Data Dictionary

A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which
allowscomputers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices

exchange data with each other along networklinks (data connections). The connections
between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media.
GOALS OF NETWORKING
Resource and load sharing
o Programs do not need to run on a single machine
Reduced cost
o Several machines can share printers, tape drives, etc.
High reliability
o If a machine goes down, another can take over
Mail and communication
NETWORK GOALS:
The main goal of networking is "Resource sharing", and it is

to make all programs, data and equipment available to anyone on
the network with out the regard to the physical location of the
resource and the user.
A second goal is to provide high reliablity by having

alternative sources of supply. For example, all files could be
replicatied on two or three machines, so if one of them is
unavailable, the other copies could be available.
Another goal is saving money. Small computers have a much

better price/performance ratio than larger ones. Mainframes are
roughly a factor of ten times faster than the fastest single chip
microprocessors, but they cost thousand times more. This
imbalance has caused many system designers to build systems
consisting of powerful personal computers, one per user, with data
kept on one or more shared file server machines. This goal leads
to networks with many computers located in the same building.
Such a network is called a LAN(local area network).
Another closely related goal is to increase the systems

perfomance as the work load increases by just adding more
processors. With central mainframes, when the system is full, it
must be replaced by a larger one, usually at great expense and
with even greater disruption to the users.
Computer networks provide a powerful communication

medium. A file that was updated/modified on a network, can be
seen by the other users on the network immediately.
NETWORK APPLICATIONS:
1.
2.
3.
Access to remote programs.

Access to remote databases.
Value-added communication facilities.
Calling up a distant computer via a network is cheaper than calling it directly. The lower rate is
possible because in a normal telephone call ties up an expensive, dedicated circuit for the duration
of the call, whereas access via a network ties up long-distance lines only while data are actually
being transmitted.
Network architecture is the design of a communication network. It is a framework for the

specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and
configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used in its
operation.
OSI reference model (Open Systems

Interconnection) definition
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applications can
communicate over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for
understanding relationships. The purpose of the OSI reference model is to guide
vendors and developers so the digital communication products and software
programs they create will interoperate, and to facilitate clear comparisons among
communications tools. Most vendors involved in telecommunications make an
attempt to describe their products and services in relation to the OSI model. And
although useful for guiding discussion and evaluation, OSI is rarely actually
implemented, as few network products or standard tools keep all related functions
together in well-defined layers as related to the model. The TCP/IP protocols, which
define the Internet, do not map cleanly to the OSI model .
The TCP/IP model

TCP/IP is based on a four-layer reference model. All protocols that belong to the TCP/IP
protocol suite are located in the top three layers of this model.
As shown in the following illustration, each layer of the TCP/IP model corresponds to one or
more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model
proposed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).
the types of services performed and protocols used at each layer within the TCP/IP model are
described in more detail in the following table.
Layer
Description
Application
Defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interface with transport layer
services to use the network.
Transport
Provides communication session management between host computers. Defines the level o
service and status of the connection used when transporting data.
Internet
Packages data into IP datagrams, which contain source and destination address information
is used to forward the datagrams between hosts and across networks. Performs routing of IP
datagrams.
Network
interface
Specifies details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are
electrically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, suc
coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted-pair copper wire.
For more information about ARP, IP, ICMP, IGMP, UDP, and TCP, see Understanding TCP/IP.

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Data Dictionary

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A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which

allowscomputers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices

The main goal of networking is "Resource sharing", and it is

A second goal is to provide high reliablity by having

Another goal is saving money. Small computers have a much

Another closely related goal is to increase the systems

Computer networks provide a powerful communication

Access to remote programs.

Network architecture is the design of a communication network. It is a framework for the

OSI reference model (Open Systems

The TCP/IP model

service and status of the connection used when transporting data.

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