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Power System Protection - Siemens Power Engineering Guide
Power System Protection - Siemens Power Engineering Guide
Introduction
Siemens is one of the worlds leading suppliers of protective equipment for power
systems.
Thousands of our relays ensure first-class
performance in transmission and distribution networks of all voltage levels, all over
the world, in countries of tropical heat or
arctic frost.
For many years, Siemens has also significantly influenced the development of protection technology.
In 1976, the first minicomputer (process
6/8
21
67N
FL
79
25
SM
ER
FR
BM
85
21
67N
FL
79
25
85
SM
ER
FR
BM
Distance protection
Directional ground-fault protection
Distance-to-fault locator
Autoreclosure
Synchro-check
Carrier interface (teleprotection)
Self-monitoring
Event recording
Fault recording
Breaker monitor
kA,
kV,
Hz,
MW,
MVAr,
Load monitor MVA,
01.10.93
Fault report
Fault record
Relay monitor
Breaker monitor
Supervisory control
Metering included
For many applications, the protective-current transformer accuracy is sufficient for
operational metering. The additional metering c.t. was more for protection of meters
under system fault conditions. Due to the
low thermal withstand ability of the meters, they could not be connected to the
protection c.t.. Consequently, additional
metering c.t.s and meters are now only
necessary where high accuracy is required,
e.g. for revenue metering.
6/9
Recording
Personal computer
Assigning
Protection
Laptop
Recording and
confirmation
device and
to remote control
System level
Substation
level
Coordinated
protection & control
Modem
(option)
ERTU
RTU
Data
concentrator
Bay level
Relay
Control
6/10
Setpoints
Relay operations
10 000
setpoints
1
system
ca. 500
relays
20
setpoints
system
1
sub
4
flags
1
bay
bay
OH-Line
1000
Adaptive relaying
Numerical relays now offer secure, convenient and comprehensive matching to
changing conditions. Matching may be initiated either by the relays own intelligence
or from the outside world via contacts or
serial telegrams. Modern numerical relays
contain a number of parameter sets that
can be pretested during commissioning of
the scheme (Fig. 17). One set is normally
operative. Transfer to the other sets can be
controlled via binary inputs or serial data
link. There are a number of applications for
which multiple setting groups can upgrade
the scheme performance, e.g.
a) for use as a voltage-dependent control
of o/c relay pick-up values to overcome
alternator fault current decrement to below normal load current when the AVR
is not in automatic operation.
b) for maintaining short operation times
with lower fault currents, e.g. automatic
change of settings if one supply transformer is taken out of service.
c) for switch-onto-fault protection to provide shorter time settings when energizing a circuit after maintenance.
The normal settings can be restored
automatically after a time delay.
300 faults p. a.
ca. 6,000 km OHL
(fault rate:
5 p. a. and 100 km)
200
setpoints
1200
flags
p. a.
1000
1000
1000
1100
1200
1500
2800
3900
Parameter
1100
ParameterLine data
1100
Line data O/C Phase settings
1200
Parameter
1100
Line data O/C Phase settings
1200
Parameter
1500
O/C Earth settings
A
Line
data
1200
O/C PhaseO/C
settings settings
1500
2800 EarthFault
Recording
O/C
Phase
settings
1500
O/C EarthFault
settings
2800
3900 Recording
Breaker Fall
O/C Ground
settings
2800
Fault
Recording
3900
Breaker Fall
Fault recording
3900
Breaker Fall
Breaker fail
d) for autoreclose programs, i.e. instantaneous operation for first trip and delayed
operation after unsuccessful reclosure.
e) for cold load pick-up problems where
high starting currents may cause relay
operation.
f) for ring open or ring closed operation.
6/11
PC interface
LSA interface
Meas. inputs
Input filter
Current inputs
(100 x /N, 1 s)
Amplifier
Input/output
ports
V24
O. F.
Serial
interface
Binary
inputs
Alarm
relay
Command
relay
Voltage inputs
(140 V
continuous)
100 V/1 A, 5 A
analog
Processor
system
A/D
converter
0001
0101
0011
10 V
analog
Memory:
RAM
EEPROM
EPROM
Input/
output
units
digital
LED
displays
Input/output contacts
Mode of operation
Numerical protection relays operate on the
basis of numerical measuring principles.
The analog measured values of current and
voltage are decoupled galvanically from the
plant secondary circuits via input transducers (Fig. 18). After analog filtering, the
sampling and the analog-to-digital conversion take place. The sampling rate is, depending on the different protection principles, between 12 and 20 samples per
period. With certain devices (e.g. generator
protection) a continuous adjustment of the
sampling rate takes place depending on
the actual system frequency.
The protection principle is based on a cyclic calculation algorithm, utilizing the sampled current and voltage analog measured
values. The fault detections determined by
this process must be established in several
sequential calculations before protection
reactions can follow.
A trip command is transferred to the command relay by the processor, utilizing a
dual channel control.
The numerical protection concept offers a
variety of advantages, especially with regard to higher security, reliability and user
friendliness, such as:
6/12
Fault analysis
Microprocessor
system
Relay
Logical signal
Start L1
Start L2
Start L3
Start E
Trip
Autoreclosure
.
.
.
LED No.
...
LED
7
LED
6
LED
5
LED
4
LED
3
LED
2
LED
1
6/13
A further source of information is the indication via LEDs and alarm relays, as was
the case with traditional relays. The LEDs
can be selected on an individual basis to
provide the indication stored or unstored,
depending on what information they represent. In the case of devices with internal
battery back-up, the LED indications are
restored following an auxiliary power supply failure. The alarm relays in these devices provide N0-type contacts, some of
them changeover contacts.
Operation of numerical protection
devices
The DIGSI operation software enables convenient and transparent operation of the
numerical protection devices using a PC.
The new DIGSI V3 version operates under
WINDOWS and can therefore make use
of all advantages of this internationally accepted user interface.
DIGSI V3 uses protocol-secured data exchange between PC and protection device.
This data exchange also meets the standard recommendations for the interface between protection equipment and station
control equipment (IEC 870-5-103).
Fig. 21: Operation of the protection relays using PC and DIGSI V3 software program
Application
DIGSI V3 is a WINDOWS PC program,
with which numeric protection relays can
be conveniently operated under menu
guidance using the serial interface of a PC
(see Fig. 21). The PC can thus be directly
connected with the protection device via a
V24 (RS232) interface cable. The isolated
connection version using optoelectrical
converter and fiber-optic cable is recommended, particularly if the protection device is in operation in the substation.
Hardware and software platform
PC 386 SX or above, with at least
4 Mbytes RAM
DIGSI V3 requires about 10 Mbytes
harddisk space
Additional hard-disk space per installed
protection device 2 to 3 Mbytes
One free serial interface to the protection device (COM 1 to COM 4)
One floppy disk drive 3.5", high density
with 1.44 Mbytes (required for installation)
MS DOS 5.0 or higher
WINDOWS version 3.1 or higher
6/14
Operation features
The DIGSI V3 user interface is structured
in accordance with the SAA/CUA standard
used for WINDOWS programs (see Fig. 22).
The selection of a system, a feeder and a
protection device is implemented in DIGSI
V3, using system, bay and protection unit
addresses. Consistent use of this principle,
which will be supported in future both in
protection devices and DIGSI file management, prevents incorrect allocation of protection units within a system.
DIGSI V3 supports the complete parameterization and marshalling functionality of
the numeric Siemens protection relays.
Parameterization and routing of a protection device can be done in file mode.
All advanced storage media for management and archiving of this data (e.g. memory cards, exchangeable hard disks, optodisks, etc.) are provided. Device files of a
protection unit created in the office can be
transferred subsequently with protocolsecurity into the protection unit. Data consistency is ensured, for example, by automatic comparison of data stored on a file
and in the device.
DIGSI V3 permits the readout of operational and fault events from a protection device which are stored with a 1 millisecond
realtime resolution. This enables effective
and rapid fault analysis, which contributes
to optimization of protection in network
operation. Archiving and printout are conveniently supported. The polling procedure
is defined as a standard.
Likewise, measured load values of a protection device can be read out on-line and
recorded. Integration of extensive test
functions facilitate the PC-guided commissioning and testing of a protection device.
Printer, plotter, networks
DIGSI V3 uses the full WINDOWS interface functionality. All common printers and
plotters for which WINDOWS drivers are
available can be used with DIGSI V3. The
user is therefore not faced with any restrictions when purchasing printers or plotters
as long as WINDOWS drivers are available.
Even transmission of information via fax
from DIGSI V3 can be implemented.
Linking into the PC network and remote
access to DIGSI V3 via communication networks (e.g. ISDN) are part of the framework as supported by the WINDOWS operating system.
Readout of the fault record from the protection device by DIGSI V3 is done by
fault-proof scanning procedures in accordance with the standard recommendation
for transmission of fault records.
A fault record can also be read out repeatedly. In addition to analog values, such as
voltage and current, binary tracks can also
be transferred and presented.
DIGSI V3 is supplied together with the
DIGRA (Digsi Graphic) program, which
provides the customer with full graphical
operating and evaluation functionality like
that of the digital fault recorders (Oscillostores) from Siemens (see Fig. 23).
Real-time presentation of analog disturbance records, overlaying and zooming of
curves, visualization of binary tracks (e.g.
trip command, reclose command, etc.) are
also part of the extensive graphical functionality as are setting of measurement
cursors, spectrum analysis and R/X derivation.
6/15
Office
Analog
ISDN
DIGSI V3
PC, remotely located
Modem
Substation
Star coupler
DIGSI V3
PC,centrally located
in the substation
(option)
7XV53
Modem,
optionally with
call-back function
Signal converter
opt.
RS485 Bus
RS485
7SJ60
7SJ60
7**5
7**5
7SJ60
6/16
According to IEC 529 the degree of protection is indicated by the identifying IP, followed by a number for the degree of protection. The first digit indicates the
protection against accidental contact and
ingress of solid foreign bodies, the second
digit indicates the protection against water.
7XP20 housings are protected against access to dangerous parts with a wire, dust
and dripping water (IP 51).
1/6
1/3
1/2
Fig. 26 left: Connection method for panel flash mounting including fiber-optic interfaces; right: Connection method for panel surface mounting
6/17
Autoreclose +
Synchrocheck
Synchronizing
7VK512
7VE51
7SV512
7RW600
21
21N
24
Overfluxing
25
Synchronism check
Synchronizing
7SJ60
7SJ511
7SJ512
7SJ55
7SJ531
7SA511
7SA513
7SD24
7SD502
7SD503
7SD511
7SD512
Protection functions
Breaker failure
Differential
7VH80
7UT512
7UT513
7SS50/51
7VH83
Type
Overcurrent
14
Distance
Motor protection
Voltage, Frequency
Generator protection
7UM511
7UM512
7UM515
7UM516
7SJ551
7SJ60
Fiber-optic current
comparison
ANSI Description
No.*
Undervoltage
32
Directional power
32F
Forward power
32R
Reverse power
37
Undercurrent or underpower
40
Field failure
46
47
48
49
Thermal overload
49R
49S
50
Instantaneous overcurrent
50N
51G
27
* ANSI/IEEE C 37.2: IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers
Fig. 27a
6/18
Overcurrent
Motor protection
Differential
Generator protection
Autoreclose +
Synchrocheck
Synchronizing
Breaker failure
Voltage, Frequency
7SJ60
7SJ511
7SJ512
7SJ55
7SJ531
7SJ551
7SJ60
7VH80
7UT512
7UT513
7SS50/51
7VH83
7UM511
7UM512
7UM515
7UM516
7VK512
7VE51
7SV512
7RW600
51
51N
Ground-fault overcurrent
with time delay
59
Overvoltage
59N
64R
67
Directional overcurrent
67N
Directional ground-fault
overcurrent
67G
79
Autoreclose
81
Frequency relay
85
Carrier interface
86
87G
87T
87B
87M
87L
87N
92
BF
Breaker failure
Type
Protection functions
Fiber-optic current
comparison
Distance
7SA511
7SA513
7SD24
7SD502
7SD503
7SD511
7SD512
ANSI Description
No.*
* ANSI/IEEE C 37.2: IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers
Fig. 27b
6/19
Protection relays
Siemens manufactures a complete series
of numerical relays for all kinds of protection application.
The series is briefly portrayed on the following pages.
7SJ60
Universal overcurrent
and overload protection
Phase-segregated measurement and
50N
49
48
50
50N
BF
51
51N
46
79
51
51N
67
67N
*
79
*
*
7SJ511
Fig. 28: 7SJ60
indication (3 ph and E)
I.d.m.t and d.t. characteristics can be set
individually for phase and ground faults
Suitable for busbar protection with
reverse interlocking
With integral breaker failure
protection
With load monitoring, event and fault
memory
7SJ512
Digital overcurrent-time protection
with additional functions
the same features as 7SJ511, plus:
Autoreclose
Sensitive directional ground-fault protection for isolated, resonant or high-resistance grounded networks
Directional module when used as
directional overcurrent relay (optional)
Selectable setting groups
Inrush stabilization
7SA511
Subtransmission line protection
with distance-to-fault locator
Universal distance relay for all networks,
with many additional functions, amongst
others
Universal carrier interface (permissive
21
25
67N
68
49
21N
85
51N
78
79
47
6/20
7SA513
Transmission line protection
with distance-to-fault locator
Fast distance protection, with operating
21
25
67N
BF
79
21N
59
85
68
78
7SD511
Current-comparison protection
for overhead lines and cables
With phase-segregated measurement
For serial data transmission
(19.2 kbits/sec)
with integrated optical transmitter/
receiver for direct fiber-optic link up
to approx. 15 km distance
or with the additional digital signal
transmission device 7VR5012 up to
150 km fiber-optic length
or through a 64 kbit/s channel of available multipurpose PCM devices, via
fiber-optic or microwave link
Integral overload and breaker failure
protection
Emergency operation as overcurrent
back-up protection on failure of data link
Automatic measurement and correction
of signal transmission time, i.e. channelswapping is permissible
Line load monitoring, event and fault
recording
87L
51
49
BF
50
87L
51
60
49
BF
79
7SD512
Current-comparison protection
for overhead lines and cables
with functions as 7SD511, but additionally
with autoreclose function for single- and
three-pole fast and delayed autoreclosure.
6/21
7UT512
Differential protection for machines
and power transformers
with additional functions, such as:
Numerical matching to transformer ratio
and connection group (no matching
transformers necessary)
Thermal overload protection
Back-up overcurrent protection
Measured-value indication for commissioning (no separate instruments
necessary)
Load monitor, event and fault recording
7UT513
Differential protection
for three-winding transformers
with the same functions as 7UT512, plus:
Sensitive restricted ground-fault
protection
Sensitive d.t. or i.d.m.t. ground-fault
o/c-protection
7SS5
Numerical busbar protection
87 T
49
50/51
87T
50G
49
50/51
87 *
REF
* 87REF or 50G
7UM511/12/15/16
Multifunctional devices
for machine protection
With 10 protection functions on average,
6/22
87
BB
Fig. 36: 7SS5
BF
See separate reference list for machine
protection.
Order No. E50001-U321-A39-X-7600
7VE51
Paralleling device
for synchronization of generators and
networks
Absolutely secure against faulty switching due to duplicate measurement with
different procedures
With numerical measurand filtering that
ensures exact synchronization even in
networks suffering transients
With synchrocheck option
Available in two versions: 7VE511 without, 7VE512 with voltage and frequency
balancing
Combined bay protection and control
unit 7SJ531
50
50N
79
49
59
27
49R
51N
51
51N
67N
49LR
27
37
50
59
48
51
64
BF
46
37
46
50G
86
49
51G
Line protection
Motor protection
Thermal overload
Locked rotor
Start inhibit
Undercurrent
Control functions
Measured-value acquisition
Signal and command indications
P, Q, cos and meter-reading calculation
Measured-value recording
Event logging
Switching statistics
Feeder control diagram with load indication
Switchgear interlocking
87L
50
7SD502
49
51
7SJ551
Universal motor protection
and overcurrent relay
Thermal overload protection
length
With integrated overcurrent back-up
7SD503
6/23
Panel cutout
Side view
70
7.3
71+2
56.50.3
5
or
M4
244
266
2550.3
245+1
6
75
37
29.5
172
Fig. 41
Side view
Front view
145
30
172
29.5
7.3
13.2
244
245
266
or
M4
255.8
1.5
231.5
150
5.4
10
Optical
fibre
interface
131.5
105
146
Fig. 42
Case 7XP2040-2 for relays 7SA511, 7UT513, 7SD512, 7UM5**, 7VE512, 7SD502/503
Front view
220
Side view
Optical fiber interface
30
172
Panel cutout
29.5
7.3
13.6
206.5
180
5.4
5
266 245
1,5
10
225
231.5
or
M4
6
221
255.8
Fig. 43
6/24
Case 7XP2020-2
Front view
75
30
Side view
172
Back view
70
29.5
7.3
13.2
Panel cutout
56.3
30
5.4
5
24
or
M4
266
245
255.8
6
71
Fig. 44
120
96 104
55
102
k l
14.5 x 6.5
200
K
120
Fig. 45
12
Diam.
149
80
81
Diam.
6.4
143
54
170
All dimensions in mm.
Fig. 46
6/25
Side view
Front view
105
30
172
29.5
244
266
100
86.4
255.9
115
Fig. 47
Front view
450
30
172
29.5
445
266
1.5
266
10
Optical fiber
interface
Panel cutout
7.3
431.5
13.2
405
5.4
5 or M4
245
255.8
6
446
Fig. 48
6/26
Cables and
overhead lines
Transformers
Motors
Generators
Busbars
Circuit
number
Circuit equipment
protected
Page
6/28
6/28
6/29
6/29
6/30
6/30
6/31
6/31
6/32
10
6/32
11
6/33
12
6/33
13
Large HV motors
6/34
14
6/34
15
6/35
16
6/35
17
Generator-transformer unit
6/36
18
6/37
19
6/38
20
6/38
Fig. 49
6/27
Notes:
Transformer
protection,
see Fig. 56
General hints:
The relay at the far end (D) gets the
shortest operating time.
Relays further upstream have to be
time-graded against the next downstream relay in steps of about 0.3 seconds.
Inverse-time curves can be selected according to the following criteria:
Definite time:
source impedance large compared to
the line impedance, i.e. small current
variation between near and far end
faults
Inverse time:
Longer lines, where the fault current is
much less at the end of the line than at
the local end.
Very or extremely inverse time:
Lines, where the line impedance is large
compared to the source impedance
(high difference for close-in and remote
faults), or lines, where coordination with
fuses or reclosers is necessary.
Steeper characteristics provide also
higher stability on service restoration
(cold load pick-up and transformer in
rush currents)
B
Further
feeders
51
51N
46
2)
ARC
7SJ60
79
1)
51
51N
7SJ60
46
Load
I>, t IE>, t I2>, t
51
51N
7SJ60
46
Load
Load
Fig. 50
Infeed
Transformer
protection,
see Fig. 56
52
52
7SJ60
52
7SJ60
51N
46
>
49
52
51N
46
>
49
Fig. 51
6/28
Infeed
General hints:
52
I>>,
I>, t
52
IE>>, I2>, t
IE>, t
50/
51
50N/
51N
7SJ60
46
79
Autoreclose
Further
feeders
Recloser
Sectionalizers
Fuses
Fig. 52
Infeed
52
52
I>, t IE>, t
51
51N
>
I2>, t
49
46
52
7SJ60
67
67N
Protection
same as
line or cable 1
O.H. line or
cable 2
O.H. line or
cable 1
51
51N
7SJ512
52
52
52
52
52
Load
Load
Fig. 53
6/29
Infeed
Notes:
52
52
52
7SJ60
79
1)
52
2)
51N/
51N
Line or
cable
49
87L
7SJ60
7SD5**
Same
protection
for parallel line,
if applicable
3)
51N/
51N
49
87L
7SD5**
2)
79
52
52
1)
52
52
52
52
Load
Backfeed
52
Fig. 54
Infeed
Notes:
52
52
52
52
21/
21N
67N
85
79
2)
7SA511
3)
Line or
cable
Same
protection
for parallel line,
if applicable
1)
85
21/
21N
79
3)
7SA511
2)
67N
52
52
52
52
52
Load
Backfeed
52
52
Fig. 55
6/30
General hints:
I>>
I>, t
IE>
> I2>, t
50
51
50N
49
63
7SJ60
46
Optional resistor or
reactor
RN
I>>
87N
51G
52
7VH80
7SJ60
IE>
Distribution bus
52
Fuse
o/crelay
Load
Load
Fig. 56
I>>
I>, t
I E>
>
I2>, t
50
51
51N
49
46
Notes:
7SJ60
2)
51G
7SJ60
63
1)
87N
52
I>, t
IE>, t
51
51N
87T
7UT513
7SJ60
Load bus, e.g. 13.8 kV
52
52
Load
Load
Fig. 57
6/31
Protection line 2
21/21N or 87L + 51 + optionally 67/67N
52
Protection line 1
same as line 2
52
7SJ60
I>>
I>, t
IE>, t
50
51
51N
46
49
I2>
>
63
87N
7SJ60
87T
7UT513
51G
I>>
IE>
51
51N
7SJ60
52
52
52
Load
bus
52
Load
Fig. 58
7SJ60
HV infeed 1
Note:
52
I>>
I>, t
50
51
HV infeed 2
IE>, t >
51N
52
I2>, t
49
46
Protection
63
51G
IE>, t
I>, t IE>, t
51
7SJ60
same as
infeed 1
7SJ512
I>
67
51N
IE>
67N
1)
52
52
Load
bus
52
52
Load
52
Load
Load
Fig. 59
6/32
7SJ60
Infeed 1
I>>
I>, t
50
51
Infeed 2
IE>, t >
51N
I2>, t
49
46
Protection
same as
infeed 1
51G
7SJ60
7SJ60
I>, t IE>, t
IE>, t I>, t
51
51N
51N
Note:
1) Overcurrent relays 51, 51N each connected as a partial differential scheme.
This provides a simple and fast busbar
protection and saves one time-grading
step.
51
7SJ60
52
52
52
52
52
Load
Load
Fig. 60
I>>
IE>
>
50
51N
49
Locked
rotor
49
CR
I2>
46
7SJ60
General hint:
Applicable to low-voltage motors and
high-voltage motors with low-resistance
grounded infeed (IE IN Motor).
M
Fig. 61a
7XR96
1)
60/1A
I>>
>
50
49
IE>
51G
Locked
rotor
49
CR
I2>
I<
46
37
2)
Notes:
7SJ531 or
7SJ551
67G
M
Fig. 61b
6/33
7SJ531 or
7SJ551
52
I>>
>
50
49
IE>
7XR96
1)
60/1A
51G
Locked
rotor
49
CR
46
27
37
67G
Start-up
49T
supervisior 3)
3)
Speed
switch
U<
Optional
I<
2)
I2>
7UT512
87M
RTD's 4)
optional
Fig. 62
I>, IE>, t
I2>
>
51
51N
46
49
I>, IE>, t
I2>
>
51
51N
46
49
7SJ60
MV
G1
Generator 2
RN =
7SJ60
VN
3 (0.5 to 1) Irated
6/34
52
1)
Field
64R
I>, t
32
51
L.O.F
I2>
7UM511
40
46
IE>, t
51G
Fig. 64
Notes:
52
3)
51
2)
87
O/C
v.c.
7SJ60
I
IG
87G
27
U<
81
f>
59
U>
1)
64R
Field
1)
RE Field<
I>, t
I2>
L.O.F.
51
32
46
40
IE>, t
>
49
7UM511
51G
Fig. 65
6/35
52
63
Unit
trans.
71
87
TU
Oil low
51
TN
87U
Transf. neut. OC
Unit aux.
back-up
Unit diff.
51
Oil low
Transf.
fault press
71
63
Over volt
Unit
aux.
59
81N
78
Loss of
sync.
Volt/Hz
Trans.
diff.
32
E
87G
Reverse
power
Relay
type
Gen.
diff.
2)
64
R2
64R
Field
grd.
Field
grd.
87T
Loss of
field
49S
Trans.
neut.
OC
24
40
Stator
O.L.
51
TN
Over freq.
46
Neg.
seq.
51 1)
GN
Functions 3)
Number
of relays
required
7UM511
40
46
59
81N
7UM516
59
GN
32
21
78
7UM515
24
51
GN
7UT512
87G
87T
7UT513
87U
7SJ60
51N
49
64R
21
Sys.
back-up
59
GN
Gen.
neut. OV
1)
64
R2
2)
and optionally
1
87
TU
2
optionally
3
1
51
Fig. 66
6/36
reverse interlocking
I>, t0
50
50N
I>, t
51
51N
7SJ60
52
t0 = 50 ms
52
I>
I>, t
50
50N
51
51N
52
I>
I>, t
50
50N
51
51N
7SJ60
7SJ60
52
I>
I>, t
50
50N
51
51N
7SJ60
Fig. 67
6/37
Transformer
protection
51
51N
7VH83
87
BB
86
52
52
52
Feeder
protection
Feeder
protection
87
S.V.
Alarm
Feeder
protection
Load
Fig. 68
General hints:
Preferably used for multiple busbar
schemes where an isolator replica is
necessary
The numerical busbar protection 7SS5
provides additional breaker failure protection
C.t. transformation ratios can be different, e.g. 600/1 A in the feeders and
2000/1 at the bus tie
The protection system and the isolator
replica is continuously self-monitored by
the 7SS5
Feeder protection can be connected to
the same c.t. core.
Transformer protecton
50
50N
52
52
Isolator
replica
Bus tie
protection
87
BB
52
52
Feeder
protection
Load
7SS5
86
Feeder
protection
BF
Back-feed
Fig. 69
6/38
Protection coordination
^
IRush
^
IN
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
Sensivity
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
Phase-fault relays
The pick-up values of phase o/c relays are
normally set 30% above the maximum
load current, provided that sufficient shortcircuit current is available.
This practice is recommmended in particular for mechanical relays with reset ratios
of 0.8 to 0.85.
Numerical relays have high reset ratios
near 0.95 and allow therefore about 10%
lower setting.
Feeders with high transformer and/or
motor load require special consideration.
2.0
1.0
2
Ground-fault relays
Residual-current relays enable a much
more sensitive setting, as load currents do
not have to be considered (except 4-wire
circuits with single-phase load). In solidly
and low-resistance grounded systems a
setting of 10 to 20% rated load current is
generally applied.
100
400
Rated transformer power [MVA]
Transformer feeders
The energizing of transformers causes
inrush currents that may last for seconds,
depending on their size (Fig. 70).
Selection of the pick-up current and assigned time delay have to be coordinated
so that the rush current decreases below
the relay o/c reset value before the set
operating time has elapsed.
The rush current typically contains only
about 50% fundamental frequency component.
Numerical relays that filter out harmonics
and the DC component of the rush current
can therefore be set more sensitive. The
inrush-current peak values of Fig. 70 will
be nearly reduced to one half in this case.
10
Nominal power
[MVA]
0.5 . . . 1.0
1.0 . . . 10
>10
Time constant
[s]
0.16 . . . 0.2
0.2 . . . 1.2
1.2 . . . 720
6/39
Time in seconds
10000
1000
100
10
1
6/40
.1
.01
.001
0
10
Time
51
51
51
Main
0.20.4 seconds
Feeder
Current
Operating time
52 M
51
M
52 F
52 F
51
F
51
F
0.20.4
Time grading
Fault
Fault
inception detection
t51F
I>
Interruption of
fault current
t52F
Circuit-breaker
Interruption time
Overshoot*
tOS
Margin tM
I>
t51M
Example 1
Mechanical relays: tOS = 0.15 s
Oil circuit breaker t52F = 0.10 s
Safety margin for measuring errors,
etc.: tM = 0.15
Example 2
Numerical relays: tOS = 0.02 s
Vacuum breaker:
Safety margin:
t52F = 0.08 s
tM = 0.10 s
6/41
Calculation example
The feeder configuration of Fig. 74 and the
assigned load and short-circuit currents are
given.
Numerical o/c relays 7SJ60 with normal
inverse-time characteristic are applied.
The relay operating times dependent on
current can be taken from the diagram or
derived from the formula given in Fig. 75.
The IP /IN settings shown in Fig. 74 have
been chosen to get pick-up values safely
above maximum load current.
This current setting shall be lowest for
the relay farthest downstream. The relays
further upstream shall each have equal or
higher current setting.
The time multiplier settings can now be
calculated as follows:
F3
F2
51 7SJ60
Station
Max. Load
[A]
51 7SJ60
51 7SJ60
Iscc. max.*
[A]
CT ratio
Ip/IN **
Load
Iprim***
[A]
I /Ip =
300
4500
400/5
1.0
400
11.25
170
2690
200/5
1.1
220
12.23
50
1395
100/5
0.7
70
19.93
523
1.0 MVA
5.0%
B
C
F1
L.V.
Station B:
Fuse: D
160 A
Load
13.8 kV
Station C:
consider the fault in location F1.
The short-circuit current related to
13.8 kV is 523 A.
This results in 7.47 for I /I P at the o/c
relay in location C.
With this value and TP = 0.05
we derive from Fig. 75
an operating time of tA = 0.17 s
This setting was selected for the o/c relay
to get a safe grading time over the fuse on
the transformer low-voltage side.
The setting values for the relay at station C
are therefore:
Current tap: IP /I N = 0.7
Time multipler: TP = 0.05
13.8 kV/
0.4 kV
Iscc. max.
Iprim
Fig. 74
t [s]
100
50
40
30
Tp [s]
20
10
3.2
5
4
3
1.6
0.8
0.4
0.50
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.05
2
6 8 10
Normal inverse
0.14
. Tp [s]
t=
(I/Ip)0.02 1
20
I/Ip [A]
6/42
Imax = 4500 A
Iscc = 2690 A
I 0.4 kVmax
= 16.000 kA
Iscc = 1395 A
t [s]
t [min]
Setting range
IN
A
400/5 A
100
1
Setting
Ip = 1.0 xIn
Tp = 0.17 s
I>>=
52
2
Bus-B
10
5
200/5 A
2
1
52
IA>,t
IB>,t
.1
IC>,t
Ip = 1.1 xIn
Tp = 0.11 s
I>>=
Bus-C
Ip = 0.10 4.00 xIn
I>>
I>, t 7SJ600 Tp = 0.05 3.2 s
I>>= 0.1 25. xIn
100/5 A
5
2
Ip = 0.7 xIn
Tp = 0.05 s
I>>=
52
.01
5
TR
13.8/0.4 KV
1.0 MVA
5.0%
fuse
VDE 160
fuse
2
.001
10
I [A]
1000 2
100 2
5 1000 2
5 10 4 2
5 10 4
13.80 kV
0.40 kV
5 10 5 2
Note:
6/43
Time
MV
Inverse relay
51
other
consumers
Fuse
n
a
LV bus
0.2 seconds
Fuse
a)
Current
Time
MV bus
50
51
o/c relay
I1>, t1
Secondary
breaker
I2>, t2
n
a
0.2 seconds
LV bus
I>>
b)
Maximum fault level at MV bus
Current
Fig. 77: Coordination of an o/c relay with an MV fuse and a low-voltage breaker trip device
6/44
t3
Z2A
t2
Z1A
t1
Z1B
ZLA-B
Z2B
Z1C
ZLB-C
B
Load
ZLC-D
Load
Load
The first zone normally operates undelayed. For the grading of the time intervals
of the second and third zones, the same
rules as for o/c relays apply (see Fig. 73).
For the quadrilateral characteristics (relays
7SA511 and 7SA513) only the reactance
values ( X values) have to be considered
for the reach setting. The setting of the
R values should cover the line resistance
and possible arc or fault resistances. The
arc resistance can be roughly estimated
as follows:
RArc
IArc
=
Iscc Min =
IArc x 2kV/m
Iscc
Min
arc length in m
minimum short-circuit current
Fig. 80
X3A
X2A
B
X1A
R2A
R3A
XPrimary Minimum =
= XRelay Min x
Fig. 79: Operating characteristic of Siemens distance relays 7SA511 and 7SA513
Imin =
VTratio
[Ohm]
CTratio
XPrim.Min [Ohm]
XLine [Ohm/km]
[km]
Fig. 81
6/45