PSPICE Simulation of Three-Phase Inverters by Means of Swiching Functions (Salazar Joós)
PSPICE Simulation of Three-Phase Inverters by Means of Swiching Functions (Salazar Joós)
I. INTRODUCTION
0 1994 IEEE
36
TABLE I
TYPICAL
PARAMETERS
A N D GUIDELINES
TO SIMULATE
POWERCONVERTER
CIRCUITS
ON PSPICE (10 kW 100 kW)
.MODEL
.OPTIONS
DIODE
BIPOLAR
MOSFET
RELTOL:
ITL5=O
Notes:
1. The switching signal (PULSE) should he defined with a rise and fall time different from zero.
2. The Mosfet switch execute faster than the bipolar switch and presents less convergence problems.
3. Voltage and current controlled switches run slower than mosfet switches and present convergence
problems.
4. Use of controlled source to replace the non-linear active device and integrated analog circuit.
5. Large resistors must be used in parallel with current sources and inductors.
6. Floating nodes are eliminated by using a large resistor to ground (node 0).
7. R-C circuits are useful to minimize ringing oscillation and convergence problems.
8. Use small resistors in series with voltage sources.
SPICE
VSll
SCH
$"'+,
DM
XJDP
IDP
ZSWDV
X3DN
1DN
5'
1
15
Simulation at the system level is concerned with the design verification and performance analysis of the converter
as a module, and its interaction with the respective input
source, load or other converter if any, in the complete system.
Accurate models for the converter switch are not required
at this level of simulation. Instead, each converter can be
simulated as a multiport network, wherein the time solution
of the currents and voltages, in the input and output terminal,
constitute the main objectives of the analysis. The transfer
function of this multiport network can be easily simulated on
PSPICE by using controlled sources in the Analog Behavioral
Modeling option (ABM). The models for simulation at the
system level using this approach are presented in the next
section.
111. CONVERTER
MODELS
A . Transfer Functions
Analytical models for the VSI, CSI, CVR and CCR are
derived by using the transfer function concept for a generalized
converter [ 3 ] .The converter as a non-linear multiport network
has three ports: dc, ac, and control. The dc and ac ports can
37
1.5
0.5
Vfc)
0
0
IV
*)
v v v v v v v v v vv- v
v v v v VI
-0.5
os
I
IomS
5m9
I5ms
2oms
I
os
loms
5ms
Isms
2oms
b)
TIMEOF A HALFBRIDGE
DC-DC CONVERTER
USINGDIFFERENT
SWITCHES
PSPICE SIMULATION
SWITCH
Bipolar (*)
Mosfet (8)
Controlled Source
TIME
25.02 sec
17.90 sec
13.24 sec
SPEED FACTOR
1.oo
1.39
1.89
d)
-400
VkY)
os
5na
IOma
l5mS
zoms
Fig. 3. Simulation results for the VSI system shown in Fig. 2. (a) Sinusoidal
PWM generation; (b) two-level switching function
I - (r ) ) . (c) DC-link
capacitor voltage ( I - ( / .1 1 ) ) and VSI input current ( J ( L / / )- I ( C i ) ) .(d)
Line-to-line output voltage ( I - ( . r . y ) ) and line output current ( I ( L 1 ) ) .
(s%.
B. SMYtching Functions
The signals applied to the control input port are two-level
or three-level switching functions (SFs). Examples for both
are shown in Fig. 4. A two-level SF ( s 2 ) is used to generate
the ac output leg voltage in a VSI, or the dc output current
in a CCR. Similarly, a three-level SF ( s 3 ) is used to generate
the ac output line current in a CSI, or the dc output voltage
in a VCR. Thus, these two types of SF can be considered
dual. By using the concept of switching functions, and with
the assumptions of no losses and no parasitic reactive elements
in the converter, the functional representation of various types
of converters is derived, as shown in the next sections.
.OPTIONS
RELTOL = 0.01 ITL5 = 0
.TIME
2 p s 100 p s 0 2 p s
values given in Table I
.MODEL
Operating Conditions:
= ohm, L = 200 L l ~ vin
,
=
v
Frequency = 2o k ~ z D~~~
,
cycle = 50%
(*) A dead time of 2 c i s is required
in vectorial form:
Output (ac) : ij,(t) = w i ( t ) . & ( t )
Input (dc) : i i ( t ) = & ( t ) T. &?(t)
(1)
(2)
;,(t) = i ; ( t ) . i 3 ( t )
v ; ( t ) = 60(t)T. .+3(t)
(3)
(4)
38
ii(t)
il(t) = ia(t)*SZa(t)
iZ(1) = ib(t)*SZb(t)
i3(t) = ic(l)*SZc(I)
el(t) = va(t)*S3a(t)
eZ(t) = vb(t)*S3b(t)
e3(1) = vc(t)*S3c(t)
ea@)= vi(t)*SZa(t)
eqt) = vi(t)*S2b(t)
ec(1) = vi(t)*S2C(l)
ia(t) = ii(t)*S3a(t)
ib(t) = ii(t)*S3b(t)
ic(t) = ii(t)*S3c(t)
CSI
VSl
il(t) = ia(t)*SZa(t)
12(t) = Ib(t)*SZb(t)
a ( t ) = lC(t)*S2C(t)
e2(t) = vb(I)*S3b(t)
e3(t) = vc(t)*S3c(t)
ea@) = vi(t)*SZa(t)
eqt) = vl(t)*S2b(t)
=(I) = VI(t)*S2C(t)
ia(t) = io(l)*S3a(t)
ib(t) = io(t)*S3b(t)
ic(t) = io(t)*S3c(t)
CERR 1620.001 UF
CCR
VCR
VH 50{ VHYST}
RVH 5010
XCPN 16260 CPNF
i z ( t )= i o ( t ). i 3 ( t )
v o ( t ) C,(t)' . i 3 ( t )
1
(5)
(6)
. i&t)
.&(t)
(7)
(8)
G. PSPICE Implementation
Using the ABM option in PSPICE, the implementation of
the converter macromodels shown in Fig. 5 (see Appendix 11)
can be done directly. In this option the controlling function of
the controlled Fource, E and G, can be defined as a mathematical expression in standard notation using the keyword VALUE.
The mathematical expression can contain the variable TIME
and any mixture of voltages and current. The standard SPICE
polynomial function operator (POLY) can also be employed.
However. the syntax for specifying the polynomial is quite
difficult to use. Also, many other transfer functions are not
well represented by polynomials.
39
+
Fig. 8. Example 3, input file CSI2.SCH.
PROBE
v.
.LIBC\PEL\LIB.cIR
APPLICATION
EXAMPLES
AND SIMULATION RESULTS
c
I l l
MSIR
3HYs PARMI:
E 46 VALUE = { [ ABS(V(1)
V(2))
+ ABS(V(2)
V(3))
V(1))IPl
In this example, a 1 kHz sinusoidal PWM modulator (SUBCIRCUIT 3PWM) is employed to generate a three-phase,
two-level switching function. The modulation index and the
frequency are varied by changing the values of the voltage
sources Vm (magnitude) and Vf (frequency). The schematic
input file is shown in Fig. 6. Table I11 compares the run times
ABS(V(3)
40
350
200
600,
.. . .
os
400,
5ms
loznS
..
2omS
15ms
400
I
os
5mS
l5ms
(b)
(b)
Fig. 1 I .
l
b
300 I
0
I
u l u u u u u u u u l
U U
400
(I(Li)-l(Ci))*2
I
200
200
0
-100
os
I
5ms
l h
I5ms
2oms
os
Sms
(b)
Fig. 12. Simulation results for Example 2 (see Fig. 7).
for the VSI systems shown in Figs. 2 and 6. The first result is
for the simulation of the VSI with the simplified switch model
shown in Fig. 1, and the second corresponds to the proposed
converter macromodel of Fig. 5 (a). Notice that an important
reduction in the run time is achieved by using the converter
macromodels. The time step can also be increased to speed up
the simulation. Moreover, Fig. 11 displays input and output
waveforms, and confirms that the converter macromodel gives
the same results as those shown in Fig. 3.
lomS
l5ms
2oms
(b)
Model
Controlled Source
Fig. I , Fig. 2
Converter Model
Fig. 5(a), Fig. 6
.TIME Statement
100 ps 20 ms 100 p s
1 p s 20 ms 10 ps
761.10 s
436.38 s
240.79 s
59.54 s
41
200,
APPENDIX I
SCHEMATIC
LIBRARY
FILEUSEDIN ORCAD
450
(PEL.LIB)
U
XPWM 3PWM
(b)
Fig. 15.
X3H 3HYS
F . Perforniaizce Analysis
Different circuit parameters have been computed for the
previous examples from the data generated in the simulation by
using the post-processor (PROBE). These parameters include
the average, rms and peak values, the harmonic contents,
distortion factor and power factor. These values were checked
against the results obtained with exact modeling of the converter system and with experimental set-ups. Close agreement
was found, confirming the validity of the macromodels proposed in this paper.
VI. CONCLUSION
In order to optimize the run times and the amount of memory required, and to reduce convergence problems in computer
simulations of three-phase converter circuits using SPICE,
appropriate modeling must be used. This includes the physical
micromodel at the switch level, the switch macromodel at
the single converter level, and the converter macromodel at
the system level. In this paper macromodels which simulate
standard three-phase VSI's. CSI's, VCRs and CCR's at the
system level have been proposed and evaluated for use on
the PSPICE simulation package. These models greatly reduce
the computational times without affecting the accuracy of
the results obtained for converter input and output variables.
SUBCIRCUITS
APPENDIX I1
LIBRARY
USED IN PSPICE (LIB.CIR)
REFERENCES
[ I ] P Wood. Theot? of Suijching Power Converter, New York Van
Nomand-Reinhold, 198l
[Z] P D Ziogas. Synthesis of optimum gain functions for static power
converters, IEEE Trans Itid A p p ( , vol IA-19, pp. 401408, May/June
1983.
[3] E. P Wiechmann, P. D Ziogas and V. R. Stefanovic, Generalized
functional model for three phase PWM inverter/rectifier converters,
Cotif Rec IEEE /AS 86, pp. 9 8 4 9 9 3 , 1986.
141 P. D Ziogas, E P. Wiechman and V. R. Stefanovic, A computer aided
analysis and design approach for static voltage \ource inverters,/EEE
Tiatis I d Appl , vol IA-21, pp. 1234-1240, Sept./Oct. 1985
[5] D Vincenti, M Boost, P D. Ziogas dnd R. V Patel, A novel simulation
progrdm for power electronics equipment, Can J Elecr Comp Eng ,
vol 14. DD. 89-97. 1989.
B. T. Odi: J. C. Salmon, J. W. Dixon and A. B. Kulkami, A threephase controlled current PWM converter with leading power factor,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.. vol. IA-23, pp. 78-84, Jan./Feb. 1987.
PSPICE Manual, CA: MicroSim Corp.
V. Bello, Computer-modelling the pulse with modulated (PWM) inverter, Pou<ercon7. Mar. 24-27, 1980.
B. Epler. Spice2 application notes for dependent sources, IEEE
Circ,rtit.rDevices Mag.. pp. 3 4 4 4 , Sept. 1987.
L. D. Salazar, P. D. Ziogas and D. Vincenti, Simple models for spice
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ORCAD/SDT 111 Addendum, Hillsboro, OR: ORCAD Systems Corp.