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CHAPTER 1.1 Blood PDF
CHAPTER 1.1 Blood PDF
Surface antigens
A antigens & B antigens on the RBC
Antibodies
A antibodies & B antibodies in the blood plasma
Rh blood systems
Another surface antigen called Rh factor,
found on the surface of red blood cells.
A person with Rh antigen on the RBC is said
to be Rh-positive (Rh+)
A person without the Rh antigen is said to be
Rh-negative (Rh-).
Rh blood systems
Rh-positive have Rh antigens on the RBC, but
do not have Rh antibodies in the blood
plasma.
Rh-negative do not have both (Rh antigens and
Rh antibody), but, they can produce Rh
antibodies over a period of several months,
after being exposed to the Rh-positive blood
SUMMARY
In general, blood typing involves determining
the ABO type and the presence or absence of
the Rh factor.
For example, B+ means blood type B and positive
for the Rh factor.
Transfusion Reaction
Any adverse effect of a blood transfusion.
Transfusion reaction includes
agglutination (the clumping together of red blood cells)
hemolysis (the bursting of red blood cells).
HEMOLYSIS
Blood compatibility
Blood type A can receive blood from type A and O.
Blood type B can receive blood from type B and O.
Blood type AB can receive blood from type A, B, AB
and O.
Blood type O can receive blood from type O only.
Transfusion reaction
Blood transfusion with incorrectly matched blood
can be fatal!
Example
type A blood receive type B,
the B antibodies of the recipient will attack the B antigens
from the donated blood.
Transfusion reaction will occur.
The
antigen-antibody
reaction
will
cause
agglutination or hemolysis of RBC.
The clumps may block blood vessels and cause
organ damage or even death.
The hemoglobin released by damaged RBC can
block the kidney and lead to kidney failure.
Transfusion reaction
Persons who are Rh-positive can receive both
Rh+ve and Rh-ve
Persons who are Rh-negative can receive Rh-ve
only. Only can receive Rh+ve once.
When a person with Rh-ve blood receives Rh+ve blood for
the first time, no transfusion reaction will occur.
It is because initially his body has no Rh antibodies
When exposed to Rh+ve blood, he will start to produce Rh
antibodies BUT it takes several months.
When he receives Rh-positive blood for the second time
Rh antibodies will be ready to attack the Rh antigens from
the Rh+ve blood
Causing transfusion reaction to occur.
Effect of Rh factor on
pregnancy
If an Rh-ve woman marries a Rh+ve man, there is a
chance to have a Rh+ve baby.
During pregnancy or childbirth, the fetal Rh+ve blood
may leak into the mother's blood stream.
Mothers body will produce Rh antibodies to attack
the Rh+ve blood in the fetus.
There is no effect on the first baby because it takes
several months to produce the Rh antibodies.
However, the second Rh+ve baby, the Rh antibodies
produced will enter the fetal blood stream to cause fetal red
blood cells to swell and burst.
Effect of Rh factor on
pregnancy
This disease is called hemolytic disease of the
newborn (HDN),
characterized by reduced numbers of mature RBC and
elevated blood levels of bilirubin.
Leukemia
REFERENCES
Any reference book on Human Biology.
Any reference book on Biology.