FM 7260
FM 7260
for
Electrostatic Finishing
Equipment
Foreword
The FM Approvals certification mark is intended to verify that the products and services described
will meet FM Approvals stated conditions of performance, safety and quality useful to the ends of
property conservation. The purpose of Approval Standards is to present the criteria for FM Approval
of various types of products and services, as guidance for FM Approvals personnel, manufacturers,
users and authorities having jurisdiction.
Products submitted for certification by FM Approvals shall demonstrate that they meet the intent of
the Approval Standard, and that quality control in manufacturing shall ensure a consistently uniform
and reliable product. Approval Standards strive to be performance-oriented. They are intended to
facilitate technological development.
For examining equipment, materials and services, Approval Standards:
a)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Applicability of Other Standards ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Basis for FM Approval ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Basis for Continued Approval .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Basis for Requirements ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.7 Effective Date .................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.8 System of Units ................................................................................................................................................................. 3
2. DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3
3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 4
3.1 Marking ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
3.2 Instruction Manual and Other Labeling ........................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Required Documentation ................................................................................................................................................... 6
4. PERFORMANCE AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................ 7
4.1 Spray Applicator ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.2 Metal and Conductive Parts .............................................................................................................................................. 7
4.3 Parts Secured by Hand ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.4 Connection Cable .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
4.5* Spray Applicator Switches .............................................................................................................................................. 8
4.6 Examination ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.7 Adjustable Parts ................................................................................................................................................................. 8
4.8 Grounded Fluid Supply and Column ............................................................................................................................... 8
4.9 Arc Carbonizing ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
4.10 Handheld Spray Applicator Operating at High Pressure ............................................................................................... 9
4.11 Waterborne Systems ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
5. PERFORMANCE TESTS AND EVALUATION OF HAND HELD ELECTROSTATIC FINISHING
EQUIPMENT (NONINCENDIVE) ......................................................................................................................................... 9
5.1* Spark Ignition Apparatus and Test ............................................................................................................................... 10
5.2 Material Compatibility .................................................................................................................................................... 11
5.3* Arc Carbonizing Test .................................................................................................................................................... 11
5.4 High Voltage Dielectric Tests ......................................................................................................................................... 12
5.5 Drop Test ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
5.6 Pressure Test .................................................................................................................................................................... 13
5.7 Cable Pull Test ................................................................................................................................................................ 13
5.8 Temperature Test ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
5.9* Impact Test .................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.10* Current Limiting Elements ......................................................................................................................................... 14
6. PERFORMANCE TESTS AND EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC ELECTROSTATIC FINISHING
EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1 Test Apparatus ................................................................................................................................................................. 15
6.2 Automatic Spray Applicator ........................................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 Tests ................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
6.4 Multiple Automatic Spray Applicator Systems .............................................................................................................. 17
7. OPERATIONS REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 18
7.1 Demonstrated Quality Control Program ......................................................................................................................... 18
7.2 Facilities and Procedures Audit (F&PA) ........................................................................................................................ 18
8. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
APPENDIX A: INFORMATION RELATED TO SPECIFIC PARAGRAPHS IN THIS STANDARD ......................... 20
APPENDIX B: UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ....................................................................................................................... 22
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Notice: The Asterisk (*) following the subsection number signifies that explanatory
material on that paragraph appears in the Appendix.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
This standard serves as the basis for FM Approval of Electrostatic Finishing Equipment.
1.2 Scope
1.2.1* This standard contains the basic requirements for the construction and testing of Electrostatic Finishing
Equipment. This standard does not include powder applicators that function using the principles of
tribo-electric charging of the powder particles.
1.2.2 The requirements of this standard apply to the following equipment types whereby the spray material
originates from applicators of the automatic (reciprocator or robot) and manual (hand-held) type. This
equipment is used for the application of solvent paints or dry powders using grounded spray material
supply systems, or waterborne systems.
Electrostatic Finishing Equipment for use with waterborne spray materials using ungrounded spray
material columns is also addressed by this standard. However, any reference to spark ignition testing is not
applicable for these types of systems, as waterborne spray material is not considered to be an ignition
hazard. Waterborne systems covered by this standard are examined for affording protection against electric
shock, fire and injury where the spraying area is not a hazardous (classified) location. See definitions.
1.2.3 This standard anticipates the submittal of Electrostatic Finishing Equipment for use in an ambient
temperature range of 32F to 104F (0C to 40C). Systems with operating parameters outside this
temperature range will be the subject of special investigation.
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2. DEFINITIONS
The following definitions, specific to electrostatic paint and powder spray applicator and associated apparatus,
are applicable to this standard:
2.1 Electrical Equipment All items applied as a whole or in part for the utilization of electrical energy. These
include, among others, items for the generation, transmission, storage, measurement, regulation, conversion,
and consumption of electrical energy and items for telecommunications.
2.2 Maximum Surface Temperature The highest temperature which is attained in service under the most
unfavorable conditions (but within tolerances) by any surface of the electrical equipment.
Note: The most unfavorable conditions include recognized overloads and fault conditions specified in the
Standard for the type of protection concerned.
2.3 Rating The designed performance of the electrical equipment.
2.4 Electrostatic Finishing Equipment Equipment for producing, charging and depositing suspended particles
with the assistance of electric fields. In general the equipment may consist of, but is not restricted to, the
following items: spray applicator, the high voltage generator and connecting cable.
2.4.1 Automatic Spray Applicator: Spray applicator which is designed to be attached to a mechanical
support or manipulator, including robotic devices, and from which the electrostatically charged
spray material emerges.
2.4.2 Handheld Spray Applicator: spray applicator which is designed to be held and operated by the hand
and from which the electrostatically charged spray material emerges.
2.4.3 High Voltage Electrode: a part of the spray applicator which is at high voltage for the purpose of
charging the spray material.
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2.4.4 High Voltage Generator: the part of the equipment for producing the high voltage and the current
required.
Note: The high voltage generator may, in certain cases, be incorporated in the spray applicator.
2.4.5 Connecting Cables: all electrical cables to the spray applicator, including any high voltage and/or
control cable.
2.5 Solvent-based Spray Material flammable or combustible liquids applied by means of the electrostatic
finishing equipment.
2.6 Water-based Spray Material A material that does not sustain burning when tested in accordance with
ASTM D 4206.
2.7 Spray Material Supply the equipment which supplies the spray material at rated pressure to the spray
applicator.
2.8 Pressure This standard considers low pressure systems to be those operating at less than 1000 psi, and
systems operating at or above 1000 psi to be high pressure systems. This is consistent with the requirements
of the Occupational, Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Safety and Health Standard 29 CFR 1926,
Paragraph 1926.302(b)(8), dated July, 1990.
2.9 UMAX the maximum rated voltage of the high voltage generator.
2.10 Spark For the purposes of Section 6 of this standard, is defined as release of electric energy that would
result in ignition of the respective paint or powder, test gas mixture if tested in accordance with 5.1.
3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Marking
Electrostatic Finishing Equipment shall be marked with the following information. Practical consideration shall
be given to alternate locations for the markings when insufficient space is available on any particular piece of
equipment.
3.1.1 Each piece of equipment comprising the Electrostatic Finishing Equipment shall be marked with the
following:
the name of the manufacturer or registered trade mark;
the manufacturers product identification, which shall be unique in order to ensure the proper safe use
of interconnected combinations of apparatus;
the FM Approval Mark (applied to each piece, e.g., applicator, power unit, cable).
Where the high voltage generator is a separate unit having appropriate space, it shall bear marking
identifying all apparatus comprising the Electrostatic Finishing Equipment. When labeled in this manner
each item of electrostatic finishing equipment need not bear the FM Approval Mark.
3.1.2 Product ratings, electrical and mechanical.
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3.1.3 The maximum operating temperature, or temperature range (Temperature Identification Code) referenced
to a 40C (104F) ambient according to the following table. Equipment which is Approved for Class I and
Class II shall be marked with the maximum operating temperature, as determined by simultaneous
exposure to the combinations of Class I and Class II conditions (i.e., dust-blanketing).
EXCEPTIONS
No. 1: Equipment of the non heat-producing type, such as
junction boxes, conduit, and fittings and equipment of the heat
producing type having a maximum temperature not more than
100C (212F) shall not be required to have a marked operating
temperature or temperature range (temperature identification
code).
No. 2: Equipment for use in Class II locations subject to overloading shall not exceed 150C (302F) in normal operation and
shall not exceed the ignition temperature of the specific rated dust
or 200C (392F), whichever is lower, when installed in locations
that are classified due to carbonaceous dusts.
Identification
Number code
Max Temperature
C F
Identification
Number Code
450 (842)
T1
180 (356)
T3A
300 (572)
T2
165 (329)
T3B
280 (536)
T2A
160 (320)
T3C
260 (500)
T2B
135 (275)
T4
230 (446)
T2C
120 (248)
T4A
215 (419)
T2D
100 (212)
T5
200 (392)
T3
85 (185)
T6
Compliance shall be verified by measurement based on the highest temperature which may be attained in
service under the most adverse conditions (but within rated values) by any part or surface of the
equipment. The most adverse conditions include overloads and fault conditions recognized in the specific
standard for the Type of Protection concerned.
3.1.4* The following statements, as applicable, shall appear adjacent to the FM Approval Mark:
a) For Electrostatic Finishing Applications using Class I, Group D, Spray Material. This statement
may be abbreviated to read: For Electro. Fin. Appl. CL. I, GP. D, Spray Matl.
b) For Electrostatic Finishing Applications using Class II, Spray Material. This statement may be
abbreviated to read: For Electro. Fin. Appl. CL. II, Spray Matl.
c) For Waterborne Electrostatic Finishing Applications. This statement may be abbreviated to read:
For Waterborne Electro. Finish. Appl.
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Production Drawings
Electrical Schematic(s).
Final Assembly drawing and parts lists.
Subassembly drawings or piece-part drawings as necessary to detail primary circuit components, operator
controls, enclosure design, and safety interlocks.
Other hardware such as hoses, cable, special tools, and the like.
Product label drawing(s) showing all required marking information. The label drawing should show
proposed artwork indicating the manufacturers name, location, model and serial numbers (or other means
of traceability), equipment ratings, warning markings, and the FM Approval Mark.
Protective Grounding Detail drawing(s) showing the method of protective grounding provided, including
location, size, and marking.
Documentation Control Specification showing proposed method of controlling documents which may be
identified as Critical documents by FM Approvals. These drawings will be identified by FM Approvals at the
conclusion of the Approval program. FM Approvals must be notified of changes to these documents via Form
797, Approved Product Revision Report.
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4.6 Examination
The Electrostatic Finishing Equipment shall be examined for conformance to the manufacturers drawings.
EXCEPTION
Waterborne systems. See Section 4.11.
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WARNING
Attention is drawn to the fact that tests contained in this standard
require precautions to ensure the safety of personnel carrying out
such tests.
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c) De-energizing the primary power input to the high voltage generator shall de-energize the high voltage
electrode.
Compliance is determined by monitoring to ensure that the high voltage electrode is de-energized, zero
volts as measured between the electrode and ground, within two seconds of removing primary power.
6.3 Tests
The following tests shall be carried out on any area of the automatic spray applicator which is energized and
likely to result in an electric spark to a grounded object, as represented by the test probe. Electric spark and its
location from the automatic spray applicator shall be determined by probing the automatic spray applicator while
it is energized using the grounded test probes described in Paragraph 6.1.
6.3.1 Safe Distance
ANSI/NFPA 33-1995 requires conveyors or hangers to be so arranged to maintain a safe distance of at least
twice the sparking distance between goods being finished and the automatic spray applicator.
The safe distance is determined by conducting either of the following.
The electrostatic finishing equipment shall be arranged or otherwise adjusted so as to maximize its output
from the high voltage generator. All automatic or other means for de-energizing the high voltage generator
(circuits) shall be rendered inoperable. The test probe to be used is described in Paragraph 6.1.1. The
distance between the test probe and the automatic spray applicator shall be reduced at a rate of 6 in./min
(152 mm/min) until a spark occurs and the resultant remaining distance between them shall be recorded.
The maximum distance at which sparking occurs, after repeating this procedure three times, shall be
defined as the sparking distance. The safe distance is defined as twice the sparking distance. A warning
sign defining the safe distance shall be provided by the manufacturer, to be displayed prominently in the
finishing area.
6.3.2 Automatic Means of De-energizing
The electrostatic finishing equipment shall provide an automatic means of rapidly de-energizing the high
voltage electrode to prevent a spark in the event the clearance between the objects or materials being
painted and the automatic spray applicator is reduced below the safe distance during normal operation and
start up. Protective circuits which may automatically reset (allow the high voltage circuit to reenergize) are
acceptable; however, they must also function to pass the following tests. The tests and compliance
requirements are stated in the following sections.
6.3.2.1 Provision shall be made so that the minimum distance measured between the probe, at its final
resting location, and the automatic spray applicator shall be adjusted to be 90% of the safe
distance. The electrostatic circuits and all automatic means of de-energizing the high voltage
electrode shall be operating. All automatic means, accessible to the operator, shall be set (adjusted)
at their least sensitive setting to cause high voltage circuits to de-energize. The 1 inch spherical
steel test probe shall be used for this test. The test probe shall approach the high voltage electrode
of the spray applicator from an initial distance not less than the safe distance, three times at a rate
of approximately 6 in./min (152 mm/min) and three times at a rate determined by setting the probe
up as a pendulum. The test probe shall also be suspended from a pivot point by the pendulum arm
through a distance equal to 500% of the sparking distance. The test probe shall pass through an
arc determined by dropping it from a point level with the pivot point with the pendulum arm fully
extended. The pendulum arm shall be conductive material such that the resistance from the test
probe to ground is less than one ohm. In each case de-energizing the high voltage electrode is
determined by monitoring a continuous decrease in the output of the high voltage generator.
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6.3.2.2 Provision shall be made so that the minimum distance measured between the probe, at its final
resting location, and the automatic spray applicator shall be adjusted to be 10% of the safe
distance. The electrostatic circuits and all automatic means of de-energizing the high voltage
electrode shall be operating. All automatic means shall be set (adjusted) at their least sensitive
setting to cause high voltage circuits to de-energize. The 1 inch spherical steel test probe shall be
used for this test. The test probe shall approach the high voltage electrode from an initial distance
not less than the safe distance. The test probe shall approach the automatic spray applicator three
times at a rate of 6 in./min (152 mm/min) and three times at a rate determined by setting the probe
up as a pendulum. The test probe shall be suspended from the pivot point by the pendulum arm
through a distance equal to 500% of the sparking distance. The test probe shall pass through an
arc determined by dropping it from a point level with the pivot point, with the pendulum arm fully
extended. The pendulum arm shall be conductive material such that the resistance from the test
probe to ground is less than one ohm. In each case the high voltage electrode is determined to have
rapidly de-energized by monitoring a continuous decrease in the output of the high voltage
generator, without the high voltage electrode sparking to the test probe.
6.3.2.3 The electrostatic circuits shall be energized and all automatic means shall be set (adjusted) at their
least sensitive setting to cause high voltage circuits to de-energize, and the high voltage output
setting shall be placed at its maximum position. Subsequent to these adjustments all circuits shall
be placed in the off state. The 1 inch spherical steel test probe shall be used for this test. The
distance from the test probe, at rest, to the automatic spray applicator shall be adjusted to be 10%
of the safe distance. There shall be no high voltage electrode spark to the test probe when the
circuits for electrostatic voltage and automatic means of de-energizing the high voltage electrode
are powered up and powered down (defined as one cycle) for three cycles with a 2 minute delay
between each cycle.
Compliance for the following items is determined by conducting the tests described in 6.3.2.1
thought 6.3.2.3.
to determine if there is an automatic means of de-energizing the high voltage electrode and
prevent a spark.
to determine if the speed at which de-energizing the high voltage electrode occurs is sufficient
to prevent a spark.
to determine if insufficient clearance shall cause an automatic means of de-energizing the high
voltage electrode and prevent a spark.
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7. OPERATIONS REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Demonstrated Quality Control Program
7.1.1 A Quality Control Program is required to assure that each subsequent unit produced by the manufacturer
shall present the same quality and reliability as the specific samples examined. Design quality, conformance to design, and performance are the areas of primary concern.
Design quality is determined during the examination and tests.
Conformance to design is verified by control of quality in the following areas:
Existence of corporate quality control guidelines
Incoming inspection and test
In-process inspection and test
Final inspection and test
Equipment calibration
Drawing and change control
Packaging and shipping
Quality of performance is determined by field performance and by reexamination and test.
7.1.2 The manufacturer shall establish a system of product configuration control to prevent unauthorized
changes, including, as appropriate:
Engineering drawings
Engineering change requests
Engineering orders
Change notices
These shall be executed in conformance with a written policy and detailed procedures. Records of all
revisions to all Approved products shall be kept.
7.1.3 The manufacturer shall assign an appropriate person or group to be responsible to obtain FM Approvals
authorization of all changes applicable to Approved products. FM Approvals Form 797, Approved Product
Revision Report or Address/Contact Change Notice, is provided to notify FM Approvals of pending
changes.
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8. REFERENCES
ANSI/NFPA 70, 1993 National Electrical Code.
ANSI/NFPA 33, 1995 Spray Application Using Flammable and Combustible Materials.
ANSI/NFPA 34, 1995 Dipping and Coating Processes.
CENELEC EN 50 050 Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. Electrostatic Hand-Held
Spraying Equipment.
CENELEC EN 50 059 Specification for Electrostatic Hand-Held Spraying Equipment for Non-Flammable
Material for Painting and Finishing.
BSI BS 6742 Electrostatic Painting and Finishing Equipment Using Flammable Materials.
SAA AS 2268 Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres Electrostatic Paint and Powder Spray Guns.
FM Approvals Standard 3611 Nonincendive Electrical Equipment for Use in Class I and II,
Division 2, and Class III, Divisions 1 and 2, Hazardous
(Classified) Locations
FM Approvals Standard 3810 Electrical and Electronic Test, Measuring and Process Control
Equipment.
OSHA Safety and Health Standard 29 CFR 1926, Paragraph 1926.302(b)(8).
ANSI/UL 1410, 1986 Television Receivers and High Voltage Video Products.
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APPENDIX A
INFORMATION RELATED TO
SPECIFIC PARAGRAPHS IN THIS STANDARD
Appendix A does not describe requirements of this standard, but is included for informational purposes only.
A1.2.1, A3.1.4 and A4.6 A typical manual electrostatic finishing system consists of a handheld spray applicator, the high voltage generator and connecting cable. In most applications of a manual system, except for the
hand spray applicator, all equipment is located outside of the hazardous location as defined by ANSI/NFPA 33,
Spray Application Using Flammable and Combustible Materials. In this situation the hand spray applicator is
located in the area defined as Class I or II, Division 1. Marking for the spray applicator identifies this suitability,
according to Paragraph 3.1.4. However, the handheld spray applicator is evaluated to determine that it is
designed so as not to produce a spark of sufficient intensity to ignite the most hazardous of those vapor-air
mixtures or powder-air mixtures likely to be encountered, under all normal operating conditions. The ANSI/
NFPA 33 further requires interlocking for power and ventilation to maintain vapor-air or powder-air concentrations below the lower explosive limits in the spray area and exhaust.
It would be inconsistent to consider the handheld spray applicator electrode spark intensity under normal
operating conditions, and treat another section of same device to more stringent criteria (i.e., trigger switch, or
other normally arcing devices integral to the handheld spray applicator). Therefore, the hand spray applicator and
its integral circuitry (i.e., trigger switches and the like), as required by Paragraph 4.5, are evaluated to also
determine that it is designed so as not to produce a spark of sufficient intensity to ignite the most hazardous of
those vapor-air or powder-air mixtures likely to be encountered, under all normal operating conditions.
A5.1 Ignition Test Apparatus The small test chamber in which the spray applicator is placed, and also
contains the explosive test gas mixture, is constructed of an insulating material. The insulating material is chosen
to minimize the unwanted corona effects which otherwise occur when grounded metal (except the grounded
metal test probe) is in close proximity to the high voltage energized electrode of the spray applicator. (If the metal
is ungrounded it may result in an undesirable high energy discharge). The corona effects are realized by a
reduction in electrode voltage and increase in electrode current supplied from the high voltage generator. Both
of these effects are considered to result in adversely affecting the spark ignition tests.
An automated grounded rotating test probe for use with this test apparatus was considered. The CENELEC and
Australian standards use this type of test probe. However the opinion stands that there is a physical limitation,
contributed to this arrangement, in achieving arc discharge from the spray applicator electrode that is not
encountered when compared to using a manually manipulated probe. Therefore the manually manipulated
grounded probe was considered to be more effective.
The electrostatic discharge occurring during this testing is known to produce ozone, a triatomic form of oxygen.
This production of ozone could result in an oxygen enriched mixture within the test chamber causing it to be
more easily ignitable, an unwanted side effect. It is understood that ozone is normally produced. However, this
occurs in a moving air environment. Therefore, to minimize the concentration of ozone and to be more
representative of operating conditions the gas flows continuously through the test chamber.
A5.1.1 Test Gas Mixture Propane is the generally accepted test gas for Class I, Division 1, Group D
hazardous location testing. The 5.25% propane-in-air test gas mixture is consistent with the requirements for
other equivalent hazardous locations. The 12% 0.1% methane-in-air test gas mixture is introduced here for the
testing of electrostatic powder equipment, and recognizes the difference and increased energy level necessary to
ignite powder as compared to solvent vapor in-air test gas mixtures. The 12% 0.1% mixture is also consistent
with other standards referenced in Section 8.
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A5.1.3 and A5.10 Current Limiting Elements Current limiting elements are typically resistors placed
between the output of the high voltage generator and the electrode of the spray applicator. This paragraph is
written in this manner so that it does not preclude other design concepts from being considered. Worst case, from
an ignition standpoint, is obtained by selecting these elements, within their tolerances, so as to maximize the
energy released in the spark ignition testing. In addition, for automatic spray applicators where continuous
grounding of the electrode may occur, the energy limiting element(s) shall be designed to dissipate the fault
(electrode shorted to ground) energy without harm to the element.
A5.1.4 Spray Material Fluid The electrode voltage and fluid conductivity are the significant factors affecting the highest available ignition energy. Based on this, conducting the test at the highest rated electrode voltage
and with fluid passages filled with fluid is considered to represent worst case. A specific test fluid is not stated
as the conductivity of a specified standard test fluid in its pure state may be too high for any given systems
design, and therefore not appropriate for all systems. Given these factors, it is necessary to choose a test fluid,
for any given system, which would have the highest conductivity and still not reduce the electrode voltage below
its nominally rated value. The fluid hose having the largest diameter shall be selected for testing purposes.
A5.3 Arc Carbonizing Tests It has been demonstrated that material carbonizing due to electrostatic
discharge results in an energy increase released in the subsequent arcs produced as a result of the carbonizing.
This is due to the fact that the material becomes relatively more conductive as a result of carbonizing. This
increased energy released in the arc discharge can result in ignition of the test gas rendering the spray applicator
unsafe. This test is conducted to determine if the materials concerned are susceptible to arc carbonizing.
A5.4.4 High Voltage Cable Without Conductive Sheath and A5.4.6 Material Supply Hose Without
Conductive Sheath The test potential used for this test, 2.0 UMAX plus 1000V, is for determining the
protective insulation characteristics of the cable or supply hose.
A5.9 Impact The test method described was settled on to be consistent with other standards for Class I and
II hazardous location equipment. The other standards referenced, such as CENELEC, give a table of impact
values. The absence of acquiring an explanation of the relationship between the impact energy of the table and
the described part, and the consistency among our own standards, are considered predominant factors for
deciding on the value stated.
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APPENDIX B
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
LENGTH:
in. inches
(mm millimeters)
TEMPERATURE:
F degrees Fahrenheit
(C degrees Celsius)
C = (F 32) 59
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