Professional Documents
Culture Documents
John Verano. War and Death in The Moche
John Verano. War and Death in The Moche
War and Death in the Moche World: Osteological Evidence and Visual Discourse
Author(s): JOHN W. VERANO
Source: Studies in the History of Art, Vol. 63, Symposium Papers XL: Moche Art and
Archaeology in Ancient Peru (2001), pp. 110-125
Published by: National Gallery of Art
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/42622317
Accessed: 05-01-2016 02:48 UTC
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
National Gallery of Art is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Studies in the History of Art.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
/';-=09
)(8*=-0/']
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
JOHN W. VERANO
TulaneUniversity
War
and
Osteological
Death
in
the
Evidence
Moche
and
World:
Visual
Discourse
iii
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
i . Mocheone-on-one
combat
scene.Roll-out
from
drawing
a painting
ona vesselinthe
collection
ofMr.andMrs.
Nicholas
Los
Gessler,
Angeles
McClelland
Drawing
byDonna
some formof ritualized combat among the
Moche elite- not as depictions of conquest
or warfare with non-Moche polities. This
interpretationis based on a numberof common elements in these scenes, such as the
number and placement of figures, their
clothing, ornamentationand weapons, the
location in which combat takes place, and
the apparentfocus on takingcaptives rather
than killing the enemy. Scenes showing the
displayof captives and theirsacrificeat rituals presided over by Moche supernaturais
provideadditionalsupportforthe hypothesis
that Moche combat was formalized and
ritualin nature.
Donnan sees similarities between the
iconographyof combat and of deerhunting,a
ritualized activitythat appears to have been
reservedforthe Moche elite (Donnan 1997).
Hocquenghem(1987),and morerecentlyJohn
and Theresa Topic (Topic and Topic 1997) see
similaritieswith historicalaccounts of ceremonial combat among the young nobles of
Inca Cuzco, and with ritual battles among
modernhighlandgroupsin Ecuador (pucara)
and Peru (tinku). A significantdistinction
between these ritual battles and the Moche
case, however,is that most injuriesincurred
in ritual battles are minor (althoughdeaths
can occur), and prisoners,if taken, are later
returned.In the Moche case, the stakes were
considerablyhigher,as prisonersapparently
did not returnhome. Whetherthese ritual
battles are appropriateanalogies for Moche
combat can be questioned on a number of
grounds. Let us firstexamine the principal
iconographieelementsof Moche combat and
relatedscenes involvingthe presentationand
sacrificeof captives.
Combat Scenes
Kutscher,Donnan, Hocquenghem,and others
have noted a numberof common themes in
Moche combat scenes. First,combat is presented almost invariably as a face-to-face
encounter between paired opponents who
fight with close-range weapons- typically
clubs (fig.1). Althoughindividualsoccasionally carrylonger-rangearms such as spearthrowersand slings, these are rarelyshown
being used against an opponent. This is in
clear distinction to Moche deer hunting
scenes, in which the spear-throweris the
principalweapon used. Some combat scenes
show slings apparentlylying on the ground
near figuresengaged in combat, suggesting
that these longer-rangeweapons may have
been used initiallyand later abandoned (fig.
2). However,discardedspears or sling stones
are not shown in these scenes. Overall, the
proximityofopponentsand theweapons they
hold emphasize close-infighting.
Donnan (1997) notes thatwomen,children
or other noncombatants do not appear in
112 VERANO
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
2.Combat
sceneshowing
scattered
andceramic
slings
vessels
asbackground
elements.
Roll-out
drawing
from
a painting
ona vessel
intheMuseum
frVlkerBerlin
kunde,
(VA-18397)
after
1987:
Drawing
Hocquenghem
84
fig.
sceneinvolving
3.Combat
twogroups
withdistinctive
dress
andweaponry.
Roll-out
from
a painting
ona
drawing
vesselintheMuseum
fr
Berlin
Vlkerkunde,
After
Kutscher
21
1954:
plate
VERANO 113
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
oftheir
4-Prisoners,
stripped
andweapons,
are
clothing
ledfrom
thefield
ofbattle.
Roll-out
from
a
drawing
ona Mochevessel
painting
ina private
collection
McClelland
Drawing
byDonna
Although splayed (presumablydead) figures
occasionally appear in combat scenes, they
are rare. There are no examples of victims
piercedbyspears- somethingcommonlyseen
in deer hunting- nor are there any illustrations showing the dispatching,decapitating
or dismemberingof victims on the battlefield. What is typicallyshown is the overpowering or stunningof an opponent,who
frequentlyloses his helmet, headdress,and
other items, and is grabbedby the hair and
taken captive. The victor strips the vanquished of his weapons and elaborate clothing, which he then hangs fromhis own war
club. The victorthen places a rope over the
captive's neck and parades him away (fig.4).
II4
VERANO
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
of
5. Anarraignment
Roll-out
prisoners.
drawing
ofa painting
ona vesselin
theAmerican
Museum
of
Natural
NewYork
History,
McClelland
Drawing
byDonna
6.TheSacrifice
Ceremony
ofa
Roll-out
scene.
drawing
inthe
vessel
on
a
painting
fr
Museum
Staatliches
Munich
(see
Vlkerkunde,
Introduction,
fig.4)
McClelland
byDonna
Drawing
verano
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
115
being accurate and realistic in their depictions. The very plausible alternative that
Moche artistswere presentingintentionally
simplified and idealized images of "noble
combat" among the elite has been largely
ignored.The recentdiscoveriesat Sipn and
San Josde Moro may have had the unfortunate effectof overextendingthe notion that
the Moche were depicting"events thatreally
"
happened, leadingto a searchforundue realism and literalityin Moche iconography.
If most armed combat shown in Moche
iconographyis indeed Moche against Moche
- as has been deduced fromcostumingand
weapons- the question remains as to who
the playerswere,and where theycame from.
Archaeological evidence now indicates that
prisonersacrificerituals were performedat
Moche ceremonial complexes up and down
the northcoast. This suggestsseveral possibilities. Valleys may have competed against
one another to obtain captives for their respectivetemples.Alternatively,combat may
have been arrangedbetweendifferent
centers
withina singlevalley or perhapsbetweendifferentwarriorsocieties at a single ceremonial/populationcenter.Finally,it is possible
that the Moche were obtainingsome of their
captives throughconflictswith neighboring
non-Mochepolities.
The Moche's Highland Neighbors: What
Kind of Neighbors Were They?
Archeologicalsurveysconductedby Christopher Donnan, Donald Proulx and David
Wilson indicate that therewere shiftingand
probablyconflict-proneboundaries between
the highland Recuay and the middle/lower
valley Gallinazo (pre-Moche)polities of the
Vir, Santa, and Nepea valleys. Billman's
morerecentsurveyoftheMoche Valleyfound
similar evidence of shiftingboundaries between middle and upper valley populations
prior to Moche consolidation of the valley
(Billman 1997). The natureof Moche-Recuay
interactionis poorly understood,but some
scholars have suggestedthat combat scenes
such as that in Figure 4 may depict battles
between the Moche and Recuay (Disselhoff
1956; Proulx 1982). Shimada suspects that
territorialconflictsmay also have existedbetweentheMoche and thehighlandCa jamarca polity,and suggeststhat "futurestudies may
116 VERANO
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
VERANO 117
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
ofleft
7.Healedfractures
radius
andulnaandleftrib.
Huacadela LunaARP-II,
Individual
i
surfacebeforebeing buriedby silt and windblown sand.
In 1996, archaeologistClorinda Orbegoso
conductedlimitedexcavationsin an adjacent
plaza, designated Plaza 3C, under the auspices of the Huaca de la Luna Project (Orbegoso 1998). These excavationsrecoveredadditional skeletal remains.
In the springof 1995, at the invitationof
Bourget,I began an osteological analysis of
the Plaza 3A remains,with the assistance of
Florencia Bracamonte of the Universidad
Nacional de Trujillo and Laurel Andersonof
Tulane University(Verano 1998). The Plaza
3C materialwas studiedin 1996.The objective
ofthe analysiswas to determineage at death,
sex, and physical characteristics (stature,
general health) of the remains, and to
examine themforevidence of cause of death.
The skeletal remains from Plaza 3A include complete articulatedskeletons,partial
skeletons,isolated limbs,hands,feet,or other
clusters of articulated elements, and individual isolated bones (Bourget,this volume,
and 1997a, 1997b).The highfrequencyofdisarticulationcomplicates the task of estimating the total numberof individuals present,
but skeletal element counts indicate a minimum of seventy.All remains forwhich sex
can be determined are clearly male; no
remainsoffemalesor childrenare present.In
terms of age, all fall into the adolescent to
II8
VERANO
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
onsecond
8.Cutmarks
vertebra.
Huacade
cervical
Individual
LaLunaARP-II,
XVIIIa
leftulnain
9.Fractured
ofcallusformation
process
attimeofdeath.
HG96-102
Huacade
10.Skullfracture.
LaLunaARP-II,
HG96-102
verano
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
119
11. Fractures
andbone
reaction
around
of
margins
nasalaperture.
Individual
XVII
bodies, as well as some partsofthe sacrificial
victims may have been manipulated and
intentionallyarrangedfollowingdeath (Bourget 1997a, 1997b). Perhaps some of the skull
breakageresultedfromthese activities.
Healing Injuries
An importantdetail that emergedfromour
osteologicalanalysisis thatin additionto perimortemtrauma, at least twelve individuals
had injuries that were in the early stages of
healing at time of death. These include fracturedribs,shoulderblades, bones of the forearm (fig.9), and in two cases, the marginsof
the nasal aperture (fig. 11). The fractures
show various degreesof bone reaction,indicating survival forat least several weeks to
perhapsa month,based on comparisonswith
documentedclinical cases (Sledzik and Murphy 1990). Presumably these injuries were
sustained eitherduringcombat or following
capture.Three exampleswere found(fig.9) of
classic "parry"fracturesof the leftulna (one
of the bones of the forearm),a fracturethat
commonly occurs when the arm is used to
block a blow (Merbs 1989). The small marginal fracturesand bone reactionaround the
nasal apertureseen in Figure 11 appears to
12.Cutmarks
distalthird
of
shaft
ofleftfibula.
Huacade
LaLuna,Plaza3Q burial1
120 VERANO
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
onfirst
13.Cutmarks
Huaca
(thumb);
metacarpal
deLaLunaARP-II
14-BirdJaguar
capturing
Skull.Lintel
Jeweled
8,
Mexico
Yaxchilan,
Chiapas,
byIanGraham
Drawing
15. Detailfrom
the
sacrificial
stoneof
Motecuhzoma
the
I,showing
ofTenayuca
conquest
bythe
Aztecruler
Drawing
byEmily
Umberger
verano
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
121
122 VERANO
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
BIBLIOGRAPHY
B.Donnan
andChristopher
Alva,Walter,
1993 RoyalTombsofSipn[exh.cat.,Fowler
MuseumofCultural
University
History,
LosAngeles.
ofCalifornia].
GarthL.
Bawden,
inCultural
Transition
A Study
1982 Galindo:
In Chan
DuringtheMiddleHorizon.
Chan:AndeanDesertCity,ed.MichaelE.
MoseleyandKentC. Day,285-320.
Research
Advanced
SchoolofAmerican
N.M.
Series.Albuquerque,
Seminar
BrianR.
Billman,
Political
ofPrehistoric
1996 TheEvolution
Peru.
intheMocheValley,
Organizations
of
Ph.D.dissertation,
Department
ofCalifornia,
University
Anthropology,
SantaBarbara.
of
Pressure
andtheOrigins
1997 Population
Peru.In
intheMocheValley,
Warfare
Demography:
Archaeological
Integrating
toPreApproaches
Multidisciplinary
R.Paine,
ed.Richard
historic
Population,
at
IllinoisUniversity
285-310.Southern
forArchaeological
Center
Carbondale,
Occasional
Paper24.
Investigations,
Carbondale.
Steve
Bourget,
d'un
Dcouverte
1997a La colredesanctres:
la Huacadela Luna,
sitesacrificiel
valledeMoche.In l'ombredu Cerro
surla
dcouvertes
Blanco:Nouvelles
Moche
culture
, ctenordduProu,ed.
de
ClaudeChapdelaine,
83-99.Universit
Montral,
d'anthropologie,
Dpartement
1.Montral.
LesCahiersd'Anthropologie
en
la
Plaza
Las
excavaciones
3A dela
1997b
enla
Huacadela Luna.InInvestigaciones
Huacadela Luna1995,ed.Santiago
Uceda,
EliasMujica,andRicardo
Morales,
51-59.
Universidad
deCienciasSociales,
Facultad
NacionaldeLa Libertad,
Trujillo.
E. Newman
Steve,andMargaret
Bourget,
RitualWarfare
1998 A ToasttotheAncestors:
BloodinMocheCulture.
andSacrificial
N.F.46:85-106.[Berlin).
Archiv
Baessler
NOTE
G. Florencia
Bracamonte,
herewasmadepossible
Fieldresearch
by
reported
enla Plaza3A
humanos
1998 Lossacrificios
on
Committee
theTulaneUniversity
from
funding
II Huaca
rocosoPlataforma
afloramiento
TheCouncilfortheInternational
Exchange
Research,
decultosde
dela Luna:La evidencia
andTulane
ofScholars
Commission),
(Fulbright
Nacional
Universidad
crisis.M.A.thesis,
forLatinAmerican
Studies.
Center
University's
deTrujillo.
HansDietrich
Disselhoff,
inplastischen
1956 Hand-undKopf
trophen
derRecuay-Keramik.
Darstellungen
N.F.4 (1):25-32.[Berlin].
Baessler
Archiv
B.
Donnan,Christopher
,
oftheSantaValley
1973 MocheOccupation
Publications
ofCalifornia
Peru.University
VERANO 123
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
inAnthropology
8. Berkeley
andLos
Angeles.
1978 MocheArtofPeru:Pre-Columbian
Communication
Symbolic
[exh.cat.,
MuseumofCultural
History,
University
ofCalifornia].
LosAngeles.
In Tombsfor
Practice.
1995 MocheFunerary
theLiving:
AndeanMortuary
Practices
[A
atDumbarton
Oaks,12thand
Symposium
13thOctober
1991],ed.TomD. Dillehay,
111-159.Washington.
andCombat:
Parallel
Activi1997 DeerHunting
tiesintheMocheWorld.
In TheSpirit
of
Ancient
Peru:Treasures
theMuseo
from
Arqueolgico
RafaelLareoHerrera
[exh.
ofSanFrancisco],
cat.,FineArtsMuseums
ed.Kathleen
Berrin,
51-59.NewYork.
and
Luis
Castillo
Donnan,Christopher
B.,
Jaime
detumbas
desacerdotisas
1994 Excavaciones
MocheenSanJosdeMoro,Jequetepeque.
InMoche:Propuestas
yperspectivas
[Actasdelprimer
coloquiosobrela cultura
12al 16deabrilde 1993],
Moche,Trujillo,
ed.Santiago
UcedaandEliasMujica,
del'Institut
415-424.Travaux
Franais
d'Etudes
Andines
andLima.
79.Trujillo
CsarGlvez,andSegundo
Franco,
Rgulo,
Vasquez
Mochicaenla
1994 Arquitectura
ydecoracin
HuacaCao Viejo,complejo
El Brujo:
Resultados
InMoche:Propreliminares.
puestasyperspectivas
[Actasdelprimer
coloquiosobrela cultura
Moche,Trujillo,
12al 16deabrilde 1993],ed.Santiago
UcedaandEliasMujica,147-180.
Travaux
del'Institut
d'Etudes
Andines
Franais
79.
andLima.
Trujillo
enla
1996 Losdescubrimientos
arqueolgicos
HuacaCao Viejocomplejo
"ElBrujo."
i (5): 82-94.[Lima].
Arkinka
Anne-Marie
Hocquenghem,
Mochica.Lima.
1987 Iconografa
Gerdt
Kutscher,
Studiesas anAidinthe
1950 Iconographie
Reconstruction
ofEarlyChimu
Civilization.
Transactions
oftheNewYork
ofSciencesSeriesII 12(61:
Academy
194-203.
Keramik.
Monumenta
1954 Nordperuanische
Americana
i. Berlin.
CharlesF.
Merbs,
InReconstruction
1989 Trauma.
ofLifeFrom
theSkeleton,
ed.Mehmet
Yaarcanand
Kenneth
A. R.Kennedy,
161-189.New
York.
MichaelE.
Moseley,
The
1992 TheIncasandTheirAncestors:
Archaeology
ofPeru.LondonandNew
York.
Clorinda
Orbegoso,
enel sectorsureste
dela
1998 Excavaciones
Plaza3C dela Huacadela Lunadurante
enla Huacadela
1996.InInvestigaciones
Luna1996,ed.Santiago
Uceda,Elias
Mujica,andRicardo
Morales,
67-73.
Facultad
deCienciasSociales,
Universidad
NacionaldeLa Libertad,
Trujillo.
DonaldA.
Proulx,
intheEarlyIntermediate
1982 Territoriality
Period:
TheCaseofMocheandRecuay.
awpaPacha20:83-96.
Norman
Sauer,
J.
ofInjuries
andManner
of
1998 TheTiming
Death:Distinguishing
AnteAmong
Perimortem
andPostmortem
mortem,
InForensic
Trauma.
Advances
Osteology:
in theIdentification
ofHumanRemains
,
2ded.,ed.Kathleen
J.Reichs,321-331.
111.
Springfield,
Scheie,Linda,andMaryE. Miller
andRitual
1986 TheBloodofKings:Dynasty
inMayaArt[exh.cat.,Kimbell
Art
FortWorth,
Tex.
Museum].
Izumi
Shimada,
1994 PampaGrandeandtheMochicaCulture.
Tex.
Austin,
PaulS.,andSeanP.Murphy
Sledzik,
After
Trauma[Abstract].
1990 BoneRemodeling
InSection4: RoundTableDiscussions.
InPapersonPaleopathology
Presented
at
theSeventeenth
AnnualMeeting
ofthe
Miami,
Association,
Paleopathology
Florida
, 3-4April1990,10,ed.Eve
Cockburn.
Mich.
Detroit,
R.,andTheresaLangeTopic
Topic,John
Mochica.RevistaArqueolgica
1997 La guerra
SIAN4: 10-12.[Trujillo].
Umberger,
Emily
andMaterial
in
Remains
1996 AztecPresence
theOuterProvinces.
InAztecImperial
Richard
E.
Strategies,
Berdan,
byFrances
HillBoone,MaryG.
Elizabeth
Blanton,
andEmily
Hodge,MichaelE. Smith,
151-179.Washington.
Umberger,
Oscar
Urteaga-Ballon,
1991 MedicalCeramic
ofNasal
Representation
Leishmaniasis
andSurgical
in
Amputation
Ancient
Peruvian
Civilization.
InHuman
Current
and
Paleopathology:
Syntheses
Future
heldatthe
Options[ASymposium
International
ofAnthropological
Congress
andEthnographical
Sciences,
24-31
Zagreb,
andArthur
July
1988],ed.DonaldJ.Ortner
C. Aufderheide,
95-101.Washington.
W.
Verano,
John
1994a Material
osteolgico
recuperado
porel
'La Mina,'valledeJequetepeque:
Proyecto
Informe
InMoche:Propuestas
preliminar.
yperspectivas
[Actasdelprimer
coloquio
I24 VERANO
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
12al 16
DavidJ.
sobrela cultura
Wilson,
Moche,Trujillo,
in the
Patterns
Settlement
Ucedaand
deabrilde 1993],ed.Santiago
1988 Prehispanic
Peru:A Regional
LowerSantaValley,
del'Institut
EliasMujica,83-84.Travaux
andDevelopontheOrigins
and
Andines
d'Etudes
Perspective
79.Trujillo
Franais
NorthCoastSociety.
mentofComplex
Lima.
SeriesinArchaeological
Smithsonian
fsicas
ybiologaosteo1994b Caractersticas
Washington.
Inquiry.
lgicadelosMoche.InMoche:Propuestas
yperspectivas
coloquio
[Actasdelprimer
12al 16
sobrela cultura
Moche,Trujillo,
Ucedaand
deabrilde 1993],ed.Santiago
de
EliasMujica,307-326.Travaux
Andines
d'Etudes
l'Institut
79.
Franais
andLima.
Trujillo
andSkeletal
Characteristics
1997a Physical
at
oftheMochePopulation
Biology
In ThePacatnamu
Pacatnamu.
,
Papers
ed.
2: TheMocheOccupation,
Volume
A.
B.DonnanandGuillermo
Christopher
Museumof
Cock,189-214.Fowler
ofCalifornia,
Cultural
University
History,
LosAngeles.
from
TombI,
Remains
1997b HumanSkeletal
RiverValley,
Peru);
Sipn(Lambayeque
andtheirSocialImplications.
Antiquity
71 (273):670-682.
desmembramientos
humanos,
1998 Sacrificios
culturales
enrestos
ymodificaciones
delas temporadas
Evidencias
osteolgicos:
deinvestigacin
1995-96enla Huacade
enla Huacade
la Luna.InInvestigaciones
la Luna1996,ed.Santiago
Uceda,Elias
159-171.
Morales,
Mujica,andRicardo
Universidad
Facultad
deCienciasSociales,
NacionaldeLa Libertad,
Trujillo.
andGuidoP.
Verano,
John
W.,LaurelS. Anderson,
Lombardi
delosrestos
1998 Anlisisosteolgico
Mochehalladosenla HuacaCao
humanos
Viejoporel Proyecto
Arqueolgico
onfile,
Complejo"ElBrujo."Manuscript
A. N. Wiese,Lima.
Fundacin
W.,andM. J.DeNiro
Verano,
John
1993 LocalsorForeigners?
Morphological,
tothe
Biometrie
andIsotopie
Approaches
inHuman
ofGroupAffinity
Question
From
Remains
Recovered
Skeletal
In
Contexts.
UnusualArchaeological
HumanTissue:
ofAncient
Investigations
inAnthropology,
ed.
Chemical
Analysis
Pa.
361-386.Langhorne,
MaryK.Sandford,
Verano,
John
W.,andJ.MichaelWilliams
in
Intervention
andSurgical
1992 HeadInjury
American
Peru[Abstract].
Pre-Columbian
ofPhysical
Anthropology,
Journal
14:167-168.
Supplement
Gordon
R.
Willey,
in the
Patterns
Settlement
1953 Prehistoric
VirValley,
Per.Smithsonian
Institution,
Bulletin
BureauofAmerican
Ethnology
155.Washington.
VERANO I25
This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Tue, 05 Jan 2016 02:48:53 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions