Soil Ersosion in Raj
Soil Ersosion in Raj
Soil Ersosion in Raj
R.L. Shyampura
R.S. Singh
R.K. Singh
A.K. Maji
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National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 010
and
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Dehradun 248 195
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342 003
In Co-operation with
Department of Watershed and Soil Conservation, Govt. Rajasthan, Jaipur
About the
~BSS&LUP
The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP), Nagpur, a premier Institute
of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (leAR), was set up in the year 1976 with the objective to
prepare soil resource maps at state and'district level and to provide research inputs in soil resource
mapping, and its applications,land evaluation, land use planning, land resource management, and database
management using GIS for optimising land lise on different kinds ofsoils in the country. The Bureau has
been engaged in carrying out agro-ecological and soil degradation mapping at the country, state and
district level for qualitative assessment and monitoring the soil health towards viable land use planning.
The research activities have resulted in identifying the soil potentials and problems, and the various
applications of the soil surveys with the ultimate objective of sustainable agricultural development. The
Institute is also imparting in service training to staff of the soil survey agencies and SAU's in the area of
soil survey and land evaluation, soil survey interpretations for land use planning, remote sensing
applications to soils and agriculture, and GIS for land reSOurce management. The Bureau in collaboration
with Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola and Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture
and Technology is running post-graduate, teaching and research programme in land resource management,
leading to M.Sc. and Ph.D. Degrees.
The publication on "Soil Erosion in Rajasthan" is prepared from soil resource information generated
during Soil Resource Mapping will help in understanding erosion status in each district of the state for
undertaking soil and water conservation work on priority and to have proper resource allocation in the
state.
Citalion: RL. Shyampura, RS. Singh, R.K. Singh and A.K.Maji (2003), "Soil Erosion in Rajasthan"
Director
National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP),
Amravati Road, Nagpur-440 0) 0, India.
Phone
(0712)2500386,2500664,2500545(0)
+91 -07 I 2-2500534
Telefax
Telex
071 5-7262NBSL IN
Telegram: SOILANDBRU
E-Mail
[email protected]
Head, Regional Centre
National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP),
R~gional centre, University Campus, Udaipur-313 001
Phone
(0294)-2471421
Telefax
(0294 )-24 71326
Telegram : SOJLCORE
ISBN
81-85460-80-9
to NBSS & LUP July, 2003
Foreword
Information on soil resource and its management is an important endeavour to all the sections of people.
Everyone's livelihood, well-being and future prosperity depend directly and indirectly on natural resources.
The economy of all the sectors is also based on the soi I resource available in the region specified. However,
in recent years, the country experiences the rapid deterioration of soil resources. The estimation of it
becomes possible through modem tools of remote sensing coupled with field traversing. It become clear
that even though we inherited a cleaner and greener earth from our forefathers, we are eroding its value
by stealing from future generations what is rightfully their inheritance. It is a matter of great concern to
all of us that above 57 per cent of the total geographical area of the country is suffering from various
forms of degradation - water erosion, wind erosion, chemical and physical deterioration. Over 5.3 billion
tons of top soi l alone is lost every year through erosion resulting in a Joss of around 8 M tons of plant
nutrients. In addition, about 9.4 M ha land is suffering from water logging and soi l salinity in varying
degrees. Soil resource base is also shrinking at an alarming rate of 0.25 M halannum due to rapid
industrialization and urbanization .
Water is another critical resource whose availability is continuously diminishing for agricultural use
due to enhanced demand from other competitive sectors. Declining water tables in high potential- high
productivity regions have raised the concerns like hydrological sustainability in intensively irrigated
cropping systems areas - a backbone of India's food grain production . Quality of water resources is
being deteriorated due to enhanced disposal of pollutants, sewage and effluents. The soil resource forms
the basjc sink for these elements. The surface, ground and rajn water resources need to be efficiently
managed in order to preserve and protect productivity of soil base to enhance and to ach ieve the sustainable
crop productivity.
The pros and cons of all the above issues lie in proper quantification of soil loss categorizing
systematically the land mass into defined soil units indicating their inter-relationship, and capability to
respond to ameliorative measures and allied management practices.
Under such a challenging scenario, it gives me a great pleasure to note that the Regional Centre,
Udaipur of NBSS & LUP, CSWCR &. TI, Dehradun and CAZRJ, Jodhpur have brought out a joint
publication on "Soil Erosion in Rajasthan" quantifying the extent of problems, and needed ameliorative
measures. The publication also presents a state of the art, knowledge and future strategies for adopting
proper soil conservation measures. I congratulate Dr. R.L. Shyampura, Sub-Project Coordinator and the
team of Scientists at Regional Centre, Udaipur, State Department of Agriculture, Govt. 0f Rajasthan,
Central Arid Zone Research Institute and Dr. R.K. Singh, Regional Research station, Kota of CS WCR &
TI for their excellent job.
The pUblication is extremely valuable to researchers, planners and policy makers of the state of
Rajasthan. I hope that this volume will help in better understanding the effect caused due!o soi l erosion
in the state to formulate developmental and extension programmes and to implement them for achieving
the policies of soi l and water conservation.
(.l.S. SAMRA)
Dy. Director General (NRM)
lCAR
Preface
In this millennium the population of India has crossed overthe mark of one billion. This has tremendously
increased the need for food, fodder and fiber in the country. In order to meet these demands. the people
are constrained to use the marginal land resources. This leads to various kinds of second generation
problems of soil degradation. Such degradation problems are high in Rajasthan (33.2). Among the
degradational problems, the soil erosion is the most serious affecting greatly the qual ity and productivity
of the land in many aspects. Soi I erosion is wearing away of the earth 's surface by the forces caused by
wind, water and ice resulting the damaged of vast areas which cannot be used for productive purposes.
Much of the good land is degraded due to over and ;mproper use under the increasing productivity the
intensity/severity of erosion and its spatial extent is to be known to take up soi I and water conservation
practices in an area.
Soil and water conservation aims at preventing soil erosion and heal its scars where it has not advanced
too far to respond to curative methods. This involves, in many instances, changing the uses to which land
is put. It has been found, in fact, as stated previously, that the first requisite to conservation of land is to
tit the crop - (crops, trees. or grazing plants) to the capabilities of,the soi ls and the water available. Use
of engineering and agronomic practices will control and conserve water and counteract the erosive action
of both water and wind on the soil. These conservation measures can be used singly or in combination
within the economic limitations and acceptance offarmers. These will support one another and thereby
provide sustainability to the land.
This bulletin provides the details of the Rajasthan state, the different factors of universal soi l loss
equation and wind erosion/deposition . The bulletin also attempts the consequences of soi l erosion,
depletion and suggests the major so il and water conservation measures which, when appl ied to the land
in correct combinations, wil I greatly reduce or prevent soi I erosion, improve fertil ity, and increase yields
for which every one of us are responsible.
Towards this endeavour Scientists ofNational Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning, Nagpu't,
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Dehradun and Centra l Arid Zone
Research Institute, Jodhpur under the able supervision of the Directors of the institutes in cooperation
with Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Rajasthan, comb inedly made an effort to bring out a bulletin
and map of "Soil Erosion of Rajasthan". This bulletin is prepared for the use of planners, technicians and
agriculturists working for controlling water erosion and making better use of rainfall available and irrigation
water in the state. The suggestions are based largely on the experience and existing situation in the state.
I hereby appreciate the effort of the scientists of both rCA R institutes and officials of State Govt.
Rajasthan in accomplishing this task.
(K.S. GAJBHIYE)
Director, NBSS & LUP
Acknowledgements
The publication "Soil Erosion in Rajasthan" has been completed with the help, cooperation and assistance
of many persons to whom we wish to express our sincere thanks and gratefulness.
Dr. Pratap Narain, Director, CAZRJ, Jodhpur for prl)viding information regarding wind erosion
status in Western Rajasthan.
Dr. Sohan Lal and Dr. J.P. Sharma for constructive suggestions.
Dr. A.P. Nagar and Shri S.S . Nimkhedkar for providing technical support.
Staff of NBSS & LUP, Regional Centre, Udaipur and H.Qrs. NagpuJ' for logistic support at
every stage of work.
Mr. S. Saha, Sr. Administrative Officer and Mr. D. D. Verma Sr. Finance and Accounts Officer
and their staff members for their administrative and financial support.
Mr. S.K. Arora, Printing Officer and his Associates, Printing section, NBSS&LUP, New Delhi
for printing the bulletin .
Mr. V.S. Sankhla and Mrs. Vaishali Arbat for work processing and type setting and Sh. M.C.
Patre for technical assistance.
Dr. (Mrs.) C. Mandai for digitization of maps and c('mpleting necessary formal ities for printing.
Project Team
Project Leader
Project Associates
R.L. Shyampura
R.S. Singh
R.K. Singh'"
K.D. Singh'"
A.K. Maji
D.C. Joshi
Technical Support Team
B.L. Tailor
N.D. Khan
Y. Mohan
C.Y. Srinivas
B.L. Jat
D.L.Oad
R.K. Singh
S. M('shram
N.R.Ola
S.S. Sharma
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Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Projec/ Team
Executive Summary
1.
lntroduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.
3.
Physiographic Regions
Drainage
Rainfall
Forest and Natural Vegetation
Soils and land degradation
1
1
2
2
2
2.1
2.2
5
5
Database
3.1
7
7
7
7
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
9
9
9
9
4.
10
5.
Interpretation
11
S. I
II
6.
12
13
6.1
13
II
12
14
14
16
CONTENTS
7.
18
7.1
18
19
20
7.3
Aravalli Landscape
7.3.1 Soil and Water conservation planning
21
7.4
22
24
7.5
24
Malwa plateau
27
28
7.6
22
25
Referellces
29
Appendices
31
11
III
IV
V
31
32
33
34
35
Executive Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Vegetation of Western Zone: CalligonumHaloxylon-Leptadenia, Sa/vadora oleoidesEuphurbia caducifolia, Zizyphus nummu!arioCapparis decidua, Sliaeda fruticosa-Salsola
Rajasthan
Location Map
A
PUNJAB
HARYANA
PAKISTAN
PAKISTAN
- - . - - State Boundary
-
- District Boundary
M.P.
GUJARAT
DIVISIONS
Udaipur
Kota
Bikaner
Jaipur
Jodhpur
Ajmer
Rajasthan
Physiography
PUNJAB
PAKISTAN
/'
..... ,.
,,,,'I
./
HARYANA
l.
( HIIRII
\ _ . / .""'-.'
/
/)
/'
./
\. . ,
JAISAIMf.R
.""' ......
(
JODHPUR
"\._.",
1', tIl
HARM/'R
.....
H.4RA',_._')
PAKISTAN
,._. . ..r,
K.OTA
SIROIII
':I
._ .fl .
/
\ ...j
I'
GUJARAT
'- .t.
M.P.
LEGEND
Sandy arid plain (Marusthali}
Aravalli landscape
Malwa plateau
;':ig. 2
Rajasthan
Drainage
PUNJAB
( .
.",./?
1.. . _
. ..... .
i GANGANAGAR .~
/i
I
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/
PAKISTAN
.,
.A
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JA/SALMER
NAGAUR
JODHPUR
J
I
"
\
\
PAKISTAN
GUJARAT
REFERENCE
State Boundary
District Boundary
Drainage
River/Reservoirs
Rajasthan
RAINFALL
PUNJAB
HARYANA
PAKISTAN
NAGAUR
,
...
,
,'''"...,
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BARIAER
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"
PALl
PAKISTAN
GUJARAT
RAINFALL IN eM
I <10
I 20
30
40
170
100
50
80
160
60
90
Sheet erosion
Fig. 5
INTRODUCTION
Order
Area (%)
Entisols
36.85
Inceptisols
21.86
Aridisols
19.55
Vertisols
2.83
Alfisols
0.73
year).
1
C ::: Climate/aclor.
K :: Ridge roughness/actor.
L ::: Unsheltered length oferodingfield (m).
and
V ::: 'Vegetative cover jaclor
Cl
Database
Where,
M = Per cent silt x (I OO-Per cent clay)
a = per cent organ ic matter,
b = the soil structure code used in soil
classification
c = the profile permeability code.
For computing K factor at various grid points
the data base generated by Shyampura and Sehgal
(1995) during soil resource mapping of Rajasthan
were used.
3.3 Topograpbic factor (LS): It is the Length
(L) and degree (gradient) of the slope that affect
the soil erosion by water in a landscape. In general,
the erosion increases ...... ith increase in slope length
as well as gradient of slope. For field application
the Land S factors are combined as a single
topographic factor (LS) and is computed by:
LS (A. 22.13) m (0.065 + 0.045s + 0.006552)
Where,
A.
slope length (m),
s = slope gradient (%) and
m = an exponent
Current recommendation (Wischmeir and
Smith, ) 978) for the exponent 'm' are:
m = 0.2 if slope < I per cent
m = 0.3 if slope <3 per cent and> 1 per cent
m = 0.4 if slope <5 per cent and >3 per cent
m = 0.5 if slope> 5 per cent
The values of A. and s for each grid point were
complied from the profile data sheets obtained
during soi I resource mapping of Rajasthan.
3.4 Cover and Management factor (C): The
cover and management factor is the expected ratio
of soil loss from land cropped under specified
conditions to soil loss from clean tilled fallow on
C - factor values
0.01-0.38
0.14
Crop lands
0.2-0.43
0.50
Fallow lands
1.00
e/
Rainfall
Severity
Slight
Moderately sandy
Above 300 mm Presence of reactivated fresh sand of 50 to
undulating plains and
150 cm thickness on stable dunes, sandy plains
sand dunes with loamy
and fence line hummocks; many recently
sand soils; thickly sand
formed nebkhas.
sheeted plains.
Moderately sandy
undulating plains and
sand dunes with sand
to loamy sand solis.
Below 300 mm
Moderate
Moderate to strongly
100-550 mm
undulating sandy plains
WIth closely spaced
hummocks and high
sand dunes with sand
to loamy sand soils.
Severe
Very severe
DATABASE
Barchans
deposit ion.
3.7 Field indicators: It has been possible to
identif~ some field indicators of wind erosion and
deposition in the different rainfall zones of the
desert (modified after Singh el al., 1992)
3.8 Satellite image characters: Visual
interpretation of the false colour composites
(FCCs) of satellite imagery, especially the lRS
L1SS II images (36.5 m spatial resolution) of dry
summer months (May-June), and varification of
the interpreted units in field have led to
identification of some typical image characteristics
of wind erosion and deposition. Although these
patterns were recognized in Jalore area (Raina el
al., 1991), chances of their application potentials
in other similar environments are high.
The visual interpretation is, however,
subjective. No two interpreters will, perhaps, agree
to the severity of a degradation class, since valuebased judgement is involved. Therefore, efforts
have also been made to understand the digital
image characteristics of wind erosion/deposition
features. This was tried for the reactivated aeolian
sand categories in the north-eastern fringe of the
desert.
10
Rajasthan
Rainfall Erosivity
(R-Factor)
PUNJAB
_/j
/ ,J
PAKISTAN
HARYANA
'\
'
I
/
/ ...-.......
.
\
,_ ,""
B/KANER
,_._..... I
,-"
CHURU
'"
JHUNUNUN/
.J
SlKAR
/
,/
I
J
\
NAGAUR
JA/SALMR
JODHPUR
/
'- '-i
I
PALl
BARMER
'\
"
PAKISTAN
\
. ""' .""-. ....... . -..!' .~ .
GUJARAT
--
LEGEND
(R-Factor)
CJ
c=:I
c::=J
M.P.
200-299
300-399
400-499
REFERENCE
500-599
600-799
800+
State Boundary
-
District Boundary
Rajasthan
PUNJAB
HARYANA
PAKISTAN
U.P.
J.isalmer
PAKISTAN
GUJARAT
LEGEND
0.0-0.10
Fig. 7.
0.20 - 0.25
0.25 - 0.30
>0.30
Rajasthan
- __
/"
.- '
'
'-,
I GANGANAGAR
I
_.
HANUMA~GAfil+'"' 'c'.
PAKISTAN
r:"\
~
'"
,,-
"
,,- i
"'.
./
_.""
,_..- . ."., .
I
.r
HARYANA
}
CHURU
B/KANER
.,
....)
JHUNUNUN/ ('
." ) .r
-~
(r .....,
)
\ U.P.
'-~
....
NAGAUR
JAISALM:R
' .........- .
DfIt
BHARArPuR
' -;':- ' -7
l DHAt;t.}UR
,/ '
JODHPUR
./
~LI
.,,"
TONK
SAWA1 'tIADHOPUR
PALl
BARMER
BHIlWARA
JAtaR:
PAKISTAN
LEGEND
I 0 .0 - 0.50
I 0.50 - 1.0
'----L -_
GUJARAT
1.0 - 2.0
2.0 - 3.0
REFERENCE
> 3.0
Fig. e
State Boundary
- Oistrir.t Boundary
Rajasthan
.I
~.
,I
i._.,
/.1
PAKISTAN
......
HARYANA
:~-
I
/
,... ....
"
./
,/
"
"
I
JAiSALMER
, .--...
I
J
,.
"".
CHURU
BlKANER
"\~
. .
"
"
,.
NAGAUR
JODHPUR
<,
, ,,,,.
.'
PALl
BARMER
PAKISTAN
LEGEND
0.0 - 0.05
0.05 - 0.10
0.10-0.15
CJ
0.15 - 0.20
0.20-0.25
0.25-0.30
CJ
>0 .30
GUJARAT
REFERENCE
-- -
State Boundary
-
District Boundary
Interpretation
Class
Range of
'R'values
Area
(%)
Area
('000 hal
200-299
0.29
99.4
300-399
0.89
305.8
400-499
21.83
7476.5
500-599
2.77
948.4
600-799
13.02
4460.4
800+
0.43
146.7
K-values
Area
(%)
Area
('000 ha)
<0. 1
3.40
1164.4
01-0.2
9.89
3371.0
0.2-0.25
10.10
3459.7
0.25-0.30
9.30
3182.8
>0.30
6.60
2259.3
Class
LS values
~0.5
Area
(%)
Area
('000 ha)
22.60
7739.8
0.5-1.0
8 .1 6
2794.0
1.0-2.0
2.98
1018.6
2.03.0
1.94
667.8
>3.0
3.55
1217.0
Area
Area
(%)
('000 ha)
<O.O?
0.04
13.5
0.05-0.10
0.81
2765
0.10-015
1.45
495.5
0.15-0.20
1.82
624.6
0.20-025
2.70
925.9
0.25-0.30
2.59
887.0
>0.30
29.83
10214.2
Class
C values
12
OIL erosion
13
Range of 5011
Area
loss (Vhalyr)
(%)
('000 hal
Area
<5.0
3.92
1341.5
Slight
5.0-10
9.14
31287
Moderate
10.0-15.0
7.59
2600.0
4.61
1578.4
Severe
20.0-40.0
8.14
2786.9
Very Severe
40.0-80.0
3.86
1323.0
Extremely severe
>80.0
1.98
678.6
Area
(%)
Area
('000 ha)
Very severe
1.73
592.3
Severe
8.81
3016.8
Moderate
21.69
7430.0
Slight
15.31
5242.0
Negligible
13.23
2529.6
Rajasthan
Soil Erosion
A
PUNJAB
HARYANA
PAKISTAN
B/KANER
JAISALMER
L}
BARMER
(
\
PAKISTAN
LEGEND (tlha/yr)
_
Very slight 5)
j
GUJARAT
M.P.
Slight (5-10)
Moderate (10-15)
Moderately severe (15-20)
Severe (20-40)
REFERENCE
State Boundary
- District Boundary
Rqjastilan
Wind Erosion
PUNJAB
HARYANA
PAKISTAN
GUJARAT
M.P.
LEGEND
_
Negligible
Slight
_
Moderate
Severe
Very severe
RannlSalt lake
Classes
Very slight
Slight
Moderate
Moderately
Severe
Very severe
severe
<:5.0
5.0-10
10.0-15.0
15.0-20.0
Ext
Total
severe
20.0-400
40.0-80.0
>80.0
1038
0.30
4303
1.26
1800
053
0.03
553
0.16
379
0.11
28
0.01
8421
2.46
1002
0.29
1949
0.57
0.23
550
0.16
1599
0.47
1430
0.42
519
0.15
7827
2.29
Banswara
68
0.02
547
0.16
885
0.26
769
0.22
1749
0.51
529
0.15
522
0.15
5069
1 48
Bharatpur
325
0.09
1703
0.50
2341
0.68
530
0. 15
146
0.04
22
0.01
2
0.00
5069
1.48
Bhilwara
615
0.18
4007
1.17
2271
0.66
1144
0.33
1904
0.56
531
0.16
0
0.00
10472
3.06
Bundl
2
0.00
109
0.03
802
0.23
1927
0.56
2n3
186
0.05
18
0.01
5817
1.70
1150
0.34
2988
0.87
2180
0.64
1560
0.46
ln2
J .S2
499
0.15
205
0.06
10354
3.02
Dholpur
1
0.00
441
0.13
345
0.10
533
0.16
1441
0.42
247
0.07
0
0.00
3008
0.88
Dungarpur
0
0.00
428
0.12
427
012
210
0.06
671
0.20
963
0.28
1156
0.34
3855
1 13
7503
2.19
2922
0.85
802
0.23
408
0.12
1007
0.29
1054
0.31
760
0.22
14456
422
JhaJawar
64
0.02
536
0.16
936
0.27
1087
0.32
2825
0.83
865
025
6
0.00
6320
150
0.04
2286
067
4982
1.45
1992
0.58
2394
0.70
243
0.07
157
0.05
12204
3.56
RaJsamand
63
0.02
387
0.11
268
0.08
390
0.11
1575
0.46
1765
0.52
2
0.00
4450
130
Sawsi Madhopur
and Karaull
S84
0.17
2381
0.70
2522
0.74
1058
0.31
1846
0.54
688
0.20
964
0.28
10043
2.93
Sirohl
196
0.06
613
0.18
637
0.19
527
0.15
1636
0.48
1348
0.39
220
0.06
5177
1.51
Tonk
125
0.04
3200
0.93
1946
1213
0.35
632
62
0.02
0
0.00
7178
0.18
525
0.15
2479
0.72
2071
0.60
1562
0.46
3338
0.97
2416
0.71
2226
0.65
14617
4.27
13414.763
3.92
31287
9.14
25999.98
7.59
15784.152
4.61
27869.16
8.14
13230.157
3.86
6786.33118
198
134372
39.24
Alwar
Chlttaurgarh
Udaipur
Total
n8
0.57
320
15
0.81
1.85
2.10
Districts
Negligible
Slight
Moderate
Total
Severe
Very severe
3881
1.13
5774
1.69
11403
3.33
6835
2.00
272
0.08
28165
8.22
Bikaner
459
0.13
7651
2.23
16252
4.75
2912
0.85
0
0.00
27274
7.96
Churu
544
0.16
3446
1.01
10177
2.97
2691
0.79
0
0.00
16858
4.92
Jaisalmer
278
0.08
11850
3.46
10984
3.21
9620
2.81
5649
1.65
38381
11.21
Jalore
4471
1.31
3486
1.02
2606
0.76
0
0.00
0
0.00
10563
3.08
Jhunjhun
1191
0.35
3246
0.95
1461
0.43
17
0.00
0
0.00
5915
1.73
Jodhpur
4480
1.31
5815
1.70
6362
1.86
5900
1.72
0
0.00
22557
6.59
Nagaur
8997
2.63
1142
0.33
6459
1.89
1041
0.30
0
0.00
17639
5.15
Pali
11806
3.45
509
0.15
12
C.OO
0
0.00
0
0.00
12327
3.60
Sikar
2209
0.65
1375
0.40
3013
0.88
1143
0.33
0
0.00
7740
2.26
Sri Ganganagar
6967
2.03
8111
2.37
5549
1.62
0
0.00
0
0.00
20627
6.02
45296
13.23
52420
15.31
74300
21.69
30168
8.81
5923
1.73
208107
60.77
Total
problem ofsedimentation.
17
18
.'
, ",
J\
::I
Rajasthan
Soil Loss
(Wind & Water Erosion)
PUNJAB
HARYANA
PAKISTAN
U .P.
GUJARAT
M.P.
Water ErOSion (tlhalyr)
_
Very slight 5)
c:::::J Slight (5-10)
c::J Moderate (10-15)
Moderalely severe (~5-20)
_
Severe (20-40)
_
Very severe (40-80)
_
Extremely severe (>80)
Wind Erosion
c::::J Negligible
c::J Slight
c::J Moderate
_
Severe
_
Very severe
Fi . 12
Parabolic dunes
Transverse dunes
Inter-dunal plain
Fig. 13
Rain water
harvestin~
Aridisol profile
20
22
~nd
Aravalli Landscape
Aravalli plains
Flood plain
Fig . 17
Fig. 18
Rocky plateau
Vindhyan scarpland
Alluvial plain
Malwa Plateau
Fig. 20
Bunding
Bio-Engineering
Engineering measures
Fig. 21 1
23
24
25
grasses.
26
state.
the
non-arable
erosIOn.
In
lands
27
arab Ie areas.
areas.
hazards.
water.
Vegetative bunds.
Gully stabilization structures like check
dams and gabion structures.
area.
28
References
Bhuibhar, B.W., Dalvi, V.D. and Gore, K.P. (J989).
31-38.
Bonde, W.C., Patel, A.P. and Shanna, A.K. (1982).
J 16.
Dehradun, p. 100-10 I.
30
Appendices
APPENDIX -I
Sample of data used for estimation 01 soil loss in Rajasthan
Topo
no.
Grid
no.
Latitude
Longitude Texture
45L
G40
24:43:00
74:53:00
7.80
41 .60
1.03
27.771
45l
G42
24:38:00
74:05:00
cf
9.90
61.70
0.96
41.408
45L
G43
24:40:00
74:14:00
cl
9.70
60.90
0.50
41.751
45L
G44
24:37:00
74:18:00
51
35.20
45.20
1.15
26.086
45l
G45
24:40:00
74:22:00
cl
13.60
54.70
1.96
33.165
45L
G46
24:38:00
74:30:00
sci
29.00
50.20
0.72
30.046
45L
G47
24:38:00
74:38:00
gscl
70.10
18.50
1.93
9.774
45L
G48
24:38:00
74:44:00
cl
25.60
45.60
1.15
31.190
45L
GS
24:00:00
74:22:00
22.50
37.20
1.53
28.360
45L
G51
24:26:00
74:01:00
sci
13.00
65.00
0.76
39.520
4SL
GS2
24:32:00
74:05:00
sci
7.00
70.10
0.33
44.134
45L
GS3
24:32:00
74:14:00
sci
31 .10
42.10
0.93
22.062
45L
G54
24:33:00
74:22:00
22.70
32.10
1.98
24.539
45L
G55
24:33:00
74:24:00
cl
26.40
39.50
2.72
23.509
45L
G56
24:33:00
74:30:00
23.20
33.60
0.74
26.994
45L
G57
24:33:00
74:38:00
gscl
33.70
37.90
0.95
19.054
45L
GS8
24:33:00
74:44:00
cl
21 .80
46.00
0.69
31.101
45L
G61
24:28:00
74:01:00
sl
24.50
57.90
0.36
38.171
45L
G62
24:28:00
74:05:00
gel
5.60
60.00
2.58
30.560
45L
G63
24:28:00
74:12:00
scI
34.30
37.90
0.52
19.985
45L
G64
24:28:00
74:22:00
cl
18.90
41.30
1.36
24.851
45L
G66
24:39:00
74:35:00
cl
17.10
45.00
1.60
26.788
31
APPENDIX -II
Classes
Districts
200-299
300-399
400-499
500-599
600-799
>800
0
0
112
0.03
8309
2.43
J
0
0
0
0
0
8421
2.46
Alwar
59
0.02
1068
0.31
6248
1.82
332
0.10
120
0.04
0
0
7827
229
8answara
0
0
0
0
5069
1.48
0
0
0
0
0
0
5069
1.48
Bharatpur
37
0.01
48
0.Q1
146
0.04
434
0.13
4404
1.29
0
0.00
5069
1.48
Bhilwara
0
0
0
0
8957
2.62
752
0.22
763
0.22
0
0
10472
3.06
Bundi
0
0
0
0
284
0.08
2322
0.68
3211
0.94
0
0
5817
1.70
121
0.04
389
0.11
7518
2.20
ns
0.23
1550
0.45
0
0
10354
3.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3008
0.88
0
0
3008
0.88
Dungarpur
0
0.00
0
0.00
3855
1.13
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
3855
1.13
659
0.19
1296
0.38
8381
2.45
1254
0.37
2866
0.84
0
0.00
14456
4.22
Jhalawar
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
872
0.25
4846
1.41
602
0.18
6320
1.85
0
0.00
0
0.00
63
0.02
187
0.05
11439
3.34
515
0.15
12204
3.56
0
0.00
0
0.00
4450
1.33
0
0.00
0.00
0
0.00
4450
1.33
Sawa; Madhopur
& Karauli
0
0.00
0
0.00
515
0.15
383
0.11
9145
2.67
0
0.00
10043
2.93
Siron;
118
0.03
144
0.04
2443
1030
0.30
1092
0.32
350
5177
0.71
0.10
1.51
Tonk
0
0.00
0
0.00
3892
1.14
1139
0.33
2147
0.63
0
0.00
7178
2.10
UdaIpur
0
0.00
0
0.00
14617
4.27
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
14617
4.27
Total
994
0.29
3058
0.89
74765
21.83
9484
2.77
44604
13.02
1467
0.43
134372
39.24
Chittaurgarh
Dholpur
RaJsamand
32
APPENDICES
APPENDIX -III
District-wise Erodibility (K-Factor) In Rajasthan
Classes
Districts
<0.10
0.20-0.25
0.10-0.20
Total
0.25-0.30
>0.30
697
0.20
4146
1.21
2101
0.61
763
0.22
714
0.21
8421
2.46
Alwar
920
0.27
3726
1.09
1704
0.50
965
0.28
512
0.15
7827
2.29
Banswara
22
0.01
796
0.23
1499
0.44
1843
0.54
909
0.27
5069
1.48
Bharatpur
153
0.04
1701
0.50
1206
0.35
1331
0.39
678
0.20
5069
1.48
Bhilwara
0
0.00
3002
0.88
3922
1.15
3093
0.90
455
0.13
10472
3.06
Bundi
9
0.00
246
0.07
1929
0.56
2322
0.68
1311
0.38
5817
1.70
Chittaurgarh
313
0.09
1572
0.46
3400
0.99
3557
1.04
1512
0.44
10354
3.02
Dholpur
0
0.00
993
0.29
700
0.20
569
0.17
746
0.22
3008
0.88
Dungarpur
0
0.00
28
0,01
346
0.10
1615
0.47
1866
0.54
3855
1.13
5931
1.73
5557
1.62
1723
0.50
766
0.22
479
014
14456
4.22
Jhalawar
0
0.00
277
0.08
1123
0.33
2483
0.73
2437
0.71
6320
1.85
6
0.00
735
0.21
2961
0.86
3932
1.15
4570
1.33
12204
3.56
Rajsamand
46
0.01
1019
0.30
1808
0.53
1047
0.33
530
0.15
4450
1.33
Sawai Madhopur
& Karaull
194
0.06
2252
0.66
2843
0.83
2296
0.67
2458
0.72
10043
2.93
Sirohl
132
0.04
2151
0.63
1700
0.50
1020
0.30
174
0.05
5177
1.51
Tonk
2943
0.86
1860
0.54
1003
0.29
394
0.12
978
0.29
7178
2.10
Udaipur
275
0.08
3640
1.06
4620
1.35
3824
1.12
2258
0.66
14617
4.27
11644.3
3.40
33709.8
9.84
34596.8
10.10
31828.2
9.30
22592.94
6.60
134372
39.24
Total
33
APPENDIX -IV
Districts
0<0.5
0.50-1.00
1.00-2.(1()
Total
2.00-3.00
>3.00
5656
1.65
1844
0.54
385
0.11
237
0.07
299
0.09
8421
2.46
Alwar
3586
1.05
1233
0.36
1754
0.51
895
0.26
359
0.10
78.27
2.29
Banswara
1344
0.39
1535
0.45
786
0.23
488
0.14
916
0.27
5069
1.48
Bharalpur
4879
1.42
66
0.02
109
0.03
15
0.00
0
0.00
5069
1.48
Bhilwara
6564
1.92
2860
0.84
689
0.20
201
0.06
158
0.05
10472
3.06
Bundi
3548
1.04
2178
0.64
25
0.Q1
21
0.01
45
0.01
5817
1.70
Chitlaurgarh
6429
1.88
2199
0.64
636
0.19
356
0.10
734
0.21
10354
3.02
Dholpur
2853
0.83
155
0.05
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
3008
0.88
Dungarpur
1001
0.29
436
0.13
589
0.17
573
0.17
1256
0.37
3855
1.13
11118
3.25
1074
0.31
749
0.22
526
0.15
989
0.29
14456
4.22
Jhalawar
3945
1.15
1875
0.55
375
0.11
125
0.04
0
0.00
6320
1.85
9983
2.91
1695
0.49
359
0.10
74
0.02
93
0.03
12204
3.56
Rajsamand
1353
0.40
581
0.17
1059
0.34
859
0.25
598
0.17
4450
1.33
Sawai Madhopur
& Karaull
7857
229
1210
0.35
452
0.13
208
0.06
316
0.09
10043
2.93
Sirohi
1544
0.45
574
0.17
776
0.23
595
0.17
1688
0.49
5177
1.51
Tonk
2669
0.78
4509
1.32
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
7178
2.10
Udaipur
3047
0.89
3909
1.14
1440
0.42
1504
0.44
4717
1.38
14617
4.27
77397.7
22.60
27940
8.16
10185.6
2.98
6678.51
1.95
12170.18
3.55
134372
39.24
Tolal
0
34
APPENDICES
APPENDI X -v
District-wise cover and management (r.-factor) In Rajasthan
Classes
Districts
<0.05
0.05-0.10 0.10-0.15
0.15-0.20
Total
0.20-0.25
0.25-0.30
>0.30
0
0.00
26
0.01
69
0.02
108
0.03
329
0.10
611
0.18
7278
2.13
8421
2.46
Alwar
0
0.00
0
0.00
3
0.00
27
0.01
53
0.02
83
0.02
7661
2.24
7827
2.29
Banswara
0
0.00
89
0.03
320
0.09
491
0.14
754
0.22
895
0.26
2519
0.73
5069
1.48
Bharatpur
0
0.00
0
000
7
0.00
26
0.01
23
0.01
22
0.01
4991
1.46
5069
1.48
Bhilwara
0
0.00
64
0.02
287
0.08
645
0.19
961
0.28
1262
0.37
7253
2.12
10472
3.06
Bundi
0
0.00
0
0.00
35
0.01
141
004
211
0.06
259
0.08
5171
1.51
5817
1.70
Chittaurgarh
32
001
700
0.20
990
0.29
1000
0.29
882
0.26
93(,
0.27
5820
1.70
10354
3.02
Dholpur
0
0.00
0
0.00
3
0.00
22
0.01
30
0.Q1
48
0.Q1
2905
0.85
3008
O.BB
Dungarpur
0
0.00
20
0.01
122
0.04
241
0.07
1244
0.36
365
0.11
1863
0.54
3855
1.13
0
0.00
3
0.00
38
0.01
89
0.03
133
0.04
156
0.05
14037
4.10
14456
4.22
Jhalawar
0
0.00
0
0.00
669
0.20
562
0.16
365
0.11
378
0.11
4346
1.27
6320
1.85
6
0.00
187
0.05
446
0.13
558
0.16
977
0.29
1083
0.32
8947
2.61
12204
3.56
Rajsamand
0
0.00
67
0.02
140
0.04
169
0.05
297
0.09
353
0.10
3424
1.03
4450
1.33
Sawai Madhopur
0
& Karauli
0.00
8
0.00
45
0.01
105
0.03
194
0.06
268
0.08
9423
2.75
10043
2.93
Sirohi
0
0.00
97
0.03
643
0.19
913
0.27
764
0.22
675
0.20
2085
0.61
5177
1.51
Tonk
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.:>0
0
000
0
0.00
7178
2.10
7178
97
0.03
1504
0.44
1137
1148
0.34
2040
0.60
1480
0.33
043
7211
2.11
14617
4.27
135.Q1
0.04
2765.37
0.81
4955.11
1.45
6246.49
1.82
9259.11
2.70
8870.16
2.59
102140.73
29.83
134372
3924
Udaipur
Total
2. 10
35
List of Figures
J
Rainfall in Rajasthan
J0
J1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2001
BOOKS
'Murthy, R S , Hlrekerur L R, Deshpande, S Band Venkata Rao
B V eds Benchmark Salls of India Morphology, Charactens\lcs,
and ClasSification for Resource Management. 1982, 374p
Soll Survey Staff, USDA SOil Taxonomy, Indian Repnnt 1978
o ' Sehgal, J Blum, WE and Galbhlye. K S Red and Lalenllc SOils.
1998 Vol " 453p, VallI Oxford & BH New Dell11 113p
Sehgal. J GaJbhlye K S Batta R K ana Sarma V:" K Eds
Swell-Shrmk Salls (Verbsols) of India Resource Appraisal and
Management Kalyani PubliShers. New Deihl. 1999. 202p
(For order, contacl Mis Kalyani Publishers. 111 Rallndernagar
ludhrana-14l 008
(II) In Press,
------ -
n Out of stock
(...) Available
(S) For caples conlacl Mis Oxford &IBH Publ Co
66. Janpath, New Delhl-ll0 00 I, India
Note: