Rtfi 1
Rtfi 1
OBJECTIVES
To:
understand the principle of radiographic
testing methods
Know the technique of testing
Become familiar with standards & codes
Learn the applications.
INTRODUCTION
Radiography:
one of the oldest & the most widely used NDT which
uses X-rays or -rays radiation to examine the interior
of the materials.
gives a permanent film record of defects that is easy
to interpret.
applied for assessing the quality of the welded joints
also.
can detect flaws or discontinuities in welds such as
cracks, porosity & blow holes, slag, flux or oxide
inclusions, lack of fusion between the weld metal &
the parent metal, incomplete penetration, tungsten
inclusion, etc.
PRINCIPLE
Both X-rays & -rays are very short wave length
electro magnetic radiation which penetrate opaque
materials & obtain a permanent record of the result
on sensitized film.
When these rays pass through a material having
defects, the rays passing through the less denser
parts of the object are absorbed to a smaller extent
than the rays passing through the adjacent sound
material (because of difference in density & thickness
of the test piece) & are allowed to fall on a light
sensitive film placed on the back side of the object to
be radiographed.
GENERATION OF X-RAYS
X-rays are produced by an X-ray tube.
An X- ray tube is an evacuated tube, usually made of
glass, containing an electrically heated filament
which liberates electrons & a tungsten anode.
The electrons liberated from the heated filament are
made to impact on the anode with the help of large
PD (50 to 2000KV) between the filament & the
anode.
X-rays are emitted due to the impact of high velocity
electrons on the anode.
GENERATION OF X-RAYS
METHOD OF TESTING
The X-ray tube, components to be tested & film are set
up as shown in the fig
The X-rays are allowed to fall upon the test piece
A cassette containing film is placed behind & in contact
with the component lar to the rays.
Since most defects possess lesser density than the
sound parent metal, they transmit X-rays or -rays
better than the sound metal does, therefore the film
appears to be more dark where defects are in line of the
beam.
Usually a penetrameter is placed on the side of the
source adjacent to the weld.
Thickness of the penetrameter is usually 2% of the
thickness of the weld joint.
WELDED COMPONENT
SETTING UP OF CASSETTE
X-RAY MACHINE
RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
GENERATION OF - RAYS
rays, are produced by a radioactive isotope
(Radium, Radon, Cobalt, Iridium, Cesium, Thalium,
Europium, Cerium, Xenon, Tantalum, etc).
The gamma ray source (300 mg) is housed in a lead
or tungsten alloy container of sufficient thickness to
provide necessary protection.
- RAYS
- RAYS TESTING
PRECAUTION
Every radiation worker and area require some
radiation measurment method in order to
have safty aspect
There are two type of radiation monitoring
instrument
Personnel monitoring
Lab /area monitoring
Portable unit measuring range upto 20 mr /hr
TLD Thermo Luminenscec Dosimeter
Film Badge Reader.
RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
Basically X-ray film is made of:
Base: a transparent blue tinted cellulose derivated
Emulsion: consists of gelatin containing microscopic,
radiation sensitive silver halide crystals such as silver
bromide & iodide
RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
FILM PROCESSING
Contd-----FILM PROCESSING
Washing - The film is washed with water to
remove all the processing chemicals.
Drying - The film is dried for viewing.
FILM HANDLING
X-ray film should always be handled carefully to avoid
physical strains, such as pressure, creasing, buckling,
friction, etc. Whenever films are loaded in semi-flexible
holders and external clamping devices are used, care
should be taken to be sure pressure is uniform.
Marks resulting from contact with fingers that are moist
or contaminated with processing chemicals, as well as
crimp marks, are avoided if large films are always grasped
by the edges and allowed to hang free.
Clean towels should be kept close at hand to dry the
hands.
Another important precaution is to avoid drawing film
rapidly from cartons, exposure holders, or cassettes.
VIEWING RADIOGRAPHS
Radiographs (developed film exposed to x-ray
or gamma radiation) are generally viewed on a
light-box.
Because the energy of electromagnetic
radiation is directly related to their frequency,
X rays are much more energetic and
penetrating than light waves as well.
INTERPRETATION OF RADIOGRAPH
INTERPRETATION OF RADIOGRAPH
- ray
Disadvantages:
X-ray
- ray
RADIOGRAPHY TESTING