
material
the
and
Thusfar, the
MIS
have
been
that
production
enables
him
materials.
performance,
material
or
her
to
Historical
rejection
control
data
rates,
the
flow
including
of
vendor
requirements
and
and
material.
reduce
incidences
of
ordering
the
wrong
promotes
processing;
virtually
error-free
receipt
and
issue
attention.
interdepartmental
The
coordination
between
all
automate
routine decisions
users
with
system
by
minimal
should
allowing
enhance
communication
disruption;
it
should
information
tool
that
schedule
links
material
requirements
to
the
production
currency,
information
overload,
and
output
a final
will be made.
A.
INFORMATION NEEDS
Although
it
was
mentioned
earlier,
the
types
of
order
to
lower
accuracy
SYMIS
history.
It
inventory
must
must
do
levels
more
aEssist
than
the
and
improve
just
Supply
track
Officer
inventory
material
in
making
I outlines
shipyard policy.
the
performance
measures
required by
these
goals
but
offers
no
forecasting
or
planning
2.
3.
76
meet
material
4.
leadtime
needs
and
future
material
on
Based
information how many Shop Store line items can be
eliminated or what quantity reduction can be made?
5.
6.
upgrading
by
software,
aod
SYMIS
be
will
ANALYSIS
The Shipyard Management Information System is primarily
second
generation, batch-oriented
system.
It
relies on
and
often
items
for
sophistication is low.
real
time
with
an
Despite
impossible.
the
fact
that
inventory,
its
degree
of
analytic
interactive
data
base.
Since
only
MM
because
of
its lack of
analytic sophistication,
That is,
issues,
and
other
computer-related
administrative
One
manager
said
that
was
not
inventory
The
of time
average
researching
employee
spent
exception
an
inordinate
reports of
rejected
While
this task was being performed receipts and issues were not
being processed and the daily backlogs were increasing.
One
and
about
although
three
performance
or
needlessly
sophistication
and
it
showed
a downward trend
four days.
because
design
is
The
its
system
level
inadequate
is
of
to
it was
hurting
technical
keep
up with
inputs and
outputs
information
is
are
not
not coordinated
available
on-line
and
to
material
technological
management
shortcomings,
do
78
not
reports,
help
the
like
its
strategic
management
process
either.
The
reports
is
bombarded
complex
MIS
Simple
report
with
output
formats
only
and
complex
and
information
serves
are
from
to
many
sources
complicate
graphic
the
displays
job.
reduce
that
the
reports are
is of
displayed
helps
information
reports
are
compiled,
and
selected
on
to
Since the
management
information
In
(Figure 9).
MS-455Q
an off-line microcomputer.
overcome
the
output
This
complexity
extra
problem
step
by
material
fairly
tracking
well
subsystem
given
system.
its
integration
It
antiquated
capability.
79
accomplishes
technology
Outputs
this
and
are
task
limited
generally
and improving
impossible.
The
shipyards
are
experiencing
new
age
of
both
contributed to
order,
purchase,
expedite,
receive,
warehouse,
costs to
distribute
Unless inventory
will
continue
to
rise
and
adversely
affect
the
ability to compete.
Another
attribute
of
a useful
management
information
quote
from
NAVSEA's
request
to
the
Chief
of
Naval
management
information
systems
(MIS)
80
In
In its current
through an
schedule
interactive
information
process.
is
data base.
passed
to
MM
Instead,
through
the
work
batch
As a result, stated
must
Key operations,
come together in
a centralized database.
used by the
of
equipment
81
Ica
E-4)
(0~
0)0
400
W0
LC
aIL
a82
to
effectively
manage
work
and
evaluate
performance.
Key operation size can be equated in a theoretical sense
to batch size in a pure manufacturing organization.
is,
the
larger
the
batch,
That
production
Thus,
batches
unit)
yield more
efficient production.
This idea was recommended by Coopers and Lybrand and is
being implemented experimentally at Puget Sound NSY.
is,
scheduling
small
batches)
control
and
work
to
at
the
individual
give
the
shop
improve
the
task
manager
planning
and
level
That
(i.e.,
(foreman)
cost
more
estimating
process.
For the material manager scheduling work in qmaller time
units
creates
techniques
the
possibility
(MRP/JIT)
discussed
of
applying
earlier.
some
For
of
the
example,
supplier
performance
data,
leadtimes
(for both
individual
tasks.
The
material
manager
could
then
83
commercially.
standard material,
Then,
using
the
leadtime
data
ensure
start date
delivery
(ideally) in
(MRP application).
time
the
Supply
Officer
inventory
requirements
material.
Obviously,
the
and
some
flexibility
begin
to
inventory
to
plan
reduce
his
will
have
his
excess
to
be
environment.
contribute
to
Nevertheless,
lowering
these
Material
levels
by
planning
eliminating
reducing
excess
materials,
is
engineering
and
material
can
be
ordered,
drawings,
Coopers
information
was
resulted
the
in
and
often
Lybrand
found
inaccurate
and
that
that
engineering
it
directly
Since the
of
numbers
or
commercial
manufacturers
part
numbers.
available
on
the
commercial
market.
These
systems
correct
material
is
ordered.
These
commercial
data
orders
and
delivery
schedules
can
techniques
be made
from
in the material
earlier
could
then
be
used
to
management
in
the
shipyard
interconnected
database
and
by
integration
of
all
communication
real
between
85
time
all
interactive
functions
was
possible,
then
management's
SYMIS
could
needs.
But,
be
easily programmed
automation
alone
to meet
is
not
the
answer.
If
the
shipyard organization
successfully
compete
with
other
a framework of
is going
attainable
to be able
shipyards,
an
to
overall
or
information
improve
investing
lowering
system
poorly
in
(no
overhead
matter
managed
costs.
how
and
itself,
sophisticated)
organization.
expensive hardware
By
So,
software,
an
cannot
prior
to
a complete
86
VI.
A.
SUMMARY
Given
ships
the
and
rising
the
government
costs
attention
of
overhauling
that
expenditures,
is
finding
being
paid
solutions
bids
for
to
to
lower
shipyard
repairing
to
and
overhaul
work
New initiatives
that
force
public
very survival.
The
purpose
question:
of
Does
this
the
thesis was
Management
In
order
to
to
answer the
primary
it
four
basic
research
2.
3.
What
material
management
and
MIS
discrepancies
an
were
What
policies
by
higher
authority
are
influencing
to
the
from
questions
background
came
from
literature,
87
information
analysis
of
that
was
previous
shipyard
studies,
analysis
of
current
shipyard and
NAVSEA
Long
(18.37
problems
Beach
NSY.
percent
accuracy
concern Materials
Among
over
the
percentages
Account);
and
these,
past
rising
five
on
inventory
years);
(particularly
reliance
Management Division
in
low
the
outdated,
levels
inventory
Shop
batch
Stores
processing
that
shipyard
present
comprises
inventory,
this
over
fifty
representing
material
is
destined
percent
about
to
$30
be
of
inventory
the
total
million.
returned
to
At
the
listings
of
excess
materials
are
sharcd
bctween
the
largest contributor
inventory.
SYMIS does
not
to
the
growing excess
material
batch
process,
and
are
material
usually
too
late
to
prevent
88
give
the
before
material
they
percentages
manager
arrive.
are
enough notice
Stated
exceeded
goals
during
to
cancel
for
excess
new
overhaul
each
orders
material
as
the
this
problem.
Without
information
integration
between
can
requirements.
the
never
be
coordinated
with
schedule
opposite
direction,
current
requisition
status
them
of
nonavailability.
possible
delays
due
to
material
is
final
press
information
stages
everyone
of
an
for
at
time.
Many
manhours
are
wasted
increased
operating
expenses
detract
from
the
Unofficial estimates of
accuracy
percent
in
and
the
Shop
Stores
eighty-five
to
Account
ninety
89
at
fifty
percent
in
to
the
sixty
DMI
Account.
Although
was
this
rough
estimate,
the
same
of
required
personal
interviews.
inventory
accuracy goals
Recalling
to be
that
above
policy
ninety-five
again,
problem.
base,
SYMIS
to
be
at
the
root
of
the
which
is
probably why
inventory accuracy
overshadowed by
MS
seems
it
shows
a higher
individual
is
application.
and
against
spot
occur
inventories
simultaneously
on
any
fast moving
day.
In
line
item
may
batch processing
a real
occur,
store
the probability
of
inventory accuracy
is
having
is
virtually
90
In the absence
zero,
percent
unless
shop
manual
overload
because
of
its
reports
output
complexity.
workload
improved.
would
be
reduced
and
performance
would
be
and is
of
short-term
"fixes"
resulting
from
inadequate
Large organizations,
always
seems
to
fall
short,
91
however,
Since
NAVSEA may
RECOMMENDATIONS
When considering
improvements to computer
systems the
information system.
Obviously this
problems
mentioned
throughout
this
study
are
not
challenged
established.
and
overall
organization
strategy
and
then
consider
whether
or
not
it
should
be
automated.
The following actions are recommended to assist in the
creation
of
an
improved
Shipyard
Management
92
Information
1.
Strategic Planning
1.
2.
3.
4.
Request
assistance
from
commercial
sources,
specifically shipyards, to see how the private sector
formulates strategy and what performance measures they
use.
5.
6.
7.
Have
representatives from every aspect of the
shipyard be involved in formulating the strategy so
that a fully integrated and comprehensive plan is
created
and full management support for it is
achieved.
8.
9.
2.
System Design
1.
2.
3.
4.
System design must be done by the users and managers-not left to the computer programmers. The new system
must fulfill user needs if it is to be accepted.
5.
6.
7.
Policy Considerations
If
sweeping
changes
finally
do
result
fror, this
As
is often the case, strategic changes are made but are not
94
communicated
to
system
users.
Whatever
business
plan
organization.
C.
The
The
feasibility
of
implementing
Just-in-Time
would
also
inspire
new
ideas
95
for
improving
delivery
LIST OF REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
Radford, K. J.,
Managerial
Publishing Co. Inc., 1975.
4.
5.
Gaither, Norman, Production and Operations Management-A Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Approach, 3d ed.,
Dryden Press, 1986.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Reston
Principles
2d ed., Wm.
of
C.
96
and
13.
14.
Coopers &
Industrial
1986.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Shipyard Management
Volume 24.
Information
19.
Shipyard Management
Volume 22.
20.
Shipyard Management
Volume 21.
21.
22.
97
System
(NAVSO P-
Users
Manual,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
98