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4.chemistry Minimum Package For Slow Learners Group IV
4.chemistry Minimum Package For Slow Learners Group IV
HYDERABAD REGION
Class:
XII
Sub: Chemistry
CHAPTER 1
Or
a
2 2
a=r 2 2
0.144 2 1.414
0.407 nm .
Q6. A unit cell consist of a cube in which there are anion () at each corner and one at
the body Centre of the unit cell. The cation () are present at each face center .How
many cation and anion are present in then unit cell and what is the formula of the
compound?
2M
Ans. Number of anions
1
Contribution at the corner 8 8 =1
6.023 1023
58.5
formula units
The Zn2+ ions are entrapped in the interstitial voids and electrons in neighboring
interstitial voids to maintain electrical neutrality. Due to the presence of electrons, a
yellow colour is associated with ZnO. These electrons enhance the electrical conductivity
of ZnO.
Q10.Noble gases and metals crystallise with closed packed structures, yet the
meeting points of noble gas crystals are exceptionally low. Why?
1M
Ans. Noble gases crystallise in close packed structures, but the forces of interaction
between the atoms are weak dispersion forces and they therefore have low melting
points. On the other hand, metals have strong metallic bonds (electrostatic forces of
interaction) and therefore have high melting points.
Q11. An element crystallises into a structure which has a cubic structure with one
atom at each corner and two atoms at one of its diagonals. If the volume of the
Unit cell is 2410-24 cm3 and density us 7.2 g cm-3, calculate the number of atoms in 200
g of the elements?
2M
1
Ans. Number of atoms per unit cell =8 8
Now
Or
N=
Z M
a3
+ 2 =3.
Zm
a3 N
3 200 g
24 10 cm3 7.2 g cm3
24
=3.47 1024
Q14. An element of atomic mass of 40 gmol-1 occurs in fcc structure with cell edge of
540 pm .calculate the Avogadro number if its density is 1,7 gcm-3 ?
2M
Ans. For fcc, Z=4
=
ZM
A3 N
10
Z M
N= a 3
540 10
=
4 40 g /mol
160
=59.9 1022
22
1 i 57 10 1.7
=59.9 1023mol-1
Q15.Explain with suitable examples:
(i)
3M
(i) 12-16 and 13-15compound are formed by the combination of group 12 and group16,
group 13-15 elements. These substances have high electrical conductivity. eg.ZnS,
GaAs.
CHAPTER 2-SOLUTIONS
1.Does the mixture of a gas always represent a solution?
1M
3. What will happen to the boiling point of a solution on mixing two miscible liquids
showing positive deviation from Raoults law?
1M
Ans. The boiling point will decrease as the vapour pressure of the solution will decrease.
4. What type of azeotrope will be formed upon mixing chloroform and acetone?
1M
Ans. A maximum boiling azeotrope will be formed as the vapour pressure of the solution
will decrease.
5. On mixing 20 ml of A and 20 ml of B heat is liberated during the process. Explain.
1M
Ans. Liberation of heat during the process indicates the formation of stronger bonds than
present between the reactants and therefore, the components on mixing show negative
deviation from ideal behavior.
6. Two liquids A and B boil at 80C and 125C respectively. Which out of them has a
higher vapour pressure?
1M
Ans. A has higher vapour pressure.
7. What will be the Vant Hoff factor for compound which undergo trimerization? 1M
1
M 1 V 1+ M 2 V 2
V 1+V 2
M = 0.3 M
M1 =- 0.25
M2 = 0.5 M , V2 = x L
0.3 =
0.25 1+0.5 x
1+ x
0.05
0.2
= 0.25 L
M2
, V2= 1 L
10. Explain why are aquatic species more comfortable in cold water rather than warm
water .
2M
ans. Aquatic species get oxygen for their survival from water containing dissolved
oxygen .
pgas
kH
x gas
x gas
kH
hence causes discomfort to the aquatic species. The aquatic species are more comfortable
in cold water as more oxygen is dissolved in water at a lower temperature.
11. A mixture of ethanol and acetone shows positive deviation from ideal behaviour
whereas that of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation. Explain
1M
Ans. A mixture of ethanol and acetone shows positive deviation from Raoults law
because on adding acetone to ethanol breaks the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between
ethanol and therefore the escaping tendency of the components increases thereby
increasing the vapour pressure.
On the other hand, when chloroform and acetone are mixed, strong hydrogen bonds are
formed between chloroform and acetone, thereby dercreasing the escaping tendency of
the components and therefore lowering the vapour pressure of the solution.
12.The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300K. Calculate the vapour pressure of
one molal solution containing a solute in it.
3M
1 mole of solute
1 kg of solvent ( H 2 O)
Mass of H 2 O
Molar mass of H 2 O
Assuming = 1g/ml
Mass of
H 2 O=1kg=1000 g
nH O
2
1000
18
= 55.5 mol
B=
PA
=P
xA
1
0+55.5
x
= 56.5
= 0.0177
= 12.3 ( 1 0.0177)
0.5
i K b wb 1000
Mb Wa
i 0.52 8 1000
208 100
20800
8000
= 2.6
i1
= n1
=
2.61
31
= 0.80
% dissociation = 0.80 100 = 80%
14.0.90 g of non- electrolyte was dissolved in 87.9 g of benzene. This raised the boiling
point of benzene by 0.25K. If the molecular mass of the non-electrolyte is103.0 g
mol-1,Calculate the molar elevation constant for benzene.
2M
Ans. Kb=
Kb =
wb
T b M b wa
2263.42
900
= 2.52K kg mol-1
15. The following two graphs depict the conductivity change with temperature. Predict,
giving reasons, the type of substance which they represent.
2M
temperature
temperature
Ans. Graph(a) represents a semiconductor as the conductivity increases with temperature.
In semiconductors, on heating,the electrons gain energy and overcome the energy gap to
jump from the valence band to the conduction band, showing enhanced conductivity.
Graph (b) represents metallic conductor, as in metallic conductors, on increasing the
temperature the positively charged kernels start vibrating and therefore hinder the
movement of the kernels. This leads to a decrease in conductivity of metallic conductors
with increase in temperature.
CHAPTER 3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1. The resistance of a 0.01 M NH4OH solution was found to be 3000 in a
conductivity cell with cell constant 0.345 cm-1 . Calculate
(i)
the conductivity of NH4OH
(ii) the degree of dissociation of NH4OH
(iii) the dissociation constant of NH4OH
NH 4+
2
-1
=73.4 S cm mol
given:
OH
2
-1
= 197.6 S cm mol
3M
0.345
3000
K=
NH 4+
OH
OH
= 73.4 + 197.6
= 271.0 S cm2 mol-1
now ,
K 1000
C
1.15 10 1000
0.01
11.5
271
= 0.042
Kb
C
1
0.01(0.042)
10.042
5
1.76 10
0.958
= 1.83 10-5
2. How does the molar conductivity of strong and weak electrolyte vary with its
concentration in solution ?
2M
ans. For a strong electrolyte the molar conductance varies with increase in dilution. It
increases linearly as the interionic interactions between the completely dissociated
electrolyte decreases on dilution.
It is given by, m = m A C .
where A is a constant depending upon the type of the electrolyte. For a weak electrolyte,
the degree of dissociation increases with dilution according to
=
k
C
since more ions are obtained upon dilution, therefore there is a steep rise in molar
conductance for a weak electrolyte at infinite dilution.
3. What is a fuel cell ? Give the working of a fuel cell.
3M
ans: Fuel cells are those cells in which the energy produced from the combustion of fuels
such as H2 , CO , CH4 etc. is directly converted into electrical energy.
Working of a fuel cell. Anode and cathode are graphite electrodes containing suitable
NaOH of KOH is placed between the electrodes as electrolyte. H 2 gas and O2 gas are
bubbled through the porous electrodes into the electrolyte.
Reactions involved.
At anode :
At cathode :
H O
(g) + 4 OH (aq) 4 2 (l) + 4 e
H2
O2
H2O
(g) + 2
H2
(l) + 4 e
(g) +
O2
4 OH (aq)
(g) 2
H2O
(l)
4. For the electrode Pt, H2 (1 atm) | H+(aq) (x M), the reduction potential at 25 is
-0.34 V. Write the electrode reaction equation and calculate the value of x. Also,
calculate the pH of the solution.
3M
ans: The equation is :
H+(aq) +
2 H 2 (g)
Eelectrode
H +(g)
0.0591
n
log [ p H ]
1
2
2( g)
Eelectrode
=0
0.0591
1
log
1
2
(1)
[ x]
0.34
0.0591
log x =
= log [ x]
0.0591
0.34
= 0.1738
5. What is corrosion ? What are the factors which affect corrosion ? Give the
mechanism involved in rusting.
3M
ans: The process of slowly eating away of the metal due to the attack of atmosphere gases
on the surface of the metal resultibg into the formation of oxides, sulphides, etc. is called
corrosion.
2+
e
(aq)
+
2
Fe
At anode : Fe(s)
At cathode :
H 2 CO 3
+(aq)
+
H
2+
2 Fe (aq) +
Fe2 O3 ( s )
H2O
CO2
H 2 CO 3
2 H + CO3
1
2
O2
1
2
(g) + 2 e
O2
(g) +
2 H2 O
H2O
(l)
Fe2 O 3 (s)
(l)
+(aq)
+ 4 H
6. Three iron sheets have been coated separately with three metals A, B, C the
standard reduction potentials of which are 0.46 V, 0.66V and 0.20V
respectively. The
Fe
2+
/ Fe
= 0.44 V .
ans: Cu (aq) + 2 e
Cu
1
2 96500
1M
OH
ans: The
+
H
water. Since H ions take part in the process of rusting, the removal of these ions in
an alkaline medium inhibits rusting.
F2
9. Predict whether
F2 / F
E
Given
= +2.87 V and
Na+ / Na
E
= 2.71 V .
2M
ans: The reaction between
F2
Na
, 2Na 2
+2 e
and F2 2 F
2F + 2 e
F2
2NaF
(oxidation)
(reduction)
2 F
E cell
F2 / F
E
Na+ / Na
E
= + 2.87 ( 2.71 )
= + 5.58 V
E cell =+0.46 V
2M
log
0.0591
n
, 0.46 =
Kc
Kc
log
0.0591
2
0.46 2
0.0591
log
Kc
0.92
0.0591
= 15.5668
Kc
= antilog (15.5668)
15
= 3.6881
10
11. The conductivity of 0.1 M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.0129 S cm . The resistance
of this solution is found to be 58 . What is the cell constant of the cell? A 0.1 M
AgNO3 solution at 298 K in the same conductivity cell offered a resistance of 60.5 .
What is the conductivity of 0.1 M AgNO3 solution?
2M
1
KKCl = 0.0129 S cm
ans: Given
R = 58 , C = R = 58
G
(cell constant) = ?
We know that, K = C
G
= 58
1
= 0.0129 58 = 0.7482 cm
1
Now, K = ? , G = 0.7482 cm
, C = R = 60.5
,K=C
= 0.7482
NO3
1
60.5
(cell
1
= 0.0124
cm1
Also,
1800 = 9000 C
2+
(aq) + 2 e
Ni(s)
58.9
9000 = 27.5 g of Ni .
2+
Mg (aq) + 2Ag(s)
2+
= E cell
Ecell
2.90 =
Ecell
0.0591
n
0.0591
n
log
0.1
2
(0.01)
log
2.90 = E cell
2.90 = E cell
0.02955 3
= E cell
0.8865
2+
Mg
+
Ag 2
Now, E cell =
Ag+ / Ag
E
2 +
Mg
/ Mg
Mg2 + / Mg
Mg2 + / Mg
E
2 +
Mg
Ag+ / Ag
E
/ Mg
= 0.80 2.989
= 2.189 V
Ecell
Ag
Cu ,
(a)
(b)
= + 0.34 V ,
= + 0.80 V
+
Ag
3M
Ecell
Ecell
Ecell
Ecell
0.0591
n
log
=0
0.0591
n
log
2+
Cu
Ag
2+
Cu
Ag
(0.80 0.34) =
Ag
0.01
log
Ag
0.01
0.0591
2
0.46 2
0.0591
Ag
0.01
log
= 15.5668
Ag
0.01
3.688
Ag
15
10
18
= 2.17 10
10
M.
15. Calculate the molar conductance at infinite dilution of ethanoic acid from the
following data :
2M
1
(HCl) = 425.9 cm2 mol-1
1
(NaCl) = 126.4 cm2 mol-1
m
m
m
NaCl
= 91 + 425.9 126.4
1
= 390.5 cm2 mol-1
Answer: ( )n = 100
()n = 1/8
=>
()n =()
=>
1M
Answer: If Ea=0 , then according to the Arrhenius equation k=Ae-E/RT , k=Ae0=A .This
would mean that the rate constant is equal to the collision frequency , i.e. each collision
would result in product formation which cannot be true , and thus Ea for any reaction
cannot be zero.
5) The half life for radioactive decay of c14 is 5730 years . An archeological artifact
contained wood that had only 80% of the c14 found in the living tree. Find the age of the
wooden artifact.
2M
Answer: radioactive decay follows first order kinetics .
R
2.303
[ 0]
k=
log [ R]
t
Therefore;
We know: k =
. . k=
0.693
5730
And t=
0.693
t 1 /2
2.303
1.21 X 104
100
log 80
Then,
2r = k[2A]x[B]y
...
2r = 2x k[A]x[B]y =2xr
2 = 2x =>x=1.
16r = k[2A]x[2B]y
...
Experimen
Initial
t
Concentration
[NO2]
1
0.20
[F2]
0.05
6.0 x 10-3
3M
0.40
0.05
1.2 x 10-2
0.80
0.10
4.8 x 10-2
Determine the order of the reaction and write the rate law of this reaction .
Answer: we know ,
5M
Rate = k[NO2]m[F2]n
m
n
= k (0.20) (0.05)
1.2 X 102 =
k (0.40)m ( 0.05) n
k (0.20)m (0.05)n
k (0.40)m (0.05)n
1
m
2
=> m=1
6.0 X 10
4.8 X 102
m
n
= k (0.20) (0.05)
m
n
= k (0.40) (0.05)
1X1
n
4 X ( 2)
k (0.20)m (0.05)n
k (0.80)m (0.10)n
1
2
1
n
(2)
=> n=1
2M
Answer: pseudo unimolecular reactions are those reactions which seem to be of higher
order but are actually first order reactions.
Example :
hydrolysis of an ester .
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
CH3COOH + C2H5OH .
10) (a)
0.04
2
= 0.18M .
platinum
(ii) 4NH4NO2(s)
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
Rate = k[NH3]0
4N2(g) + 8H2O(l)
Rate = k[NH3NO2]1
we get ,
k=
0.693
t 1 /2
0.693
2.2 x 10-5s-1=
R
2.303
[ 0]
log [ R]
t
R
[ 0]
log [ R]
R
[ 0]
[ R]
...
Since [R0] = a
and
...
2.25 X 5400
2.303
= 0.0516
= Antilog(0.0516) = 1.126
[R] = a-x
a = 1.126a - 1.126x
0.126a = 1.126x
x
a
0.126
1.126
= 0.112
2M
2HBr(g)
Rate = k[H2][Br2]1/2
15) The following is a plot of rate vs concentration . What is the order of the reaction .
Answer: since the rate is independent of concentration the order of the reaction is zero .
CH-5:-SURFACE CHEMISTRY
1.What is foam?
1M
1M
Ans: ZSM-5 is a zeolites i.e.,a shape selective catalyst. It is used for the conversion of
alcohol into gasoline.
3.Define catalysis.
1M
Ans: Catalysis is the phenomenon of increasing the rate of the reaction with the help of a
catalyst.
4. What types of colloidal sols are formed in the following:
1M
1M
Ans: Enzymes have active sites on their surface. When substrate bind at these active sites
a chemical change is initiated. The substrates having shapes same as the active sites can
bind themselves at the active sites for the reaction to occur(enzymes follow lock and key
mechanism). Enzymes are therefore highly specific in nature.
7.(a)What is the principle of the cotterell smoke precipitator?
2M
(b) The zigzag motion of the colloidal particles is called Brownian movement. The
motion occurs due to the collision of the colloidal particles with the molecules of the
dispersion medium.
8. Adsorptin is generally an exothermic process. Comment
2M
Ans: During the process of adsorption the value of S always decreases. Now for a
process to be spontaneous the value of the G should be negative. From the expression
G=H-TS, since the value of S is negative the value of G will be negative only if
H is negative. H negative indicates that adsorption is an exothermic process.
9. (a)Explain why deltas are formed were the river and sea meet?
(b) What happens when electric current is passed through a colloidal sol.
2M
Ans: (a) River water is a colloidal sol of negatively charged silicates dispersed water,
whereas sea water contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. When the river and sea meets coagulation
of silicates occurs leading to the formation of deltas.
(b) When electric current is passed through a colloidal sol the colloidal particles will
move towards the oppositely charged electrodes that is electrophoresis takes place.
10. What are associated colloids? Give an example
2M
Ans: Associated colloids are those which behave as electrolytes at low concentration
where as at higher concentrations they behave as colloids. The concentration above
which they behave as colloids is called CMC(critical micelle concentration).eg: soaps.
11. What are emulsions? What are their different types? Give two applications of
emulsification.
2M
Ans: When soap is dissolved in water it breaks down into sodium cation and the
carboxylate anion. These caboxylate anions consist of two parts: a long hydrocarbon
chain which is hydrophobic in nature and the COO- ion which is hydrophilic in nature. In
dilute solutions the hydrocarbon chain tends to migrate to the surface with their COOgroups in water. In concentrated solutions the ions are pulled into the bulk of the solution
and micelles are formed. The hydrocarbon ends being hydrophobic are in the interiors of
the sphere whereas the COO- end being hydrophilic point outwards.
12. Explain why lyophilic sols are relatively more stable than lyophobic sols.
2M
Ans: The stability of a lyophilic sol is due to the charge and the salvation of the sol
particles. These sols have an affinity towards the solvent. On the other hand the
lyophobic sols do not have affinity towards the solvent. They are stabilized only due to
the repulsive charges present on the colloidal particles and therefore are coagulated
easily.
13. What happens when a freshly prepared Fe(OH)3 solution is shaken with a little
amount of dilute solution of FeCl3?
1M
Ans: Peptization takes place forming a positively charged colloid of Fe(OH)3.
14. In the case of chemisorptions why does the extent of adsorption first increase
and then decreases with increase in temperature?
1M
Ans: The extent of adsorption in chemisorptions first increases on increasing the
temperature because activation energy is to be provided for chemical bonds to be formed
on the surface. The decrease afterwards is due to adsorption being exothermic in nature.
15.Discuss the mechanism of heterogeneous catalysis.
2M
1M
1M
Ans: The role of depressant in the froth floatation process is to prevent one type of
sulphide ore particle from forming froth with air bubbles
3. Metal sulphides occur mainly in rocks and metal halides in lakes and seas.
Explain.
1M
Ans: Metal Halides are soluble in water and therefore get dissolved in rain water
and are carried to lakes and seas during weathering of rocks. On the other hand,
metal sulphides being insoluble in water are left behind in the rocks.
4. What is the role of stabilizer in froth floatation process?
1M
Ans: Chemical compounds like cresols and aniline which tend to stabiles the froth
are called Froth stabilizer.
5. What is flux? How are they useful?
1M
Ans: Flux is a substance that combines with gangue particles which may still be
present in the roasted or calcined ore to form an easily fusible material called Slag.
6. What is slag?
1M
Ans: Slag is an easily fusible material which is formed when gaunge present in the
roasted or the calcined ore combines with the flux.
7. Although thermodynamically feasible, in practice, magnesium metal is not used
for the reduction of alumina in the metallurgy of aluminum. Why? 1M
Ans: From the Ellingham diagram, it is seen that magnesium can be used as a
reducing agent for reduction of alumina below temperature 1665K but magnesium
being a costly metal than aluminum makes the process uneconomical and hence is
not used in the metallurgy of aluminum as a reducing agent.
8. Which is the purest form of iron and how is it obtained from pig iron? 1M
Ans: wrought iron is the purest form of iron. Pig iron is heated with scrap iron and
converted into cast iron. Cast iron is then heated in a reverberatory furnace lined
with Fe2O3 where all the impurities are oxidized.
Fe2O3 + 3C
2Fe + 3CO
The metal is removed and freed from slag by passing through rollers.
1M
1M
Ans: The stationary phase is selected in such a way that the impurities and the
element to be separated are adsorbed differently on the stationary phase. When the
eluent is added, the two components will move with different speed and both
components will be separated in pure form.
12.Write a short note on Van -Arkel method.
1M
Ans: In this method, ultra-pure metal is obtained by converting the crude metal
into a volatile compound by heating it with a specific reagent at a low temperature
and then decomposing it in a high temperature to give back the pure metal.
For example, zirconium is purified by this method by first heating it with iodine at
870K to convert it into zirconium tetra iodide which is volatile. The covalent tetra
iodide is then decomposed on a tungsten filament by heating to a temperature of
2075K to give pure zirconium.
13.Write a short note on Electrolytic refining.
1M
Ans: It involves the process of electrolysis for the purification of metals. I the
method, a thick block of impure metal is made the anode, a thin strip of pure metal
is made the cathode and the electrolyte is a solution of the salt of the metal. On
passing the current the process of electrolysis occurs and the pure metal from
anode passes into the electrolyte and is thus reduced at the cathode. The
purification of the metal thus occurs. The anode is consumed during the process
whereas the cathode becomes thick. The less reactive metals, as impurities fall
below the anode in the form of anode mud from where the metal as impurity can
be recovered. The more reactive impurities pass into the solution.
14.State the role of silica in the metallurgy of copper giving the equations involved
in the process.
1M
Ans: The ore of copper pyrite and so it contains impurities of FeS. During the
process of roasting, both copper and iron sulphites get converted into the oxide and
a mixture of Cu2O and FeO is obtained.
2CuFeS2 Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2
2Cu2S+3O2
2Cu2O+2SO2
2FeS+3O2 2FeO+2SO2
To remove FeO, which is a basic gangue, silica and acidic flux is added
during smelting. FeO combines with silica to form ferrous silicate slag which floats
over the molten matte and is removed.
FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3
Silica is therefore used to remove the impurity iron oxide as slag.
15.How can you separate alumina from silica in bauxite ore? Give the equations
involved during the process.
3M
Ans: Bauxite, the ore of aluminum contains impurities of silica, TiO2, and iron
oxide. The removal
of impurities involves difference in their chemical properties.
Bauxite is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide, where alumina and silica form
sodium aluminate and sodium silicate respectively.
Al2O3+2NaOH+3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4]
SiO2+2NaOH Na2SiO3+H2O
Iron oxide and TiO2 being insoluble and removable by filtration. The filtrate is the
neutralized by passing through CO2. The solution is the seeded with a little amount of
freshly prepared hydrated alumina where hydrated alumina is precipitated out leaving
sodium silicate in solution.
2Na[Al(OH)4]+CO2 Al2O3.xH2O+2NaHCO3
The hydrated alumina thus precipitated is then filtered, dried and heated to give
back pure alumina.
Al2O3.xH2O Al2O3 + xH2O
1M
Ans. Sulphur in the vapour state exists as S2 which like dioxygen has two unpaired
electrons in its antibonding molecular orbitals and hence exhibits paramagnetism
in vapour state.
Q.4: Balance and completed the following equations :
(i)
Ca3P2 + H2O
(ii) XeF4 + SbF5
Ans. (i)
Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3
(ii) XeF4 + SbF5 [XeF3] + [SbF6]
2M
2M
Q.9: Give all the steps involved in the preparation of ammonia by the Habers process?
Ans. Preparation of ammonia by Habers process :
2M
200 atm
O
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g), AfH = 92.3 kj/mole.
700K, Fe, K2O
This reaction is a reversible reaction and therefore the optimum conditions for the
preparation of ammonia are taken considering the Le-Chateliers principle.
Nitrogen and hydrogen gas are taken in the ratio of 1:3 and compressed to a
pressure of 200 atm. At a temperature of around 700 K in the presence of catalyst
iron oxide and small amount of K 2O and Al2O3 as promoters ammonia gas is
prepared. Sometimes molybdenum is also used as a promoter. Liquefied NH 3 is
separated. The unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled back and the process
is repeated.
Q.10: Give reasons for the following:
3M
(i)
Only higher members of group 18 of the periodic table are expected to form
compounds.
(ii) White phosphorus is more reactive than red phosphorus.
(iv)
Ans. (i)
Higher members of group 18 of the periodic table are expected to form
compounds as
their ionization energies are low and the electrons can be excited by
providing small amount of energy.
(ii) White phosphorus is more reactive than red phosphorus because white
phosphorus exists in the form of a monomer whereas red phosphorus has a
polymeric structure. White phosphorus thus has lower bond dissociation
energy than red phosphorus.
(iii) Bismuth has a tendency to exist in the +3 oxidation state due to ineret pair
effect and therefore bismuth in the pentavalent state has a tendency to accept
two electrons and get reduced to the +3 oxidation state thereby acting as a
strong oxidizing agent.
Q.11: (i)
Arrange the given halides in increasing order of ionic character: NF 3, PF3,
BiF3 and AsF3.
3M
Give reasons for your answer.
(ii) Write balanced equations for the following:
a. NaCl is heated with sulphuric acid in the presence of MnO2
b. Hydrolysis of XeF2
Ans. (i)
NF3 < PF3 < AsF3 < BiF3, because the electropositive character of the atom
increases
down the group, therefore the ionic character also increases.
(ii) a. 2NaCI + MnO2 + 2H2SO4(Conc.) Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + CI2
b. 2XeF2(s) + 2H2O(l) 2Xe(g) + 4HF(aq) + O2(g)
Q.12: (i)
Give the name and structure of the oxoacid of phosphorus in which
phosphorus exists in the +1 oxidation state.
3M
(ii) Draw the structural formulae of the following:
a. Peroxodisulphate ion (S2O82-)
b. XeF4
Ans. (i)
O
||
(ii)
a.
P
|
H OH
b.
(iii) Xe has 8 valence electrons and for bond formation the lone pair of electrons
gets unpaired. On unpairing since electrons are present in even numbers, therefore Xe
forms compounds of type XeF3 and XeF5.
(iv) Noble gases are bigger in size than halogens of respective period because the
valence shall is completely filled with electrons leading to higher interelectronic
repulsions and therefore results in an increase in size.
(v)
Q.15: (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Ans. (i)
is used for
(ii)
(iii)
(vi)
KMnO 4
2M
KMnO 4
Ans. No,
has Mn in +7 oxidation state and it can therefore reduce its
oxidation number by accepting electrons and undergoing reduction. Therefore it
can act as a oxidizing agent.
For Mn, since the highest oxidation number in which it can exist is +7, therefore it
cannot lose electrons and thus not act as a reducing agent.
KMnO 4
equation involved.
2M
KMnO 4
Ans.
acts as the strongest oxidising agent in acidic medium as in the
acidic medium M1 undergoes a maximum change in oxidation number which is
from +7 to +2.
KMnO 4
Oxidising property of
(i)
In neutral solution
Mn+7 O4
(ii)
+ 2 H 2 O + 3 e
In basic medium
Mn
+7
O4
+3 e
+6
Mn
Mn+4O2 + 4OH-
2
O 4
(iii)
In acidic medium
Mn
+7
O4
the first ionization enthalpy of the 5d series elements is higher than those of
3d and 4d transition series elements due to the actinoid contraction and poor
screening effect provided by the 5d orbitals
2 I
S 2 O8
2+
2 Fe
+ I2
3+
2 Fe
2
+ 2 SO 4
12.(i) There is a greater range of oxidation states among the actinoids than the
lanthanoids. Explain.
(iii) What is misch metal ? Give its uses.
2M
Ans: (i) There is a greater range of oxidation states among the actinoids than the
lanthanoids because the 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energies.
(ii) Misch metal is an alloy of the lanthanoids. It consists of a lanthanoid metal (~95%),
iron (~5%) and traces of S, C, Ca and Al.
Ans: Cr O 4
Cr2
2
O7
14.Give reasons:
2M
(i)
Transition elements form coloured compounds.
(ii) Cu+ is not stable in aqueous solution.
Ans: (i) transition elements form coloured compounds because they have
incomplete d-subshells and d-d transitions can occur.
(ii) Cu+ is not stable in aqueous solution as the hydration enegy is not able
to compensate the high energy of automization and ionization.
15.(i) Calculate the magnetic moment of a divalent ion in aqueous solution ifn its
atomic number is 25.
(ii)Why is the highest oxidation state of a metal exhibited in its oxide or
fluoride only ?
(iii)Actinoid contration is greater from element to element than lanthanoid
contraction. Why ?
3M
Ans: (i) Atomic number = 25
Outer electronic configuration is 3d5 4s2
For a divalent ion - 3d5
Since there are 5 unpaired electrons
= n(n+2) = 5(7) = 35 = 5.92 B.M
ii)
iii)
1M
Ans. Na2[Fe(C2O4)3]
+1x3+x+(-2)3=0
3+x-6=0
x=+3
The oxidation number of iron is +3
3)What is the spectrochemical series?
1M
1M
2M
Ans. In metal carbonyls there is both and bond. The sigma bond is formed
by donation of lone pair of electrons in the ligand into the vacant d-orbital of
the transition metal whereas the pi-bond is formed when the electrons from
the filled d-orbitals of the metal are donated into the vacant antibonding
molecular orbital of carbon monoxide. The metal to ligand bonding creates a
synergic effect which strengthens the bond between CO and the metal.
6)Account for the following:
3M
configuration 3d1. Due to the presence of one unpaired d-electron in [Ti(H20)6]3+, dd transitions occur therefore [Ti(H20)6]3+ is coloured.
(ii) ) K3[Fe(CN)6] has Fe in 3+ oxidation state whereas in K4[Fe(CN)6], Fe is in +2
oxidation state. Higher the oxidation state of the central metal, more is the stability
of the complex. Thus K3[Fe(CN)6] is more stable than K4[Fe(CN)6].
(iii)Ni (At no. =28) has configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2.
In the tetrahedral complex, sp3 hybridisation occurs and Ni2+ has two unpaired
electrons in the d-orbitals and thus paramagnetic in nature.
7) Write the IUPAC name of the linkage isomer of [Co(NH3)5(NO2)(NO3)2]. 1M
Ans. Pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III) nitrate.
8) Write the formula of dichlorotetraammineplatinum(lV) ion.
1M
Ans. [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]2+
9) Name the ligand used in the treatment of lead poisoning?
1M
Ans.EDTA (ethylenediamminetraacetate).
10) What is a bidentate ligand ? Give one example.
1M
Ans. A ligand which contains two donor atoms via which two coordinate bonds can
be formed with the central metal are called bidentate ligands.
Example: oxalte ion and H2NCH2
11)What complex formation is used in identification of Ni2+ in
qualitative analysis?
Ans. Ni(DMG)complex (nickel dimethylglyoxime) is used in identification of Ni2+
in qualitative analysis.
12)The spin only magnetic moment of [MnCl4]2- is 5.9 B.M. Predict the geometry
of the complex ion.
1M
Ans. In [MnCl4]2- the coordination number ofMn2+ is 4 which indicates the shape
of the complex may be tetrahedral or square planar.
The magnetic moment 5.9 B.M.means the number of unpaired electrons is 5 in
Mn2+ i.e, the configuration is 3d5. (= n(n+2) ).Five unpaired electrons in the
complex would be present if sp3 hybridisation occurs. The shape of the complex is
therefore tetrahedral.
Ans.
1M
- Trans
2M
Ans. When a bidentate or a polydentate ligand contains donor atoms in such a way
that when they coordinate with the central metal ion, a five or six membered ring is
formed. This effect is called chelate effect.
(ii) Give two applications of coordination compounds.
Ans. Applications of coordination compounds:
(a) Used in extraction of metals.
(b) Used as catalysts.
1M
Ans- The property of some compounds to rotate the plane of polarised light when
passed through the solution is termed as optical activity of compounds
2) The boliig point of Bromomethane is higher than that of cholroethane . why? 1M
Ans- The surface area of Bromoethane is larger than that of Cholroethane ad therefore
the Van der waals forces of interaction are higher in Bromoethane. Bromoethane thus
has higher boiling point and requires more energy to break the interaction between its
molecules
3) Arrange the following halides in order of increasing SN2 Reactivity.
1M
b) Benzene to m-Choloronitrobezene
8)Explain why allyl chloride is hydrolyzed more readily than n-propyl chloride. 1M
Ans- Allyl chloride is hydrolyzed more readily than n-propyl chloride because it
forms a resonance stabilized allylcarbocation whereas propyl chloride form a 1o
carbocation which is less stable.
9) Arrange in decreasing order of boiling point: 1-Choloropropane, iso-propyl
chloride, 1-Chlorobutane.
1M
Ans- For isomeric compounds straight chain compounds have larger surface area
and therefore higher vander walls interactions and thus higher boling point also so
the order is
12)
Write the structure of the following compounds
a) P-Bromocholorobenzene
b) 1,4 Dicholorobut - 2-ene
1M
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
H3C - CH = CH - CH
Cl
(a)
Cl
2M
(b)
H3C
H3c
Br
a) 1,3,5 Tribromobenzene
b) 4- Bromopent-2-ene
13)
Write the structural formula of the organic compounds A,B,C and D in the
following
2M
15) Give chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds. 2M
(i) Vinyl chloride and Ethyl chloride
Ans(i) Vinyl chloride on reaction with Br2-water decolourises it whereas ehtly chloride
does not.
(ii) Benzyl chloride on reaction with AgNO3 in the presence of dil.HNO3 gives a white
precipate
which is soluble in excess of NH4OH,whereas chlorobenzene does not.
5M
a) Cleavage of phenyl alkyl ether with HBr always gives phenol andalkyl bromide.
COOH
,
OH
+ HBr
+RBr
+ RBr
Phenol and alkyl bromide are always obtained as the product because the C-O bond of
phenoxide cleavage does not occur due to partial double bond character due to resonance.
Also the phenoxide ion is stabilized by resonance.
b) In 2-methylphenol, the methyl group in an electron donating group and hence
increases electron density on the ring, due to which O-H bond polarity decreases and
release of proton becomes difficult, rendering it to be a weaker acid as compared to 2nitrophenol in which the nitro group being electron withdrawing decreases the electron
density on the ring and hence increases the O-H bond polarity making the release of the
proton easier.
Thus 2-nitrophenol is a stronger acid than 2- methylphenol.
O-H
OH
CH
NO2
II) For an electrophilic substitution to take place, high electro density require on the ring.
In benzoic acid, the -COOH group being an electron withdrawing group decreases the
electron density on the ring and thus deactivate the ring towards electrophilic
substitution.
In phenol, the OH group is an electron donating group, it increases the electron density
on the ring and hence activates the ring towards electrophilic substitution. Benzene has
neither an activator group nor a deactivator group, hence the order of reactivity towards
electrophilic substitution is
COOH
OH
<
<
3M
conc. H2SO4
CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
When propan-1-ol reacts with acetic acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4 an ester
propylethanoate is formed.
ii) When diethyl ether reacts with excess of HI, ethyl iodide is formed.
CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + HI
CH3CH2OH + HI
CH3CH2OH + CH3CH2I
CH3CH2I + H2O.
iii) Anisole undergoes electrophilic substitution reaction where NO2+ attaches itself to the
ortho and para positions.
3M
HBr peroxide
CH3
CH3-C-CH-CH3
CH3 OH
CH3
CH3-C-CH-CH3
OH CH3
IUPAC NAME =2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol
-considering hydride/methyl shift
q6. arrange the following in decreasing order of b.p:
1M
1M
ans: it is because it si a stronger acid than phenol and can therefore react with Na2CO3aq
which is a weak base. phenol being a weaker acid is unable to react with aq Na2CO3.
Q8.Give chemical test to distinguish between: (i) Ethanol and propanol
(ii) Propanol and phenol
2M
Ans: (i) Ethanol gives the iodoform test whereas propanol does not give the +ve
iodoform test.
CH3CH2OH + I2 + NaOH
(yellow ppt.)
CH3CH2CH2OH + I2 + NaOH
CHI3 + HCOONa
No reaction
(ii) phenol gives +ve neutral FeCl3 test whereas propanol does not give this test.
OH
6
+ FeCl3
CH3CH2CH2OH + FeCl3
[Fe(OC6H5)6]3_ + 3HCl
Violet colouration
No reaction
Q9.while separating a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols by stream distillation, name
the isomer which will be stream volatile. Give reason.
1M
ans: ortho nitrophenol is steam volatile due to the presence of intramolecular h-bonding,
which decreases the surface area and therefore increases volatility whereas in para
nitrophenol intermolecular h-bond are present.
1M
Ans: This is because ethers are polar and dipole-dipole interactions are persent between
them whereas in alcohols intermolecular H-bonds are persent which are stronger than the
interactions between ethers.
q13. How is 1-propoxypropane synthesised from propan-1-ol? Give the mechanism of
the reaction.
2M
2CH3CH2CH2OH
CONC. H SO (413 K)
2 4
CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3
Ans: The synthesis of 1-propoxypropane follows the sn2 mechanism as shown below:
2M
Ans: (i) The reaction between phenol and chloroform in the presence of aq alkali at 340k
results in the formation of o-hydroxybenzaldehyde (salicyldehyde) and phydroxybenzaldehyde. Salicyldehyde is obtained as the major product.
(ii) Diborane (BH3)2 reacts with alkenes to give trialkyl boranes as addition products.
This is then oxidized to alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aq NaOH.
The product thus formed is in a way opposite to the Markonikovs rule.
Q15.complete the following equtions:
PCl
i) CH3-CH-CH3
AgCN
3M
OH
ii)
CH3
CH3- C- Br + C2H5ONa
ethanol
CH3
iii) CH3CHO
H / Pd
2
ANS: i) A is CH3-CH-CH3
Cl
B is CH3-CH-CH3
NC
CH2
ii) A is CH3-C
CONC. H SO (443 K)
2 4
KMnO
CH3
iii) A is CH3CH2OH
B is CH2=CH2
C is CH2- CH2
OH OH
1M
1M
show +R effect. Fluorine in spite of being more electronegative has a higher extent of +R
effect than chlorine because in p-fluorobenzoic acid the resonance is between the 2p
orbital of fluorine and 2p orbital of carbon which is more effective. In p-chlorobenzoic
acid the resonance is between 3p orbital of chlorine and 2p orbital of carbon and is
therefore less effective.
4. There are two -NH2 groups in semicarbazide, however only one is involved in the
formations of semicarbazones. Explain.
1M
Ans: - Semicarbazide is NH2NHCONH2. Inspite of having two NH2- groups, only one
is involved in the formation of semicarbazones because the lone pair of electrons on
nitrogen is involved in resonance with the carbonyl group and is not available for
reaction with aldehydes or ketones.
O
O
NH2NH - C - NH2
NH2NH - C - NH2
CHO
CHO
+
ii.
CH3OH + HCOONa
Methanol Sodium formate
CH2OH
COONa
+
a. Aldehydes have only one +I effect alkyl group whereas ketones have two alkyl
group with +I effect which decreases the electrophilicity of the carbon, rendering it
less reactive than aldehydes. Also due to the two alkyl group present in ketones,
steric repulsions are more and therefore reactivity is less.
b. Acid chlorides are easily hydrolyzed because Cl- is a better leaving group than
NH2-. Also due to the strong I effect of chlorine, the carbon is more electrophilic
in acids chlorides than in acid amides and therefore undergoes hydrolysis easily.
Secondly, there is double bond character in C=N bond which has high bond
dissociation energy.
7. Aromatic carboxylic acids do not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction. Why? 1M
Ans: - Aromatic carboxylic acids do not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction because the
carboxyl group is deactivating group and the catalyst anhydrous AlCl3, which is a
Lewis acid, gets bonded to the carboxylic acid.
8. During the preparation of esters, it is distilled over as soon as it is formed. Why?
1M
Ans: - Esters are distilled over as soon as it is formed to shift the equilibrium in the
forward direction, and to prevent the reverse reaction to occur.
9. Give the reagents to bring about the following transformations:
a. Butan-1-ol to Butanal.
b. But-2-ene to Ethanal.
2M
Ans: a. PCC
b. O3 followed by Zn/H2O
10.What happens when:
2M
a. Acetaldehyde reacts with HCN.
b. Propanoic acid id treated with chlorine in the presence of a small amount of
red phosphorus.
Ans: a. Acetaldehyde on reaction with HCN gives acetaldehyde cyanohydrins.
CH3CHO + HCN
OH
CH3CH
CN
b. Propanoic acid on treatment with chlorine in the presence of a small amount of red
phosphorus gives 2-chloropropanoic acid. It is the Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction.
CH3CH2COOH + Cl2
CH3CHCOOH
Cl
11.A. Although phenoxide ion has more resonating structures than carboxylate ion,
carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Why?
3M
B. Give the probable mechanism for esterification.
Ans:A. Although phenoxide ion has more resonating structures than carboxylate ion,
the negative charge is dispersed on one oxygen and other carbons in the
phenoxide ion, whereas on two similar electronegative oxygen in the
carboxylate ion. The dispersal of charger is therefore mire in carboxylate ion
than in phenoxide ion, and therefore, the carboxylate anion is a weaker base.
Hence, the conjugate carboxylic acid is stronger acid.
B. Mechanism of esterification :
RCOOH + R`OH
RCOOR` + H2O
12.An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms an orange-red
precipitate with 2,4-DNP reagent and gives yellow precipitate on heating with
iodine in the presence of sodium hydroxide. It neither reduces Tollens or Fehlings
reagent, nor does it decolorize bromine water or Baeyers reagent. On drastic
oxidation with chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid (B) having molecular
formula C7H6O2. Identify the compounds (A) and (B) and explain the reactions
involved.
2M
Ans: (A) forms 2,4-DNP derivative. Therefore, it is an aldehyde or a ketone. Since it does not
reduce Tollens or Fehling reagent, (A) must be a ketone. (A) responds to iodoform test.
Therefore, it should be a methyl ketone.
The molecular formula of (A) indicates high degree of unsaturation, yet it does not
decolorize bromine water or Baeyers reagent. This indicates the presence of unsaturation
due to an aromatic ring. Compound (B), being an oxidation product of a ketone should be
a carboxylic acid. The molecular formula of (B) indicates that it should be benzoic acid
and compound (A) should, therefore, be a monosubstituted aromatic methyl ketone. The
3M
Ans: i.
ii.
iii.
the base aniline and the Lewis acid AlCl 3, which is used for the generation of
the electrophile during this reaction:
C6H5NH2 + AICI1 C6H5NH2AICI2
Due to this positive charge on nitrogen it acts as a strong deactivator of the ring.
Q.11: What happens when :
2M
(i)
Benzaldehyde is reacted with aniline
(ii) Sodium nitrite is added to a solution of propylamine in dil, HCI.
Ans. (i)
Aniline reacts with benzaldehyde to form benzalaniline in the presence of
traces of acid
as catalyst.
HNH2 + O=CH
(ii)
N=CH
NBH4
(I)
CH3-CH=CH-CH
ZnCl2
A
HCN
B
HCl
CH2Cl
3M
C
H+
CH2NO2
NC
(ii)
A
Sn/HCl
C
B
Ans. (i)
A=
B=
C=
CH3-CH=CH-CH2OH
CH3-CH=CH-CH2Cl
CH3-CH=CH-CH2COOH
(ii)
A=
AgNO2
B=
CH2NH2
C=
Q14. (i)
(ii)
acid.
(iii)
Ans. (i)
(iii)
CHCl3 + KOH
NH3HSO4
+conc. H2SO4
NH2
+ H2O
SO3H
(iii) NH3 < C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)2NH < (C2H5)3N.
Q.15 (i) Give a chemical test to distinguish between: 2M
(a) Aniline and N-methyline
(b)
Ethylamine and aniline
(ii) Name one reagent used for the separation of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines.
Ans. (i)
a. Aniline and N-methyline
Aniline is a primary amine and gives the carbylamines test whereas, Nmethyline being a secondary amine does not respond to the test.
b. Ethylamine and aniline
Both are primary amines, but ethylamine is an aliphatic amine whereas
aniline is an aromatic amine. On diazotization ethylamine forms an unstable
diazonium chloride which decomposes to give an alcohol and N 2 gas is
C2H5N2+Cl-
C2H5OH + N2 + HCl
Inspite of having an aldehydic group, it does not respond to the Shiffs test and
does not react with NaHSO3.
The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylimane indicating the
absence of free aldehyde group in D-glucose.
Ans. Starch is a branched chain polymer of -glucose and consists of two parts- amylase,
which is water soluble and amylopectin, which is water insoluble. Cellulose on the other
hand is a linear polymer of -glucose.
7)Distinguish between a globular protein and fibrous protein. 2M
Ans.
FIBROUS PROTEIN
GLOBULAR PROTEIN
NON-REDUCING SUGAR
RNA
1M
Ans. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin and is excreted in urine and therefore cannot
be stored in the body.
(ii) Why is sucrose known as invert sugar?
1M
2M
(ii) What are acidic basic amino acids? Give one example of each.
Ans. (i) DNA has a double strand structure and two strands are complimentary to each
other because the H-bonds are formed by specific pair of bases, adenine-thymine,
guanine-cytosine.
(ii)Acidic amino acids are those which contain one amino group and two carboxyl
groups.
Ex: Aspartic acid.
Basic amino acids are those which contain one carboxyl group and two amino groups
Ex: Histidine.
12) What are enzymes? Name the enzymes that catalyses the hydrolysis of maltose into
glucose.
1M
Ans. Enzymes are essential biocatalyst which catalyse biochemical reactions. Most
enzymes are globular proteins, and are highly specific for specific reactions.
Maltase is an enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of maltose into glucose.
13) How are vitamins classified?
2M
Ans. Vitamins are classified into the following two groups:(a)Water soluble vitamins- Vitamins which are water soluble. Ex: Vitamins belonging to
group B and vitamin C.
(b) Fat soluble vitamins- Vitamins which are soluble in fat. Ex: Vitamin A, D, E and K
14) why are carbohydrates generally optically active?
1M
Ans. Carbohydrates are generally optically active because of the presence of a chiral
carbon in the molecule.
1M
CHAPTER 15
POLYMERS
1M
1M
Natural polymer are those which are found in nature e.g., protien
Synthetic polymer are those which are man made e.g.. Nylon-6,6.
8. What is monomer of nylon-6? Give the equation involved for its preparation
1M
Ans.
1M
Ans. Polymer are high molecular mass substances consisting of a number of simple
repeating Structural units called monomers joined together.
11.Arrange as directed :
2M
(i) Buna-S<Polyethylene<Nylon-6,6.
(ii)Nylon-6>PVC>Neoprene.
1M
Ans. Neoprene is non inflammable due to the presence of a large number of halogen
atoms.
13.How are polymer classified on the basis of method of preparation?Explain giving
example.
2M
Ans.
(CF2 CF2)n
2M
Ans. The steps involved in the free radical polymerization of ethane are given below :
(i)Chain initiation :
(ii)Chain propogation :
2M
Ans.The are 3 different types based upon the structure of the polymer:
(i)Linear polymer: Polymer consisting of straight and long chains.e.g..,high density
polyethene,PVC etc. They are represented as:
(ii) Branched chain polymer:These polymer contain linear chain having some
branches.eg.
low density plyethene etc. They are depicted as
CHAPTER 16
1M
Ans. Board spectrum antibiotics are effective against several different types of
Harmful batteries e.g., Chloramphenicol can be used in case of typhoid
, dystery, acute fewer, urinary infection and pneum, onia.
Q10.Why is cimetidine and ranitidine better than sodium bicarbonate and
Magnesium hydroxide?
2M
Ans. NaHCO3 and Mg (OH)2 if used in excess make the stomach Ph. alkaline and
Triggers the release of even more HCl which may cause ulcers in the stomach .On
The other hand cimetidine and ranitide prevents the interaction of histamine with
Receptors cells in the stomach wall and thus release lesser amount of HCl.
Q11. (i) What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?
(ii) What are food preservatives?
2M
Ans. (i). 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol-water mixture is known as tincture of iodine
It is powerful antiseptic
(iii) Food preservatives are chemical substances that prevent spoilage of
food due to microbial growth. e.g., salt, sugar, oil sodium benzoate.
Q12. What is biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergent? Give one example
for each?
2M
Ans. Detergent having straight chain hydrocarbon are degraded easily by microorganisms
and are called biodegradable detergent. e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate.
Detergent congaing branched hydrocarbons are not degraded easily by microorganism,
and therefore accumulate in water ways and rivers causing pollution, are called nonbiodegradable. e.g., sodium-4-(1, 3, 5, 7-tetramethyloctyl) benzenesulphonate.
Q13.Describe the following with one example each: (i).Tranquilizers (ii).Artifertility
drug?
2M
Ans. (i).Tranquilizers is neurologically active drugs. They are used for the treatment of
stress and mild or even severe mental diseases. They relieve anxiety, stress, and
excitement by inducing a sense of wellbeing .they form essential components of sleeping
pills, e.g., Noradrenaline.
(ii).Artifertility drug are those which are used to control the birth rate they contain
essentially a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone drivtives.Progesterone
hormones suppresses ovulation .e.g., Norethindrone+ethynylestradiol.
Q14. (i)What problems arise in using all-time as an artificial sweetener?
(ii).If water contains dissolved calcium hydrohencarbonte, out of soaps and
detergents which one will you use for cleaning clothes and why?
2M
Ans. (i).Altima is a high potency sweetener and is also comparatively more stable, but
control of sweetener of food is difficult while using it.
Q15. What are analgesics? How are they classified? Explain giving example? 3M
Ans. Analgesics reduce or abolish plane without causing impairment of consciousness
metal confusion incoordination or paralysis or some other disturbance of nervous system.
They are classified as
(i).Non-narcotic analgesics-Aspirin and paracetamol belongs to this class, They are
effective in relieving skeletal pain .They also act as antipyretic and also prevent platelet
coagulation.
(ii). Narcotic analgesics-Morphine and many of its homologous when administrated in a
medicinal doses, relieve pain and induce sleep .In higher doses ,they produce
stupor,coma,convulsions and ultimately death .They are generally used for the relief of
post-operative pain ,cardiac pain, pains of terminal cancer and in child birth.