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Engleski 6 Prevod
Engleski 6 Prevod
cast into bars called pigs. As it contains some impurities and a relatively large
amount of carbon, this pig iron cannot be used directly but requires additional
processing and refining before it becomes cast iron, wrought iron or steel,
WROUGHT IRON contains the least amount of carbon of any of the ferrous
metals used commercially. It is manufactured in a puddling furnace. To make
wrought iron, pig iron is melted on the hearth of the reverberatory or puddling
furnace which is lined with iron oxide. This process brings about the almost
complete removal of the carbon, silicon, and manganese. As the carbon is
removed, the fusion temperature of the iron rises it becomes pasty and can be
rolled up in balls and removed from the furnace. It is then squeezed through
rollers to remove most of the excess slag. The wrought iron is rolled into muck
bars and finally into commercial forms. Wrought iron is soft, tough and
malleable. It is ideal for ornamental work, as it is rust resisting, easily shaped,
and may be easily welded.
i metalnih
9. STEEL-MAKING PROCESSES
operation, a charge of limestone and scrap is placed in the one end near top of
the furnace, ignites, and directed downward and over the metal. After the scrap
metal is nearly melted down- this usually takes about two hours hot metal (pig
iron) from the blast furnace is added, and the refinement of the metal continues.
Most of the silicon and the greater part of the manganese are oxidized and
combine with the limestone and other nonmetallic elements to form a slag,
which floats on top, thus protecting the metal from the direct action of the flame.
The carbon is gradually removed in the form of gas, which combines with the
air of the furnace.
This process is much slower than the Bessemer process, requiring about 10
hours for each charge, but the slowness of the process makes possible a high
degree of control of the quality of the steel.
THE ELECTRIC ARC PROCESS. The electric furnace is a cylindrical bowlshaped hearth usually built to tilt to make loading and unloading easy. Generally,
Magnetic materials, such as iron and steel, when placed within the area of an
alternating magnetic field, are heated by both hysteresis and eddy current losses.
Hysteresis loss is caused by friction among the molecules of the material as they
move within the metal in the magnetic field. The magnitude of this hysteresis
loss and the heat created by it, is proportional to the frequency of the magnetic
field.
Violent stirring of the molten charge, as indicated by the arrows in Fig 10-2, is
produced by the interaction of the eddy currents with the high-frequency field.
Since lower frequencies are most efficient for stirring, many modern furnaces
have two frequencies applied to the coil, a high frequency for rapid melting, and
a low frequency for rapid stirring. The stirring action keeps the slag on the
surface agitated, providing openings in the slag layer through which entrapped
gases may escape. These electric furnaces are being used to produce high
quality steels, such as ball bearing , stainless, magnet and tool steels.
Working rolls may be either smooth (for sheet rolling) or grooved (for sections
of various shapes).
joint consists of a yoke on each shaft connected by a central bar. Almost always
universal joints are used in pairs with equal angles in the two joints. The use of
equal angles provides uniform angular velocity in the driven shaft.
KEYS. Keys are used to prevent relative motion between a shaft and machine
elements such as gears, pulleys, sprockets, cams, levers, flywheels, impellers,
and so on. The particular type of key specified will depend upon the magnitude
of the torque transmitted, type of loading (that is, steady, varying, or oscillatory),
fit required, limiting shaft stress, and cost.
The simplest key shape is the square key. Half the height of the key lies in the
shaft and the other half in the hub of the machine element. In addition to the
square key, the round-end key, the taper key, and rhe Woodruff key of Fig 12-2
are also used.
SPLINES. Splines are a series of teeth cut into the surface of a shaft in the axial
direction which mate with a series of keyways cut into the hub of the mounted
part. Splines are used instead of keys when a sliding connection is required and
when heavy torque loads, especially reversing loads, are present, as in power
takeoffs. To ensure sliding under load, the bearing stress against the slides of the
splines is usually limited to 100 psi.