CH 26 Sec 3 - War and Expansion in The United States
CH 26 Sec 3 - War and Expansion in The United States
SETTING THE STAGE The United States won its independence from Britain
in 1783. At the end of the Revolutionary War, the Mississippi River marked the
western boundary of the new republic. As the original United States filled with
settlers, land-hungry newcomers pushed beyond the Mississippi. The government helped them by acquiring new territory for settlement. Meanwhile, tensions
between northern and southern states over the issues of states rights and slavery
continued to grow and threatened to reach a boiling point.
TAKING NOTES
Following Chronological
Order Create a time line
to record major events of
the United States in the
19th century.
Event
one
Event
two
Event
three
Event
four
the United States had the right and duty to rule North America from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Government leaders used manifest destiny to justify
evicting Native Americans from their tribal lands.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 made such actions official policy. This law
enabled the federal government to force Native Americans living in the East to
move to the West. Georgias Cherokee tribe challenged the law before the
Supreme Court. The Court, however, ruled that the suit was not valid. The
Cherokees had to move. Most of them traveled 800 miles to Oklahoma, mainly
on foot, on a journey later called the Trail of Tears. About a quarter of the
Cherokees died on the trip. A survivor recalled how the journey began:
PRIMARY SOURCE
The day was bright and beautiful, but a gloomy thoughtfulness was depicted in the
lineaments of every face. . . . At this very moment a low sound of distant thunder fell
on my ear . . . and sent forth a murmur, I almost thought a voice of divine indignation
for the wrong of my poor and unhappy countrymen, driven by brutal power from all
they loved and cherished in the land of their fathers.
WILLIAM SHOREY COODEY, quoted in The Trail of Tears
758 Chapter 26
Page 2 of 4
U.S. Expansion,
17831853
120
W
W
40
80W
60N
U.S. in 1783
Louisiana Purchase,Hudson
1803
Florida Cession, 1819 Bay
By treaty with Great Britain,
1818 and 1842
M isso
OREGON
40N
ur
Tropic
20N
o f C a n ce
TEXAS
ANNEXATION
Ro
Mississippi
GADSDEN
PURCHASE
R.
PACIFIC
OCEAN
UNITED STATES
in 1783
LOUISIANA
PURCHASE
iR
.
MEXICAN
oR
CESSION orad
ol
de
an
Gr
100W
When the Cherokees reached their destination, they ended up on land inferior to
that which they had left. As white settlers
moved west during the 19th century, the
government continued to push Native
Americans off their land.
o R.
hi
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
FLORIDA
CESSION
Gulf of
Mexico
500 Miles
MEXICO
0
1,000 Kilometers
industry. For both its factories and farms, the North depended on free workers. The
Souths economy, on the other hand, was based on just a few cash crops, mainly
cotton. Southern planters relied on slave labor.
The economic differences between the two regions led to a conflict over slavery.
Many Northerners considered slavery morally wrong. They wanted to outlaw slavery in the new western states. Most white Southerners believed slavery was necessary for their economy. They wanted laws to protect slavery in the West so that they
could continue to raise cotton on the fertile soil there.
The disagreement over slavery fueled a debate about the rights of the individual
states against those of the federal government. Southern politicians argued that the
states had freely joined the Union, and so they could freely leave. Most
Northerners felt that the Constitution had established the Union once and for all.
Civil War Breaks Out Conflict between the North and South reached a climax in
1860, when Abraham Lincoln was elected president. Southerners fiercely
An Age of Democracy and Progress 759
Page 3 of 4
75W
80W
85W
VT.
N.H.
MASS.
NEW YORK
INDIANA
Mi
s si
St. Louis
iR
pp
s si
r
ive
MISSOURI
PENNSYLVANIA
ILLINOIS
40N
CONN.
R.I.
New York
Chicago
IOWA
Boston
r
ve
Ri
hi o
Gettysburg, 1863
OHIO Antietam, 1862
Bull Run, 1861
W.VA. 186165
NEW JERSEY
Philadelphia
Baltimore
DEL..
Washington, D.C.
400
Richmond
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
VIRGINIA
KENTUCKY
1862
63
186
2
16
186
NORTH
CAROLINA
Goldsboro
TENNESSEE
Chattanooga,
1863
Memphis
1863
SOUTH
Shiloh,
CAROLINA
35N
1862
186
Atlanta,
Ft. Sumter, 1861
ARKANSAS
4
1864
(Charleston)
MISSISSIPPI
Savannah
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
200
100
Vicksburg, 1863
Union
63
250 Miles
400 Kilometers
Confederacy
FLORIDA
18
1864
300
(in thousands)
United States
Confederate States
Union advances
Major battle
New Orleans
30N
2
186
Gulf of Mexico
devastation? Why?
opposed Lincoln, who had promised to stop the spread of slavery. One by one,
Southern states began to secede, or withdraw, from the Union. These states came
together as the Confederate States of America.
On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, a federal fort in
Charleston, South Carolina. Lincoln ordered the army to bring the rebel states back
into the Union. The U.S. Civil War had begun. Four years of fighting followed, most
of it in the South. Although the South had superior military leadership, the North
had a larger population, better transportation, greater resources, and more factories.
These advantages proved too much, and in April 1865, the South surrendered.
Abolition of Slavery Lincoln declared that the war was being fought to save the
Union and not to end slavery. He eventually decided that ending slavery would help
to save the Union. Early in 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation,
declaring that all slaves in the Confederate states were free.
At first, the proclamation freed no slaves, because the Confederate states did not
accept it as law. As Union armies advanced into the South, however, they freed
slaves in the areas they conquered. The Emancipation Proclamation also showed
European nations that the war was being fought against slavery. As a result, these
nations did not send the money and supplies that the South had hoped they would.
In the aftermath of the war, the U.S. Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment
to the Constitution, which abolished slavery in the United States. The Fourteenth
and Fifteenth Amendments extended the rights of citizenship to all Americans and
guaranteed former slaves the right to vote.
Reconstruction From 1865 to 1877, Union troops occupied the South and
760 Chapter 26
Analyzing Issues
Did the
Emancipation
Proclamation reflect
a change in
Lincolns main goal
for the war?
Page 4 of 4
Abraham Lincoln
18091865
Lincoln passionately believed in
preserving the Union. His upbringing
might help explain why. The son of
rural, illiterate parents, he educated
himself. After working as rail splitter,
boatman, storekeeper, and surveyor,
he taught himself to be a lawyer. This
career path led eventually to the
White House.
In Europe, people stayed at the
level of society into which they had
been born. Yet the United States had
been founded on the belief that all
men were created equal. Small
wonder that Lincoln fought to
preserve the democracy he described
as the last best hope of earth.
Recognizing
Effects
How did railroads affect the
growth of the
United States?
SECTION
ASSESSMENT
TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
manifest destiny
Abraham Lincoln
secede
Emancipation Proclamation
segregation
MAIN IDEAS
U.S. expansion?
Event
one
Event
two
Event
three
Event
four
up Americas industrialization?