Errors in apocryphal works:

Contents:
Sea Scrolls

Hebrew Scripture Apocrypha

Hebrew Scripture Pseudegraphica

Christian Greek Apocrypha

Gnostic Apocrypha

Dead

Concerning a young womans Christian education: Let her avoid all apocryphal writings let
her understand that they are not really written by those to whom they are ascribed, that many
faulty elements have been introduced into them, and that it requires infinite discretion to look for
gold in the midst of dirt (Jerome Letters2 107, 12).
And so there are also twenty-two books of the Old Testament [a traditional Jewish counting of
the 39 books] we may be assured that what is not found in our list [of canonical books] must
be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings (Preface to the Books of Samuel and Kings by
Jerome; Post-Nicene Second Series vol. 6, p. 490). Also see Josephus remarks that the
apocryphal historical books written after Malachi were not canonical.
Hebrew Scriptures
Apocryphal Works (all quotes and order of appearance from RS, unless otherwise noted):
1(3)Esdras: Jerome considered 1(3) and 2(4) Esdras fit only for the trash pile: Nec quemquam
moveat quod unus a nobis editus liber est: nec apocryphorum tertii et quarti somniis delectetur:
quia et apud Hebraeos Ezrae Neemiaeque sermones in unum volumen coarctantur: et quae non
habentur apud illos, nec de viginti quatuor senibus sunt, procul abjicienda. Neither should it
disturb anyone that we are publishing only one book [of Ezra], nor should they be delighted by the
dreams of the third and fourth books [of Ezra] of the apocrypha. This is because, among the
Hebrews, the words of Ezra and Nehemiah are confined to one scroll, and, because those things
which are not found among these books, nor are of the twenty-four older books [of the Hebrew
Scriptures], are to be discarded far away (HIERONYMI Divinae Bibliothecae, Pars Prima: Ordo
Tertius, Hagiographorum: Praefatio Hieronymi in Ezram [The Divine Library of JEROME, The
First Part: The Third Series, The Hagiographa: Jeromes Preface to the Book of Ezra] in
Patrologia Latina vol. 28, col. 1472).
Anachronisms: The book says that Darius I sent Zerubbabel and Jews to build Jerusalem and its
temple in his second year (520 BCE): King Darius gave a great banquet for all that were under
him the three young men of the bodyguard, who kept guard over the person of the king, said to
one another, Let each of us state what one thing is strongest; and to him whose statement
seems wisest, Darius the king will give rich gifts and great honors of victory the king said to
[Zerubbabel], Ask what you wish, even beyond what is written, and we will give it to you, for you
have been found to be the wisest he said to the king, Remember the vow which you made to
build Jerusalem, in the day when you became king You also vowed to build the temple
Then Darius the king rose, and kissed him, and wrote letters for him to all the treasurers and
governors and generals and satraps, that they should give escort to him and all who were going
up with him to build Jerusalem and to help him build the city And he sent back from Babylon
all the vessels which Cyrus had set apart; everything that Cyrus had ordered to be done, he also
commanded to be done and to be sent to Jerusalem These are the names of the men who
went up, according to their fathers' houses in the tribes, over their groups Joakim the son of
Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel, of the house of David, of the lineage of Phares, of the tribe of
Judah, who spoke wise words before Darius the king of the Persians, in the second year of his
reign, in the month of Nisan, the first month (3:1, 4, 5; 4:42-58, 57; 5:4-6).
The book then goes on (in 6:1-34) to relate the events in Ezra 5:1-6:12 where outsiders question
the actions of the Jews in rebuilding Jerusalem and the Temple, send a letter of inquiry to King
Darius, who then checks for the decree of Cyrus that gave the Jews the authority to build. The
decree of Cyrus is found, and the building work is ordered to go forward on that basis. Such
searching would have been unnecessary if Darius had already ordered the building to go on.

Also, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel returned to Jerusalem in 537 BCE as a leader with the first
group of returnees (Ezra 1:1; 2:1, 2; Neh 12:1), and would, thus, not have been a young man
serving as King Darius bodyguard in 520 BCE.
2(4)Esdras: Jerome did not consider this book worth reading: As for you, when wide awake
you are asleep, and asleep when you write, and you bring before me an apocryphal book which,
under the name of Esdras, is read by you and those of your feather, and in this book it is written
that after death no one dares pray for others [no one shall ever pray for another on that day
7:104]. I have never read the book: for what need is there to take up what the Church does not
receive? (Against Vigilantius by Jerome 6; Post-Nicene Second Series).
The wicked are tormented: Then the Most High will say to the nations that have been raised
from the dead, Look now, and understand whom you have denied, whom you have not served,
whose commandments you have despised! Look on this side and on that; here are delight and
rest, and there are fire and torments!' let the four-footed beasts and the flocks rejoice! For it is
much better with them than with us; for they do not look for a judgment, nor do they know of any
torment or salvation promised to them after death. For what does it profit us that we shall be
preserved alive but cruelly tormented? the thirst and torment which are prepared await them.
For the Most High did not intend that men should be destroyed; but they themselves who were
created have defiled the name of him who made them, and have been ungrateful to him who
prepared life for them (7:37, 38, 65-67; 8:59, 60).
The righteous, immediately after death, experience conscious awareness of their reception into
heaven: Now this is the order of those who have kept the ways of the Most High, when they
shall be separated from their mortal body they shall see with great joy the glory of him who
receives them they understand the rest which they now enjoy, being gathered into their
chambers and guarded by angels in profound quiet, and the glory which awaits them in the last
days they rejoice that they have now escaped what is corruptible, and shall inherit what is to
come they shall rejoice with boldness, and shall be confident without confusion, and shall be
glad without fear, for they hasten to behold the face of him whom they served in life and from
whom they are to receive their reward when glorified (7:88, 91-98).
Tobit: Anachronism: The books speaks of Tobit witnessing things that spanned over 300 years,
and then goes on to state that he lived 127 years: Now when I [Tobit] was in my own country, in
the land of Israel, while I was still a young man, the whole tribe of Naphtali my forefather deserted
the house of Jerusalem All the tribes that joined in apostasy used to sacrifice to the calf Baal,
and so did the house of Naphtali my forefather [occurred 997 BCE] Now when I was carried
away captive to Nineveh, all my brethren and my relatives ate the food of the Gentiles; but I kept
myself from eating it, because I remembered God with all my heart. Then the Most High gave me
favor and good appearance in the sight of Shalmaneser, and I was his buyer of provisions
when Shalmaneser died, Sennacherib his son reigned in his place [c. 700 BCE] [Tobit] died in
Ecbatana of Media at the age of a hundred and twenty-seven years (1:4, 5, 10, 13, 15; 14:14).
Sennacherib is said to be the son of Shalmaneser, when his father was actually Sargon II: When
Shalmaneser died, Sennacherib his son reigned in his place (1:15). THE BABYLONIAN KING
LIST A Ululaia (Shalmaneser V; ftn) Mardukaplaiddin Sargon Sennacherib (Ancient
Texts p. 272). Sennacherib was the son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of
Assyria (Wikipedia under Sennacherib).
A demon is driven away and a cure is effected by means similar to Babylonian superstition and
medicine, which are dissimilar to any cures or exorcisms in Scripture: The young man [Tobias,
son of Tobit] went down to wash himself. A fish leaped up from the river and would have
swallowed the young man; and the angel said to him, Catch the fish. So the young man seized
the fish and threw it up on the land. Then the angel said to him, Cut open the fish and take the
heart and liver and gall and put them away safely. So the young man did as the angel told him;
and they roasted and ate the fish [The angel] replied, As for the heart and liver, if a demon or
evil spirit gives trouble to any one, you make a smoke from these before the man or woman, and
that person will never be troubled again. And as for the gall, anoint with it a man who has white
films in his eyes, and he will be cured he took the live ashes of incense and put the heart and

liver of the fish upon them and made a smoke. And when the demon smelled the odor he fled to
the remotest parts of Egypt, and the angel bound him [the angel] Raphael said, I know,
Tobias, that your father will open his [blind] eyes. You therefore must anoint his eyes with the
gall; and when they smart he will rub them, and will cause the white films to fall away, and he will
see you (6:2-8; 8:2, 3; 11:7, 8).
Anachronism: The book claims that Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Nineveh, whereas it was his
father Nabopolassar who did so: Before [Tobit] died he heard of the destruction of Nineveh,
which Nebuchadnezzar and Ahasuerus had captured (14:15).
Saracus became king of the Assyrians, and when he was informed that an army like a swarm of
locusts had invaded by sea, he immediately sent his general Nabopolassar to Babylon. But this
general started to plot rebellion, and betrothed his son Nebuchadnezzar to Amytis the daughter of
Astyages, the king of the Medes. And then he immediately set off to attack the city of Nineveh.
When king Saracus learned of the attack, he burnt down the palace with himself inside it
(Eusebius Chronicle Latin pp. 36-37). See also Polyhistor in Syncellus.
Judith: Anachronism: The books speaks of Nebuchadnezzar reigning in Nineveh, an
impossibility since his father Nabopolassar destroyed Nineveh years before (632 BCE) and it was
never rebuilt: In the twelfth year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar [612 BCE], who ruled over the
Assyrians in the great city of Nineveh (1:1).
Anachronism: Though supposedly taking place during the days of Nebuchadnezzar (died 582
BCE), the book speaks of the Jews as already having returned from Babylonian exile (537 BCE):
When [the Jews] departed from the way which he had appointed for them, they were utterly
defeated in many battles and were led away captive to a foreign country; the temple of their God
was razed to the ground, and their cities were captured by their enemies. But now they have
returned to their God, and have come back from the places to which they were scattered, and
have occupied Jerusalem, where their sanctuary is (5:18, 19).
Judith, after killing an enemy slated to kill the Jews, is made to sing of the characters of Greek
mythology: Then Judith began this thanksgiving before all Israel, and all the people loudly sang
this song of praise For their mighty one did not fall by the hands of the young men, nor did the
sons of the Titans smite him, nor did tall giants set upon him; but Judith the daughter of Merari
undid him (16:1, 7).
Anachronism: The events are supposed to have taken place early in Nebuchadnezzars reign as
the Babylonian king, yet the book anachronistically says that the death of his general Holofernes
distubed the Medes and Persians, who were the next world power: The Persians trembled at
her boldness, the Medes were daunted at her daring (16:10).
Esther (additions): Anachronism: Mordecai is said to have been taken in exile by
Nebuchadnezzar [617 BCE] and still active in the reign of Artaxerxes I [463 BCE], making him at
least at least 154 years old, according to the apocryphal additions to Esther: In the second year
of the reign of Artaxerxes the Great [For Artaxerxes I, this would be 463 BCE; the king then was
actually Xerxes I, his second year being 494 BCE], on the first day of Nisan, Mordecai the son of
Jair, son of Shimei, son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin, had a dream. He was a Jew, dwelling in
the city of Susa, a great man, serving in the court of the king. He was one of the captives whom
Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had brought from Jerusalem with Jeconiah king of Judea [617
BCE] (11:2, 3).
The addition says that Mordecai informed the king of the two conspiring eunuchs, whereas the
book of Esther says that he told Esther, who then told the king (Esther 2:21-23): Now Mordecai
took his rest in the courtyard with Gabatha and Tharra, the two eunuchs of the king who kept
watch in the courtyard. He overheard their conversation and inquired into their purposes, and
learned that they were preparing to lay hands upon Artaxerxes the king; and he informed the king
concerning them (12:1, 2).
The additon says Hamans hatred was because of Mordecais exposing the two conspirators,
whereas the Bible says it was because Mordecai refused to bow to Haman (Esther 3:5, 6):

Haman, the son of Hammedatha, a Bougaean, was in great honor with the king, and he sought
to injure Mordecai and his people because of the two eunuchs of the king (12:6).
The addition says that the king annulled the decree to annihilate the Jews that he sent out earlier,
whereas the book of Esther says the decree could not be annulled, and the king only gave the
Jews the right to defend themselves (Esther 8:3-12): The following is a copy of this letter: The
Great King, Artaxerxes, to the rulers of the provinces from India to Ethiopia, one hundred and
twenty-seven satrapies, and to those who are loyal to our government, greeting You will
therefore do well not to put in execution the letters sent by Haman the son of Hammedatha
(16:1, 17).
1Maccabees: Historical inaccuracy: The succession of Alexander the Great: [Alexander the
Great] fell sick and perceived that he was dying. So he summoned his most honored officers,
who had been brought up with him from youth, and divided his kingdom among them while he
was still alive. And after Alexander had reigned twelve years, he died. Then his officers began to
rule, each in his own place (1:5-8).
Alexander did no division of his kingdom while living: Alexander's own end was now near
Some authors, however, have related that his Companions asked him to whom he left his
kingdom; and that he replied, To the best (Arrian 7, 24 & 26). As they askd [Alexander], to
whom he bequeathd his kingdom? he answerd, To the most worthy To this great king and
mighty captain a successor was wanting, but the burthen was too great for any single person to
bear, now he was gone (Quintus Curtius: His History of the Wars of Alexander translated by John
Digby 10, 5, vol. 2, pp. 186, 190, London, A. Millar, 1747).
The descent of Alexander Epiphanes (Balas): In the one hundred and sixtieth year Alexander
Epiphanes, the son of Antiochus, landed and occupied Ptolemais. They welcomed him, and there
he began to reign. When Demetrius [I Soter] the king heard of it, he assembled a very large army
and marched out to meet him in battle (10:1, 2).
In reality, he was not truly a son of Antiochus Epiphanes: The people of Antioch suborned
one Bala, a young man of mean condition, to claim the throne of Syria, on pretence that it had
been his fathers, by force of arms; and that nothing might be wanting to render him insolent, the
name of Alexander was given him, and he was reported to be the son of King Antiochus. And
such was the detestation of Demetrius [I Soter] among all classes, that not only royal power, but
also nobility of birth, was unanimously attributed to his rival. Alexander made war upon
Demetrius, and, having defeated him, deprived him at once of his throne and his life (Justin 35,
1).
2Maccabees: The writer claims to have done the work on his own ability, not under divine
inspiration (cf 2Sam 23:1, 2): If it is well told and to the point, that is what I myself desired; if it is
poorly done and mediocre, that was the best I could do. For just as it is harmful to drink wine
alone, or, again, to drink water alone, while wine mixed with water is sweet and delicious and
enhances one's enjoyment, so also the style of the story delights the ears of those who read the
work. And here will be the end (15:38, 39).
3Maccabees: Historical inaccuracy: According to the apocryphal book, Ptolemy IV Philopator
attempted, in Egypt, the extermination of the Alexandrian Jews with 500 elephants: Philopator
gave orders to all his forces, both infantry and cavalry and marched out to the region near
Raphia, where Antiochus's supporters were encamped [On returning to Egypt,] the king
summoned Hermon, keeper of the elephants, and ordered him on the following day to drug all the
elephants five hundred in number with large handfuls of frankincense and plenty of unmixed
wine, and to drive them in, maddened by the lavish abundance of liquor, so that the Jews might
meet their doom (1:1; 5:1, 2).
Just before the incident in Egypt with the Jews, history says that Ptolemy IV Philopator took all his
forces to the battle of Raphia, and this included only 73 elephants. By the beginning of spring
[217 BCE] Antiochus [III the Great] and Ptolemy [IV Philopator] had completed their preparations
and were determined on deciding the fate of the Syrian expedition by a battle [near Raphia]. Now
Ptolemy started from Alexandria with an army of seventy thousand foot, five thousand horse, and

seventy-three elephants The whole army of Antiochus consisted of sixty-two thousand foot, six
thousand horse, and a hundred and two elephants (Polybius 5, 79, 1-2, 13).
4Maccabees: The wicked are eternally tormented: We, most abominable tyrant [Antiochus
Epiphanes], are suffering because of our godly training and virtue, but you, because of your
impiety and bloodthirstiness, will undergo unceasing torments You profane tyrant, most
impious of all the wicked, since you have received good things and also your kingdom from God,
were you not ashamed to murder his servants and torture on the wheel those who practice
religion? Because of this, justice has laid up for you intense and eternal fire and tortures, and
these throughout all time will never let you go Let us not fear him who thinks he is killing us, for
great is the struggle of the soul and the danger of eternal torment lying before those who
transgress the commandment of God (10:10, 11; 12:12; 13:14, 15).
The righteous immediately go off into bliss after dying: [Concerning a mother and her seven
sons who were martyred:] For if we so die, Abraham and Isaac and Jacob will welcome us, and
all the fathers will praise us O holy-minded mother, maintaining firm an enduring hope in God.
The moon in heaven, with the stars, does not stand so august as you, who, after lighting the way
of your star-like seven sons to piety, stand in honor before God and are firmly set in heaven with
them The tyrant himself and all his council marveled at their endurance, because of which they
now stand before the divine throne and live through blessed eternity the sons of Abraham with
their victorious mother are gathered together into the chorus of the fathers, and have received
pure and immortal souls from God (13:17; 17:4, 5, 17, 18; 18:23).
Prayer of Manasseh: Anachronism: This book says that King Manasseh believed that
Abraham, Isaac and Jacob did not sin: Thou, O Lord, God of the righteous, hast not appointed
repentance for the righteous, for Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, who did not sin against thee (8).
This could not have been the prayer of King Manasseh, since it reflects the later theology of the
Jews, whereas the Bible states that all sin (Eccl 7:20; Rom 3:23).
Anachronism of including later rabbinic belief in a prayer supposedly of Manasseh in 8 th/7th C.
BCE (cf 2Chron 33:18): Thou who hast made heaven and earth with all their order; who hast
shackled the sea by thy word of command, who hast confined the deep and sealed it with thy
terrible and glorious name (2, 3).
The footnote on this verse in Apocrypha OT is: The rabbinic belief in the magical efficacy
residing in the sacred Name is here referred to. Solomon was reputed to have wrought miracles
by a seal engraved with the Tetragrammaton: Ashmedai the prince of the demons Solomon
sent thither Benaiahu son of Jehoiada, giving him a chain on which was graven the [Divine]
Name and a ring on which was graven the Name and bottles of wine. Benaiahu went and
poured the wine into [a pit] and he [Ashmedai] drank till he became drunk, and fell asleep.
Benaiahu then came down and threw the chain over him and fastened it (Talmud, Gittin 68a).
Wisdom: Anachronism: The books author describes himself in terms that only can apply to
King Solomon: Thou hast chosen me to be king of thy people and to be judge over thy sons and
daughters Thou hast given command to build a temple on thy holy mountain, and an altar in
the city of thy habitation, a copy of the holy tent which thou didst prepare from the beginning I
shall judge thy people justly, and shall be worthy of the throne of my father (9:7, 8, 12).

However, the book quotes from books of the Bible written after Solomons death (997 BCE), and
according to the LXX (translated c. 280 BCE):
Wisdom 2:12: Let us lie in wait for the righteous; because he is not for our turn
G3588

G1510
Isa 3:10 (c. 730 BCE): Let us bind the just, for he is burdensome to us (Brenton)
Wisdom 15:10: His heart is ashes
Isa 44:20 (c. 730 BCE): Their heart is ashes (Brenton)

G1210 G3588

G4700 G3588 G2588 G846

G4700 G3588 G2588 G846

The book promotes pagan doctrine: The immortality of the soul: The souls of the righteous
In the eyes of the foolish they seemed to have died For though in the sight of men they
were punished, their hope is full of immortality (3:1-4).
Torment after death: The righteous man who had died will condemn the ungodly who are living
the Lord will laugh them to scorn. After this they will become dishonored corpses, and an
outrage among the dead for ever and they will suffer anguish, and the memory of them will
perish Then the righteous man will stand with great confidence in the presence of those who
have afflicted him, and those who make light of his labors. When they see him, they will be
shaken with dreadful fear, and they will be amazed at his unexpected salvation. They will speak
to one another in repentance, and in anguish of spirit they will groan, and say, This is the man
whom we once held in derision and made a byword of reproach we fools! (4:16-19; 5:1-4).
Transmigration of souls: As a child I was by nature well endowed, and a good soul fell to my lot;
or rather, being good, I entered an undefiled body man who was made of earth a short time
before and after a little while goes to the earth from which he was taken, when he is required to
return the soul that was lent him (8:19, 20; 15:8).
The physical body is a burden: For the reasoning of mortals is worthless, and our designs are
likely to fail, for a perishable body weighs down the soul, and this earthy tent burdens the
thoughtful mind (9:14, 15). Contrary to Gen 1:31.
Other unscriptural ideas: Adam repented: Wisdom protected the first-formed father of the
world, when he alone had been created; she delivered him from his transgression (10:1).
Contary to Gen 3:8-12.
The Jews were holy and blameless when delivered from Egypt: A holy people and blameless
race wisdom delivered from a nation of oppressors [Egypt] (10:15). Contrary to Ps 106:6, 7, 13,
14, 28-40.
The universe was created from pre-existing matter: Thy all-powerful hand, which created the
world out of formless matter (11:17). This was the belief of many ancient civilizations around the
Mediterranean, but the Scriptures teach that the universe was created from nothing existing prior
(Gen 1:1, 2; Heb 11:3).
Sirach (Ecclesiasticus): Prejudiced views of women, and wrongly attributes the origin of sin to
the first woman, Eve: Any wickedness, but not the wickedness of a wife! Any iniquity is
insignificant compared to a wife's iniquity From a woman sin had its beginning, and because of
her we all die (25:13, 19, 24). Contrary to Rom 5:12. Also see notes.
Reflects the beliefs of the Sadducees, such as there being no resurrection of the dead: Death is
better than a miserable life, and eternal rest than chronic sickness My son, let your tears fall
for the dead Do not give your heart to [excessive] sorrow; drive it away, remembering the end
of life. Do not forget, there is no coming back; you do the dead no good, and you injure yourself
Before the time of his eternal sleep, Samuel called men to witness before the Lord and his
anointed: I have not taken any one's property [1Sam 12:1-5] (30:17; 38:20, 21; 46:19).
Contrary to 1Cor 15:12-19.
God is said to know everything even before he created the universe: A man who breaks his
marriage vows His fear is confined to the eyes of men, and he does not realize that the eyes of
the Lord are ten thousand times brighter than the sun Before the universe was created, it
[mans sin] was known to him; so it [mans sin] was also after it [the universe] was finished
(30:18-20). If Jehovah knew man would sin, then he was partly responsible for sins occurrence
and all its evil consequences. This would be contrary to 1John 4:8.
The demonic apparition during the sance in 1Sam 28:8-19 is taken as actually being Samuel:
Even after he had fallen asleep [Samuel] prophesied and revealed to the king his death, and
lifted up his voice out of the earth in prophecy (46:20).
Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah (6th chapter of Baruch): Jerome did not think the book of Baruch
and the Letter of Jeremiah worthy of translation: Libellum autem Baruch, quo vulgo editioni

Septuaginta copulatur, nec habetur apud Hebraeos, et Epistolam Jeremiae

nequaquam censui disserendam. But the small book of Baruch, which is a part of the popular
version [of the Scriptures], the Septuagint, and which is not accepted by the Jews, and the
pseudepigraphic Letter of Jeremiah, I have not deemed worthy of translation (Hieronymus:
Commentariorum in Jeremiam Prophetam Libri Sex: Prologus [Prologue to the Commentaries on
Jeremiah the Prophet in Six Books by Jerome]; Patrologia Latina vol. 24, col 680).
Anachronism: These are the words of the book which Baruch the son of Neraiah wrote in
Babylon, in the fifth year, on the seventh day of the month, at the time when the Chaldeans took
Jerusalem and burned it with fire. And Baruch read the words of this book in the hearing of
Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, and in the hearing of all the people who came to
hear the book, and in the hearing of the mighty men and the princes and they collected money,
each giving what he could; and they sent it to Jerusalem to Jehoiakim the high priest, the son of
Hilkiah, son of Shallum, and to the priests, and to all the people who were present with him in
Jerusalem And they said: Herewith we send you money; so buy with the money burnt
offerings and sin offerings and incense, and prepare a cereal offering, and offer them upon the
altar of the Lord our God (1:1-7, 10). If we take the 5th year to be counted from the burning of
Jerusalem in 607 BCE, we can then harmonize the words burned it with fire, but we have a
contradiction in their sending money to Jerusalem for sacrifices. If we take it to be counted from
the exile of Jehoiachin in 617 BCE, we have a contradiction with the words burned it with fire.
Anachronism: There is mention of praying for a man who would rule 73 years later, but had not
yet been born: In the fifth year [612 BCE], on the seventh day of the month, at the time when the
Chaldeans took Jerusalem and burned it with fire after Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had
carried away from Jerusalem Jeconiah and the princes and the prisoners and the mighty men
and the people of the land, and brought them to Babylon [617 BCE] pray for the life of
Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and for the life of Belshazzar his son [who ruled in 539 BCE]
(1:2, 9, 11).
Anachronism: Belshazzar was considered a youth in 539 BCE, as attested by the words of
Cyrus: And what of this lad [; youth, young man L & S] who is now on the throne?
Did you not charge him with unbridled insolence? " (Cyropaedia 5, 2, 26).
The dead can pray for the living: O Lord Almighty, God of Israel, hear now the prayer of the
dead of Israel and of the sons of those who sinned before thee, who did not heed the voice of the
Lord their God, so that calamities have clung to us (3:4).
Additions to Daniel: Bel and the Dragon: Mythology, a fanciful tale of Daniel killing a dragon
by causing it to burst open: Daniel took pitch, fat, and hair, and boiled them together and made
cakes, which he fed to the dragon. The dragon ate them, and burst open (27; also referred to as
Dan 14:27). Contrary to Titus 1:13, 14.
Prayer of Azariah (The Song of the Three Holy Children): Anachronism: At this time there is
no prince, or prophet, or leader, no burnt offering, or sacrifice, or oblation, or incense, no place to
make an offering before thee or to find mercy (1:15; also referred to as Dan 3:38). This prayer
says there were no prophets at that time, yet the Bible does mention faithful prophets as
operating then.
The ordeal of the three Hebrews in the fiery furnace took place between 614 BCE (after their
being taken captive and their 3 year trial Dan 1:1-7) and 582 BCE (the death of
Nebuchadnezzar). During this time Jeremiah (Jer 52:31 580 BCE), Ezekiel (Ezek 29:17 591
BCE), and Daniel (Dan 2:44-49) were prophets.
Susanna: This addition portrays Daniel, as a young man, speaking very disrespectfully of two
elders who had not yet been convicted of wrong: God aroused the holy spirit of a young lad
named Daniel he summoned one of [the two elders] and said to him, You old relic of wicked
days, your sins have now come home, which you have committed in the past pronouncing
unjust judgments, condemning the innocent and letting the guilty go free, though the Lord said,
`Do not put to death an innocent and righteous person [Daniel] commanded them to bring the

other [elder]. And he said to him, You offspring of Canaan and not of Judah, beauty has deceived
you and lust has perverted your heart. This is how you both have been dealing with the
daughters of Israel, and they were intimate with you through fear; but a daughter of Judah would
not endure your wickedness (45, 52-53, 56-57; also referred to as Dan 13:45, 52-53, 56-57). In
the book of Daniel itself, Daniel is portrayed as always respectful in his speech (Dan 2:27, 28;
3:19, 27; 5:17-28; 6:21, 22).
Pseudegraphical Works (all quotes from ApocryphaOT, unless otherwise noted):
The Book of Jubilees: Anachronisms: Angels were created on the first creative day: The
angel of the presence spake to Moses Write the complete history of the creation, how in six
days the Lord God finished all His works For on the first day He created the heavens which are
above and the earth and the waters and all the spirits which serve before himthe angels (2, 12). Contary to Gen 1:1-5; Job 38:4-7.
Circumcision an eternal law: And on the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised, and all the
men of his house This law is for all the generations for ever for it is an eternal ordinance,
ordained and written on the heavenly tablets (15, 24-25). Contrary to Gal 5:2-6.
No angel ruled over Israel: There are many nations and many peoples, and all are His [Gods],
and over all hath He placed spirits in authority But over Israel He did not appoint any angel or
spirit, for He alone is their ruler (15, 31-32). Contrary to Dan 10:21; 12:1; Jude 9
The Letter of Aristeas: Anachronism: The appearance of one of the main characters in the
letter: The events with which it deals are supposed to take place during the lifetime of Queen
Arsinoe ( 41). As Arsinoe became Queen about 278 B.C. and died in 270 B.C., these dates
provide us with the time limits within which the story must be placed The writer is guilty of
several serious historical anachronisms He represents Demetrius of Phalerum as head of the
library of Alexandria and ascribes the translation of the law to his influence and initiative ( 9-11
et passim). The evidence, however, proves quite conclusively that Demetrius was banished by
Philadelphus at the commencement of his reign (c, 283 B.C.) for supporting the claim of
Keraunos to the throne, and died shortly afterwards (p. 83).
Demetrius of Phalerum, the president of the king's library I am told that the laws of the Jews
are worth transcribing and deserve a place in your library.' 'What is to prevent you from doing
this?' replied the king 'They need to be translated,' answered Demetrius And the king when
he understood all the facts of the case ordered a letter to be written to the Jewish High Priest that
his purpose (which has already been described) might be accomplished To this letter Eleazar
replied appropriately as follows: 'Eleazar the High priest sends greetings to King Ptolemy his true
friend. My highest wishes are for your welfare and the welfare of Queen Arsinoe your sister and
your children. (9-11, 41).
Arsinoe I married Ptolemy II in 284/1 BC. Around 274 BC, she was convicted of plotting
against him and went in exile from Egypt to Coptos, and soon Ptolemy II married his sister
Arsinoe II of Egypt Arsinoe II [lived from] 316 BC-July 270 BC probably instigated the
accusation and exile of her brother Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I of Egypt. Arsinoe II then
married her brother On the accession of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Demetrius was sent into exile
to Upper Egypt, where he is said to have died of the bite of a snake. His death appears to have
taken place soon after the year 283 BC (Wikipedia under Arsinoe I, Arsinoe II, and Demetrius
of Phalerum).
The Books of Adam and Eve (Apocalypse of Moses): Immortality of the soul: Eve the
angel of humanity came to her, and raised her up and said: 'Rise up, Eve Adam thy husband
hath gone out of his body. Rise up and behold his spirit borne aloft to his Maker' [words
addressed to Adams son Seth:] Look up and see with thine eyes the seven heavens opened, and
see how the soul of thy father lies on its face and all the holy angels are praying on his behalf
the Father of all took Adam and handed him over to the archangel Michael saying: 'Lift him up
into Paradise unto the third Heaven, and leave him there until that fearful day of my reckoning,

which I will make in the world.' Then Michael took Adam and left him where God told him
(Apocalypse of Moses 32, 3-4; 35, 2; 37, 4-6).
Book of Enoch: Immortality of the soul: These hollow places have been created for this very
purpose, that the spirits of the souls of the dead should assemble therein, yea that all the souls of
the children of men should assemble here I saw the spirits of the children of men whowere
dead (22, 3-4).
Eternal torment: This [place of confinement] has been made for sinners when they die and are
buried in the earth and judgement has not been executed upon them in their lifetime. Here their
spirits shall be set apart in this great pain, till the great day of judgement, scourgings, and
torments of the accursed for ever, so that (there may be) retribution for their spirits (22, 10-11).
The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: Immortality of the soul and torment after death:
When [ones who have died] meet the angels of the Lord and of Satan. For when the soul departs
troubled, it is tormented by the evil spirit which also it served in lusts and evil works. But if he is
peaceful with joy he meeteth the angel of peace, and he leadeth him into eternal life (The
Testament of Asher 6, 5-6).
The Sibylline Oracles: There are deities in Hades: But of your evil counsel ye shall have the
fitting reward, for that forsaking the honouring of the true and eternal God ye have made your
sacrifices to the deities in Hades (Fragments 1, 19-22). The demons (who receive the worship
of false worshippers 1Cor 10:20) are not in Hades, but in Tartarus, a state of spiritual darkness
(2Pet 2:4).
Eternal torment: Therefore the gleam of blazing fire is coming upon you. Ye shall be burned with
torches the livelong day throughout the age, being ashamed of your lying futile idols.
(Fragments 3, 43-45).
Greek mythology tied in with Bible history: But when the tower [of Babel] was fallen and men's
tongues divided off with divers kinds of sounds, then the whole earth began to be filled with
separate kingdoms And Cronos, Titan, and lapetus were kings, the goodliest children of Gaia
and Ouranos, whom men called Earth and Heaven And Cronos and Titan fought against each
other. But them Rhea and Gaia and garland-loving Aphrodite, Demeter and Hestia and fairtressed Dione brought to friendship, reconciling the kings But our lady Rhea when she brought
forth her third child brought forth Hera first And then Rhea brought forth a man child, whom
she quickly sent away, to be reared secretly and privily they gave him the name of Zeus In
like manner too she sent away Poseidon stealthily. Then at the third time Rhea, goddess among
women, gave birth to Pluto And then God inflicted evil on the Titans. And all the families of the
Titans and of Cronos died (Books 3, 105-158). Contrary to 1Tim 1:3, 4; 2Tim 4:3, 4.
The Assumption of Moses: Anachronism: Timing of the advent of divine salvation: For the
Most High will arise, the Eternal God alone, and He will appear to punish the Gentiles For from
my death [assumption] until His advent there shall be CCL times (I.e. 250 year weeks, or 1,750
years [c. 250 CE]. Thus from the Creation [2,500 years before Moses' death] to the final
judgement will be 4,250 years or 85 jubilees. Cf. Sanh.97B, which gives the same date for the
Messiah's coming; ftn) (10, 7, 12-13). The Messiah came in the 1st C. CE.
The Book of the Secrets of Enoch: Eternal torment: There was a wise man [Enoch] and
the Lord received him, that he should behold the uppermost dwellings and be an eye-witness
of the wise and great and inconceivable and immutable realm of God Almighty And those two
men led me up and showed me there a very terrible place, and there were all manner of
tortures in that place: cruel darkness and unillumined gloom, and there is no light there, but murky
fire constantly flameth aloft, and there is a fiery river coming forth, and that whole place is
everywhere fire, and everywhere there is frost and ice, thirst and shivering, while the bonds are
very cruel, and the angels fearful and merciless. bearing angry weapons, merciless torture, and I
said: 'Woe, woe, how very terrible is this place,' and those men said to me: This place, O Enoch,
is prepared for those who dishonour God, who on earth practise sin against nature (A
[Manuscript] Prologue; 10, 1-4).

Pre-existence of souls: Sit and write all the souls of mankind, however many of them are born,
and the places prepared for them to eternity; for all souls are prepared to eternity, before the
formation of the world (A 23, 4-5).
Predestination: There has been no man in his mother's womb, but that already before, even to
each one there is a place prepared for the repose of that soul, and a measure fixed how much it
is intended that a man be tried in this world (A 49, 2).
2nd Baruch: Torment after death: And it shall come to pass at that time that the treasuries will
be opened in which is preserved the number of the souls of the righteous, and they shall come
forth But the souls of the wicked, when they behold all these things, shall then waste away the
more. For they shall know that their torment has come and their perdition has arrived (30, 2-5).
The Greek Apocalypse of Baruch (3rd Baruch): Torment after death: And he showed me
Hades, and its appearance was dark and abominable. And I said, Who is this dragon, and who is
this monster around him? And the angel said. The dragon is he who eats the bodies of those who
spend their life wickedly, and he is nourished by them. And this is Hades also the men who
now drink insatiably the wine which is begotten of [the grapevine], transgress worse than Adam,
and are far from the glory of God, and are surrendering themselves to the eternal fire (4, 4-6, 1617).
4th Baruch: Pre-existence of souls: The underworld and the chambers of souls are like the
womb: for just as she who is in travail makes haste to escape the anguish of the travail, even so
do these places hasten to deliver what has been entrusted to them from the beginning (4, 4143).
Torment after death: And the Most High shall be revealed upon the throne of judgement and
the reward be made manifest And then shall the pit of torment appear, and over against it the
place of refreshment. The furnace of Gehenna shall be made manifest, and over against it the
Paradise of delight. And then shall the Most High say to the nations that have been raised [from
the dead]: Look now and consider whom ye have denied, whom ye have not served, whose
commandments ye have despised. Look, now, before [you]: here delight and refreshment, there
fire and torments! (7, 33-37).
Soul immortal: When the decisive decree has gone forth from the Most High that the man
should die, as the soul from the body departs that it may return to him who gave it to adore the
glory of tlie Most High (7, 78-79).
The Psalms of Solomon: Anachronism: And the children of the covenant in the midst of the
mingled peoples There was not among them one that wrought in the midst of Jerusalem mercy
and truth. They that loved the synagogues of the pious fled from them (17, 15-16).
These psalms claim to be the work of Solomon, yet synagogues did not come about in Israel until
after the Babylonian exile at the earliest (6th C. BCE): During the Babylonian captivity (586537
BCE) the Men of the Great Assembly began the process of formalizing and standardizing Jewish
services and prayers that did not depend on the functioning of the Temple in Jerusalem The
earliest archaeological evidence for the existence of very early synagogues comes from Egypt,
where stone synagogue dedication inscriptions dating from the third century BCE prove that
synagogues existed by that date (Wikipedia under Synagogue).
Other Apocryphal Books:
Joseph and Asenath (translated by David Cook; in The Apocryphal Old Testament edited by
H.F.D. Sparks, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984): Historical inaccuracy: Pharaoh's son
summoned Simeon and Levi to him, and said to them, I have heard that you destroyed the
city of Shechem and with your own two swords you cut to pieces thirty thousand fighting men
(23, 2-3). Shechems population was a few thousand at the most, being contained within 15
acres: About 30 mi (49 km) north of Jerusalem is a low, 15-acre mound, known as Tell Balata.

This nondescript ruin covers what was ancient Shechem (Shechem: Its Archaeological and
Contextual Significance in Bible and Spade Spring, 2005).
Dead Sea Scrolls:
Immortal soul and eternal torment: 1QS 4, 12-13.
Predestination: 1QS 3, 15-21.
Separation from mankind: 1QS 8, 14-15. Contrary to John 17:15.
Christian Greek Scriptures
Apocryphal Works (all quotes from Apocrypha NT3 unless otherwise noted; NT1 is Apocrypha
NT1; their order is as in Apocrypha NT3):
Protevangelium of James: The high priest goes into the Most Holy of the Temple to pray: And
when she was twelve years of age, the priests met in a council, and said, Behold, Mary is twelve
years of age; what shall we do with her, for fear lest the holy place of the Lord our God should be
defiled [by her menstruation while she is serving there]? Then the high-priest entered into the
Holy of Holies, and made prayer concerning her (8, 3, 5; NT1). This could not have taken
place on Marys twelfth birthday, for only on the day of Atonement could the high priest enter the
Most Holy (Heb 9:6, 7).
Because Mary is pregnant, Joseph is made to drink the bitter water of the test for secret adultery:
The priest added, I will cause you both to drink the water of the Lord, which is for trial, and so
your iniquity shall be laid open before you. Then the priest took the water, and made Joseph
drink, and sent him to a mountainous place. And he returned perfectly well, and all the people
wondered that his guilt was not discovered. So the priest said, Since the Lord hath not made your
sins evident, neither do I condemn you (11, 17-20; NT1). Only the wife drank the bitter water
(Num 5:11-28) and no Jewish tradition ever had the husband drink it (Mishnah, Sotah ch. 1-3).
The astologers who sought Jesus find him in a cave: So the wise men went forth, and behold,
the star which they saw in the east went before them, till it came and stood over the cave where
the young child was with Mary his mother. Then they brought forth out of their treasures (15, 910; NT1). The so-called wise men found Jesus in a house, not a cave (Matt 2:7-11).
Zechariah, the father of John the Baptizer, is said to be high priest: Zacharias the high-priest
But Herod made search after John, and sent servants to Zacharias, when he was (ministering) at
the altar, and said unto him, Where hast thou hid thy son? And [the priests] went away, and
told the people, that Zacharias was murdered, and all the tribes of Israel heard thereof, and
mourned for him, and lameiited three days (8, 4; 16, 9, 25; NT1). Zachariah was just an ordinary
priest who served twice a year for a week each time at the Temple (Luke 1:5, 8-9, 13, 23). The
high priest was always there to officiate.
Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew: Mary is said to choose perpetual virginity: Abiathar the priest
offered gifts without end to the high priests, in order that he might obtain her as wife to his son.
But Mary forbade them, saying: It cannot be that I should know a man, or that a man should know
me Mary answered and said unto them: God is worshipped in chastity (7). Since Jesus is
called Marys firstborn, she had other children by the normal means (Luke 2:4-7).
The high priest goes into the Most Holy of the Temple to pray: Now it came to pass, when [Mary]
was fourteen years old, and on this account there was occasion for the Pharisees saying that it
was now a custom that no woman of that age should abide in the temple of God, they fell upon
the plan of sending a herald through all the tribes of Israel, that on the third day all should come
together into the temple of the Lord. And when all the people had come together On the
following day the high priest went into the holy of holies, and brought forth the rods [to
determine who would be Marys guardian]. And the high priest put on the twelve bells and the

sacerdotal robe; and entering into the holy of holies, he there made a burnt-offering, and poured
forth a prayer (8). Contrary to Heb 9:6, 7.
Because Mary is pregnant, Joseph is made to drink the bitter water of the test for secret adultery:
After these things there arose a great report that Mary was with child. And Joseph was seized by
the ollicers of the temple, and brought along with Mary to the high priest Joseph was
summoned to the altar, and the water of drinking of the Lord was given him to drink. And when
any one that had lied drank this water, and walked seven times round the altar, God used to show
some sign in his face. When, therefore, Joseph had drunk in safety, and had walked round the
altar seven times, no sign of sin appeared in him (12). Only the wife drank the bitter water (Num
5:11-28) and no Jewish tradition ever had the husband drink it (Mishnah, Sotah ch. 1-3).
Jesus is depicted as a murderous youth: The son of Annas, a priest of the Temple broke
down the dams which Jesus had made with His own hands, and let out the water which He had
collected in them from the torrent And when Jesus saw this, He said to that boy who had
destroyed His dams: O most wicked seed of iniquity! son of death! O workshop of Satan! verily
the fruit of thy seed shall be without strength, and thy roots without moisture, and thy branches
withered, bearing no fruit. And immediately, in the sight of all, the boy withered away, and died
(28).
Gospel of the Nativity of Mary: A passage not in the Bible is quoted as Scripture: The
Scripture having said, Cursed is every one who shall not beget a male in Israel (1, 9; NT1).
History of Joseph the Carpenter: The trinity: In the name of God, of once essence and three
persons our Master, God, and Saviour jesus Christ (Intro; 1).
Eternal torment: Sinners: inasmuch as their weeping and lamentation shall not come to an end,
and their tears shall not cease, nor shall they find for themselves consolation and repose at any
time for ever (1).
Joseph, Jesus foster-father, served as a priest at the Temple: There was a man whose name
was Joseph, sprung from a family of Bethlehem, a town of Judah, and the city of King David. This
same man, being well furnished with wisdom and learning, was made a priest in the temple of the
Lord. He was, besides, skilful in his trade, which was that of a carpenter (2). Only men from the
tribe of Levi could serve as priests at the Temple (Num 3:10), and Joseph was of the tribe of
Judah (Luke 2:4).
Immortality of the soul: Therefore Michael and Gabriel came to the soul of my father Joseph,
and took it, and wrapped it in a shining wrapper And the angels preserved his soul from the
demons of darkness which were in the way, and praised God even until they conducted it into the
dwelling-place of the pious (23).
Gospel of Thomas (1st in Greek; Latin similar): Jesus is depicted as a murderous and
vengeful youth: The son of Annas the scribe was standing there with Joseph; and he took a
willow branch, and let out the waters which Jesus had collected. And Jesus, seeing what was
done, was angry And straight way that boy was quite dried up After that He was again
passing through the village; and a boy ran up against Him, and struck His shoulder. And Jesus
was angry, and said to him: Thou shalt not go back the way thou earnest. And immediately he fell
down dead And the parents of the dead boy went away to Joseph, and blamed him And
straightway those that accused Him were struck blind (3-5).
Arabic Gospel of the Infancy of the Saviour: Jesus is depicted as a murderous youth: The
Lord Jesus was with some boys by a river and they drew water out of the river by little channels,
and made little fishpools tlie son of Hanani coming to the fish pool of Jesus to destroy it, the
water vanished away, and the Lord Jesus said to him, In like manner as this water has vanished,
so shall thy life vanish; and presently the boy died. Another time, when the Lord Jesus was
coming home in the evening with Joseph, he met a boy, who ran so hard against him, that he
threw him down. To whom the Lord Jesus said, As thou hast thrown me down, so shalt thou fall,
nor ever rise. And that moment the boy fell down and died (19, 15-24; NT1).

Jesus gives a lesson in astronomy that includes a mistaken scientific concept: When a certain
astronomer, who was present, asked tlie Lord Jesus, whether he hail studied astronomy, the Lord
Jesus replied, and told him the number of the spheres and heavenly bodies and other things
which the reason of man had never discovered (21, 9-10; NT1). The teaching that the planets
and stars revolved within crystalline spheres was a erroneous teaching of ancient Greek
astronomy.
Gospel of Nicodemus:
Acts of Pilate: 1st in Greek: Anachronisms: In the fifteenth year of the government of
Tiberius Caesar, emperor of the Romans, and Herod being king of Galilee, in the
nineteenth year of his rule in the consulship of Rufus and Rubellio, in the fourth year of
the two hundred and second Olympiad, Joseph Caiaphas being high priest of the Jews
(Intro). The 15th year of Tiberius is 29 CE; the 19th year of Herod Antipas was 19 CE; the
consulship of Rusus and Rubellio was in 29 CE; the 4 th year of the 202nd Olympiad is
32/33 CE;
29 [CE] C. Fufius [Rufius] Geminus [and] L. Rubellius Geminus (Wikipedia under List of
Roman Consuls).
Attribution of the temple-building to the incorrect person: The Jews say to [Pilate]: He
said, I can destroy this temple, and in three days build it. Pilate says: What temple? The
Jews say: The one that Solomon built in forty-six years (4).
Acts of Pilate: 2nd in Greek: Anachronisms: When Tiberius Caesar at last swayed the
Roman sceptre, in the eighteenth year of his reign, he appointed as king in Judea, Herod
[Antipas], the son of the Herod who had formerly slaughtered the infants in Bethlehem
and he made Pilate procurator in Jerusalem (Intro). The 18th year of Tiberius is 32/33
CE; Herod was appointed king in 1 BCE; Pilate was made procurator in 26 CE.
Attribution of the temple-building to the incorrect person: The Jews answered [Pilate]
He said, I am able to destroy the temple of God, and in three days to build it. Pilate says:
And what temple did he say he was to destroy? The Hebrews say: The temple of
Solomon, which Solomon built in forty-six years (4).
Mary called the mother of God: Of His disciples, therefore, John followed Him [to the
place of Christs execution]. Then he came fleeing to the mother of God the mother of
God says to John: Where is my son? (10).
Mistaken description of Golgotha: The place called Cranium, which was paved with
stone (A mistaken reference to John xix.13; ftn); and there the Jews set up the cross
(10).
Acts of Pilate: In Latin: Same errors as in Greek versions: Anachronisms of dating by
rulership of Tiberius, Herod, and Roman consuls (Intro; NT3); attribution of the templebuilding to the incorrect person (4).
Descent of Christ into Hell: In Greek: A supposed account of those resurrected who
had been in Hades and what they saw there: Joseph [of Arimathea] says Symeon
who received Jesus, and his two sons whom He has raised up we buried them not
long ago; but now their tombs are seen open [and ] empty Then rose up the chief
priests Annas and Caiaphas and went away to Arimathea, and found those whom
Joseph spoke of sitting down, [the two resurrected sons of Symeon] wrote thus We
then were in Hades, with all who had fallen asleep since the beginning of the world. And
at the hour of midnight there rose a light as if of the sun, and shone into these dark
[regions]; and we were all lighted up, and saw each other. And straightway our father
Abraham was united with the patriarchs and the prophets, and at the same time they
were filled with joy (1-2).
Anachronism: The time of the coming of Christ: An angel of the Lord came, and said
after the accomplishing of five thousand five hundred years from the creation of the
world, then shall come into the earth the only begotten Son of God, being made man (3).

Jesus came about 4,000 years after Adam, and this account mistakenly puts the creation
in this year also.
Satan bound in 1st C. CE in Hades: The King of glory [Christ] seized the chief satrap
Satan by the head, and delivered him to His angels, and said: With iron chains bind his
hands, and his feet, and his neck, and his mouth. The He delivered him to Hades, and
said: Take him, and keep him secure till my second appearing (6). Contrary to Rev 1:1;
20:1-3.
Descent of Christ into Hell: 1st Latin: Same errors as in Greek version: A supposed
account of those resurrected who had been in Hades and what they saw there (1-2);
anachronism of the time of the coming of Christ (4); Satan bound in 1 st C. CE in Hades
(6-7).
Those who died before Christ resurrected in 1st C. CE: The Lord, stretching forth His
hand, made the sign of the cross upon Adam and upon all His saints; and holding Adam
by the right hand, went up from the powers below: and all the saints followed Him. Then
holy David cried out aloud, saying [Ps 30:1-6] (8). David did not ascend to heaven in the
1st C. CE (Acts 2:34).
Descent of Christ into Hell: 2nd Latin: Same errors as in Greek version: A supposed
account of those resurrected who had been in Hades and what they saw there (1-2);
Satan bound in 1st C. CE in Hades (8). Same error as 1st Latin: Those who died before
Christ resurrected in 1st C. CE (9-10).
Report of Pontius Pilate: 1st in Greek: Anachronism: Him [Christ] Herod and Archelaus and
Philip, Annas and Caiaphas, with all the people delivered to me (p. 225). Christ appeared before
Pilate in 33 CE, but Archelaus lost his rulership in 9 CE and was thereafter banished to Gaul.
Severity of earthquake overstated: Many of the Jews died, swallowed up in the chasm of the
earth Only one synagogue of the Jews was left in this Jerusalem, since all disappeared in that
fall (p. 227). Since there were hundreds of synagogues in 1st C. CE Jerusalem, this would be a
huge exaggeration.
2nd in Greek: Same errors as as 1st Greek: Anachronism about Archelaus (p. 229); severity of
earthquake overstated (p. 230).
Giving Up of Pontius Pilate: Anachronism: Pilate appeared before Tiberius Caesar soon after
Christs death to answer charges against him and was executed: And the writings having come
to the city of the Romans, and having been read to the Caesar, with not a few standing by, all
were astounded, because through the wickedness of Pilate the darkness and the earthquake had
come over the whole world. And the Caesar, filled with rage, sent soldiers, and ordered them to
bring Pilate a prisoner Pilate said I am innocent of these things; but the multitude of the
Jews are violent and guilty Herod, Archelaus, Philip, Annas and Caiaphas And the prefect
struck off the head of Pilate (pp. 231, 233). Josephus records that Pilate was called before
Tiberius in the year 36 (not 33 when Jesus died), but that Tiberius died before Pilate arrived at
Rome. Jerome states that many Roman historians note Pilate to have committed suicide in 40
CE.
Death of Pilate: Same error as the Giving Up of Pontius Pilate: Pilate appeared before Tiberius
Caesar soon after Christs death to answer charges against him (pp. 234-235).
Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea: A Jewish woman priest in the 1st C. CE: The daughter of
Caiaphas, who was priestess of the sanctuary (1). Contrary to Num 3:10.
Judas given 30 pieces of gold: The Jews say to [Judas]: If thou wilt give him up to us, we will
give thee thrity pieces of gold And Judas received the thirty pieces of gold (2). Contrary to
Matt 26:14, 15; 27:3.
Avenging of the Saviour: Anachronism: Titus and Vespasian, in the days of Tiberius Caesar,
capture Jerusalem and punish Pontius Pilate: In the days of the Emperor Tiberius Caesar, when
Herod was tetrarch In those days Titus was a prince under Tiberius Then Vespasian

went to meet Titus [they] proceeded to Jerusalem, and surrounded the kingdom of the Jews,
and began to send them to destruction Then they seized Pilate, and sent him to prison (pp.
245, 248-250). Tiberius Caesar died in 36 CE, Pontius Pilate in 40 CE, and the destruction of
Jerusalem was in 70 CE.
Acts of Peter and Paul: The Jews in Rome are against Paul coming there: Paul came to
Italy; and it was heard of by the Jews who were in Rome it seemed good to them to go to Nero
the emperor, [to ask him] not to allow Paul to come to Rome saying this Paul, having
afflicted all the nation of our fathers, has been seeking to come hither to destroy us also (p. 256).
When Paul went to Rome, the Jews there had no bad reports about him (Acts 28:17-21).
Peter is given primacy: Peter, the first of the apostles (p. 257).
Relic worship: The body of St. Peter was put into the Vatican, near the place for the sea-fights,
and that of St. Paul into the Vostesian (or Ostesian) Way, two miles from the city; and in these
places, through their prayers, many good deeds are wrought to the faithful in the name of our
Lord Jesus Christ (p. 276; reading of some manuscripts).
Acts of Paul and Thecla: Forbidding marriage: Thamyria, standing before the tribunal, said
with a great shout: O proconsul, this man [Paul], who he is we know not, who makes virgins
averse to marriage Paul lifted up his voice, saying God has sent me that I may reclaim
them from corruption and uncleanness, and from all pleasure, and from death, that they may not
sin (pp. 282-283).
Practice of asceticism: She [Thecla] departed to Seleucia, and dwelt in a cave seventy-two
years, living upon herbs and water she was an ascetic in the cave (p. 289).
Acts of Barnabas: Paul is given a title forbidden by Jesus: Thee, Father Paul O Father
Paul (p. 295).
Barnabas brings destruction on a pagan city: We found that a certain abominable race was
beintg performed in the road near the city, where a multitude of women and men naked were
performing the race. And there was great deception and error in that place. And Barnabas
turning, rebuked it; and the western part fell, so that many were wounded, and many of them also
died (p. 298).
Acts of Philip: Prayer directed to Jesus: The Apostle Philip prayed for her to God, saying:
Thou who bringest the dead to life, Christ Jesus the Lord completely deliver also this woman
from the error, the enemy (p. 304).
A Christian brings destruction upon persecutors: [A Christian] began to curse [those persecuting
Christians] O Father of Christ, the only and Almighty God let the great Hades open its
mouth; let the great abyss swallow up these the ungodly And, behold, suddenly the abyss was
opened, and the whole of the place in which the proconsul was sitting was swallowed up, and the
whole of the temple, and the viper which they worshipped, and great crowds, and the priests of
the viper, ahout seven thousand men, besides women and children (p. 309).
Acts of Phiip When He Went to Upper Hellas: An accustion against the apostle Philip: Philip,
sorcerer and magician, for I know thee, that in Jerusalem thy master the deceiver called thee Son
of Thunder (p. 320). This title was given to James and John, not Philip (Mark 3:17).
Anachronism: I [the high priest] shall carry [Philip] away witli myself to Jerusalem, because
Archelaus the king is also searching for him to kill him (p. 321). Philip was an apostle of Christ,
whereas Archelaus lost his rulership in 9 CE.
A Christian brings destruction upon a persecutor: Philip turned to the high priest, and said
wilt thou henceforth believe? And he says: I know your magic arts I will not believe thee. And
Philip, enraged, said: A curse upon thee! then go down altogether into the abyss before the face
of all these. And at the same hour he went down into Hades alive (p. 325).
Acts and Martyrdom of Andrew: Eternal torment after death: For this temporary fall is not to
be feared; but that should be feared which has no end And those torments ought to be feared

which never have an end. For these torments [on earth], which happen to he somewhat light, any
one can bear But those torments are everlasting, where there are daily weepings, and
mournings, and lamentations, and never-ending torture The holy Andrew said for thee [his
persecutor] is laid up eternal torment, which, however, thou mayst escape after thou hast tested
my endurance, if thou wilt believe in my Christ For my suffering takes up a space of one day,
or two at most; but thy torment for endless ages shall never come to a close (pp. 339-341).
Acts of Andrew and Matthias: A Christian brings destruction upon persecutors: Into the abyss
shalt thou go, with the fourteen executioners who slay the men every day And the blessed one
[Andrew], having looked up to heaven, prayed before all the multitude; the earth was opened, and
swallowed up the water, along with the old man. He was carried down into the abyss, with the
executioners (p. 367).
Acts of Peter and Andrew: Peter is given a title forbidden by Jesus: Andrew says to him: Yes,
father Peter Andrew answered and said to Peter: Father Peter (p. 369).
Peter is given primacy of the congregation: The Lord Jesus Christ said to them: Hail, Peter,
bishop of the whole of my church (p. 369).
Acts and Martyrdom of Matthew: Eternal torment: Herod [the Great] dwells, indeed, in
Hades; and there has been prepared for him fire unquenchable, Gehenna without end, bubbling
mire, worm that sleeps not (p. 374).
Ignorace of an Aramaic word quoted: The apostle having laid his hands upon his eyes, and
saying Ephphatha, Jesus (The addition of Jesus here shows that the writer did not know the
meaning of the Aramaic word [Be opened Mark 7:34]; ftn), he made him receive his sight
instantly (p. 381).
Relic worship: The apostle exhorted the brethren to remain undismayed, and that they should
rejoice, and accompany him with great meekness [to his execution], singing and praising God,
because they were deemed worthy to have the relics of the apostle (pp. 381-382).
The righteous going to heaven right after death: As the bed [holding Matthews corpse] was
going into the palace, we all saw Matthew rising up, as it were, from the bed, and going into
heaven, led by the hand by a beautiful boy; and twelve men in shining garments came to meet
him, having never-fading and golden crowns on their head; and we saw how that child [Christ]
crowned Matthew, so as to be like them, and in a flash of lightning they went away to heaven (p.
384).
A newly converted man made an elder, and women made female elders and deacons: And the
king having seen these things fell down in repentance and confession, saying: Truly I
believe in the true God, Christ Jesus. I entreat, give me the seal in Christ [baptism] And when
he came up from the water in that same hour Matthew appointed the king a presbyter [elder]
and the kings wife he appointed a presbyteress; and his sons wife he appointed a deaconess
(pp. 385-386). Contrary to 1Tim 3:1, 2, 6; 2:11, 12.
Acts of Thomas: A Christian brings destruction upon a persecutor: As the apostle looked away
to the ground, a certain one of the wine-pourers stretched forth his hand and struck him. And the
apostle, having raised his eyes, and regarded him who had struck him, said: My God will forgive
thee this wrong in the world to come, but in this world He will show His wonders, and I shall soon
see that hand that struck me dragged along by a dog And that wine-pourer that struck him
came down to the fountain to draw water; and there happened to be a lion there, and it came
forth and killed him, and left him lying in the place, after tearing up his limbs; and dogs
immediately seized his limbs, among which also one black dog, laying hold of his right hand in his
mouth, brought it to the place of the banquet (pp. 391-393).
Marriage forbidden: The Lord [Jesus] sat down on the bed, and ordered [a couple just married]
also to sit down on the seats; and he began to say to them: Keep in mind, my children and this
know, that it you refrain from this filthy intercourse, you become temples holy (and) pure, being
released from afflictions and troubles, known and unknown, and you will not be involved in the
cares of life, and of children, whose end is destruction; but if you get many children, for their

sakes you become grasping and avaricious, plundering orphans, coveting the property of widows,
and by doing this you subject yourselves to most grievous punishments (pp. 394-395).
A person going to heaven right after death: The soul of Gad [the kings] brother departed. And
the king mourned for Gad exceedingly, for he altogether loved him. And he ordered him to be
prepared for burial in a royal and costly robe. And as this was being done, angels received the
soul of Gad the king s brother, and took it up into heaven, showing him the places and dwellings
there, asking him: In what sort of a place dost thou wish to dwell? (p. 400).
Torment after death: And having laid his hand on her hand, he said: Come, Lord Jesus Christ,
giving this woman life And immediately, as he drew her hand, she sprang up And the
apostle says to her: Tell us where thou hast been. And she answered a place where there
were many chasms, and a great stench and most hateful odour were given forth thence; and he
made me bend down into each chasm, and I saw in the chasm blazing fire; and wheels of fire ran
there, and souls were hung upon those wheels, and were dashed against each other. And there
was there crying and great lamentation, and there was none released And [her guide] brought
ine to another chasm, and I bent down and saw mud, and worms spouting forth, and souls
wallowing there; and a great gnashing of teeth was heard thence from them. And that man said to
me, These are the souls of women that left their own husbands, and went and committed adultery
with others, and who have been brought to this torment (pp. 418-419).
Consummation of Thomas: A person going to heaven right after death: [Thomas] said to the
soldiers: Come and finish the work of him that sent you. And the four struck him at once, and
killed him. And all the brethren wept, and wrapped him up in beautiful shawls, and many linen
cloths, and laid him in the tomb in which of old the kings used to be buried. And Syphor and
Juzanes did not go to the city, but spent the whole day there, and waited during the night. And
Thomas appeared to them, and said: I am not there; why do you sit watching? for I have gone up,
and received the things I hoped for (pp. 427-428).
Martyrdom of Bartholomew: Teaching of the trinity: Then the holy Bartholomew, having
spread forth his hands to heaven, said one God, the Father, acknowledged in Son and Holy
Spirit; one God, the Son, glorified in Father and Holy Spirit; one God, the Holy Spirit, worshipped
in Father and Son (p. 436).
The sign of the cross: And when ye behold [the demon in a temple], fear nothing; but when I
make the sign of the cross, so also do ye with your finger seal your faces, and these evil things
will flee from you. Then he showed them the demon who dwelt in the temple (p. 437).
Act of Thaddaeus: Giving glory to the holy spirit: They gave glory to the Father, and the Son,
and the Holy Spirit, for ever and ever (p. 443). The holy spirit is never glorified or worshipped in
the Scriptures.
Acts of John: Trinity: Our God, Jesus Christ God Lord Jesus Christ (pp. 449-450).
Marriage distained: O Christ Jesus who has preserved me also till the present hour pure to
Thyself, and free from intercourse with woman; who, when I wished in my youth to marry, didst
appear to me, and say, I am in need of thee, John who, when a third time I wished to marry,
didst say to me at the third hour, in the sea, John, if thou wert not mine, I would let thee marry (p.
452). Contrary to 1Tim 4:1-3.
Revelation of Moses: The serpent in Eden could actually reason and speak of its own: Then
the serpent came to him, and the devil says to him, I hear that thou art more sagacious than all
the wild beasts, and I have come to make thy acquaintance The serpent says to him, I am
afraid lest the Lord be angry with me. The devil says to him, Be not afraid; only become my
instrument, and I will speak through thy mouth a word by which thou shalt be able to deceive him
(p. 458). The serpent was similar to Balaams ass, which was made to speak by a supernatural
source, but was itself voiceless (2Pet 2:15, 16).
Persons taken to heaven soon after death: While Eve was still praying, being on her knees,
behold, there came to her the angel of humanity, and raised her up, saying: Arise, Eve, from thy
repentance; for, behold, Adam thy husband has gone forth from his body; arise and see his spirit

carried up to Him that made it, to meet Him the Lord of the universe, sitting upon His holy
throne, stretched forth His hands, and raised Adam, and delivered him to the archangel Michael,
saying to him: Raise him into paradise, even to the third heaven, and let him be there until that
great and dreadful day which I am to bring upon the world (pp. 463-465).
Revelation of Esdras: Torment after death: I wish, Lord, to see also the under parts of
Tartarus. And God said: Come down and see and I saw a fiery throne, and an old man sitting
upon it; and his judgment was merciless. And I said to the angels: Who is this? And what is his
sin? And they said to me: This is Herod, who for a time was a king, and ordered to put to death
the children from two years old and under. And I said : Woe to his soul ! And again they took me
down thirty steps, and I there saw boilings up of fire, and in them (there was) a multitude of
sinners; and I heard their voice, but saw not their forms. And they took me down lower many
steps, which I could not measure. And I there saw old men, and fiery pivots turning in their ears
And they took me away to the south, and I saw there a man hanging by the eyelids; and the
angels kept scourging him (pp. 471-472).
Revelation of Paul: Asceticism approved in a supposed account of Pauls vision of heaven:
There came other angels with a cheerful countenance, shining like the sun. And behold a voice
to them: Whence have ye come? And they answered and said: We have come from those who
have held themselves aloof from the world and the things in the world for Thy holy names sake,
who in deserts, and mountains, and caves, and the dens of the earth, in beds on the ground, and
in fastings, spend their life. Command us to be with them. And there came a voice: Go with them
in peace, guarding them (p. 479).
Persons taken to heaven soon after death: I [Paul] wish to see the souls of the righteous and of
the sinners, how they go out of the world And I looked, and saw one of the sons of men falling
near death. And the angel says to me: This is a righteous man, and, behold the good [angels]
took possession of the soul of the righteous man, and said to it: Take note of the body whence
thou art coming out; for it is necessary for thee again to return to it in the day of the resurrection,
that thou mayst receive what God hath promised to the righteous. And the good angels who had
received the soul of the righteous man, saluted it, as being well known to them. And it went with
them; and the [holy] Spirit came forth to meet them, saying: Come, soul, enter into the place of
the resurrection, which God hath prepared for His righteous ones (p. 480).
Torment after death: Follow me, that I may show thee where the souls of the impious and the
sinners are And I saw a river of fire, and there was there a multitude of many souls. And I
asked the angel: Who are these, my lord? And he said to me: These are the thieves, and
slanderers, and flatterers, who did not set up God as their help, but hoped in the vanity of their
riches And I looked into the fiery river, and saw an old man dragged along by two, and they
pulled him in up to the knee. And the angel Temeluch coming, laid hold of an iron with his hand,
and with it drew up the entrails of that old man through his mouth And I saw there another old
man carried in haste by four angels; and they threw him into the fiery river up to the girdle, and he
was frightfully burnt by the lightnings (pp. 485-486).
Doctrines of Mary being the mother of God and the transubstantiation: And the angel took me
up from these torments, and set me above a well there came forth a stench which it was
impossible to bear. And having come near the place, I saw that well filled with darkness and
gloom, and great narrowness of space in it. And the angel who was with me said to rne: This
place of the well which them seest is cast off from the glory of God, and none of the angels is
importunate in behalf of them; and as many as have professed that the holy Mary is not the
mother of God, and that the Lord did not become man out of her, and that the bread of the
thanksgiving and the cup of blessing are not His flesh and blood are cast into this well (pp. 487488). Transubstantiation is contrary to the Biblical admonition to not eat blood (Acts 15:28, 29).
Revelation of John: Images and crosses are spoke of approvingly: Then will I [God] send forth
mine angels over the face of all the earth, and they shall lift off the earth everything honourable,
and everything precious, and the venerable and holy images, and the glorious and precious
crosses, and the sacred vessels of the churches, and the divine and sacred books; and all the

precious and holy things shall be lifted up by clouds into the air (p. 497). The Scriptures
admonish against idolatry (1John 5:21).
Torment after death: Then the pitiful sinners, seeing their works, and having no consolation,
shall go down weeping into streams as it were of blood And these go away into everlasting
punishment sound the trumpet for the frightful wild beasts to gather them together to feed upon
them open the twelve plagues, that all the creeping things may be brought together against the
impious and unrepenting and the sinners will be melted in frightful punishments (p. 503;
Manuscript E).
Book of John Concerning the Falling Asleep of Mary: Mary being the mother of God and
always a virgin: The all-holy glorious mother of God and ever-virgin Mary (p. 504). Since Jesus
is called Marys firstborn, she had other children by the normal means (Luke 2:4-7).
At death, Marys body was taken to paradise and her soul to heaven: Behold, from the present
time thy precious body will be transferred to paradise, and thy holy soul to the heavens to the
treasures of my Father in exceeding brightness, where there is peace and joy of the holy angels
when the third day [from the burial of Mary] was ended all knew that her spotless and
precious body had been transferred to paradise (pp. 512, 514).
The Passing of Mary, 1st in Latin: At death, Marys body and soul taken to heaven: When thou
shalt see me [Christ] coming to thee [Mary] with angels and archangels, with saints and with
virgins, and with my disciples, know for certain that thy soul will be separated from the body, and I
shall carry it into heaven the soul of the blessed virgin Mary was taken up into heaven with
psalms, and hymns, and songs of songs the holy body [of Mary] was taken up by angels into
heaven (pp. 515, 518-519).
The Passing of Mary, 2nd in Latin: At death, Marys body and soul taken to heaven: The
Saviour ordered the archangel Michael to bring the soul of St. Mary And immediately Mary
rose from the tomb And kissing her, the Lord delivered her soul to the angels, that they
should carry it into paradise the angels along with Him, carrying the blessed Mary into the
paradise of God (16, 17; p. 530).
More Apocryphal Works (all quotes from Apocrypha NT2, unless otherwise noted; their order is
as is found there):
The Letter of Herod to Pilate: Confusion of the Herods: I [Herod Antipas] am in great distress
of mind at the death of Jesus, and reflecting on my sins in killing John Baptist and massacring the
Innocents (p. 156). It was Herod Antipas who was present when Jesus was accused of
wrongdoing and put to death, and who executed John the Baptist (Luke 9:7-9; 23:6, 7). His
father, Herod the Great, was the one who put to death the Innocents (Matt 2:16-18).
Letter of Tiberius to Pilate: Anachronism: Pilate, Archelaus, Philip, Annas, and Caiaphas
were arrested Archelaus and Philip were crucified (p. 157). Christ appeared before Pilate in
33 CE, but Archelaus lost his rulership in 9 CE and was thereafter banished to Gaul.
Gospel (Questions) of St. Bartholomew (Greek): Patriarchs brought out of Hades when Christ
dying: When I [Christ] vanished away from the cross, then went I down into Hades that I might
bring up Adam and all them that were with him and brought forth thence all the patriarchs and
came again unto the cross (1, 9 & 20; pp. 167-168). David still in Hades 50 days after Christs
death (Acts 2:29-34).
Souls go to heaven soon after death: Jesus said: There be souls of the righteous which to-day
have departed out of the body and go unto paradise, and unless I be present they cannot enter
into paradise (1, 29; p. 169).
Primacy of Peter: Bartholomew therefore said unto Peter: Thou that art the chief (2, 3; p. 170).

Misunderstanding of Matt 1618: Mary said unto Peter: O stone hewn out of the rock, did not the
Lord build his church upon thee? (4, 3; p. 173). Peter understood the rock upholding the
congregation to be Christ (1Pet 2:4-8).
Satan bound in 1st C. CE: Michael sounded, and the earth shook, and Beliar came up, being
held by 660 angels and bound with fiery chains (4, 12; p. 174). Satan not bound till the last days
(Rev 1:1; 20:1-3).
Satan created before Michael: When God made the heavens, he took a handful of fire and
formed me first, Michael second (4, 28; p. 175). Jesus, being Michael the archangel, is the
firstborn of all creation (Col 1:15).
Torment after death: Beliar saith unto him: Wilt thou that I declare unto thee the punishment of
the hypocrites, of the backbiters, of the jesters, of the idolaters, and the covetous, and the
adulterers, and the wizards, and the diviners, and of them that believe in us, and of all whom I
tlook upon (deceive?)? And he smote his teeth together, gnashing them, and there came up
out of the bottomless pit a wheel having a sword flashing with fire, and in the sword were pipes.
And I asked him, saying: What is this sword? And he said: This sword is the sword of the
gluttonous: for into this pipe are sent they that through their gluttony devise all manner of sin; into
the second pipe are sent the backbiters which backbite their neighbour secretly; into the third pipe
are sent the hypocrites and the rest whom I overthrow by my contrivance (4, 38-42; pp. 176177).
The Book of the Resurrection of Christ by Bartholomew the Apostle: Souls go to heaven
soon after death: A man in the crowd named Ananias, of Bethlehem, rushes to the cross and
embraces and salutes the body The priests decide to stone Ananias The stoning produces
no effect. They cast him into a furnace, where he remains till Jesus has risen. At last they pierce
him with a spear. The Saviour takes his soul to heaven, and blesses him (Summarization; p.
181).
Patriarchs brought out of Hades by Christ around time of his death: Jesus rose and delivered
Adam and the holy souls Jesus and the redeemed souls ascended into Heaven
(Summarization; pp. 183-184). David still in Hades 50 days after Christs death (Acts 2:29-34).
Book of John the Evangelist: Satan created man; sex within marriage is a sin: Satan made
man in his likeness, and commanded the angel of the third heaven to enter into the body of
clay. And he took thereof and made another body in the form of a woman, and commanded the
angel of the second heaven to enter into the body of the woman And he commanded them
to do the deed of the flesh in the bodies of clay, and they knew not how to commit sin foolish
men say thus in their deceitfulness that my Father made bodies of clay: but by the Holy Ghost
made he all the powers of the heavens, and holy ones were found having bodies of clay because
of their transgression (pp. 189-190). Contrary to Gen 1:26-28.
Satan was behind the law of Moses: Then did the devil proclaim unto him (Moses) his
godhead, and unto his people, and commanded a law to be given unto the children of Israel, and
brought them out through the midst of the sea which was dried up (pp. 190-191). Contrary to
Rom 7:12.
Marriage forbidden: The Lord answered The disciples of John marry and are given in
marriage ; but my disciples neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are as the angels of God
in heaven (p. 191).
The Assumption: Marys soul taken to heaven at death: Jesus ascended with Mary's soul in
the chariot of the Cherubim [Some time later: ] The chariot of the Cherubim appeared with the
Virgin seated in it and went up to heaven in glory (15 & 18; pp. 196-190).
The Discourse of Theodosius: At death, Marys body and soul taken to heaven: [Christ] went
up to heaven and presented the soul [of Mary] to the Father and the Holy Ghost. And the voice of
the Holy Trinity was heard welcoming the soul The body arose and embraced its own soul,
even as two brothers who are come from a strange country, and they were united one with
another (Summarization of 6 & 9; p. 199).

The Assumption: Narrative by Joseph of Arimathaea: At death, Marys body taken to heaven:
And suddenly a light from heaven shone round about them, and as they fell to the earth, the holy
body; was taken up by angels into heaven (16; p. 217).
The Syriac Narratives [of the Assumption of Mary]: Marys soul taken to heaven: Mary died
and her soul was taken up (p. 223).
Torment after death: The apostles then asked the Lord to show them the place of Torment the
earth sprang upwards and they saw the pit. The lost saw Michael and begged for respite. Mary
and the apostles fell down and interceded for them (p. 223).
Acts of John: Prayer directed to Christ: Jesu Christ, God of the ages, God of truth I pray
thee, O Christ, refuse not thy Drusiana (82; p. 249).
Jesus body was not material: Another glory also will I tell you, brethren: Sometimes when I
would lay hold on [Christ], I met with a material and solid body, and at other times, again, when I
felt him, the substance was immaterial and as if it existed not at all And oftentimes when I
walked with him, I desired to see the print of his foot, whether it appeared on the earth; for I saw
him as it were lifting himself up from the earth: and I never saw it the Lord him whom
became a man apart from this [material] body (93 & 103; p. 252-253, 256). Contrary to 1John
1:1-4; 2John 7.
Marriage denounced: Receive therefore in thy heart the admonition of the blessed John know
therefore more fully the mystery of the nuptial union: it is the experiment of the serpent, the
ignorance of teaching, injury of the seed, the gift of death the beginning of disobedience, the
end of life, and death. Hearing this, little children, join yourselves together in an inseparable
marriage [with Christ], holy and true, waiting for the one true incomparable bridegroom from
heaven, even Christ, the everlasting bridegroom (105; p. 266).
Acts of Paul: Physical resurrection for 1st C. CE Christians in Corinth: Likewise also a dead
man was cast upon the bones of the prophet Helisaeus by the children of Israel, and he arose,
both body and soul and bones and spirit [2Kings 13:20-21]; how much more shall ye which have
been cast upon the body and bones and spirit of the Lord arise again in that day having your
flesh whole, EVEN AS HE AROSE? (7, 32; p. 291). 1st C. CE Christians were to have a
resurrection in the spirit realm (1Cor 15:50-53).
Prayer to Christ as God: O my God, Christ Jesus, who hast redeemed me out of so many evils
(p. 573).
Acts of Peter: Jesus portrayed as God: Sirnon [Magus] said: Thou presumest to speak of
Jesus of Nazareth Ye men of Rome, is God born? Is he crucified? ... But Peter said: Anathema
upon thy words against Christ! (3, 23-24; p. 324).
Acts of Andrew: The sign of the cross: Thence proceeding through Thrace they met a troop of
armed men who made as if to fall on them. Andrew made the sign of the cross against them, and
prayed that they might be made powerless. A bright angel touched their swords and they all fell
down (Summarization of 9; p. 339).
The trinity: They went into the sea, and the apostle washed [a diseased man] in the name of the
Trinity and he was whole (22; p. 348).
Marriage forbidden: Andrew also had come to a wedding, he too, to manifest the glory of
God, disjoined certain who were intended to marry each other, men and women, and instructed
them to continue holy in the single state (38; p. 349).
The Apostolic History of Abdias: Matthew conscious in the spirit realm after his death:
Ephigenia [an enemy of Christianity tried to] send demons to carry her off, then surrounded
her house with fire. But an angel, and Matthew [who had been killed], appeared and encouraged
her (7, 15; p. 467).
The Acts of Andrew and Paul: Judas conscious in the spirit realm after his death: We find the
captain of a ship which has brought Andrew and Paul to some city Paul has plunged Into the

sea to visit the underworld He has seen Judas [Iscariot] and heard his story. Judas had
repented and given back the money, and seen Jesus and pleaded for forgiveness
(Summarization; p. 472).
Epistle of the Apostles: Jesus called God: In God, the Lord, the Son of God, do we believe,
that he is the word become flesh (3; p. 486).
Anachronism: We testify that the Lord is he who was crucified by Pontius Pilate and Archelaus
between the two thieves (8; p. 488). Christ appeared before Pilate in 33 CE, but Archelaus lost
his rulership in 9 CE and was thereafter banished to Gaul.
Non-existant verse of Scripture quoted: Then said the Lord Andrew, look on my feet and see
whether they press the earth; for it is written in the prophet: A phantom of a devil maketh no
footprint on the earth (11; p.488).
Physical resurrection for 1st C. CE Christians: For to that end am I come, that ye might rise
from the dead in your flesh, in the second birth, even a vesture that shall not decay (21; p. 493).
Contrary to 1Cor 15:50-53.
The dead conscious: Went I [Christ] down unto the place of Lazarus, and preached unto the
righteous and the prophets, that they might come out of the rest which is below and come up into
that which is above (27; p. 494).
Apocalypse of Peter (Akhmim Fragment): Torment after death: I saw also another place over
against that one, very squalid; and it was a place of punishment And some there were there
hanging by their tongues; and these were they that blasphemed the way of righteousness, and
under them was laid fire flaming and tormenting them. And there was a great lake full of flaming
mire, wherein were certain men that turned away from righteousness; and angels, tormentors,
were set over them. And there were also others, women, hanged by their hair above that mire
which boiled up; and these were they that adorned themselves for adultery. And the men that
were joined with them in the defilement of adultery were hanging by their feet, and had their
heads hidden in the mire, and said: We believed not that we should come unto this place (21-24;
pp. 508-509).
Apocalypse of Peter (Ethiopic Text): Has torment after death similar to Akhmim Fragment (p.
514-518).
Apocalypse of Thomas (A): Trinity: For I [Christ] am the Son of the high and powerful: I am
the Father of all (p. 558).
Apocalypse of Thomas (B): Souls of dead in paradise: Then shall the spirits and souls of all
men come forth from paradise and shall come upon all the earth (p. 561).
Apocalypse of the Virgin (Greek): Torment after death: The Virgin at the Mount of Olives
prays to be told about the torments of hell and the next world. Michael is sent. He takes her to the
west: the earth opens and discloses the lost who did not worship the Trinity. She sees a great
darkness. At her prayer it is lifted and she sees souls tormented with boiling pitch there is a
river of fire with souls immersed at various depths. Cursers of their parents. Causers of abortion.
False swearers. A man hung by the feet and devoured by worms is a usurer. A woman hung by
the ears, with serpents coming out of her mouth and biting her, is a backbiter and gossip
(Summarization; p. 563).
Apocalypse of the Virgin (Ethiopic): Torment after death: The Virgin The Son appeared
and said that he would show her a great mystery. 'Look upon the earth beneath Women are
seen, bitten by serpents, dogs, lions, and leopards of fire. They are nuns who violated the rule
and slew their children (Summarization; p. 564).
Revelation of Stephen: Righteous souls taken to heaven at death: Nicodemus and Gamaliel
put their arms about [Stephen] and shielded him, and were slain, and gave up their souls to Christ
and the people beheld the souls borne up by angels into heaven, and saw the heavens open
and the hosts coming to meet the souls (Summarization; p. 567).

Anachronism: Pilate rose early to burn incense before the bodies On the night following,
Stephen appeared and said to him After seven months thou also shalt rest. And Pilate did so:
and he died, and was buried (Summarization; p. 568). Stephens martyrdom took place c. 34-35
CE. Josephus records that Pilate was called before Tiberius in the year 36, but did not have to
complete the journey for Tiberius died before Pilate got thee. Jerome states that many Roman
historians note Pilate to have committed suicide in 40 CE.
Gnostic Apocryphal Works (all quotes from Apocrypha NT4, unless otherwise noted; their order
is as is found at http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/nhlalpha.html):
The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles: Asceticism: [Christs words:] No man is able
to go on that road, except one who has forsaken everything that he has and has fasted daily from
stage to stage. For many are the robbers and wild beasts on that road. The one who carries
bread with him on the road, the black dogs kill because of the bread. The one who carries a
costly garment of the world with him, the robbers kill because of the garment. The one who
carries water with him, the wolves kill because of the water, since they were thirsty for it. The one
who is anxious about meat and green vegetables, the lions eat because of the meat. If he evades
the lions, the bulls devour him because of the green vegetables Peter answered and said to
him, Lord, you have taught us to forsake the world and everything in it. We have renounced them
for your sake [Christs words:] The rich men of the city who reveled in their wealth and
pride - with such as these, therefore, do not dine in their houses nor be friends with them.
The Apocalypse of Adam: Adam and Eve greater than their Creator: The revelation which
Adam taught we [Adam and Eve] were higher than the god who had created us and the
powers with him, whom we did not know. Contrary to Isa 40:12-17, 21-23.
The (First) Apocalypse of James: God has no name: Nothing existed except Him-who-is. He
is unnameable and ineffable.
The true Christ did not suffer on the stake: [Christ speaking after his resurrection:] The Lord
said, James, do not be concerned for me . Never have I suffered in any way, nor have I been
distressed.
Humans were created by a lesser female divine being, not the Almighty: [Christ speaking:] I
shall call upon the imperishable knowledge, which is Sophia who is in the Father (and) who is the
mother of Achamoth. Achamoth had no father nor male consort, but she is female from a female.
She produced you [James] without a male. Contrary to Gen 1:26-28.
The (Second) Apocalypse of James: James, a disciple of Christ, can know more than
Jehovah: [Christ speaking:] I shall reveal to you those things that (neither) the heavens nor their
archons have known. Behold, I shall reveal to you those things that he did not know, he who
boasted, [...] there is no other except me. Am I not alive? Because I am a father, do I not have
power for everything? [paraphrase of Isa 44:24; 45:5-7; 46:9, 10; Jer 10:10-12]"
The true Christ unknown to Jehovah: He [Christ] was that one whom he who created the
heaven and the earth and dwelled in it, did not see.
The Apocalypse of Paul: Transmigration of souls: But I saw in the fourth heaven the
angels resembling gods, the angels bringing a soul out of the land of the dead. They placed it at
the gate of the fourth heaven. And the angels were whipping it. The soul spoke, saying, What sin
was it that I committed in the world? The toll-collector who dwells in the fourth heaven replied,
saying, It was not right to commit all those lawless deeds that are in the world of the dead. The
soul replied, saying, Bring witnesses! Let them show you in what body I committed lawless
deeds When the soul heard these things [witness borne against it], it gazed downward in
sorrow. And then it gazed upward. It was cast down. The soul that had been cast down went to a
body which had been prepared for it.
The Apocalypse of Peter: The real spiritual Christ did not die on the torture stake, only an
imitation one made of flesh: The Savior said to me, He whom you saw on the tree, glad and

laughing, this is the living Jesus. But this one into whose hands and feet they drive the nails is his
fleshly part, which is the substitute being put to shame, the one who came into being in his
likeness he whom they crucified is the first-born, and the home of demons, and the stony
vessel in which they dwell, of Elohim, of the cross, which is under the Law. But he who stands
near him is the living Savior, the first in him, whom they seized and released, who stands joyfully
looking at those who did him violence. "
The Apocryphon of James: Some of the truth Christ taught is not for everyone to hear: Since
you asked that I send you a secret book which was revealed to me and Peter by the Lord, I could
not turn you away But since you are a minister of the salvation of the saints, endeavor
earnestly and take care not to rehearse this text to many - this that the Savior did not wish to tell
to all of us, his twelve disciples. However, Jesus, in the chapter of Matthew about how to go
about the preaching work, said: What I tell YOU in the darkness, say in the light; and what YOU
hear whispered, preach from the housetops (Matt 10:27).
Predestination of the righteous: Thrice blessed are they who were proclaimed by the Son
before they came to be, that you might have a portion among them.
The Apocryphon of John (The Secret Book of John; The Secret Revelation of John): God
the Father is unknowable and unnameable: He is ineffable, since no one was able to
comprehend him to speak about him. He is unnameable, since there is no one prior to him to give
him a name.
Pre-existence of souls: And in the third aeon the souls of the saints were placed (there). And
in the fourth aeon the souls were placed of those who do not know the Pleroma and who did not
repent at once, but who persisted for a while and repented afterwards.
The God of the Bible is an ignorant being some generations removed from the Almighty Father:
And the Sophia of the Epinoia, being an aeon [generation from the Almighty Father], conceived a
thought from herself and something came out of her which was imperfect and different from
her appearance And she called his name Yaltabaoth. This is the first archon who took a great
power from his mother he is ignorant darkness And he is impious in his arrogance which is
in him. For he said, I am God and there is no other God beside me, [paraphrase of Isa 45:5-7]
for he is ignorant of his strength, the place from which he had come And having created
everything when he saw the creation which surrounds him, and the multitude of the angels
around him which had come forth from him, he said to them, 'I am a jealous God, and there is no
other God beside me.' [paraphrase of Ex 20:2, 5]
Material creation is evil: And him (Adam) they [his creators] form (him) from earth
and water and fire and the spirit which originates in matter, which is the ignorance of darkness
and desire, and their counterfeit spirit. This is the tomb of the newly-formed body. Contrary to
Gen 1:31.
Soul goes to heaven or punishment at death: Lord, where will the souls of these go when they
have come out of their flesh? And he smiled and said to me, The soul in which the power will
become stronger than the counterfeit spirit, is strong and it flees from evil is saved, and it is
taken up to the rest of the aeons Lord, these also who did not know, but have turned away,
where will their souls go? Then he said to me, To that place where the angels of poverty go they
will be taken, the place where there is no repentance. And they will be kept for the day on which
those who have blasphemed the spirit will be tortured, and they will be punished with eternal
punishment.
The Book of Thomas the Contender: Torment after death: He who will listen to your word
and turn away his face or sneer at it or smirk at these things, truly I tell you that he will be handed
over to the ruler above who rules over all the powers as their king, and he will turn that one
around and cast him from heaven down to the abyss, and he will be imprisoned in a narrow dark
place. Moreover, he can neither turn nor move on account of the great depth of Tartaros and the
heavy bitterness of Hades fiery scourges that cast a shower of sparks into the face of the one
who is pursued. If he flees westward, he finds the fire. If he turns southward, he finds it there as
well. If he turns northward, the threat of seething fire meets him again.

The Concept of Our Great Power: Mistaken, ancient scientific concepts are used as the basis
for spiritual teaching:
The earth is supported by water (connected here with the primeval waters of creation),
which even extends to the realm of spirits: Discern what size the water is, that it is
immeasurable (and) incomprehensible, both its beginning and its end. It supports the
earth; it blows in the air where the gods and the angels are.
The earth is unmoveable: The earth does not move. Were it to move, it would fall. But it
neither moves nor falls.
Eugnostos the Blessed: The Almighty God is unnameable and unknowable: He-Who-Is is
ineffable For he is immortal and eternal, having no birth; for everyone who has birth will perish.
He is unbegotten, having no beginning; for everyone who has a beginning has an end. No one
rules over him. He has no name; for whoever has a name is the creation of another. He is
unnameable He is unknowable, while he (nonetheless) knows himself He is called 'Father
of the Universe.
The Exegesis on the Soul: Pre-existence of souls: Now it is fitting that the soul regenerates
herself and become again as she formerly was And she received the divine nature from the
father for her rejuvenation, so that she might be restored to the place where originally she had
been. This is the resurrection that is from the dead. This is the ransom from captivity. This is the
upward journey of ascent to heaven.
The Gospel of the Egyptians: Gods name cannot be uttered: The holy book of the
Egyptians about the great invisible Spirit, the Father whose name cannot be uttered.
The Gospel of Philip: Gods name cannot be uttered: One single name is not uttered in the
world it is the name above all things: the name of the Father Those who have this name
know it, but they do not speak it.
Mary did not beget Jesus by the holy spirit: Some said, Mary conceived by the Holy Spirit. [Matt
1:20] They are in error. They do not know what they are saying. When did a woman ever
conceive by a woman? Mary is the virgin whom no power defiled. This apocryphal teaching
seeks to negate the Scripture in Matthew by quibbling over the fact that holy spirit is feminine in
) .
Hebrew and some other Semitic languages (7307
Jesus was resurrected then died: Those who say that the Lord died first and (then) rose up are
in error, for he rose up first and (then) died. If one does not first attain the resurrection, he will not
die. These gnostic writings negate the resurrection of Christ from the dead to emphasize the
resurrection from spiritual death to spiritual life. But Christ was never spiritually dead (1Pet 2:21,
22).
The world is the mistaken creation of an imperfect, perishable god: The world came about
through a mistake. For he who created it wanted to create it imperishable and immortal. He fell
short of attaining his desire. For the world never was imperishable, nor, for that matter, was he
who made the world.
The Gospel of Thomas: Primacy given to James: The disciples said to Jesus, We know that
you are going to leave us. Who will be our leader? Jesus said to them, "No matter where you are
you are to go to James the Just, for whose sake heaven and earth came into being (12).
The Gospel of Truth: Humans have souls that have forgotten the knowledge they had in their
pre-existence: Jesus the Christ Through him [the Father] enlightened those who were in
darkness because of forgetfulness he who remains ignorant until the end is a creature of
forgetfulness and will perish with it.
The Hypostasis of the Archons (The Reality of the Rulers): The God of the Bible is an
ignorant being in darkness (this Gnostic work confuses God with the demons): The great
apostle [Paul] - referring to the authorities of the darkness - told us that our contest is not
against flesh and blood; rather, the authorities of the universe and the spirits of wickedness. I

have sent this (to you) because you inquire about the reality of the authorities. Their chief is
blind; because of his power and his ignorance and his arrogance he said, with his power, It is I
who am God; there is none apart from me [paraphrase of Isa 45:5-7] [an] angel bound
Yaldabaoth [God] and cast him down into Tartaros below the abyss.
Man has a soul: The rulers had taken some soil from the earth and modeled their man after
their body and after the image of God and the man came to have a soul [and] called his
name Adam. Contrary to Gen 2:7.
The Letter of Peter to Philip: Trinity: The orders of our God Jesus.
The God of the Bible is proud and arrogant: The Arrogant One, became proud on account of
the praise of the powers. He became an envier and he wanted to make an image And he
commissioned the powers within his authority to mold mortal bodies.
Melchizedek: Praise for other gods and for spirits: Holy are you, Holy are you, Holy are you,
Mother of the aeons, Barbelo, for ever and ever, Amen. Holy are you, Holy are you, Holy are you,
First-born of the aeons, Doxomedon for ever and ever, Amen. Holy are you, Holy are you, Holy
are you, commander, luminary of the aeons, Oriael, for ever and ever, Amen. Holy are you, Holy
are you, Holy are you, commander of the aeons, man-of-light, Daveithe, for ever and ever. Amen.
Holy are you, Holy are you, Holy are you, commander-in-chief, Eleleth ... Holy are you, Holy are
you, Holy are you, good god of the beneficent words ... Mirocheirothetou, for ever and ever.
Contrary to Ex 20:2, 3; Col 2:18.
On the Origin of the World: The God of the Bible is ignorant and boastful: There appeared
for the first time a ruler having great authority within him, and ignorant of whence he had come
into being he called himself 'Yaldabaoth' he continually boasted, saying to them It is I
who am God, and there is no other one that exists apart from me [paraphrase of Isa 45:5-7].
Eve gave life to Adam: When Eve saw her male counterpart prostrate, she had pity upon him,
and she said, Adam! Become alive! Arise upon the earth! Immediately her word became
accomplished fact. For Adam, having arisen, suddenly opened his eyes. When he saw her, he
said, You shall be called 'Mother of the Living'. For it is you who have given me life. Contrary to
Gen 2:21-23.
Adam named the animals after sinning: Eve took some of its fruit and ate it; and she gave
some also to her husband, and he too ate it when the rulers saw that their Adam had entered
into an alien state of knowledge, they desired to test him, and they gathered together all the
domestic animals and the wild beasts of the earth and the birds of heaven and brought them to
Adam to see what he would call them. When he saw them, he gave names to their creatures.
Contrary to Gen 2:19-23; 3:1-7.
The Second Treatise of the Great Seth: The God of the Bible is a vainglorious being: And
then a voice - of the Cosmocrator - came to the angels: I am God and there is no other beside
me. [paraphrase of Isa 45:5-7] But I laughed joyfully when I examined his empty glory.
The true Christ only seemed to, but did not actually die on the stake: I did not die in reality but
in appearance and I <suffered> according to their sight and thought For my death, which
they think happened, (happened) to them in their error and blindness, since they nailed their man
unto their death.
Faithful servants of God, and God himself, ridiculed: Abraham and Isaac and Jacob were a
laughingstock David was a laughingstock Solomon was a laughingstock The 12 prophets
were laughingstocks, since they have come forth as imitations of the true prophets Moses, a
faithful servant, was a laughingstock For the Archon was a laughingstock because he said, I
am God and there is no other beside me [paraphrase of Isa 45:5-7]. I am a jealous God, who
brings the sins of the fathers upon the children for three and four generations [Ex 20:5].
Contrary to 1Sam 2:30.
The Sophia of Jesus Christ: God Almighty is unnameable: For he is immortal and eternal.
Now he is eternal, having no birth having no beginning Since no one rules over him, he has

no name; for whoever has a name is the creation of another He is called 'Father of the
Universe.'
The God of the Bible is an arrogant, blind being who is lesser than the Almighty God of the
universe: Arch-Begetter, who is called 'Yaldabaoth' I [Christ] came that I might reveal to
you Him Who Is from the Beginning, because of the arrogance of Arch-Begetter and his angels,
since they say about themselves that they are gods. And I came to remove them from their
blindness, that I might tell everyone about the God who is above the universe.
The Teachings of Silvanus: Soul separate from the body: The body has come into being from
the earth with an earthly substance, but the formed, for the sake of the soul, has come into being
from the thought of the Divine it (the soul) exists as wife of that which has come into being in
conformity with the image, but matter is the substance of the body, which has come into being
from the earth. Contrary to Gen 2:7.
Christ is God and released ones from Hades in the 1st C. CE: How many likenesses did Christ
take on because of you! Although he was God, he was found among men as a man. He
descended to the Underworld. He released the children of death Christ This one, being
God, became man for your sake He brought up the poor from the Abyss and the mourners
from the Underworld. David still in Hades 50 days after Christs death (Acts 2:29-34).
The Testimony of Truth: Marriage and marital intercourse are unclean: For the defilement of
the Law is manifest The Law commands (one) to take a husband (or) to take a wife, and to
beget, to multiply like the sand of the sea. But passion, which is a delight to them, constrains the
souls of those who are begotten in this place, those who defile and those who are defiled, in order
that the Law might be fulfilled through them But the Son of Man came forth from
Imperishability, being alien to defilement. He came to the world by the Jordan river, and
immediately the Jordan turned back The water of the Jordan is the desire for sexual
intercourse.
The God of the Bible is blind and begrudging: What sort is this God? First he maliciously
refused Adam from eating of the tree of knowledge, and, secondly, he said Adam, where are
you? God does not have foreknowledge? Would he not know from the beginning? And
afterwards, he said, Let us cast him out of this place, lest he eat of the tree of life and live
forever. Surely, he has shown himself to be a malicious grudger! And what kind of God is this?
For great is the blindness of those who read, and they did not know him. And he said, I am the
jealous God; I will bring the sins of the fathers upon the children until three (and) four
generations. And he said, I will make their heart thick, and I will cause their mind to become
blind, that they might not know nor comprehend the things that are said. But these things he has
said to those who believe in him and serve him!
Solomon begotten in adultery and built Jerusalem with demonic help: David the king laid the
foundation of Jerusalem; and his son Solomon, whom he begat in adultery, is the one who built
Jerusalem by means of the demons, because he received power. When he had finished building,
he imprisoned the demons in the temple. Contrary to 2Sam 11:26, 27; 12:13-24.
The Tripartite Tractate: The Almighty God is unnameable: He is unbegotten and immortal
he has no beginning and no end Not one of the names which are conceived or spoken, seen
or grasped - not one of them applies to him, even though they are exceedingly glorious,
magnifying and honored.
Christians had a pre-existence: The Church consisting of many men that existed before the
aeons This is the nature of the holy imperishable spirits.
Christ redeemed the angels also: Not only do humans need redemption, but also the angels,
too, need redemption Among the men who are in the flesh redemption began to be given, his
first-born, and his love, the Son who was incarnate he is called the Redemption of the angels
of the Father. Contrary to Heb 2:16.

Other Apocryphal Books:

The Gospel of Judas (edited by Rodolphe Kasser, Marvin Meyer, and Gregor Wurst, The
National Geographic Society, 2006): Immortality of the soul: When these people, however, have
completed the time of the kingdom and the spirit leaves them, their bodies will die but their souls
will be alive, and they will be taken up mortal people their souls go up to the eternal realms
above (43-44).
The Gospel of Mary Magdalene (http://gnosis.org/library/marygosp.htm): A woman teaching
men: Peter said to Mary, Sister we know that the Savior loved you more than the rest of woman.
Tell us the words of the Savior which you remember which you know, but we do not, nor have we
heard them. Mary answered and said, What is hidden from you I will proclaim to you. And she
began to speak to them these words [etc.] Peter answered and spoke concerning these same
things. He questioned them about the Savior: Did He really speak privately with a woman and not
openly to us? Are we to turn about and all listen to her? Did He prefer her to us? Levi
answered and said to Peter, Peter you have always been hot tempered. Now I see you
contending against the woman like the adversaries. But if the Savior made her worthy, who are
you indeed to reject her? Surely the Savior knows her very well And when they heard this they
began to go forth to proclaim and to preach (5, 5-8; 9, 3-4, 6-10). Contrary to 1Tim 2:11, 12.
The Books of Jeu and the Untitled Text in the Bruce Codex (by Carl Schmidt, Violet
MacDermot, Leiden, Netherlands, E.J. Brill, 1978): The soul goes to heaven: The paralemptai
[receivers] of the Treasury of the Light come and they bring forth the soul from the body and
they take it into the Treasury of the Light. And they erase all sins which they have committed
And the soul leaps continually from place to place, until it reaches the Treasury of the Light (The
Books of Jeu 2, 42; p. 99).
The Almighty God is unnameable: He was (called ) the ineffable and the nameless one. And he
was also called self-begotten and self-willed because he had revealed himself by his own will
(The Untitled Text 13).
Pistis Sophia (translated by G. R. S. Mead, London, J. M. Watkins, 1921): Pre-existence of
souls: I [Christ] found the soul of the prophet Elias in the ons of the sphere; and I took him
thence, and took his soul and cast it into the womb of Elizabeth and the soul of the prophet
Elias [was] bound into the body of John the Baptizer (1, 7; p. 10).
The trinity: Then Mary, the mother of Jesus, came forward and said: My son according to the
world, my God and Saviour according to the height (1, 59; p. 97).
Common Errors Found in Apocryphal Writings:
Christianity:
Christians take vengeance: Contrary to the attitude of Jesus at Luke 9:51-55; 23:34.
Honorific titles: Contrary to Matt 23:9.
Jesus a murderous youth: Compare this with Jesus words at Luke 23:34. Contrast
Jesus admonition to forgive 77 times (Matt 18:21, 22) with that of Lamech, who felt his
killing a youth for wounding him was a just vengeance of 77 times as great as the wound
he had received (Gen 4:23, 24).
Prayer to Jesus: Prayers in the Bible are only directed to Jehovah God.
Primacy of Peter or James: The only one noted as being first among Gods people
was one who did so under apostolic censure (3John 9-11). No one is ever assigned the
position of primacy among Christians in the Scriptures.
Relic worship: The Scriptures admonish against idolatry (1John 5:21).
Sign of the cross: The cross is a pagan symbol and usage of such is forbidden in
Deut 12:29-32; 2Cor 6:14-18.

Conditions or events after death:

Ascent to heaven or paradise immediately after death: No attainment of a reward
until the resurrection, which occurs during the presence of Christ (1Cor 15:22-24).
Body taken to heaven: Contrary to 1Cor 15:50.
Consciousness: See notes on how the dead are unconscious.
Torment: See notes on how the dead are unconscious.
Gnostic beliefs:
God ignorant, imperfect, begrudging, or arrogant: Contrary to Isa 40:13, 14; Deut
32:4; Luke 11:13; 2Sam 22:33, 36.
True Christ did not suffer on the stake: Contrary to 2John 7.
God:
Trinity: See notes.
Unknowable: Contrary to John 17:3.
Unnameable or name unutterable: Contrary to Ps 83:18; Ruth 2:4.
Man:
Asceticism: Asceticism is pronounced useless in the Scriptures (Col 2:20-23).
Marriage forbidden: Contrary to 1Tim 4:1-3.
Predestined: Contrary to Deut 30:19, 20; Rev 22:17.
The soul:
Goes to heaven: The soul is physical (Gen 2:7), so its going to heaven is contrary to
1Cor 15:50.
Immortal: The soul dies (Lev 19:28; Ezek 18:4).
Pre-existent or transmigrant: People do not practice good or bad before birth, so the
soul is not pre-existent, nor does it transmigrate (Rom 9:10-12).
REFERENCES CITED
All Scripture

All Scripture is Inspired of God and Beneficial by The Watchtower Bible and Tract
Society, New York, 1990

Achilles Tatius Achilles Tatius translated by S. Gaselee, Loeb, 1917

Aelian
Claudius Aelianus: His Various History translated by Thomas Stanley, London,
Thomas Dring, 1665; 3rd C. CE
Aelian Anim

Aeliani De Natura Animalium [On the Nature of Animals by Aelian] edited by

Rudolph Hercher and Firmin Didot, Paris, The Imperial French Typographical
Institute, 1858

Aelian Anim 2
Loeb, 1972

Aelien: On the Characteristics of Animals translated by Alwyn Faber Scholfield,

Aeschylus

Aeschylus translated by Herbert Weir Smyth, Loeb, 1922

Ammian

The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus (also called Res Gestae),

translated by C.D. Yonge, London, George Bell & Sons, 1894; 4 th C. CE

Analecta

Analecta Theologica: A Critical, Philological, and Exegetical Commentary on the

New Testament by William Trollope, London, T. Cadell, Strand, 1842

Ancient
Ancient Records of Egypt by James Henry Breasted, Chicago, The Chicago
University Press, 1906
Records
Ancient
Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia by Daniel David Luckenbill, Chicago,
The University of Chicago Press,1926
Records
Assyria
Ancient Texts

Ancient Texts Ancient Near Eastern texts Relating to the Old Testament edited by James B.
Pritchard, Princeton, New Jersey, 1992
Ante-Nicene

The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of The Writings of the Fathers down to

A.D. 325, New York, Charles Scribners Sons, 1913; (quotes refer to the work
and ancient author)

Antiq of Jews

Antiquities of the Jews by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Whiston; 1st C.

CE

Apion

Against Apion by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Whiston; 1st C. CE

Apocal Comm Horae Apocalypticae; or, A Commentary on the Apocalypse: Fifth Edition by E.B.
Elliott, London, Seeley, Jackson, and Halliday, 1862
Apocry Grk

The Apocrypha: Greek and English, London, S. Bagster and Sons, 1871

Apocrypha OT The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament edited by R.H.
Charles, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1913
Apocrypha NT1 The Apocrypha of the New Testament, London, William Hone, 1820
Apocrypha NT2 The Apocrypha of the New Testament translated by Montague Rhodes James,
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1963
Apocrypha NT3 Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, and Revelations translated by Alexander Walker,
Edinburgh, T & T Clark, 1890; Ante-Nicene Christian Library edited by Alexander
Roberts and James Donaldson, Vol. 16
Apocrypha NT4 The Nag Hammadi Library in English Revised Edition edited by Marvin W. Meyer
and James M. Robinson, San Francisco, HarperCollins, 1990
Apollodorus
BCE

Apollodorus: The Library translated by James George Frazer, Loeb, 1921; 2nd C.

Appian

Appians Roman History translated by Horace White, Loeb, 1972; 2nd C. CE

Arab Proverbs Arabum Proverbia: Vocalibus Instruxit, Latine Vertit, Commentario Illustravit
[Proverbs of the Arabs: Written with Vowel Points, Translated into Latin, and
Explained by Commentary] by G.W. Freytag, Bonn on the Rhine, A. Marcus,
1838

Arch Bib Hist

Press, 1950

Archaeology and Bible History by Joseph P. Free, Wheaton, Illinois, Van Kampen

Arch Bible

Archaeology and the Bible by George Barton, 1937

Aretaeus

On Diseases by Aretaeus of Cappadocia, edited by C.G. Kuhn, 1821-1830,

Leipzig; 1st C. CE

Aristophanes

Aristophanes translated by Benjamin Bickley Rogers, Loeb, 1930

Aristotle

Various works by Aristotle; 4th C. BCE

Aristotle
BCE
Works

The Works of Aristotle, translated by W.D. Ross, Oxford, Clarendon Press; 4th C.

Arrian

Anabasis of Alexander by Lucius Flavius Arrianus, translated by E.J. Chinnock,

1893; 2nd C. CE

Athenaeus
The Deipnosophists or Banquet of the Learned of Athenus translated by C.D.
Yonge, London, Henry G. Bohn, 1854; 3rd C. CE
Attention
Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock by The Watchtower Bible and
Tract Society, New York, 1991
Augustan
The Scriptores Historiae Augustae [The Writers of Augustan History] translated
by David Magie, Loeb, 1924; 3rd/4th C. CE
History
Aulus Gellius The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius translated by W. Below, London, J. Johnson,
1795; 2nd C. CE
Aulus Gellius2 Noctes Atticae [Attic Nights] by A. Cornelius Gellius translated by J.C. Rolfe,
Loeb, 1927
Bab Lit
Press, 1901

Babylonian and Assyrian Literature, Revised Edition, New York, The Colonial

Balaam

Balaam a Babylonian Baru: The Episode of Num 22, 24, 24 and Some
Babylonian Parallels by Samuel Daiches in Hilprecht Anniversary Volume:
Studies in Assyriology and Archeology, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1909

BAR
Biblical Archaeological Review published by the Biblical Archaeology Society,
Washington, DC
Barnes

Barnes' Notes on the Bible by Albert Barnes

Bauer

A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian

Literature by Walter Bauer, translated by William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich,
Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1957

BDB

The New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon by Francis

Brown, Peabody, Mass., 1979

Bear Witness Bearing Thorough Witness About Gods Kingdom by The Watchtower Bible and
Tract Society, New York, 2009
Be Follower

Come Be My Follower by The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,
2007

Bible&Spade

Bible and Spade published by Associates for Biblical Research, Akron, Penn.

Biblical Coins
Books, 1987

Guide to Biblical Coins by David Hendin, First Edition, New York, Amphora

Bible Seals

Biblical Period Personal Seals in the Shlomo Moussaieff Collection by Robert

Deutsch and Andre Lemarie, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2000

Bible Studies Bible Studies by G. Adolf Deissmann, translated by Alexander Grieve, Peabody,
Mass., Hendrickson, 1988
Book for All

A Book for All People by The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,
2006

BR

Bible Review published by the Biblical Archaeology Society, Washington, DC

Britan 1911

Encyclopedia Britannica edition of 1911; http://www.1911encyclopedia.org

Bullinger

Figures of Speech Used in the Bible Explained and Illustrated by E. W. Bullinger,

Grand Rapids, Mich., 1968

CAD
The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,
1956 to present
Caesar

Various works by Gaius Julius Caesar; 1st C. BCE; Alexandrian, African, and
Spanish Wars: Caesar: Alexandrian, African, and Spanish Wars translated by
A.G. Way, Loeb, 1955; Civil Wars: Caesar: The Civil Wars translated by A.G.
Peskett, Loeb, 1938; Gallic War: Caesar: The Gallic War translated by H.J.
Edwards, Loeb, 1958

CAL
Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon; Targum Lexicon edited by Stephen A.
Kaufman, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2004
Camb Hist
The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
England, 2006, 2008
Cassell

Cassells Latin Dictionary by D.P. Simpson, New York, 1968

Cath Encycl
Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Company, 1912;
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/
Choosing

Choosing the Best Way of Life by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New
York, 1989

Church
Roman

The Church in the Roman Empire Before A.D. 170 by W.M Ramsay, 1892

Cicero

Various works by Marcus Tullius Cicero; 1st C. BCE

Cicero Letters The Letters of Cicero translated by Evelyn S. Shucksburgh, London, George Bell
and Sons, 1900; 1st C. BCE
Cicero Orations The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero translated by C.D. Yonge, London, George
Bell and Sons, 1886; 1st C. BCE
CIS
Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum [Collection of Semitic Inscriptions] by
Acadmie des Inscriptions & Belles-lettres, Paris, Republic Typography
Clarke

Commentary on the Whole Bible by Adam Clarke

Clarks

Clarks Foreign Theological Library Vol. 1, Theological and Homiletical

Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles by G.V. Lechle and K. Gerok, translated
by Paton J. Gloag, Edinburgh, Scotland, T. and T. Clark, 1869

Clean
Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity by Virginia Smith, New York,
Oxford University Press, 2008
Close to Jah
2002

Draw Close to Jehovah by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,

Coin Man Grk Historia Numorum [History of Coins]: A Manual of Greek Numismatics by Barclay
V. Head, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1887
Concepts
Concepts of Cleanliness: Changing Attitudes in France since the Middle Ages by
Georges Vigarello, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988
Cook

The Holy Bible with an Explanatory and Critical Commentary edited by F.C.
Cook, London, 1880

Cornelius
Cornelius Nepos: Lives of Eminent Commanders translated by John Selby
Watson, 1886; 1st C. BCE
Nepos
COS

The Context of Scripture edited by William W. Hallo, Leiden, Holland, 2003;

(references given with COS index number first, then volume and page; e.g., COS
3.87C, vol. 3, p. 207)

Creation

LifeHow Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation? by the Watchtower

Bible and Tract Society, New York, 2006

Creator

Is There a Creator Who Cares About You? by the Watchtower Bible and Tract
Society, New York, 1998

Credibility
The Credibility of the Gospel History in The Works of Nathaniel Lardner,
London, William Ball, 1838
Creeds

The Creeds of Christendom Sixth Edition by Philip Schaff, 1919

Ctesias

Ctesiae Cnidii Quae Supersunt (The Remaining Works of Ctesias of Cnidus)

edited by Albert Lion, Gottingen, Germany, Vandenhorck and Ruprecht, 1823

Curtius Rufus

The History of Alexander the Great by Quintus Curtius Rufus; 1st C. CE

Cyropaedia
to 355 BCE)

Cyropaedia (The Education of Cyrus) by Xenophon; 4th C. BCE (lived c. 431 BCE

Daniel

Pay Attention to Daniels Prophecy by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society,
New York, 1999

Davies

A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old

Testament by Benjamin Davies, Revised by Edward C. Mitchell, Boston, Ira
Bradley & Co.,

Dead Sea
The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English translated by Geza Vermes, Revised
Edition, London, Penguin Books, 2004
Scrolls
Dead Sea
The Dead Sea Scriptures translated by Theodor H. Gaster: Third Revised and
Enlarged Edition, New York, Anchor Books: Doubleday, 1976
Scrolls2
Dio Cassius
Roman History by Dio Cassius translated by Herbert Baldwin Foster, Troy, New
York, Pafraets Book Company, 1905; 3rd C. CE
Dio Cassius2

Dios Roman History translated by Earnest Cary, Loeb, 1914-1927; 3rd C. CE

Dio
1st/2nd C. CE
Chrysostom

Dio Chrysostom translated by J.W. Cohoon and H. Lamar Crosby, Loeb, 1940,

Diodorus

The Historical Library by Diodorus Siculus, translated by G. Booth, 1814; 1 st C.

BCE

Diodorus2

Diodorus of Sicily translated by C.H. Oldfather (vols. 1-6), C.L. Sherman (vol. 7),
C. Bradford Welles (vol. 8), Russel M. Geer (vols 9-10), F.R. Walton (vols 11-12),
Loeb, 1933-1967; 1st C. BCE

Diogenes

The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laertius,

translated by C.D. Yonge. London, Henry G. Bohn, 1853, 3 rd C. CE

Dionysius
The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius Halicarnassensis translated by Edward
Spelman, London, Booksellers of London and Westminster, 1758; 1 st C. BCE
Dionysius2
The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus translated by Earnest Cary,
based on the version of Edward Spelman, Loeb, 1960; 1st C. BCE
Dioscorides

De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, edited by C.G. Kuhn, Leipzig,

Germany, 1821-1830; 1st C. CE

DNTT

The New International Dictionary of New Testamnent Theology edited by Colin

Brown, Grand Rapids, Mich., 1976

Draw Close
2006

Draw Close to Jehovah by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,

Easton

Illustrated Bible Dictionary by M. G. Easton, 1897

Elijah

Tanna Debe Eliyyahu: The Lore of the School of Elijah translated by William G.
Braude and Israel J. Kapstein, Philadelphia, Penn., Jewish Publication Society,
1981; 10th C. CE

Ellicott
A Bible Commentary for English Readers edited by Charles John Ellicott, Cassell
and Company Ltd., London
Encycl Biblia
Encyclopedia Biblica edited by T.K. Cheyne and J. Sutherland Black, New York,
The MacMillan Company, 1899-1903
Ency Religion Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics edited by James Hastings, Edinburgh,
Scotland, T. & T. Clark, 1921
Enoch1

The Book of Enoch translated by R.H. Charles, 1917; 2nd/1st C. BCE

Enoch2

The Book of Enoch: Translated from the Ethiopic by George H. Schodde,

Andover, Warren F. Draper, 1882; 2nd/1st C. BCE

Epictetus
The Discourses of Epictetus translated by George Long, London, George Bell
and Sons, 1890; 1st/2nd C. CE
Epictetus2

Epictetus translated by W.A. Oldfather, Loeb, 1956; 1st/2nd C. CE

Euripides

Euripides translated by Arthur S. Way, Loeb, 1912; 5th C. BCE

Eusebius

Various works by Eusebius of Caesarea (Eusebius Pamphilus); 3 rd/4th C. CE

Eu Chron Arm Eusebius Chronicle Translated from the Classical Armenian by Robert
Bedrosian, 2008; http://rbedrosian.com/euseb.html
Eu Chron Lat Eusebius Chronicle Translated from the Latin by Andrew Smith;
http://www.attalus.org/translate/eusebius.html
Exp Grk
Mich., 1990

The Expositor's Greek Testament edited by W. Robertson Nicole, Grand Rapids,

Ezekiel

The Nations Shall Know That I Am Jehovah How? by the Watchtower Bible and
Tract Society, New York, 1971

Fausset

Fausset's Bible Dictionary by Andrew Robert Fausset

Folk-Lore

Folk-Lore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend & Law
by Sir James George Frazer, London, England, MacMillan, 1918

Follower
2007

Come Be My Follower by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,

Awake! Magazine by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York

Galen

Various works by Galen of Pergamum, edited by C.G. Kuhn, 1821-1830 Leipzig,

Germany; (references given by volume and page numbers); 1 st/2nd C. CE

Geography

The Geography of Strabo translated by H.C. Hamilton and W. Falconer, London,

George Bell & Sons, 1903; 1st C. BCE/1st C CE

Geography2
The Geography of Strabo translated by Horace Leonard Jones, Loeb, 1930; 1st
C. BCE/1st C CE
Gesenius

Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

translated by Samuel Prideaux Tregelles, Milford, Minn., 1982

Gill

Exposition of the Entire Bible by John Gill

Gins Int

Introduction to the Massoretical-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible by C.D.

Ginsburg, New York, 1966

Gins Mas

The Massorah by C.D. Ginsburg, New York, 1975

Godet
Commentaries on Luke, John, Romans and 1Corinthians by F. Godet in Clarks
Foreign Theological Library: New Series, Edinburgh, Scotland, T. & T. Clark, 1875-1886
Gods Love
Keep Yourselves in Gods Love by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society,
New York, 2008
Gods Word

The BibleGods Word or Mans? by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society,
New York, 2006

Golden Bough The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Third Edition by James
George Frazer, London, Macmilland and Co., Limited, 1920; The Magic Art and
the Evolution of Kings (vols. 1-2); Taboo and the Perils of the Soul (vol. 3); The
Dying God (vol. 4); Adonis Attis Osiris (vols. 5-6); Spirits of the Corn and of the
Wild (vols. 7-8); The Scapegoat (vol. 9); Balder the Beautiful (vols. 10-11);
Bibliography and General Index (vol. 12)
Good Land

See the Good Land by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York, 2003

Greatest Man

The Greatest Man Who Ever Lived by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society,
New York, 1991

Grk Concord

The Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament by George V.

Wigram, Grand Rapids, Mich., 1983

Grk Anthol

The Greek Anthology translated by W.R. Paton, Loeb, 1916-1918

Hammond
A Paraphrase and Annotations Upon All the Books of the New Testament by H.
Hammond, Oxford, University Press, 1845
Hastings

A Dictionary of the Bible Dealing with its Language, Literature, and Contents by
James Hastings, 1901

Heb Concord

The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament by

George V. Wigram, Milford, Minn., 1982

Hellen Comm

Hellenistic Commentary to the New Testament edited by M. Eugene Boring,

Klaus Berger, Carsten Colpe, Nashville, Tennessee, Abingdon Press, 1995

Henry

Commentary on the Whole Bible by Matthew Henry

Herodian
Herodian of Antiochs History of the Roman Empire translated by Edward C.
Echols, Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1961
Herodotus

The History of Herodotus translated by George Rawlinson, 1858; 5th C. BCE

(lived c. 484 BCE to 425 BCE); Herodotus, the father of Greek history (Cicer)

Herodotus2

Herodotus translated by A.D. Godley, Loeb, 1975; 5th C. BCE

Hesiod
Loeb, 1920

Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Homerica translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White,

Hesychius
Hesychii Alexandrini Lexicon [Lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria] edited by
Maurice Schmidt, Jena, Germany, Herman Dufft, 1876; 5 th C. CE
Hippocrates

Various works by Hippocrates, edited by C.G. Kuhn, 1821-1830, Leipzig; 4 th C.

BCE

Hippocrates2

Hippocrates translated by W.H.S. Jones, Loeb 1959; 4th C. BCE

Histor Illus

The Testimony of History to the Truth of Scripture: Historical Illustrations of the

Old testment by George Rawlinson, Boston, H.L. Hastings, 1898

History Jews

The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ by Emil Shurer,
translated by John MacPherson, New York, Charles Scribners Sons, 1891

Holy Spirit

Holy Spirit The Force Behind the Coming New Order by the Watchtower Bible
and Tract Society, New York, 1976

Homer

Works by Homer, 10th C. BCE Greek poet; The Iliad: Homer: The Iliad
translated by A.T. Murray, Loeb, 1924; The Odyssey: Homer: The Odyssey
translated by A.T. Murray, Loeb, 1945

Horace

The Works of Horace translated by C. Smart, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley;

1st C. BCE

Horace2

Horaces Complete Works (Odes,Epodes, and The Saecular Hymn

translated by John Marshall, The Art of Poetry translated by the Earl of
Roscommon, The Satires and The Epistles translated by Christopher Smart),
E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1953; 1st C. BCE

Hyginus

The Myths of Hyginus translated by Mary Grant. Lawrence, Kansas, University of

Kansas Press, 1960

ILS

Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae [Selected Latin Inscriptions] edited by Hermann

Dessau, Weidmanns, Berlin, Germany 1892

Imperial Dict

The Imperial Bible-Dictionary edited by Patrick Fairbairn, London, Blackie and

Son, 1866

Imposs to Lie

Things in Which It Is Impossible For God To Lie by the Watchtower Bible and
Tract Society of Pennsylvania, New York, 1965

Insight
1979

Insight on the Scriptures by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,

Isaiah Isaiahs Prophecy Light for All Mankind by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New
York, 2000-2001
ISBE

The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia edited by James Orr, Grand

Rapids, Mich., 1986

ISBE2
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia edited by Geoffrey W. Bromiley, Wm.
B. Eerdmans, 1995

Isidore Seville Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi Etymologiarum sive Originum Libri XX [The
Etymologies, or Origins, of Isidore, Bishop of Seville, in Twenty Books] edited by
W.M. Lindsay, Oxford, England, Clarendon Press, 1911
James
1979

Commentary on James by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,

Jastrow
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the
Midrashic Literature by Marcus Jastrow, New York, G.P. Putnams Sons, 1903
JBL

The Journal of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, Georgia

Jehovahs Day Live With Jehovahs Day in Mind by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New
York, 2006
Jerome

Various works by Jerome; 4th/5th C. CE: Questions Gen: HIERONYMI Liber

Hebraicarum Quaestionum in Genesim (The Book of Hebraic Questions on
Genesis by JEROME ) in Patrologia Latina vol. 23 (col. 991 ff); On Isaiah:
HIERONYMI Commentariorum In Isaiam Prophetam Libri Duodeviginti
(Twenty-two Books of Commentary on Isaiah the Prophet by JEROME) in
Patrologia Latina vol. 24; On Ezekiel: HIERONYMI Commentariorum In
Ezechielem Prophetam Libri Quatuordecim (Fourteen Books of Commentary on
Ezekiel the Prophet by JEROME) in Patrologia Latina vol. 25; On Joel:
HIERONYMI Commentariorum In Joelem Prophetam Liber Unus Ad
Pammachium (One Book of Commentary on Joel the Prophet by JEROME,
Dedicated to Pammachius) in Patrologia Latina vol. 25; On Zechariah:
HIERONYMI Commentariorum In Zachariam Prophetam Ad Exsuperium
Tolosanum Episcopum Libri Duo (Two Books of Commentary on Zechariah the
Prophet by JEROME, Dedicated to the Exalted Bishop of Toulouse) in
Patrologia Latina vol. 25; Chronicle Eusebius: HIERONYMI Interpretatio
Chronicae Eusebii Pamphilii cui Subjecta sunt Continenter Fragmenta quae
Exstant Operis Graeci (Interpretation by JEROME of the Chronicle of Eusebius
Pamphilius, which is Drawn from the Successive Fragments which Remain of the
Work in Greek) in Patrologia Latina, vol. 27; Letters: HIERONYMI Epistolae
Secundum Ordinem Temporum ad Amussim Digestae et in Quatuor Classes
Distributae (The Letters of JEROME, Arranged in Precise Chronological Order
and in Four Divisions) in Patrologia Latina vol. 22; Letters2: St. Jerome:
Letters in Post-Nicene, Second Series; Illustrious: De Viris Inlustribus
(Concerning Illustrious Men) translated by Ernest Cushing Richardson in PostNicene, Second Series. HIERONYMI is the abbreviation of Sancti Eusebii
Hieronymi Stridonensis Prebyteri. JEROME is the abbreviation of Saint
Eusebius Jerome of Stridon, the Presbyter.

Jewish Encycl Jewish Encyclopedia, New York, 1901-1906; http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com

Jewish People A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ by Emil Schrer,
translated by Sophia Taylor and Peter Christie, New York, Charles Scribners
Sons, 1891
JFB

A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments by Robert Jamieson, A. R.

Fausset and David Brown

Josephus

Josephus translated by H. St. J. Thackeray, Loeb, 1961; (followed by either Antiq

[Jewish Antiquities], Wars [The Jewish War], Life [The Life], or Apion [Against
Apion]); 1st C. CE

Josephus2
The Works of Flavius Josephus translated by Ebenezer Thompson and William
Charles Price, London, Fielding and Walker, 1778
Julian

The Works of the Emperor Julian translated by Wilmer Cave Wright, Loeb, 1913

Julius Paulus The Opinions [Sententiae] of Julius Paulus: Addressed to His Son in The Civil
Law Volume 1 by S.P. Scott, Cincinnati, 1932
Justin

Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus by Marcus Junianus

Justinus, translated by John Selby Watson, 1853; 3 rd C. CE writer summarizing
history written in 1st C. BCE/1st C CE

Justinian

Code 1: The Enactments of Justinian: The Code in The Civil Law [Volumes 1215] translated by S.P. Scott, Cincinnati, 1932; Code 2: Annotated Justinian
Code translated by Fred H. Blume, edited by Timothy Kearley, 2007; Digest:
The Enactments of Justinian: The Digest or Pandects in The Civil Law
[Volumes 2-11]; Institutes 1: The Enactments of Justinian: The Institutes in
The Civil Law Volume 2; Institutes 2: The Institutes of Justinian 5th edition
translated by J.B. Moyle, Oxford, 1913; Novels: The Enactments of Justinian:
The Novels in The Civil Law [Volumes 16-17]; 6th C. CE

Juvenal
A New and Literal Translation of Juvenal and Persius by M. Madan, London,
William Baynes, 1814; 1st/2nd C. CE
Juvenal2

Juvenal and Persius translated by G.G. Ramsay, Loeb, 1928; 1st/2nd C. CE

JW Defense
Jehovahs Witnesses Defended An Answer to Scholars and Critics by Greg
Stafford, Huntington Beach, Calif., Eluhu Books, 1998.
KB
Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros, by L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Leiden,
Netherlands, 1953
K&D

Commentary on the Old Testament in Ten Volumes by C.F. Keil and F. Delitzsch

Keep Watch

Keep on the Watch by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York, 2004

Kingdom
1981
Come

Let Your Kingdom Come by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,

KM

Our Kingdom Ministry by the Christian Congregation of Jehovahs Witnesses

Knowledge

Knowledge that Leads to Everlasting Life by the Watchtower Bible and Tract
Society, New York, 1995

Land & Book1 The Land and the Book by William M. Thomson, New York, Harper & Brothers,
Publishers, 1874; 2 volumes
Land & Book2 The Land and the Book by William M. Thomson, New York, Harper & Brothers,
Publishers, 1882; 3 volumes
Lange
A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures by John Peter Lange, translated by Philip
Schaff, Edinburgh, Scotland, T. & T. Clarke, 1872
Latin Dict
Totius Latinitatis Lexicon [Lexicon of the Entire Latin Language] by Jacopo
Facciolati, Egidio Forcellini, and A. Joseph Furlanetto, Prati, Rome, Italy, Giachetti, 1839

Entire
Latin Dict
A Latin Dictionary for Schools by Charlton T. Lewis, New York, American Book
Company, 1916
Lewis
Latin Dict
1888
Key

A Latin-English Dictionary by Thomas Hewitt Key, Cambridge, University Press,

Latin Dict
A Latin-English Dictionary by John T. White and J.E. Riddle, London, Longmans,
Green, and Co., 1872
White
Lee
Lexicon, Hebrew, Chaldee, and English by Samuel Lee, London, Duncan and
Malcom, 1840
Letters
to Seven

The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia by W. M. Ramsay, 1904

Life
1977

Life Does Have a Purpose by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,

Life

The Life of Flavius Josephus by Flavius Josephus, translated by William

Whiston; 1st C. CE

of Josephus
Life of Jesus

The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah by Alfred Edersheim, 1886

Light
Society, 1930

Light by J.F. Rutherford, Brooklyn, New York, Watch Tower Bible and Tract

Lightfoot
Lightfoot

A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Hebraica by John

Lightfoot J.B.

The Epistles of St. Paul by J.B. Lightfoot, London, Macmillan and Co., 1914

Live Forever
You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth by the Watchtower Bible and Tract
Society, New York, 1989
Livy

The History of Rome by Titus Livius, translated by Canon Roberts, New York,
E.P. Dutton and Co., 1912; 1st C. BCE/1st C. CE

Livy2

Livy translated by B.O. Foster, Loeb, 1967; 1st C. BCE/1st C. CE

Loeb

Various volumes published as part of Loeb Classical Library, London, William

Heinemann Ltd (or New York, G.P. Putnams Sons; or, Cambridge, Mass.,
Harvard University Press)

Lucan

Lucan: The Civil War translated by J.D. Duff, Loeb, 1962; 1st C. CE

Lucian

The Works of Lucian of Samosata translated by by H.W. Fowler and F.G. Fowler,
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1905; 2nd C. CE

Lucian2
Lucian translated by A.M. Harmon (vols. 1-5), K. Kilburn (vol. 6), and M.D.
Macleod (vols. 78), Loeb, 1959-1967; 2nd C. CE

Lucretius

De Natura Rerum (On the Nature of Things) by Titus Lucretius Carus, translated
by William Ellery Leonard; 1st C. BCE

Luke Medical

The Medical Language of St. Luke by William Kirk Hobart, London, 1882

LXX Concord

A Concordance of the Septuagint by George Merrish, Grand Rapids, Mich., 1976

L&S
1968

A Greek-English Lexicon by Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, New York,

Macrobius

Macrobii Saturnaliorum Libri VII [The Seven Books of the Saturnalia of

Macrobius] edited by Ludwig von Jan, Quedlinburg and Leipzig, Germany,
Gottfried Bass, 1852; 5th Century CE

Manners

Manners and Customs of Bible Lands by Fred Hartley Wight, Chicago, 1953

Mans
Mans Salvation Out of World Distress at Hand! by the Watchtower Bible and
Tract Society, New York, 1975
Salvation
Mari

Le Palais Royal dUgarit [The Royal Palace of Ugarit] edited by Claude Schaeffer,
National Printery, volumes from 1955 to present (reference includes volume
number followed by page or item number)

Martial

Martial: Epigrams translated by Walter C.A. Ker, Loeb, 1920; 1st C. CE

Martial2The Epigrams of Martial: Translated into English Prose, London, George Bell and Sons,
1897; 1st C. CE
Max Tyre
The Dissertations of Maximus Tyrius translated by Thomas Taylor, London, C.
Whittingham, 1804; 2nd C. CE
Mc & S

Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature by John

M'Clintock and James Strong, Grand Rapids, Mich., 1969

Mekilta
Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael translated by Jacob Z. Lauterbach, Skokie, Ill., Varda
Books, 2005; 2nd/3rd C. CE
Ishmael
Mekhilta
Mekhilta De-Rabbi Shimon Bar Yohai translated by W. David Nelson,
Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society, 2006; 2nd/3rd C. CE
Shimon
Messages

Messages from the Past Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Isaiah Through the
Destruction of the First Temple by Robert Deutsch, Tel Aviv, Israel, 1999

Met

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Metamorph

The Metamorphoses by Ovid, translated by A.S. Kline, 2000; 1st C. BCE

Metzger
A Textual Commentary on The Greek New Testament by Bruce M. Metzger,
Stuttgart, Germany, 1975
Meyer
1884

Critical and Exegetical Hand-book by H.A.W. Meyer, New York, Funk & Wagnalls,

MFA

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Midrash

The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, Volume IV, Medieval Hebrew,
The Midrash, The Kabbalah, New York, Park, Austin, and Lipscomb, Inc., 1917

Midrash
The Midrash on Psalms translated by William G. Braude, New Haven, Conn. Yale
University Press, 1959; 10th C. CE
Psalms
Midrash Rab

The Soncino Midrash Rabbah edited by H. Freedman and Maurice Simon, The
Soncino Press, Ltd., 1983 (referenced by the Bible book it comments on, with
chapter and section); 5th to 10th C. CE

Mishnah

The Mishnah by Herbert Danby, London, 1933; 2nd C. CE

Mish Comm

Mischna sive Totius Hebraeorum Juris Cum Clarissimorum Rabbinorum

Maimonidis & Bartenorae Commentariis Integris [The Mishnah, or The Entire
Law of the Jews, together with Commentaries of the Noted Rabbis Maimonides
and Bartenora] edited by William Surenhusius, Amsterdam, Gerard & Jacob
Borstius, 1698-1703; Bartin: commentary by Obadiah ben Abraham of
Bertinoro; 15th C. CE; Maimon: commentary by Moses ben-Maimon; 12th C. CE;
Cocceius: commentary by Johannes Cocceius; 17th C. CE; Mishnah: Mishnah
itself; citation also has name of tract of Mishnah in Latin, together with the
anglicized Hebrew and the volume and page number of this work

Moulton
A Grammar of New Testament Greek by J.H. Moulton, Edinburgh, Scotland, T &
T Clark International, 1998
Grammar
My Follower
2007

Come Be My Follower by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,

M &M

The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament, Illustrated from the Papyri and Other
Non-literary Sources by J.H. Moulton and George Milligan, Grand Rapids, Mich.,
1985

Name
York, 1961
Sanctified

Let Your Name Be Sanctified by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New

Nineveh

Nineveh and Its Remains by Austen Henry Layard, London, England, 1849

Nonnus

Nonnos: Dionysiaca translated by W.H.D. Rouse, Loeb, 1940

N Semitic
Press, 1903

A Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions by G.A. Cooke, Oxford, Clarendon

Organized
York, 2005.

Organized to Do Jehovahs Will by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New

OED
The Compact Editon of the Oxford English Dictionary, New York, Oxford
University Press, 1973
Oppian

Oppian, Colluthus, Tryphiodorus translated by A.W. Mair, Loeb, 1928

Origin of Life
The Origin of Life: Five Questions Worth Asking by the Watchtower Bible and
Tract Society, New York, 2010
Outline

The Outline of History by H. G. Wells, 1920

Ovid
Various works by Ovid, translated by A.S. Kline; 1st C. BCE/1st C. CE; Fasti:
2004; Heroides: 2001; Metamorphoses: 2000
Ovid2

Various works by Ovid, Loeb; 1st C. BCE/1st C. CE; Fasti: Ovid: Fasti translated
by James George Frazer, 1959; Heroides and Amores: Ovid: Heroides and
Amores translated by Grant Showerman, 1931; Metamorphoses: Ovid:
Metamorphoses translated by Frank Justus Miller, 1916

Panarion
The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis translated by Frank Williams, Leiden,
Netherlands, E.J. Brill, 1987; c. 374 CE
Parkhurst
1845

A Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testament by John Parkhurst, London,

Parkhurst Heb Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament by John Parkhurst, London,
Thomas Tegg, 1829
Patro Graeca

Patrologia Graeca edited by Jacques-Paul Migne, 1857-1866

Patro Latina

Patrologia Latina edited by Jacques-Paul Migne, 1844-1855

Paul Traveller
Mich., 2000

St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen by W.M. Ramsay, Grand Rapids,

Pausanias

Description of Greece by Pausanias, translated by W.H.S. Jones; 2nd C. CE

Peoples NT
The People's New Testament by B.W. Johnson, St. Louis, Missouri, Christian
Publishing Company, 1891
Pesikta
Pesikta de-Rab Kahana translated by William G. (Gershon Zev) Braude and
Israel J. Kapstein, Skokie, Ill., Varda Books, 2002; 5th to 7th C. CE
Kahana
Pesikta Pesikta Rabbati translated by William G. Braude, New Haven, Conn., Yale University
Press, 1968; 8th C. CE
Rabbati
Pharisaism
Studies in Pharaism and the Gospels by I. Abrahams, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1917
Pharisees
1920
and Jesus

The Pharisees and Jesus by A.T. Robertson, New York, Charles Scribners Sons,

Philo

The Works of Philo Judaeus translated by C.D. Yonge, London, Henry G. Bohn,
1854; early 1st C. CE

Philostratus

Philostratus translated by F.C. Conybeare, Loeb, 1912; 3rd C. CE

Phocylides
The Sentences of Pseudo-Phocylides edited by Pieter Willem van der Horst,
Leiden, Netherlands, E.J. Brill, 1978; Jewish writer of 1 st C. BCE/1st C. CE

Photius

Ch. 1-165: The Library of Photius Vol. 1 translated by J.H. Freese, New York,
Macmillan Company, 1820; remainder translated by Rober Pierce
(http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_01toc.htm)

Pindar
The Odes of Pindar including the Principal Fragments translated by John
Sandys, Loeb, 1915
Pirke Eliezer
9th C. CE

Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer translated by Gerald Friedlander, New York, Bloch, 1916;

Plato

The Dialogues of Plato translated into English with Analyses and Introductions by
B. Jowett, Oxford University Press, 1892; 4th C. BCE

Plato2

Plato; vols. 1-2 translated by Harold North Fowler; vols 4, 8 by W.R.M. Lamb,
vols. 9-10 by R.G. Bury, 1914-1926; Republic by Paul Shorey, 1937-1942, Loeb,;
4th C. BCE

Plautus

Plautus translated by Paul Nixon, Loeb, 1916-1938; 3rd/2nd C. BCE

Pliny

The Natural History by Pliny the Elder, translated by John Bostock and H.T. Riley,
London, Henry G. Bohn, 1855; 1st C. CE (23-79 CE)

Pliny2

Pliny: Natural History translated by H. Rackham, Loeb, 1967; 1st C. CE

Pliny Letters
The Letters of Pliny the Consul translated by William Melmoth, Edinburgh, James
Ballantyne & Co., 1807; 1st C. CE
Pliny Letters2 Pliny: Letters translated by William Melmoth, revised by W.M.L. Hutchinson,
Loeb, 1927; 1st C. CE
Plutarch

Various works by Plutarch; Lives: Plutarchs Lives translated by Bernadotte

Perrin, Loeb, 1914-1926; Morals: Plutarchs Morals. Translated from the Greek
by Several Hands, Boston, Little, Brown, and Co., 1878; Symposiacs:
Symposiacs by Plutarch, eBooks@Adelaide, 2004; 1st/2nd C. CE

Plutarch2

Morals: Plutarchs Moralia by various translators, Loeb, 1927-2004; 1st/2nd C. CE

Polyaenus
Nicol, 1793

Polyaenuss Stratagems of War translated by R. Shepherd, London, George

Polybius

Polybius: The Histories translated by W.R. Paton, Loeb, 1922; 2nd C. BCE

Poole

English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole, 1840

Post-Nicene

A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church
edited by Philip Schaff; Buffalo, N.Y., The Christian Literature Company, 1886;
Second Series, New York, Charles Scribners Sons, 1904; (quotes refer to the
work and ancient author)

Prep Gospel
The Fifteen Books of The Preparation for the Gospel of Eusebius Pamphilius
translated by E.H. Gifford, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1903
Proclaimers

Jehovahs Witnesses Proclaimers of Gods Kingdom by the Watchtower Bible

and Tract Society, New York, 1993

Pulpit
The Pulpit Commentary edited by H.D.M. Spence and Joseph S. Exell, New
York, Funk & Wagnalls Company
Purpose

Gods Eternal Purpose Now Triumphing For Mans Good by the Watchtower
Bible and Tract Society, New York, 1975

Pythagoras
1920 & 1921

The Complete Pythagoras edited by Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie, Platonist Press,

Quintilian

Quintilian translated by H.E. Butler, Loeb, 1968; 1st C. CE

Rashi

Commentary on the Tanakh by Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaqi); 11th Century CE

Reason

Reasoning from the Scriptures by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New
York, 1989

Records of
Ancient Records of Egypt by James Henry Breasted, Chicago, University of
Chicago Press, 1906
Egypt
Records Past

Records of the Past: Being English Translations of the Assyrian and Egyptian
Monuments by The Soc. of Biblical Archaeology, London, Samuel Bagster and
Sons, 1873

Records Past2 Records of the Past: Being Eng. Trans. of the Anc. Mnmnts of Egypt and West.
Asia: New Series edited by A.H. Sayce, London, Samuel Bagster and Sons, Ltd.,
1890
Reliability OT
2006

On The Reliability of The Old Testament by K.A. Kitchen, Wm B. Eerdmans,

Revelation
Revelation Its Grand Climax at Hand by the WatchTower Bible and Tract
Society, New York, 2006
Rich Antiq
A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities: Fourth Edition by Anthony Rich,
London, Longmans, Green, & Co., 1874
Robertson

Word Pictures in the New Testament by A. T. Robertson

Robertson
A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research by
A.T. Robertson, Nashville, Tennessee, Broadman Press, 1934
Grammar
Robinson
Biblical Researches in Palestine A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 by
Edward Robinson, Boston, Crocker and Brewster, 1841 & 1856
Roman Coins

A Dictionary of Roman Coins edited by Seth William Stevenson, C. Roach Smith

and Frederic W. Madden, 1889

Salvation

Mans Salvation out of World Distress at Hand by the Watchtower Bible and Tract
Society, New York, 1975

Schaff-Herzog The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge edited by Samuel

Macauley Jackson, New York, Funk and Wagnalls, 1908-1914
Encyl

Search
1990

Mankinds Search for God by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, New York,

Security

Worldwide Security Under the Prince of Peace by the Watchtower Bible and
Tract Society, New York, 1986

Seder Olam
Ancient Seder Olam (Seder Olam Rabbah) translated by Ken Johnson, Xulon
Press, 2007; 2nd C. CE
Seneca

Various works by Seneca the Younger: Letters: The Epistles of Lucius Annaeus
Seneca translated by Thomas Morell, London, W. Woodfall, 1786; Morals:
Seneca: Moral Essays translated by John W. Basore, Loeb, 1928-1935;
Tragedies: Senecas Tragedies translated by Frank Justus Miller, Loeb, 1938; 1st
C. CE

Seneca2
Seneca Epistulae Morales (Seneca: Epistles on Morals) translated by Richard
M. Gummere, Loeb, 1917-1925
Servius

Servii Grammatici qui Feruntur in Vergilii Carmina Commentarii [Commentaries

on the Poems of Virgil written by Servius the Grammarian] edited by George
Thilo and Herman Hagen, Leipzig, Germany, B.G. Teubner, 1884; 4 th C. CE

Sifra
Sifra: An Analytical Translation by Jacob Neusner, Atlanta, Georgia, Scholars
Press, 1988; 2nd/3rd C. CE
Sifre Zutta
Sifre Zutta to Numbers translated by Jacob Neusner, New York, University Press
of America, 2009; 3rd C. CE
Sifre Deut

The Components of the Rabbinic Documents From the Whole to the Parts: VII.
Sifre to Deuteronomy translated by Jacob Neusner, Atlanta, Georgia, Scholars
Press, 1997; 2nd/3rd C. CE

Sifre Num

The Components of the Rabbinic Documents From the Whole to the Parts: XII.
Sifre to Numbers translated by Jacob Neusner, Atlanta, Georgia, Scholars Press,
1998; 2nd/3rd C. CE

Silius Italicus Silius Italicus: Punica [Silius of Italy: The Punic Wars] translated by J.D. Duff,
Loeb, 1961; 1st C. CE
Singer

The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the
British Empire translated by S. Singer, London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1900

Smith Antiq
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities edited by William Smith, Boston,
Little, Brown, and Company, 1870
Smith Dict
Dr. William Smiths Dictionary of the Bible revised by H.B. Hackett and Ezra
Abbot, Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1892
Smith Myth

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology edited by William

Smith, Boston, Little, Brown, and Company, 1870

Smyth
Press, 1973

Greek Grammar by Herbert Weir Smyth, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University

Solinus
C. Julii Solini: Collectanea Rerum Memorabilium [Gaius Julius Solinus: Collection
of Curiosities] edited by Theodor Mommsen, Berlin, Weidmanns, 1895

Story Civil
1954

The Story of Civilization by Will and Ariel Durant, New York, Simon and Schuster,

Strong

The Exhaustive Concordance of The Bible by James Strong, Iowa Falls, Iowa

Suda
Suda edited by Ada Adler, Leipzig, B.G. Tuebner, 1928-1938; translation at
http://www.stoa.org/sol/; Byzantine encyclopedia of 9th C. CE
Suetonius

The Lives of the Twelve Caesars by C. Suetonius Tranquillus, translated by J.C.

Rolfe, Loeb, 1914; 2nd C. CE

Suteonius2

The Lives of the Twelve Caesars by Suetonius, translated by Alexander

Thomson, revised and corrected by T. Forester, London, George Bell and Sons,
1909; 2nd C. CE

Survey OT
Press, 1996

A Survey of Old Testament Introduction by Gleason Archer, Jr., Chicago, Moody

Syncellus

Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae: Georgius Syncellus [Collection of the

Writers of Byzantine History: George Syncellus] edited by B.G. Niebuhr, Bonn,
Germany, Edward Weber, 1829

Syrian Christ The Syrian Christ by Abraham Mitrie Rihbany, Boston, Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1916
Syrian
The Syrian Goddess Being a Translation of Lucians De Dea Syria by Herbert A.
Strong and John Garstang, London, Constable & Company Ltd, 1913
Goddess
Tactitus

The Complete Works of Tacitus translated by Alfred John Church and William
Jackson Brodribb, 1942; Annals and Histories; 1st/2nd C. CE

Tacitus2

Tacitus translated by various hands, Loeb, 1914; 1st/2nd C. CE

Talmud

The Soncino Talmud edited by Dr. Isidore Epstein, Soncino Press, Ltd., 1973;
(references given as: The name of the tractate, the folio [page] number in the
Vilna Edition of the Talmud, and, sometimes, the chapter and section in the
Mishnah (as numbered in Mishnah); e.g. Talmud, Sanhedrin 43b [6, 3];
quotations from the Mishnah are in capital font and references to them usually
contain the Mishnah numbering first); 6th C. CE

Talmud2

The Talmud translated by Michael L. Rodkinson (references given as: The name
of the tractate, the chapter and section in the Mishnah, and, sometimes, the folio
[page] number in the Vilna Edition of the Talmud; e.g. Talmud2, Sanhedrin 6, 3
[43b], or sometimes the chapter and section in the Mishnah [as numbered in
Mishnah]; if from the Aboth of R. Nathan (incorporated into Avot), [Nathan]
appears) ; 6th C. CE

Talmud3

The Babylonian Talmud: Translation and Commentary by Jacob Neusner,

Hendrickson Publishers, 2006 (references given as: The name of the tractate, the
numbering according to the translator, and, sometimes, the folio [page] number in
the Vilna Edition of the Talmud; e.g. Talmud3, Qiddushin 1, 5, 6, 2C [28a]; if the
quotation is from the Mishnah, [Mishnah] is added) ; 6th C. CE

Talmud4
The Minor Tractates of the Talmud edited by A. Cohen, The Soncino Press,
London, 1965; (references given by folio page or chapter and section number)
Talmud Jeru

The Jerusalem Talmud translated by Jacob Neusner, Hendrickson Publishers,

2009 (references given as: The name of the tractate, the numbering according to
the translator, and, sometimes, the folio [page] number in the Vilna Edition of the
Talmud); 4th C. CE

Talmud Jeru2 The Talmud of Jerusalem translated by Moses Schwab, London, Williams and
Norgate, 1886; 4th C. CE
Tanhuma

Midrash Tanhuma translated by John T. Townsend, Hoboken, N.J., Ktav

Publishing House, Inc., 1989 (references given as, e.g.: Tanhuma, Leviticus 7, 1,
1); 5th C. CE

TanhumaMidrash Tanhuma-Yelammedenu translated by Samuel A. Berman, Hoboken,

N.J., Ktav Publishing House, Inc., 1996; 9th C. CE
-Yelam
Tan Parallels

Targum

Tannaitic Parallels to the Gospels, Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph

Series, Volume VI by Morton Smith, Philadephia, Society of Biblical Literature,
1968

The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel On the Pentateuch With The
Fragments of the Jerusalem Targum From the Chaldee translated by J. W.
Etheridge, London, 1862-1865; referenced to either as Onkelos (1st/2nd C. CE;
also called Babylonian), Jonathan (3rd C. CE, revised 7th C. CE; also called
Palestinian or Pseudo-Jonathan), or Jerusalem (7th C. CE)
Targum Jonathan of the Former Prophets* (Joshua 2Kings) by Daniel J.
Harrington and Anthony J. Saldarini, Collegeville, Minn., The Liturgical Press,
1987; 1st C. BCE/1st C. CE
The Targum of Ruth* by D.R.G. Beattie (1st/2nd C. CE), The Targum of
Chronicles* by J. Stanley McIvor (8th C. CE), Collegeville, Minn., The Liturgical
Press, 1994; 1st/2nd C. CE
"The Targum to the Book of Ruth" by Samson H. Levey in The Text and I edited
by S. Chyet, Atlanta, Scholars Press, 1998; (referenced to as Ruth2); 1st/2nd C. CE
Second Targum in An Explanatory Commentary on Esther by Paulus Cassell,
translated by Aaron Bernstein, Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1888; 6th C. CE
The Targum of Job* by Celine Mangan (1st-9th C. CE), The Targum of Proverbs*
by John F. Healey (2nd to 9th C. CE), Collegeville, Minn., The Liturgical Press,
1987
The Targum of Qohelet* by Peter S. Knobel, Collegeville, Minn., The Liturgical
Press, 1987; 6th to 9th C CE
The Psalms Targum: An English Translation* by Edward M. Cook, 2001; 4th to 6th
C. CE
The Aramaic Targum to Song of Songs translated by Jay C. Treat, 2004;
(referenced as Canticles); 8th C. CE
The Targum to The Song of Songs translated by Hermann Gollancz, London,
Luzac & Co., 1908; (referenced to as Canticles2); 8th C. CE
Targum Lamentations translated by C.M.M. Brady; 7th/8th C. CE
The Chaldee Paraphrase [of Jonathan] on the Prophet Isaiah translated by
C.W.H. Pauli, London, London Societys House, 1871; 1 st C. BCE/1st C. CE
The Targum of Jeremiah* translated by Robert Hayward, Collegeville, Minn., The
Liturgical Press, 1987; 1st C. BCE/1st C. CE

The Targum of Ezekiel* translated by Samson H. Levey, Collegeville, Minn., The

Liturgical Press, 1987; 1st C. BCE/1st C. CE
The Targum of the Minor Prophets* translated by Kevin J. Cathcart and Robert
P. Gordon, Collegeville, Minn., The Liturgical Press, 1990; 1 st C. BCE/1st C. CE.
Translations of the Targum that put words not in the Masoretic text, but added by
the Targumist, in italics, are marked with an asterisk (*). Also,see notes on
Targums
Targum2

Targums English Translation by Eldon Clem, Oaktree Software, 2007; referenced

either as Onkelos (1st/2nd C. CE) or Neofiti (3rd to 8th C. CE) for the Pentateuch;
referenced as Jonathan (3rd C. CE) for Joshua, Judges, 1 & 2 Samuel, and
Hosea

TDNT

Theological Dictionary of the New Testament edited by G. Kittel and G. Friedrich,

Grand Rapids, Mich., 1961-1976

TDOT

Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament edited by G. Johannes Botterweck

and Helmer Ringgren, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1977-1984

Teaching of

Some Elements of the Religious Teaching of Jesus by C.G. Montefiore,

Macmillan and Co., Limited, London, 1910

Jesus
Temple

The Temple Its Ministry and Service by Alfred Edersheim, London, 1904

Thayer

A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament by C.L. Wilibald Grimm,

translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer, Grand Rapids, Mich.,
1983

Theocracy

Paradise Restored to Mankind By Theocracy! by the Watchtower Bible and

Tract Society, New York, 1972

These
None of These Diseases by S.I. McMillen, Westwood, New Jersey, Fleming H.
Revell Company, 1963
Diseases
Thucydides

Thucydides translated by Benjamin Jowett, Oxford, England, Clarendon Press,

1900; 5th C. BCE

Tosefta

The Tosefta translated by Jacob Neusner, Peabody, Mass., Hendrickson

Publishers, Inc., 2002; (sometimes, the chapter and section in the Mishnah [as
numbered in Mishnah] are included in square brackets); 4th C. CE

Treasury

The Treasury of David by Charles Haddon Spurgeon

Trench

Synonyms of the New Testament by Richard Chenevix Trench, edited by Robert

G. Hoerber, Grand Rapids, Mich., 1989

Trench2Synonyms of the New Testament by Richard Chenevix Trench, New Edition, Revised,
London, MacMillan and Co., 1865
Trinity

Should You Believe in the Trinity? by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society,
New York, 1989

Truth

TransTruth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New

Testament by Jason David Beduhn, New York, University Press of America, Inc.,
2003

TWOT

Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament edited by R. L. Harris, G. L. Archer,

Jr., and B. K. Waltke, Chicago, Ill., 1980

Vegetius
The Military Institutions of the Romans by Flavius Vegetius Renatus translated by
John Clarke, 1767
Vell Pater
London, 1924

Velleius Paterculus: Compendium of Roman History translated by F. W. Shipley,

Vincent

Word Studies in the New Testament by Marvin R. Vincent

Vine

The Expanded Vine's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words by W.E.

Vine, edited by John R. Kohlenberger III, Minneapolis, Minn., 1984

Virgil

Virgil translated by H. Rushton Fairclough, Loeb, 1930

Voyage Paul
The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul by James Smith, Fourth Edition, revised
by Walter E. Smith, London, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1880
W

The Watchtower by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York

Wars of Jews

Wars of the Jews by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Whiston; 1st C. CE

Webster
Mass., 1986

Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary by Merriam-Webster, Inc., Springfield,

Webster
Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged by Simon & Schuster,
New York, 1979
Unabridged
Wikipedia

Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org

Wilson
Wilsons Old Testament Word Studies by William Wilson, Peabody, Mass.,
Hendrickson Publishers
Words of
Jesus

The Words of Jesus by Gustaf Dalman, Edinburgh, Scotland, T. & T. Clark, 1902

Works
Works and Days in Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Homerica translated by
Hugh G. Eveyln-White, Loeb, 1920; c. 700 BCE
and Days
Worship Dead The Worship of the Dead by J. Garnier, London, Chapman & Hall, Limited, 1909
WSS

Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals by Nahman Avigad, revised by Benjamin

Sass, Jerusalem, Israel, 1997

Xenophon

Anabasis by Xenophon, translated by H.G. Dakyns; 5th C. BCE

Xenophon2

Xenophon, Loeb, 1918-1923; Memorabilia, Oeconomicus translated by E.C.

Marchant; Symposium, Apology by E.J. Todd; Anabasis, Hellenica by Carleton L.
Brownson; 4th C. BCE

Young
Concord

Analytical Concordance to the Bible by Robert Young, Grand Rapids, Mich, 1979

Zend-Avesta

The Zend-Avesta translated by James Darmesteter and L.H. Mills in The

Sacred Books of the East Volumes 4, 23, & 31 edited by F. Max Muller, Oxford,
The Clarendon Press, 1880-1886; 2nd/1st C. BCE

Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi - "Being Boundless" translated by Nina Correa,

http://www.daoisopen.com; 4th C. BCE

1,000 Years

Gods Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached by the Watchtower Bible

and Tract Society, New York, 1973

7 Monarchies

The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson

Any reference cited that does not mention a page, paragraph, section, or volume is assumed to
be cited from where it would be expected to be found. Thus, commentaries cited without a
specific place referenced are cited from the scripture commented on; dictionaries, lexicons and
concordances thus cited are cited from the word commented on.
BIBLE TRANSLATIONS CITED
AB

The Apostolic Bible Polyglot by Charles VanderPool, 2006

Amp

The Amplified New Testament by The Lockman Foundation, 1987

Aquila

Translation of Hebrew Scriptures into Greek by Aquila of Sinope; 2 nd C. CE; in

PG: Origenis Opera Omnia: Hexaplorum quae Supersunt (The Complete
Works of Origen: Fragments of the Hexapla) in Patrologia Graeca vols. 15-16b
or OHS: Origenis Hexaplorum quae Supersunt [Fragments of the Hexapla of
Origen] edited by Friedrich Field, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1875; the Hexapla, of
the 3rd C. CE, is the Hebrew Scriptures with a transliteration into Greek, and with
4 translations of it into Greek: The LXX, and those by Aquila, Symmachus, and
Theodotion

AS

American Standard Version

AT
Goodspeed

The Bible, An American Translation by J.M. Powis Smith and Edgar J.

BBE

Bible in Basic English by S.H. Hooke, 1949

Beck

The New Testament in the Language of Today by William F. Beck

Berk

The New Berkeley Version in Modern English

BHK
Biblia Hebraica by Kittel, Kahle, Alt and Eissfeldt, Stuttgart, Germany,
Privilegierte Wrttembergische Bibelanstalt, 1951-55
BHS
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia by Elliger and Rudolph, Stuttgart, Deutsche
Bibelstiftung, 1977
Bren

The Septuagint Version: Greek and English by Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton

By

The Bible in Living English by Steven T. Byington

CEV

Contemporary English Version by American Bible Society, 1995

CKW

The New Testament - A New Translation in Plain English by Charles K. Williams

CmpPly

Complutensian Polyglot; Vetus Testamenum Multiplici Lingua Nunc Primo

Impressum [The Old Testament in Multiple Languages: Printed Now for the First
Time], Madrid, Spain, 1522; Hebrew Scriptures accoding to the Masoretic Text,
LXX, and Vulgate; Pentateuch also has Targum Onkelos in Hebrew and Latin

Conf

The Confraternity Translation by the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine

Cvd

The Holy Scriptures of the Olde and Newe Testamente translated by Myles
Coverdale, 1535 Second Modern Edition, London, Samuel Bagster and Sons,
1847

Da
Darby

The Holy Scriptures A New Translation from the Original Languages by J.N.

Dltz

Hebrew New Testament by Franz Delitzsch

Dy
Douay-Rheims Bible composed of the Douay Old Testament, 1609; Rheims
New Testament, 1582; follows text of Vulgate
EB
The Emphasized Bible by Joseph Bryant Rotherham, Cincinnati, Ohio, The
Standard Publishing Company, 1916
ED

The Emphatic Diaglott by Benjamin Wilson, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society,
1942

ESV
The English Standard Version Bible by Crossway Books/Good News Publishers,
Wheaton, Illinois, 2001
Gins

Massoretico-Critical Text of the Hebrew Bible by C.D. Ginsburg, London, 1926

Gen
The Bible, that is, The Holy Scriptures conteined in the Old and New Testament
[Geneva Bible], London, Christopher Barker, 1599
Grn

A Literal Translation of the Bible by Jay P. Green, Sr.

IntB

The Interlinear Bible by Jay P. Green, Sr.

IntK

The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures by the Watchtower

Bible and Tract Society, 1985

JB

The Jerusalem Bible

JNT
Jewish New Testament by David H. Stern, Clarksville, Maryland, Jewish New
Testament Publications, Inc., 1989
JPS

The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text A New Translation by The
Jewish Publication Society of America, 1917

KJ

The King James Version

Knox

The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by Ronald A. Knox

Lamsa
Holy Bible: From the Ancient Eastern Text by George M. Lamsa, American Bible
Society, 2005; Syriac Peshitta version
LB

The Living Bible by Kenneth Taylor

Leeser

The Twenty-four books of the Holy Scriptures by Isaac Leeser, 1853

LXX
Septuagint, translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek; 3rd C. BCE; English
translations of it are Bren and Thomp.
Mo

A New Translation of the New Testament by James Moffatt

MT
Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Scriptures, as exemplified in BHK and BHS;
second half of 1st Millenium CE
Mrdk
The New Testament A Literal Translation from the Syriac Peshito Version by
James Murdock, 1851
NAB

New American Bible by Members of the Catholic Biblical Association of America

NAS

New American Standard Bible by The Lockman Foundation

NEB

The New English Bible

NIV

New International Version by the New York Bible Society International

NJB

The New Jerusalem Bible, Doubleday, 1985

NKJ

King James II Version

NLT

New Living Translation by Tyndale Charitable Trust, 1996

NRS
1989

New Revised Standard Version, Nashville, Tenn., Thomas Nelson Publishers,

NW

New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures With References by the New
World Bible Translation Committee, 1984

Phil

The New Testament in Modern English by J.B. Phillips

RS

Revised Standard Verson, 1971

RT

Received Text (Textus Receptus), original version by Robert Stephanus, 1550

Sym
Translation of Hebrew Scriptures into Greek by Symmachus; 2nd C. CE; see
notes on Aquila
TCNT
The Twentieth Century New Testament, New York, The Fleming H. Revell
Company, 1904
TEV
Society

Today's English Version (Good News for Modern Man) by the American Bible

Theo
on Aquila

Translation of Hebrew Scriptures into Greek by Theodotion; 2 nd C. CE; see notes

Thomp

The Old Covenant Commonly Called the Old Testament: Translated from the
Septuagint: A New Edition by S.F. Pells by Charles Thomson, London,
Skeffington & Son, 1904

UBS

The Greek New Testament edited by Kurt Aland, Matthew Black, Carlo M.
Martini, Burce M. Metzger, and Allen Wikgren, United Bible Societies, 1983

Vulgate

Vulgate by Jerome, translation into Latin; 4th/5th C. CE

Vulgate 2
C. CE

Vulgate, Clementine Text by Jerome, translation into Latin, edition of 1598; 4th/5th

We
Robertson

The New Testament in Modern English by R.F. Weymouth, revised by J.A.

Western Acts

The Acts of the Apostles: Translated from the Codex Bezae with an Introduction
on its Lucan Origin and Importance by J.M. Wilson, London, Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1923

Will

The New Testament in the Language of the People by Charles B. Williams

W&H

Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament by B.F. Westcott and F.J.A. Hort

Young

Young's Literal Translation of the Bible by Robert Young

Footnotes:
Our history hath been written since Artaxerxes very particularly, but hath not been esteemed of
the like authority with the former by our forefathers, because there hath not been an exact
succession of prophets since that time (Apion 1, 8).
Nabopolasarus Astagem Mediae satrapam miserit Hic traditis sibi copiis a Saraco
Chaldaeorum rege praepositus, in Saracum ipsum et Ninivem civitatem arma vertit; cuius
impetum et adventum veritus Saracus, incensa regia igne se absumpsit, meaning Nabopolassar
sent to Astages, [Assyrian-appointed] satrap of the Medes In these circumstances, being
commander and having had the armed forces of Saracus the Chaldean king entrusted to him, he
turned his forces against Saracus himself and the city Nineveh; Saracus, fearing his attack and
arrival, consumed himself in fire by burning the palace (Body of Writings of Byzantine History,
Volume 1, George Syncellus and Nicephorus of Constantinople edited by B.G. Niebuhr pp. 395,
396, Bonn, Germany, 1829; 8th Century CE author quoting Alexander Polyhistor, Greek historian
of the 1st Century BCE).
The Jews felt a few servants of God before Christ were not under the dominion of sin: Three
there were over whom the evil inclination had no dominion, to wit Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
Some include also David (Talmud, Baba Bathra 17a). The case of Elijah who did not sin, and
lives and endures for ever (Midrash Rabbah, Leviticus 27, 4).