1.

(a)

2/3 that of a proton / 2/3 1.6 10

(b)

Mass = 80 MeV/c

19

(C)

charge = +1/3

(c)

Recognition M means 10

Convert eV to J or divide by c
6

19

1
2

eg 4 10 1.6 10 or /910
Answer 7.1 10-30 (kg)
(d)

(i)

(ii)

1
16

Kaon Meson

Omega baryon

K +p
+

(iii)

1
o

=K +K +
+
o
[accept p or p ;do not accept K for K ;signs must be top right]

Kaon plus = u s

Kaon neutral = d s or s d

[both marks can be inferred if equation in d(ii) is fully written in

quark combinations)
(iv)

QWC i and iii Spelling of technical terms must be correct

and the answer must be organised in a logical sequence
Momentum conserved (1)
Charge conserved (1)
Energy / mass conserved (1)
2 (1)
E =mc
Kinetic Energy (of kaon minus) is responsible (1)
Momentum of three particles after = momentum of kaon before (1)
Total charge 0 / charge before and after is 0 (1)
Conservation of Baryon no, quark no, strangeness (1)

Max 5

allow only 1 mark max from these 3

[17]

2.

(a)

u d identified (1)

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(b)

Conversion of G (1)
Conversion of either eV or divided by c2 (1)
28
2.5 10 (kg) (1)
eg
9
19
16
m = 0.14 10 1.6 10 / 9 10

(c)

QWC
QWC i and iii Spelling of technical terms must be
correct and the answer must be organised in a logical
sequence
Electric fields:
Electric field provides force on the charge/proton (1)
gives energy to /work done / E = qV/ accelerate
protons (1)
Magnetic fields:
Force on moving charge/proton (1)
Produces circular path/centripetal force (1)
labelled diagram showing Dees
with E field indicated across gap OR B field through Dees (1)
E field is reversed/alternates (1)

(d)

Max 1

QWC
QWC i and iii Spelling of technical terms must be
correct and the answer must be organised in a logical
sequence
momentum (1)
Zero / negligible momentum before (1)
To conserve momentum (fragments go in all
directions) (1)

3
[12]

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3.

Comparison of positron with electron

Same mass (1)
Opposite charge (1)

Minimum energy
2

Use of E = mc (1)
31

8 2

= 2 9.11 10 (3 10 ) J
13
= 1.6398 10 J (1)
[Factor 2 omitted: lose second tick]
13

= 1.6398 10 /1.6 10
= 1.02 MeV (1)

19

( 10 ) MeV
3

How process releases energy

Annihilation (1)

Any two from:

em radiation/photon(s)
2 photons
0.51 MeV each (1) (1)

Max 2
[8]

4.

Quarks: What is meant by charge = + 2/3

sign: +/positive/sign same as proton/sign opposite to electron (1)
size: 2/3 charge on a proton / electron (1)

Mass of strange quark in kilograms

m = 0.2 GeV/c2
= 0.2 109 1.6 1019 (1)
/ 9 1016
= 3.6 1028 kg (1)

Charge and mass of antiparticle to the charmed quark

2
Charge: 3 (1)
Mass: 1.3 GeV/c2 [No unit penalty for omitting GeV/c2] (1)

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Prediction of top quark

Symmetry of the model / 3rd generation partner / other valid statement

Reason for length of time to find experimental evidence for top quark
High energy needed (to create it) / needs a big accelerator/other valid reason

Use of conservation law to explain prediction

Momentum (in context)
Total momentum = 0 OR mtut = mbub OR in words
mt >> mb ut ub / greater mass ( lower velocity)

3
[11]

5.

Charge on strange quark = 1/3 (1)

Conservation law:
Charge (1) + (+1) (0) + X/by charge conservation (1)
X is neutral (1)

Particle X is a meson (1)

Baryon number conservation (0) + (+1) (+1) + (0) (1)

OR discussion in terms of total number of q + q = 5 OR Sq q = 3

Composition of X is s d [0/3 if not q q ](1)
Justify S quark:
This is not a weak interaction/only a weak interaction can change quark type/this is
a strong interaction/strangeness is conserved/ quark flavour cannot change (1)
Justify d quark:
X neutral; s 1/3; d + 1/3. [e.c.f. if s = 1/3 in first line.]
For the third mark accept any q q pair that creates a meson
of the charge deduced for X above. (1)

[The justification for both q and q can be done also by tracking individual quarks]
[8]

Al khor International School

6.

Isotope of lead:
206
82

Pb

Other particles:
(82)

electrons 1

How appropriate number of quarks can combine:

3 quarks involved (1)
2 + 2/3 + 1 1/3 = + 1 (1)

Explanation:
High energy is needed/high temperature/high speed (1)
Mention of E m OR E = mc2 (1)

Description:
Relates to electron (1)
e.g. charge +1/antiparticle/annihilates with (1)

2
[8]

7.

Conservation laws:
(i)

(ii)

Charge: (-1) + (+1) = (0) + (-1) + (+1) + (0) (1)

Baryon number: (0) + (+1) = (+1) + (0) + (0) + (0)
[So possible, no mark]

(1)

Charge: (+1) + (+1) = (+1) + (+1) + (+1) + (-1) (1)

Baryon number: (+1) + (+1) = (+1) + (+1) + (+1) + (-1)
[So possible, no mark]

(1)

4
[4]

8.

Atom is neutral

(1)

Quark composition is uu d (1)

Antiproton is (-2/3) + (-2/3) + (+1/3) (= -1)
Explanation:
As soon as it touches the container/matter
(Matter and antimatter) annihilate (1)
[Not cancel; not react]

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(1)

(1)
2

Completion of table:
Quarks

Charge

up

charm

TOP

+2/3

down

strange

BOTT
O
M

-1/3

1
[OR TRUTH & BEAUTY]
[Both needed for 1 mark]
(i)

Neutral strange meson: sd OR d s

(ii)

Positive charmed meson: c d OR c s

(iii)

Neutral strange baryon: uss/css/uds/cds OR any of their antiparticles,

e.g. u s s (1)

(1)
(1)
3
[9]

9.

Topic C Nuclear and Particle Physics

Similarly
Same mass
Difference
Charge OR baryon number OR uud quarks uud

(1)

Any two lepton pairs from the following:

+

e e

(
+

m m (
t -t +
ve v e
vm v m
vt v t

NOT e.g. muon and antimuon/m

0R just v v

(2)

Collision
Particle and antiparticle annihilate/produce a burst of energy/of photons
/of gamma rays (1)

1
[5]

Al khor International School

10.

Corrected errors
line 3 Mesons are made from q and antiq (1) (1)
OR leptons are fundamental/not made from smaller etc.
line 4 as line 3 [only one (1) for same correction made twice]
OR quarks, leptons, neutrinos, and others (1)
line 6 Neutron is made from 3 q s (1) (1)
OR meson is made from q and antiq [with restriction as in line 4]
line 10........... energy .... [instead of momentum] (1) (1)

Max 6
[6]

11.

How diagram confirms pion is negatively charged

Any two from:
(83)

bends opposite way to proton

(84)

reference to magnetic interaction/Flemings left-hand rule

proton + pion (1) (1) 2

(85)
Charge carried by lambda particle
Neutral (1)

because charge conserved OR +1 1 0 OR l not ionising/no track (1)

Deduction
r pion < r proton / straighter / less curved (1)
since r = p / BQ (P pion < P proton) (1)

Scale drawing
2 straight lines lpr > lpi (1)
Orientation of lines (49) joined correct way (1)
Answer 10 1 kg m s1 (1)

Classification of particles
baryon
pion
lambda

meson
(1)

(1)

Charge of a down quark

1 / 3 (e) (1)

1
[12]

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Al khor International School

12.

(i)

Tracks (of alphas) are the same length/alphas travel same or

equal distance (1)

(ii)

H/p + Li 2a/2He (1)

1
1p

and 42 He correctly labelled (1)

7
3 Li

(iii)

(1)

Mass defect = 0.01865u (1)

Either

Or

Use of 1.66 10
Use of 9.0 10
2.79 10

12

27

Use of 930 (1)

16

Use of 1.6 10
2.78 10

12

13

(1)

J (1)

Assume: proton has zero/very little k.e. (1)

Max 4
[8]

13.

Table

(i)
p a rtic le

(ii)
q u a rk c o n te n t

(iii)
a n tip a r tic le

(iv )
q u a r k c o n te n t

p ro to n

uud

u u d

(2 )

d u

ud

(1 )

ds

sd

(2 )

Shaded boxes show answers: circled terms count as one.

Proton is uud

antiproton or p is uud [allow p or p-bar ]

+
p
0

0
0
Anti K is K [ allow K -bar]

Quark composition is ud and sd

1
1
1
1
[5]

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14.

Fundamental particle
A particle which cannot be further divided/which has no parts
inside it/one of the 12 particles of which all matter is made (1)
[Not one which cannot decay to another particle]
Circled fundamental particles in list (2)
Positron and muon
[If more than two circled, 1 for each extra one]

Explanation
Any three from:
Quality of written communication (1)
Mesons are composed of a q and an q (1)
These have charges 2/3 and 1/3 (1)
Shows all possibilities (+1, 0, 1) OR other convincing
arithmetic to show max +1 (1)

Max 3
[6]

15.

Comparison between antiparticle and its particle pair

Similarity: same mass as its particle pair (magnitude of charge) (1)
Difference: opposite charge/baryon number/(Iepton number / spin) (1)

Quark composition

d [OR anti-down etc] (1)

Baryon number
1 (1)

Why difficult to store antiprotons

As soon as they contact protons/matter (1)
they annihilate (1)

Al khor International School

10

Maximum possible mass

2 (1)
2
25
0.93 or equivalent [OR by using E = mc to 1.6 10 kg] (1)
96 (u) OR 97 (u) (1)
[48u x (1) (1)]

Two reasons why interaction cannot take place

Q/charge not conserved (1)
B/baryon number not conserved (1)

2
[11]

$16. Classification of particles

X is a baryon (1)
L is a baryon (1)

p is a meson (1)
[Allow bbm]

Charge of strange quark

Show that 1 = 1/3(d) + 1/3(s) + 1/3 (s) (1)
L particle
L is neutral (1)
+2/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 = 0 and uds
OR charge conservation (1) = 0 + (1) (1)

2
[6]

17.

decay equations
(i)

n = udd and p = uud (1)

b and v have no quarks / are leptons / are fundamental (1)

(ii)

p n (1)
+

and [on RHS, allow e ] (1)

2
[4]

Al khor International School

11

18.

Explanation
Diffraction (1)
Molecular/atomic separation @ 1nm/de Broglie wavelength (1)

Kinetic energy
Use of l = h/mv (1)
2
2
Use of k.e. = 1/2mv OR p /2m (1)
23
k.e. = 9.1-9.2 10 J [no ecf] (1)

3
[5]

19.

Particle X
Positive (1)

Is a baryon (1)

Quark compositions
Proton uud; neutron udd BOTH (1)

Explanation and deduction of identity of X

Quality of written communication (1)
Strong / not weak interaction (1)
One strange quark on each side / no flavour change (1)
X is a proton (1)

4
[7]

Al khor International School

12

20.

Explanation
energy gained by electron accelerated through 1 V/W = QV (1)
W = 1.6 10

19

C 1 V = 1.6 10

19

J (1)

Unit of mass
2

E = c m so m = E/c (1)
2

GeV is energy GeV/c is mass (1)

Mass of Higgs boson

9

m = 115 [10 ] 1.6 10

= 2.04 10

25

19

8 2

/(3 10 ) (1)

kg (1)

Antiparticle
Same mass and opposite charge (1)
[Accept Particle and its antiparticle annihilate ( photons)]

Explanation of need for a magnetic field and why it can be small

Force deflects particles/force produces circular motion (1)
Force is perpendicular to motion/force provides centripetal force (1)
r is large or curvature is small/gentle (1)
reference to B = p/rQ to show why small B is needed (1)

4
[11]

21.

(i)

Decay numbers
1
1p

0
1 b+

(ii)

and 0 n (1)
0

and 0 n (1)

Tick the boxes

Proton: baryon and hadron only (1)
neutron: baryon and hadron only (1)
+

: lepton and antimatter only (1)

: lepton only (1)

[only penalise once for including meson] [if both baryon correct but
no hadrons 1 mark out of 2 and vice versa]
[6]

Al khor International School

13

22.

Conservation laws
Baryon (1)
1 (1)
Q: (1) + (+1) = (0) + (+1) + (X) (1)
B: (0) + (+1) = (0) + (0) + (X) (1)

Quark content
uud (1)
u s (1)

2
[6]

23.

Base units of eV
(i)

Reference to joule (1)

2

Useful energy equation / units shown [e.g. mv , mgh, mc , Fd, not (1)
QV or Pt]
2 2

1 2

Algebra to J = kg m s shown (e.g. kg (m s ) or kg m s m) (1)

(ii)

Energy released
146 shown or used (1)
m calculation [1.9415, ecf] (1)
2
Multiply by 930 [allow E = mc with mass in kg] (1)
1800 MeV [no ue] (1)

4
[7]

24.

Conserved quantities
Momentum, charge, (mass-)energy, lepton number (1) (1)

[2 right gets 1 mark; all 3 right get 2 marks]

[Do not credit kinetic energy]
Charge of the pentaquark

2 2 2 1 1
3
3 3
= (+) 1(e) (1)

Charge on X
Positive since pentaquark was positive, neutron neutral [ecf] (1)

[Reasoning needed]

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14

Possible quark composition for X with explanation

u s (1)
Left behind (after removing neutron/udd) (1)

Mass of pentaquark
2

Conversion from GeV to J or substitution of c (1)

answer [no ue] (1)
9

1.54 10 1.6 10
= 2.7 10

19

8 2

/(3 10 )

27

kg
[8]

25.

(a)

A baryon is a (sub-atomic) particle made up of 3 quarks(1)

(b)

n (ddu) (1)
p (duu) (1)

2
[3]

26.

The standard model

Everyday matter/atoms: p,n, e [maybe in two places] (1)
Protons / neutrons are made from quarks (1)
p: uud and n:udd (1)
show charge of either [p: u(+2/3) u(+2/3) d(1/3) + 1 OR n: u
(+2/3) d(1/3) d(1/3) 0] (1)
All baryons have three quarks (1)
Hadrons contain quarks (1)
Electron is fundamental/leptons are fundamental (1)
Electron-neutrino created during -decay (1)

Max 6
[6]

(a)

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A baryon is a (sub-atomic) particle made up of 3 quarks(1) 1

15

(b)

n (ddu) (1)
p (duu) (1)

2
[3]

27.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

Not matter/antimatter pair [stated or implied] (1)

particle/antiparticle have same mass OR electron/proton not same
mass OR other correct reason (eg electron is fundamental, proton
is quarks) (1)
antiparticle to proton is antiproton OR antiparticle to electron is
positron/antielectron (1)
Not matter/antimatter pair [stated or implied] (1)
anti to up is anti-up OR anti to down is anti-down (1)
up and down have different charge (1)

any 5

particles/antiparticles carry opposite charge (1)

(component of) field perpendicular to travel (1)
(magnetic/LH rule) forces act in opposite directions (1)
some pairs uncharged so no separation/deflection (1)
[not annihilation]

(c)

number = 5000 10

(d)

(i)

kg / 9.11 10

31

any 2
21

kg = 5.5 (5.488) 10 (1)

correct use of E = mc [subs] (1)

correct use of E = hf and c=f [rearranged or subbed] (1)
correct answer [ue] (1)
2

(ii)

12

31

8 2

14

E = mc = 9.11 10 (3 10 ) J (= 8.199 10 J) (1)

E = hf = hc/ = hc/E (1)
34
8
14
= 6.63 10 3 10 /8.199 10 m
12
= 2.4 (2.426 or 2.42 or 2.43) 10 m [ignore omission
of both factors of 2] (1)
[factor of 2 wrong is a.e. = 1]
[use of = h/p scores 0]

this wavelength is not visible light

OR this is x-ray or gamma or high energy photon so need shielding (1)

1
[12]

28.

(a)

energy (of proton) converts to mass (1)

7 TeV > 251 GeV, (so enough energy present to create Higgs particle) (1)

Al khor International School

16

(b)

(i)

calculate restmass energy of proton in J (1)

comparison with 7 TeV (1)
2

rest mass energy of proton E = mc = 1.67 10

10
= 1.5 10 J
10
19
8
= 1.5 10 / 1.6 10 (eV) = 9.4 10 (eV)
much less than 7 TeV.
12
19
OR 7 TeV = 7 10 1.6 10 (J)
6
= 1.12 10 (J)
10
>> 1.5 10 J

(ii)

Appropriate use of 1.6 10

Answer (1)

19

12

(iv)

cc

OR energy from above in J (1)

momentum = energy/c = 7 10 1.6 10

15
1
3.73 10 (kg m s )
(iii)

27

19

(J)/(3 10 (m/s)) =
2

Attempt to use r = p/Bq (1)

two correct subs into formula OR rearrangement (1)
circumference => radius (1)
answer (1)
r = p/Bq
B = p/rQ
15
19
= 3.73 10 / [(27000/2_) 1.6 10 ] (T)
= 5.4 T

Yes (stated or clearly implied) (1)

because motion and force both horizontal OR motion/force/B must all
be perpendicular (1)

2
[12]

29.

(a)

Show sum of quark charges in proton = +1

+2/3 +2/3 1/3 = (+) 1 (1)
Show sum of quark charges in neutron = 0
+2/3 1/3 1/3 = 0 (1)
[ignore references to e]

(b)

(i)

(ii)

baryon (1)
meson (1)

baryon: 3 quarks (1)

meson: quark/antiquark (1)
[1 for answers reversed or baryon/meson not specified]

Al khor International School

17

(c)

(d)

any 4 marks from the following examples:

high speed means high energy/momentum (1)
may need to overcome (electrostatic) repulsion (1)
more energy available for creating particles (1)
higher energy/momentum/speed means shorter wavelength (1)
reference to = h/mv or = h/p (1)
for diffraction/scattering (1)
need approx equal to particle spacing/internal structure (1)

max 4

Speeds near the speed of light (1)

[11]

30.

Particle classification
Neutron: baryon and hadron (1)
Neutrino: lepton (1)
Muon: lepton (1)

3
[3]

31.

(i)

Conservation laws
First reaction, Q: 0 + 0 1 + 1 (1)
Second reaction B: 1 = 1 + 0 AND Q: 1 = 1 + 0 (1)

Hence only decay possible [based on B and Q conservation for this

decay, accept simple ticks and crosses] (1)
(ii)

Quark charges
Use of sss = 1 to show s = (1)
Hence correct working (from baryons) to show u = and d = (1)

2
[5]

Al khor International School

18