A resource guide for

middle school teachers

Dr. Maya Angelou

Dream in Color
Imagine a world where diversity is celebrated. A world where
people of all complexions and cultures express themselves freely.
If you imagine it, then you Dream In Color.
Target, in partnership with the Poetry Foundation, Furious Flower
Poetry Center at James Madison University and Dr. Maya Angelou,
invites you to celebrate Black History Month through the rich
legacy of African-American poetry. Discover the work of poets
past and present, whose voices move us all to continue to dream.
As part of our 2007 Black History Month celebration, Target
is proud to provide a toolkit to inspire children of all ages to
Dream In Color. Students will discover the works of important
African-American poets, classroom activities designed to
encourage them to develop their own poetic voices,
discussion guides, bibliographies and links to engaging
online poetry resources.
Dream In Color is just one of the ways that Target supports
diversity and makes a real difference in the lives of children
through the arts and education.

To the Teacher:
The exercises in each unit are meant to serve as guidelines to
excite students about poetry. The exercises are not sequenced,
so you may use as many or as few as you like, and in any order.
You may want to do one exercise per class period, or you may
want to stretch an exercise over a few days. The exercises should
be fun for both you and the students, so just jump in and enjoy
the results.

1. Family and Friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

2. Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
3. Dreams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

1. Family and Friends

My Grandmother Is Waiting for
Me to Come Home
My Grandmother is waiting for me
to come home.
We live with walnuts and apples
in a one-room kitchenette above The
Some Day Liquor Gardens.
My Grandmother sits in a red rocking chair
waiting for me
to open the door with my key.

Background
Family is one of the most often-recurring themes in all
genres of African-American literature. The trauma of
enslavement, followed by the routine separation of the
members of slave families, created a focus on
displacement and replacement that shouts and murmurs
through black poetry and prose. The family is also often
depicted as a space of discovery, nurture and support.
Writing about family explores personal history, develops a
sense of community, and establishes identity. In Brooks
My Grandmother is Waiting for Me to Come Home, the
most important yet understated idea is that the
grandmother is home, she is there, and she lingers.
Even though the kitchenette is small and lacking in fancy
material possessions, the grandmother is substantial and
warmly welcoming.

She is Black and glossy like coal.

Discussion Questions

We eat walnuts and apples,

drink root beer in cups that are broken,
above The
Some Day Liquor Gardens.
I love my Grandmother.
She is wonderful to behold
with the glossy of her coal-colored skin.
She is warm wide and long.
She laughs and she Lingers.

1. Imagery
Read the poem aloud to the class, but do not hand
out copies yet. Read the poem again. Ask the class
to respond to these questions either verbally or in
a drawing:
Can you describe the room where the grandmother
is waiting?
What does the grandmother look like?
Where is the grandmother sitting?
What do the grandmother and the grandchild eat?
Where does the grandmother live?
Hand out copies of the poem.

Gwendolyn Brooks
From In Montgomery and Other Poems by Gwendolyn Brooks.
Third World Press, Chicago. Copyright 1967 by Gwendolyn
Brooks. Reprinted by consent of Brooks Permissions.

What did Gwendolyn Brooks describe in the poem that

you forgot to write down (or draw)?
Why do you think you remembered what you did?
Dream in Color Middle School 1

Guide the students toward a discussion of imagery.

Imagery uses vibrant language to create a mental
sensation. To help them understand that they
remember the things they wrote down because the
images stuck with them, ask some of the following
questions:
How many of the things you remember are connected
to your senses?
Describe the grandmothers chair. In your mind did you
see the red rocking chair?
Describe what the grandmother and grandchild ate. In
your mind could you taste apples or walnuts?
Explain that Brooks uses the poetic device of imagery
to help us to see the home and the people she
describes in the poem. Her imagery helps the poem to
stay with us after we have finished reading it.
2. Speaker
Read My Grandmother Is Waiting for Me to Come
Home. Ask the students the following or similar
questions:
Who is the speaker in the poem? (Or, who is telling
the story?)
How old do you think the speaker is? Why do you think
this? Be sure that the students are using information
from the poem to answer this question.
Do you think the speaker is a boy or a girl? Does
it matter?
Are the grandmother and child wealthy? Why do you
think this? Be sure that the class uses information
from the poem to answer this question.
When your mom or dad asks you to see something
from their point of view, what do they mean?
How is your point of view as a middle schooler
different from your point of view at age six? If you were
to write a poem from a first graders perspective, what
could you do to help your reader recognize that youre
writing from a little kids point of view?

When Gwendolyn Brooks wrote the poem, she was

already an adult and a famous writer. She uses her
imagination to write a poem from a childs point of view.
She uses simple imagery and repetition to show her
readers how much the child loves the grandmother.
3. Free Verse, Repetition, Sound
This poem is written in free verse. For a discussion of
poetic form, ask the students the following:
What is rhyme? Can you give me an example
of rhyme?
Does this poem rhyme?
Are the lines in this poem all the same length?
Ask the students to count the syllables in each line of
the poem.
Do the lines of the poem have the same number
of syllables?
Do the syllables per line have a pattern such as
11, 7, 7, 11? Or 8, 6, 8, 6?
Point out that the poem does have a specific form;
this style of poetry is called free verse. In a free verse
poem, the poet can make a line as long or as short
as she wants.
Writing in free verse does not mean that the poet does
not care about style. A poet chooses her words and the
style of her poems very carefully. While some poems
call for exciting verbs (as in Komunyakaas Slam,
Dunk, & Hook in the Middle School SPORTS
curriculum), Brooks chooses to use the verb is
four times in the poem. The use of simple verbs
and repetition (She is is used three times) in the
poem helps us to hear the voice of a child describing
her grandmother.
Brooks also pays close attention to the way words
sound when they are in a line together. She uses
consonance, assonance and alliteration to create
repetitions of sound within the poem. Read the
poem to the class, emphasizing the sounds of the
Dream in Color Middle School 2

consonants and vowels. Ask the students to:

Underline all of the places they hear consonance.
Circle the places they hear assonance.
Draw a box around instances of alliteration.
If the students need reinforcement, write a word on the
blackboard and ask them to:

Activities
1. Hand out the Margaret Walker poem Lineage, and
have the students highlight the images in the poem.
Lineage
My grandmothers were strong.

Come up with other words that begin with the same

sound and that make a sentence. Students find it
easier to alliterate with consonants:

They followed plows and bent to toil.

They moved through fields sowing seed.
They touched earth and grain grew.

PURPLE pigeons parade proudly through Paris.

COZY cats curl up in Connies kitchen.
Consonance is a little harder for most children to
verbalize, since it usually comes at the end of words.
Give simple examples such as:
Janet went in the tent and ate.
Darius rides the bus.

They were full of sturdiness and singing.

My grandmothers were strong.
My grandmothers are full of memories
Smelling of soap and onions and wet clay
With veins rolling roughly over quick hands
They have many clean words to say.
My grandmothers were strong.

Explain that assonance is usually similar vowel sounds

within a line. Use the following as an example:

Why am I not as they?

Margaret Walker

Come on in, were in the den.

Ask students to underline or otherwise mark the
examples of alliteration, assonance or consonance in
the following:
The red, red robin comes bob, bob, bobbin along.
What a wonderful bird is the pelican,
Its beak can hold more than its belly can.
Explain to the class that these devices make the words
stand out and help you to remember the poem after
you read it.

From This Is My Century by Margaret Walker. Copyright

1989 by Margaret Walker. Reprinted by permission of
The University of Georgia Press.

2. Have the students share examples of an adult who is

special to them. After a few ideas have been shared to
start the creative juices:
Ask each child to select an adult who is special to
write a poem about. This may be an aunt, uncle,
teacher, or coach.
Have the class sit quietly for three to five minutes and
imagine they are in the adults house. Then ask these
questions, giving the students ample time to write:

Dream in Color Middle School 3

What images did you see? Write those images down. Can
you add details?
How does the house smell?
What can you hear when you are in the house?
Is it warm? Cold? Humid?
How does being in the house make you feel?
Ask the students to write 10 sentences that begin with:
My [special adult] is
___________________________.
Have them take their favorite details from their lists and
compile them into a free-verse poem.
Optional Activity
As a homework assignment, ask the class to read Fifth
Grade Autobiography by Rita Dove or Poem [2] by
Langston Hughes.
Ask each class member to write a poem about someone
close to him or her who is no longer here. The person
does not have to be deceased it might be a parent in
the military or an older sibling in college.
The poem can be simple and short, or detailed and full of
imagery. Suggest that the students use consonance,
assonance or alliteration in the poem.

Dream in Color Middle School 4

More poems about Family and Friends

Fifth Grade Autobiography
I was four in this photograph fishing
with my grandparents at a lake in Michigan.

Poem [2]
(to F.S.)
I loved my friend.

My brother squats in poison ivy.

He went away from me.

His Davy Crockett cap

Theres nothing more to say.

sits squared on his head so the raccoon tail

The poem ends,

flounces down the back of his sailor suit.

Soft as it began,
I loved my friend.

My grandfather sits to the far right

Langston Hughes

in a folding chair,

From Collected Poems. Copyright 1994 by The Estate

of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Harold Ober
Associates Incorporated.

and I know his left hand is on

the tobacco in his pants pocket
because I used to wrap it for him

Puzzlement

every Christmas. Grandmothers hips

I, partly Nigerian.

bulge from the brush, shes leaning

I, partly Puerto Rican.

into the ice chest, sun through the trees

printing her dress with soft

I have a Nigerian father,

luminous paws.

a Puerto Rican mother.

I am packed in a skin that is tan.

I am staring jealously at my brother;

the day before he rode his first horse, alone.

I, too, have a heart on fire.

I was strapped in a basket

I, too, want to be Proud.

behind my grandfather.

I, too, want to be Something and Proud.

He smelled of lemons. Hes died

I want to shout Im A TAN!
but I remember his hands.
Rita Dove
from Grace Notes. Copyright 1989 by Rita Dove. Used by
permission of the author and W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. This
selection may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written
permission of the publisher.

Gwendolyn Brooks
From In Montgomery and Other Poems by Gwendolyn Brooks.
Third World Press, Chicago. Copyright 1967 by Gwendolyn
Brooks. Reprinted by consent of Brooks Permissions.

Dream in Color Middle School 5

2. Sports
Slam, Dunk, & Hook
Fast breaks. Lay ups. With Mercurys
Insignia on our sneakers,
We outmaneuvered to footwork
Of bad angels. Nothing but a hot
Swish of strings like silk
Ten feet out. In the roundhouse
Labyrinth our bodies
Created, we could almost
Last forever, poised in midair
Like storybook sea monsters.
A high note hung there
A long second. Off
The rim. Wed corkscrew
Up & dunk balls that exploded
The skullcap of hope & good
Intention. Lanky, all hands
& feet . . . sprung rhythm.
We were metaphysical when girls
Cheered on the sidelines.
Tangled up in a falling,
Muscles were a bright motor
Double-flashing to the metal hoop
Nailed to our oak.
When Sonny Boys mama died
He played nonstop all day, so hard
Our backboard splintered.
Glistening with sweat,

We rolled the ball off

Our fingertips. Trouble
Was there slapping a blackjack
Against an open palm.
Dribble, drive to the inside,
& glide like a sparrow hawk.
Lay ups. Fast breaks.
We had moves we didnt know
We had. Our bodies spun
On swivels of bone & faith,
Through a lyric slipknot
Of joy, & we knew we were
Beautiful & dangerous.
Yusef Komunyakaa
from Pleasure Dome: New and Collected Poems 2001 by
Yusef Komunyakaa and reprinted by permission of Wesleyan
University Press.

Background
In 1924, Howard Universitys newspaper included an
editorial that stated: Athletics is the universal language.
By and through it we hope to foster a better and more
fraternal spirit between the races in America and so to
destroy prejudices; to learn and to be taught; to facilitate
a universal brotherhood. Many of the advances made in
the progress toward racial integration in the United States
occurred in the sports arena. In the early 1900s, George
Poage, John Baxter Doc Taylor, and DeHart Hubbard
became famous for winning gold medals in the Olympic
games. In 1908, Jack Johnson was the first AfricanAmerican to become Heavyweight Boxing Champion. The
color barrier in Major League Baseball broke when Jackie
Dream in Color Middle School 6

Robinson was signed to the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947.

During times of intense racial prejudice, AfricanAmericans were able to compete in sports and defy
mistaken notions of white superiority. Athletic teams in
some ways paved the way for the desegregation of
schools and neighborhoods. Today, many of our countrys
most skilled athletes are those of African descent. The
neighborhood hoops have become both a place to hone
ones skills on the basketball court and a place for social
congregation. Yusef Komunyakaa creates the poem
Slam, Dunk, & Hook to come alive with the rhythms and
movements of schoolyard basketball. The schoolyard
game was sometimes a rite of passage, sometimes a
therapy session, and just as often a test of pride and
identity.
Discussion Questions
Listen to a recording of Komunyakaa reading Slam,
Dunk, & Hook, or read the poem aloud to the class.
1. Word Choice
There are some big words in this poem, but the class
should be able to understand those words in the
context of the poem. Pass out copies of the poem and
discuss the following with the class:
Ask the students what the poem is about.
Ask them to circle the word basketball every time it
occurs in the poem.
When they dont find the word basketball in the
poem, then ask:
If basketball isnt in the poem, why do you think
the poem is about basketball?
The students might say that the poem uses words
such as slam dunk and metal hoop.
List all of the basketball words the children identify
on the blackboard.

Discuss how poets use descriptive words related to the

subject instead of boring words that identify the
subject.
Ask the class:
Is the poem only about basketball?
What else do you think the poem is about?
If the students need help, ask them to describe
the players:
Are the players boys or girls?
Are they short or tall?
Do they seem almost like they are more
than human?
In the middle of the poem, the speaker tells us about
Sonny Boy. You can almost miss this part of the poem
if you read it too quickly, but this reveals that the
players love of basketball runs deeper than just a
game. What does basketball mean to Sonny Boy?
2. Simile and Metaphor
Discuss simile and metaphor in the poem. Metaphor
says one thing is another thing. Simile uses like or
as to equate two things. Give the children examples
of metaphor and simile:
Metaphor
All the worlds a stage.
Lifes a beach!
Shes a ball of fire!
Our team was a fighting machine!
Simile
Hes as bold as brass.
Shes as bright as a penny.
That teacher is as hard as nails!
I wish it would rain- its as dry as a bone.
Her skin was like sandpaper.

Dream in Color Middle School 7

Can you identify similes and metaphors in the poem?

How many of you play basketball? Have you been to
a game?
Picture the game in your head.
How are basketball players like bad angels? Sea
monsters? Sparrow hawks?
3. Performance
If you listened to Yusef Komunyakaa read the poem,
ask the class the following questions. If the teacher
read the poem, insert your name for Komunyakaa
where appropriate.
With what tone does Komunyakaa read the poem?
Does he make the game sound intense?
How does Komunyakaa arrange the poem on
the page?
What does Komunyakaa do to make the intensity of
the words visible on the page?
Ask students to memorize one of the other poems
included in this curriculum, paying close attention to
tone. Have them perform their poems for one another.
4. Word Choice
Point out that many of Komunyakaas verbs are not
words we use in our everyday conversations.
How often do you use the word corkscrew to
describe an action?
What other unusual verbs does Komunyakaa use?
What picture comes to your mind when someone says:
He pirouetted?
She slammed?

Activities:
1. Performance
Have the class stand in a circle. You can hold onto the
poem and assign a phrase or sentence to each
student, going around the circle. The first student will
be Fast breaks. The person to her left will be Lay
ups, then the next two to the left can be With
Mercurys insignia on our sneakers, and We
outmaneuvered to footwork. (You can determine the
length of their phrases based on what you think they
can handle.)
As you assign a phrase or sentence to each student,
make him come up with a motion to go with it. Have
the entire class repeat the phrase with the motion
each time a new one is assigned. Then, with each
additional phrase and motion, begin again with the
Lay ups and, as a class, repeat the phrase and
motion of each student thereafter.
By the end of the poem, the entire class should be
able to say the poem together with the motions. If your
class is particularly ambitious, break the circle up and
try to act out the poem as though it is a basketball
game without losing track of whose line comes next!
2. Enjambment and Poetic Sentence Structure
After completing this activity, have the students return
to their desks and look at the written poem.
Ask if they notice anything about how their individual
phrases are written in the poem.

They raged?
He spiked?

One of the things they should notice is that a thought

often begins on one line, breaks off and continues on
another. This is an example of enjambment.

As a poet, Komunyakaa looks for words that best

describe actions, and he can turn nouns into verbs to
achieve that effect.

Dream in Color Middle School 8

Ask the students whether Komunyakaa writes in

complete sentences. Have them give examples.
Explain that in a poem a sentence can be short, long,
or incomplete. The poet bends the rules of grammar to
help the poem capture the feeling he wants to convey.
Komunyakaas short sentences help us to sense the
quickness of each motion in the poem. The poet forces
our eyes to follow swiftly down the page, just as the
players move quickly on the court.
Optional Activity
For homework, have students listen to a sportscaster
on the radio or on TV and listen for the kinds of verbs
a sportscaster uses to help the audience see what is
happening.
Write poems using these verbs to describe a game.
Practice playing with line breaks and enjambment to
create a poem that reflects the action of the game.

Dream in Color Middle School 9

More poems about Sports

Harlem Hopscotch

Makin Jump Shots

One foot down, then hop! Its hot.

He waltzes into the lane

Good things for the ones thats got.

Another jump, now to the left.
Everybody for hisself.

cross the free-throw line,

fakes a drive, pivots,
floats from the asphalt turf
in an arc of black light,

In the air, now both feet down.

and sinks two into the chains.

Since you black, dont stick around.

Food is gone, the rent is due,
Curse and cry and then jump two.

One on one he fakes

down the main, passes
into the free lane

All the people out of work,

and hits the chains.

Hold for three, then twist and jerk.

Cross the line, they count you out.
Thats what hoppings all about.

A sniff in the fallen air

he stuffs it through the chains
riding high:

Both feet flat, the game is done.

traveling someone calls

They think I lost. I think I won.

and he laughs, stepping

Maya Angelou

to a silent beat, gliding

From The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou. Random

House, New York. Copyright 1994 by Maya Angelou. Used by
permission of the author.

as he sinks two into the chains.

old tennis player

From Images of Kin by Michael S. Harper. University of Illinois

Press. Copyright 1977 by Michael S. Harper. Used by permission
of the author.

Refuses

Michael S. Harper

To refuse the racket, to mutter No to the net.

He leans to life, conspires to give and get
Other serving yet.
Gwendolyn Brooks
From Blacks by Gwendolyn Brooks. Third World Press, Chicago.
Copyright 1987 by Gwendolyn Brooks. Reprinted by consent of
Brooks Permissions.

Dream in Color Middle School 10

Once the Dream Begins

I wish the bell saved you.
Float like a butterfly

dance. Whoever said men

hit harder when women
are around, is right.

& sting like a bee.

Word for word,
Too bad you didnt
learn to disappear

we beat the love

out of each other.

before a left jab.

Yusef Komunyakaa

Fighting your way out of a clench,

From Pleasure Dome: New and Collected Poems 2001 by

Yusef Komunyakaa and reprinted by permission of Wesleyan
University Press.

you counter-punched & bicycled

but it was already too late

Zuri at Bat
Dear Danitra,

gray weather had started

shoving the sun into a corner.

At the softball game last week,

smart-mouth J.T. snickered loud and said,

He didnt mess up my face.

What makes you think a puny girl like you can

help us win?

But he was an iron hammer

Exactly where you been? I asked him, stepping in.

against stone, as you

bobbed & weaved through hooks.

When the pitch came, I slammed the ball so far,

it ripped through the clouds and headed for a star.
I strutted round the bases, took my own sweet time.

Now we strain to hear you.

Once the dream begins
to erase itself, can the

My new friend, Nina, laughed and bet J.T.

he couldnt hit a ball as far as me.
He cant, and thats a fact.
Nikki Grimes

dissolve be stopped?
No more card tricks

First appeared in Danitra Brown Leaves Town, published by

HarperCollins. Copyright 2002 by Nikki Grimes. Used by
permission of Curtis Brown, Ltd.

for the TV cameras,

Ali. Please come back to us
sharp-tongued & quick-footed,
spinning out of the blurred

Dream in Color Middle School 11

3. Dreams
Dream Boogie

Harlem

Good morning, daddy!

Aint you heard
The boogie-woogie rumble
Of a dream deferred?

What happens to a dream deferred?

Listen closely:
Youll hear their feet
Beating out and beating out a

You think
Its a happy beat?
Listen to it closely:
Aint you heard
something underneath
like a

What did I say?

Sure,
Im happy!
Take it away!

Hey, pop!
Re-bop!
Mop!
Y-e-a-h!
Langston Hughes
From Collected Poems. Copyright 1994 by The Estate
of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Harold Ober
Associates Incorporated

Does it dry up
like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore
And then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar over
Like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load.

Or does it explode?
Langston Hughes
From Collected Poems. Copyright 1994 by The Estate
of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Harold Ober
Associates Incorporated.

Background
From the very beginning, African-American poets have
been creators and critics of social values as they
envisioned a world of justice and equality. As they
reflected their values in the context of the American
Dream, they created a body of poetry that grew out of
their folk roots. Langston Hughes Dream Boogie shows
the importance of music, improvisation, and inventive
style. With it he creates a poem which is inspired by
boogie-woogie rhythms that accompanied the popular
dance crazes of the period. The music encouraged
African-Americans to dance and dream of brighter days
even when their realities were the blues.

Dream in Color Middle School 12

Discussion Questions
1. Introduce Langston Hughes to the class using the
information provided in the biography section.
Give the students Langston Hughes Harlem to read
for homework the night before the class discussion.
Have them answer the following questions for
homework:
1. What dream do you think Langston Hughes is
referring to in his poem?
2. What does it mean to defer something?
3. What do you think Langston Hughes is talking about
when he refers to a dream deferred?
4. Hughes uses very descriptive language to ask
questions about what might happen to a dream
deferred. First is an example of Hughes
language. Underneath, tell what you think he
is saying:

Explain to the students that Harlem is an important

poem in African-American poetry, not only because of
its excellence as a poem, but because many poets and
writers have made allusions to the poem in other
works. For example, Lorraine Hansberry titled the
famous play A Raisin in the Sun from the third line of
the poem.
2. Rhythm
In class, distribute copies of Dream Boogie to the
class. Ask them to read it silently.
Divide the class in half, and ask one-half to read the
non-italics aloud and the other to read the italics
aloud. If the class naturally falls into the boogie
rhythm, call that to their attention and continue with
the following discussion. If the class does not read in
boogie rhythm, explain that you are going to suggest a
different rhythm. Read the poem aloud with the
syncopated boogie rhythm.

Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?

__________________________________

Ask the class to read aloud in halves again, and

continue the discussion below:

Or crust and sugar over Like a syrupy

sweet?
__________________________________

What is rhythm? If you are asked to dance to the

rhythm or if someone says I have rhythm, what does
this mean?

Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.

__________________________________

Rhythm can be quite complex, but basically it is the

repetition of a beat or sound in a predictable pattern.
An example of rhythm that many students will
recognize comes from jump rope rhymes, such as:

Or does it explode?
__________________________________
In the next class period, spend 10 or 15 minutes
talking about Harlem by Langston Hughes. Ask the
students:

Cinderella, dressed in yella,

Went upstairs to kiss a fella,
Made a mistake, kissed a snake,
How many doctors will it take?

What kinds of things does Hughes suggest might

happen to a dream that is deferred?
What is the theme of the poem?

Dream in Color Middle School 13

What kind of rhythm does Dream Boogie have? Is it

a heavy rhythm? Is it a snappy rhythm? Does the title
of the poem give you any clue as to the type of
rhythm? The answer, of course, is boogie woogie.
3. Riffing
Explain that musicians use a technique called riffing
when they take part of a song and bring it into another
song. (Riffing entered the musical lexicon in the 1920s
as jazz musicians improvised and brought musical
elements from existing songs into their compositions
and improvisations. The jazz great Charlie Parker, for
example, used some of the chord progressions in his
music that George Gershwin had composed a half
generation earlier.) In music, riffing can also be a
melodic phrase that you hear repeatedly in a song
often passed from one soloist to the next. If you have
any aspiring jazz musicians in your class, they might
be able to provide some examples of riffing in music
they have played. Rappers are famous for riffing on the
work of previous artists when they take a phrase of
music or a lyric from an older piece and use that as
the background for a new theme. Ask the class if they
can think of examples.
Look carefully at Harlem and Dream Boogie.
Ask the students:
Can you tell where Dream Boogie riffs on Harlem?
Does Dream Boogie sound more hopeful than
Harlem? Why or why not?
The poem riffs on the question What happens to a
dream deferred? Hughes takes the phrase dream
deferred and moves it from a serious poem into an
upbeat, jazzy poem. It is catchy, like a song.

words to a musical style gives poetry an accessibility

that words alone may not have.
If a listener were to hear Hughes or a jazz band read
Dream Boogie, do you think they would remember
the words?
Activities
1. Rhythm and Scat
Read Dream Boogie or Boogie 1 a.m. aloud. Ask
the students to put the poems face down on their
desks; then ask them to recite either one of the poems
in their entirety probably no one can. Ask them if
they can scat the musical rhythm of the poem using
non-words, such as follows for Dream Boogie:
Be bop a re bop
(Good morning, daddy!)
Bop a dop
(Aint you heard)
a boogie woogie doo wop
(The boogie-woogie rumble)
If students are not comfortable with using nonsense
or scat words, ask them to hum (not as effective for
boogie) or to use da dunk. (The point is that the
words to the poem may not stay completely with
the reader, but the musical element makes the
poem memorable.)

Why do you think Hughes chose to write Dream

Boogie in a musical context?
The boogie-woogie style was pervasive in the 1920s
and well recognized in popular culture. Connecting
Dream in Color Middle School 14

2. Rap
Borrow any books of Langston Hughes poetry that
are available in your schools library. We recommend
Montage of a Dream Deferred or Selected Poems of
Langston Hughes. Youll find a gold mine of musical
poems in these books.
Hand out copies of Easy Boogie (page 17). Talk about
the elements in the rap that come from both poems,
and how Litwin fits them together in one musical
piece. Flip through the Hughes books that you have
on hand. Which other poems could fit into the rap?

Optional Activity
Alternately, you could provide the students with one
stanza from Motto and ask them to write a rap that
uses this stanza as the refrain.

Motto
I play it cool
And dig all jive.
Thats the reason
I stay alive.

Have your students choose a poem from this

curriculum and create a riff collage a rap made up
of pieces of poems by Langston Hughes.

My motto,
As I live and learn,
is:

Dig And Be Dug

In Return.
Langston Hughes
From Collected Poems. Copyright 1994 by The Estate
of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Harold Ober
Associates Incorporated.

Dream in Color Middle School 15

More poems about Dreams

So will my page be colored that I write?

Being me, it will not be white.

Theme for English B

The instructor said,

But it will be
a part of you, instructor.
You are white

Go home and write

a page tonight.
And let that page come out of you
Then, it will be true.

yet a part of me, as I am a part of you.

Thats American.
Sometimes perhaps you dont want to be a part of me.
Nor do I often want to be a part of you.
But we are, thats true!

I wonder if its that simple?

I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem.
I went to school there, then Durham, then here
to this college on the hill above Harlem.

As I learn from you,

I guess you learn from me
although youre older and white
and somewhat more free.

I am the only colored student in my class.

The steps from the hill lead down into Harlem,

This is my page for English B.

through a park, then I cross St. Nicholas,

Langston Hughes

Eighth Avenue, Seventh, and I come to the Y,

From Collected Poems. Copyright 1994 by The Estate

of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Harold Ober
Associates Incorporated.

the Harlem Branch Y, where I take the elevator

up to my room, sit down, and write this page:
Its not easy to know what is true for you or me
at twenty-two, my age. But I guess Im what
I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you:
hear you, hear me we two you, me, talk on this page.
(I hear New York, too.) Me who?
Well, I like to eat, sleep, drink, and be in love.
I like to work, read, learn, and understand life.
I like a pipe for a Christmas present,
or records Bessie, bop, or Bach.
I guess being colored doesnt make me not like
the same things other folks like who are other races.

Dream in Color Middle School 16

Boogie: 1 a.m.

I, Too

Good evening, daddy!

I, too, sing America.

I know youve heard

The boogie-woogie rumble

I am the darker brother.

Of a dream deferred

They send me to eat in the kitchen

Trilling the treble

When company comes,

And twining the bass

But I laugh,

Into midnight ruffles

And eat well,

Of cat-gut lace.

And grow strong.

Langston Hughes
From Collected Poems. Copyright 1994 by The Estate
of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Harold Ober
Associates Incorporated.

Tomorrow,
Ill be at the table
When company comes.

Easy Boogie
Down in the bass
That steady beat
Walking walking walking

Nobodyll dare
Say to me,
Eat in the kitchen,
Then.

Like marching feet.

Besides,
Down in the bass
That easy roll,

Theyll see how beautiful I am

And be ashamed

Rolling like I like it

In my soul.

I, too, am America.
Langston Hughes

Riffs, smears, breaks.

From Collected Poems. Copyright 1994 by The Estate

of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Harold Ober
Associates Incorporated.

Hey, Lawdy, Mama!

Do you hear what I said?
Easy like I rock it
In my bed!
Langston Hughes
From Collected Poems. Copyright 1994 by The Estate
of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Harold Ober
Associates Incorporated.
Dream in Color Middle School 17

listen children
listen children
keep this in the place
you have for keeping
always
keep it all ways
we have never hated black
listen
we have been ashamed
hopeless

tired

mad

but always
all ways
we loved us
we have always loved each other
children

all ways

pass it on
Lucille Clifton
From Good Woman: Poems and a Memoir 1969-1980 by Lucille
Clifton. BOA Editions, Ltd. Copyright 1987 by Lucille Clifton.
Used by permission of the author.

Dream in Color Middle School 18