This document contains a series of questions related to atomic structure and interatomic bonding. The questions cover topics such as electron configurations, quantum numbers, ionic and covalent bonding, and bond energies. Spreadsheet problems are also provided to calculate bond properties based on input parameters.
This document contains a series of questions related to atomic structure and interatomic bonding. The questions cover topics such as electron configurations, quantum numbers, ionic and covalent bonding, and bond energies. Spreadsheet problems are also provided to calculate bond properties based on input parameters.
This document contains a series of questions related to atomic structure and interatomic bonding. The questions cover topics such as electron configurations, quantum numbers, ionic and covalent bonding, and bond energies. Spreadsheet problems are also provided to calculate bond properties based on input parameters.
Fundamental Concepts Electrons in Atoms 2.1 Cite the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight. 2.2 Chromium has four naturally occurring isotopes: 4.34% of 50Cr, with an atomic weight of 49.9460 amu; 83.79% of 52Cr, with an atomic weight of 51.9405 amu; 9.50% of 53Cr, with an atomic weight of 52.9407 amu; and 2.37% of 54Cr, with an atomic weight of 53.9389 amu. On the basis of these data, confirm that the average atomic weight of Cr is 51.9963 amu. 2.3 (a) How many grams are there in one amu of a material? (b) Mole, in the context of this book, is taken in units of gram-mole. On this basis, how many atoms are there in a pound-mole of a substance? 2.4 (a) Cite two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom. (b) Cite two important additional refinements that resulted from the wave-mechanical atomic model. 2.5 Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four quantum numbers specify? 2.6 Allowed values for the quantum numbers of electrons are as follows: n 5 1, 2, 3, . . . l 5 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n 2 1 ml 5 0, ; 1, ; 2, ; 3, . . . , ; l ms 5 ; 21 The relationships between n and the shell designations are noted in Table 2.1. Relative to the subshells, l 5 0 corresponds to an s subshell l 5 1 corresponds to a p subshell l 5 2 corresponds to a d subshell l 5 3 corresponds to an f subshell
For the K shell, the four quantum numbers
for each of the two electrons in the 1s state, in the order of nlmlms, are 100 21 and 1001212 2 Write the four quantum numbers for all of the electrons in the L and M shells, and note which correspond to the s, p, and d subshells. 2.7 Give the electron configurations for the following ions: Fe21, Al31, Cu1, Ba21, Br2, and O22. 2.8 Sodium chloride (NaCl) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The Na1 and Cl2 ions have electron structures that are identical to which two inert gases? The Periodic Table 2.9 With regard to electron configuration, what do all the elements in Group VIIA of the periodic table have in common? 2.10 To what group in the periodic table would an element with atomic number 114 belong? 2.11 Without consulting Figure 2.6 or Table 2.2, determine whether each of the following electron configurations is an inert gas, a halogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition metal. Justify your choices. (a) 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2 (b) 1s22s22p63s23p6 (c) 1s22s22p5 (d) 1s22s22p63s2 (e) 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2 (f) 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 2.12 (a) What electron subshell is being filled for the rare earth series of elements on the periodic table? (b) What electron subshell is being filled for the actinide series? Bonding Forces and Energies 2.13 Calculate the force of attraction between a K1 and an O22 ion whose centers are separated by a distance of 1.5 nm. 2.14 The net potential energy between two adjacent ions, EN, may be represented by the sum
42 Chapter 2 / Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
of Equations 2.8 and 2.9; that is, A B EN 5 2 1 n r r
EN 5 2 (2.11)
Calculate the bonding energy E0 in terms of
the parameters A, B, and n using the following procedure: 1. Differentiate EN with respect to r, and then set the resulting expression equal to zero, because the curve of EN versus r is a minimum at E0. 2. Solve for r in terms of A, B, and n, which yields r0, the equilibrium interionic spacing. 3. Determine the expression for E0 by substituting r0 into Equation 2.11. 2.15 For a K 1 Cl 2 ion pair, attractive and repulsive energies EA and ER, respectively, depend on the distance between the ions r, according to 1.436 r 5.86 3 1026 5 r9
EA 5 2 ER
For these expressions, energies are expressed
in electron volts per K 1 Cl 2 pair, and r is the distance in nanometers. The net energy EN is just the sum of the preceding two expressions. (a) Superimpose on a single plot EN, ER, and EA versus r up to 1.0 nm. (b) On the basis of this plot, determine (i) the equilibrium spacing r0 between the K1 and Cl2 ions, and (ii) the magnitude of the bonding energy E0 between the two ions. (c) Mathematically determine the r0 and E0 values using the solutions to Problem 2.14 and compare these with the graphical results from part (b). 2.16 Consider a hypothetical X1Y2 ion pair for which the equilibrium interionic spacing and bonding energy values are 0.35 nm and 26.13 eV, respectively. If it is known that n in Equation 2.11 has a value of 10, using the results of Problem 2.14, determine explicit expressions for attractive and repulsive energies EA and ER of Equations 2.8 and 2.9. 2.17 The net potential energy EN between two adjacent ions is sometimes represented by the expression
C r 1 D exp a 2 b r r
(2.12)
in which r is the interionic separation and C,
D, and r are constants whose values depend on the specific material. (a) Derive an expression for the bonding energy E0 in terms of the equilibrium interionic separation r0 and the constants D and r using the following procedure: 1. Differentiate EN with respect to r and set the resulting expression equal to zero. 2. Solve for C in terms of D, r, and r0. 3. Determine the expression for E0 by substitution for C in Equation 2.12. (b) Derive another expression for E0 in terms of r0, C, and r using a procedure analogous to the one outlined in part (a). Primary Interatomic Bonds 2.18 (a) Briefly cite the main differences between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding. (b) State the Pauli exclusion principle. 2.19 Compute the percent ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the following compounds: TiO2, ZnTe, CsCl, InSb, and MgCl2. 2.20 Make a plot of bonding energy versus melting temperature for the metals listed in Table 2.3. Using this plot, approximate the bonding energy for copper, which has a melting temperature of 10848C. 2.21 Using Table 2.2, determine the number of covalent bonds that are possible for atoms of the following elements: germanium, phosphorus, selenium, and chlorine. 2.22 What type(s) of bonding would be expected for each of the following materials: brass (a copperzinc alloy), rubber, barium sulfide (BaS), solid xenon, bronze, nylon, and aluminum phosphide (AlP)? Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 2.23 Explain why hydrogen fluoride (HF) has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride (HCl) (19.48C vs. 2858C), even though HF has a lower molecular weight.
Questions and Problems 43
Spreadsheet Problems 2.1SS Generate a spreadsheet that allows the user to input values of A, B, and n (Equations 2.8, 2.9, and 2.11), and then does the following: (a) Plots on a graph of potential energy versus interatomic separation for two atoms/ions, curves for attractive (EA), repulsive (ER), and net (EN) energies, and
(b) Determines the equilibrium spacing (r0)
and the bonding energy (E0). 2.2SS Generate a spreadsheet that computes the percent ionic character of a bond between atoms of two elements, once the user has input values for the elements electronegativities.