Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
fc
AM
(Vmsinwmt)
em
Intelligence signal
Amplitude
Modulator
eAM
(Asinwct);
A = Ec +em
m(t)
Acm(t)coswct
Acm(t)sinwct
Accoswc(t)
Acsinwc(t)
B. Demodulator
s(t)
6
X
1
Squaring
law
device
BPF
fb = 2FC
limiter
7
m(t)
LPF
Frequency
divider
1. S(t) = Acm(t)cos(wc)t
2. [Acm(t)cos(wct)]2
Ac2m2(t)cos2(wct)
but cos2A = [1+cos2A]
Ac2m2(t) [1+cos2A]
Ac2m(t)2 /2 + [Ac2m(t)2cos2wct / 2]
But; m(t)2 = [coswmt]2
= (1+cos2wmt)
Ac2m2(t)2/2 + (Ac2cos2wct/2) [ (1+cos2wmt)]
Ac2m2(t)2/2 + (Ac2cos2wct/4) + Ac2cos2wct cos2wmt / 2
3. (Ac2cos2wct/4) = (Ac/4)(Accos2wct)
4. Accos2wct = Accos(2wc/2)t
Ac cos(wct)
5. s(t) Ac cos(wct)
[Ac m(t)cos(wct)]Ac cos(wct)
Ac2m(t)cos2wct
Ac2m(t)[1/2 (1+cos2wct)]
Ac2m(t) /2 + Ac2m(t)cos2wct / 2
7. Ac2 /2 cos(wmt)
1
coswc(t)
-90P.S.
sinwm(t)
TV
Rx
sinwc(t)
OSC.
coswc(t)
-90P.S.
Demod.
Demodulator
X
LPF
3
6
OSC
-90P.S.
coswf(t)
LPF
-90P.S.
A. Modulator
in 90P.S.: a)cosA = -sinA b)sinA = cosA
1. coswct coswmt
2. sinwct sinwmt
3. @summing ckt
coswct coswmt + sinwct sinwmt
OR coswct coswmt sinwctsinwmt
2.
s(t) sinwct
cos(wc-wm)t (sinwct)
[coswct coswmt + sinwct sinwmt]sinwct
coswct sinwct coswmt + sin2wct sinwmt
*sin2wct *coswmt + *(1-cos2wct)*sinwmt
(sin2wct*coswmt)/2 + sinwmt/2 - (cos2wct*sinwmt)/2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
coswmt/2
sinwmt/2
-coswmt/2
(coswmt/2) - (-coswmt/2)
(2coswmt/2) = coswmt
Angle Modulation
Phase angle of the constant output of the carrier signal is
varied proportion to the amplitude of the modulating
signal.
1. Phase Modulation (PM)
Used to produce FM.
2. Frequency Modulation (FM)
By Major E. Armstong
= k2Vm / fm
where:
k = deviation sensitivity for FM (rad/s.v)
Frequency deviation ()
-PM
= k1Vmfm (Hz)
where:
-FM
= k2Vm (Hz)
where:
Frequency deviation
= = k2Vm
= deviation sensitivity for fm (hz/v)
Percent modulation (FM and PM)
% mod = (actual / max) x 100%
Deviation ratio
DR = max / fm(max)
for FM, max = 75MHz and fm(max) = 15MHz
TV Broadcasting
fmax = 25kHz
fmmax = 15kHz
Kp
S(t)
PM
90 PS
Acos
Narrowband
BW NB = 2fm
BW WB = 2
X
Kp
FM
90 PS
S(t)
Indirect Method
NB is first produced, then inputted to the frequency multiplier
circuit to produce the WB signal
Frequency
Multiplier Xn
WB
fc
fm
xn
xn
WB
FM signal
fn
FM Stereophonic Transmission
L
-+
Pre-emphasis
circuit
L+R
L channel 50Hz
Relay
0.050 to 15kHz
23-53 kHz
0.050 to 15kHz
L-R
L
-+
-R
Pre-emphasis
circuit
Balance
modulator
(DSB-SC)
38kHz
Frequency
doubler
R channel 15kHz
R
-+
-R
A
D
D
E
R
S(t)
FM
mod.
C
I
R
C
U
I
T
c(t)
composite signal
Pilot carrier
19kHz
0.05 to 15kHz
FM
demod.
LPF
WBF
~
NBF
19kHz
Audio amp.
LR
23kHz 53kHz
WBF
Audio amp.
38kHz
fx2
Adder:
=L+R +(L-R)
=2L/L
=L
Subtractor:
=L+R-(L-R)
=2R/R
=R
Oscillators Fundamental
Vin
Vo
~
Feedback network
B = VfB / Vo
(a)
BVout
VfB = BVout
Av
B
(b)
Vo
The fractional part of the output voltage that is fed back to the
input is called the feedback voltage (VfB).
The ratio of the feedback voltage VfB to the output voltage
(Vout) is called the feedback fraction (B).
B = VfB / Vout
Rearranging Eq. 2 gives
VfB = BVout