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5.1 Stabilisation
5.1 Stabilisation
1 Stabilisation
Faecal sludge collected from bucket or vault latrines has a very high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and
is generally putrid and odorous. Primary and secondary sludges from an activated sludge treatment plant also
have a high BOD and may be difficult to dewater. Even sludge from a septic tank, which has undergone
bacterial decomposition over at least a year, still has a high BOD. Stabilisation is the term used to denote the
process of BOD reduction. The stabilisation process can be carried out under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
Aerobic stabilisation of primary and secondary sludges can be carried out in an aeration tank in the same
manner as in an activated sludge process. Because of the high oxygen requirement, this process is energy
intensive and costs are high. Aerobic stabilisation requires less energy when carried out as part of a
composting process. For composting of sludge, its solids content should be increased to at least 15 % so that
it can be handled as a solid. Thickening and dewatering (see below) of primary and secondary sludges are
required to achieve the required solids content. Faecal sludge may contain high enough solids. Mixing with dry
materials such as dry sawdust may assist with achieving the required solids content as well attaining the
required carbon to nitrogen ratio for composting.
5.2 Composting
Composting is an aerobic bacterial decomposition process to stabilise organic wastes and produce humus
(compost). Compost contains nutrients and organic carbon which are excellent soil conditioners. Composting
takes place naturally on a forest floor where organic materials (leaf litter, animal wastes) are converted to more
stable organic materials (humus) and the nutrients are released and made available for plant uptake. The
process is slow on a forest floor, but can be accelerated under optimum conditions.
The optimum conditions for composting are a moisture content of about 50 %, a carbon to nitrogen ratio of
about 25 to 30, and temperature of 55 oC. Because wastewater sludge is rich in nutrients, its carbon to
nitrogen ratio is low (5 to 10). It is also high in moisture. Addition of dry sawdust, which is very high in carbon to
nitrogen ratio (500) can adjust both the moisture and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Other waste materials that can
be used for this purpose are mulched garden wastes, forest wastes and shredded newspaper.
Composting can be carried out in a specially built composter, such as an inclined rotating cylinder, fed on one
end with the raw materials, and the aerated product collected at the other end. As the materials are slowly
tumbled over a period of about one week, they are mixed and aerated. Because bacterial decomposition
produces heat, temperatures in the insulated composter can easily reach 55oC. The immature compost is then
windrowed for at least 12 weeks to allow the composting process to complete, with occasional turning of the
windrow.
Heavy metals and toxic chemicals are difficult to remove from sludge. Preventing these chemicals from
entering the wastewater or sludge should be the aim of wastewater management for sludge intended for reuse
in agriculture or horticulture. Reuse may still be possible for purposes such as mine site rehabilitation, highway
landscaping or for landfill cover. Sludge that has been conditioned for reuse is called biosolidsE/p>
Conversion of sludge, which is heavily contaminated by heavy metals or toxic chemicals, to oil is technically
feasible (Enersludge process). A full-scale plant is operating in Perth, Western Australia (Bridle et al., 2000).
The conversion is by a pyrolysis process, heating dried sludge to a high temperature in the absence of oxygen
or with a controlled amount of oxygen. Capital and running costs of an oil from sludge process are high.
5.7 Sludge disposal
Final or ultimate disposal of sludge, which cannot be reused, is by landfilling or incineration. Since sludge for
landfilling usually contains heavy metals or toxic chemicals, lining of the landfill with clay or plastic liner may be
required to prevent contamination of groundwater. Incineration of sludge is by a multiple hearth furnace or
fluidised bed furnace. Energy input is required to dry the sludge before combustion is self-sustaining.
Combustion flue gases usually need treatment to meet air pollution control standards. Investment and
operating costs are high.
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