Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Navigation Systems
Navigation Systems
NONRESIDENT
TRAINING
COURSE
April 1994
Electronics Technician
Volume 5Navigation Systems
NAVEDTRA 14090
PREFACE
By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy.
Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navy training program. Practical
experience, schools, selected reading, and your desire to succeed are also necessary to successfully round
out a fully meaningful training program.
COURSE OVERVIEW: In completing this nonresident training course, you should be able to: Identify
the primary navigation systems used by Navy surface vessels; identify the basic components of and explain
the basic operation of the Ships Inertial Navigation System (SINS); identify the basic components of and
explain the operation of the U.S. Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS); identify the basic components
of and explain the operation of the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS); and identify the basic
components of and explain the operation of the Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) system.
THE COURSE: This self-study course is organized into subject matter areas, each containing learning
objectives to help you determine what you should learn along with text and illustrations to help you
understand the information. The subject matter reflects day-to-day requirements and experiences of
personnel in the rating or skill area. It also reflects guidance provided by Enlisted Community Managers
(ECMs) and other senior personnel, technical references, instructions, etc., and either the occupational or
naval standards, which are listed in the Manual of Navy Enlisted Manpower Personnel Classifications
and Occupational Standards, NAVPERS 18068.
THE QUESTIONS: The questions that appear in this course are designed to help you understand the
material in the text.
VALUE: In completing this course, you will improve your military and professional knowledge.
Importantly, it can also help you study for the Navy-wide advancement in rate examination. If you are
studying and discover a reference in the text to another publication for further information, look it up.
Published by
NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER
Sailors Creed
I am a United States Sailor.
I will support and defend the
Constitution of the United States of
America and I will obey the orders
of those appointed over me.
I represent the fighting spirit of the
Navy and those who have gone
before me to defend freedom and
democracy around the world.
I proudly serve my countrys Navy
combat team with honor, courage
and commitment.
I am committed to excellence and
the fair treatment of all.
ii
CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER
APPENDIX
I. List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AI-1
II. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AII-l
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index-1
iii
iv
ASSIGNMENTS
The text pages that you are to study are listed at
the beginning of each assignment. Study these
pages carefully before attempting to answer the
questions. Pay close attention to tables and
illustrations and read the learning objectives.
The learning objectives state what you should be
able to do after studying the material. Answering
the questions correctly helps you accomplish the
objectives.
http://courses.cnet.navy.mil
Grading by Mail: When you submit answer
sheets by mail, send all of your assignments at
one time. Do NOT submit individual answer
sheets for grading. Mail all of your assignments
in an envelope, which you either provide
yourself or obtain from your nearest Educational
Services Officer (ESO). Submit answer sheets
to:
COMMANDING OFFICER
NETPDTC N331
6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD
PENSACOLA FL 32559-5000
Answer Sheets: All courses include one
scannable answer sheet for each assignment.
These answer sheets are preprinted with your
SSN, name, assignment number, and course
number. Explanations for completing the answer
sheets are on the answer sheet.
assignment
Advantages to
COMPLETION TIME
E-mail:
Phone:
[email protected]
Comm: (850) 452-1001, Ext. 1713
DSN: 922-1001, Ext. 1713
FAX: (850) 452-1370
(Do not fax answer sheets.)
Address: COMMANDING OFFICER
NETPDTC N315
6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD
PENSACOLA FL 32509-5237
grading,
or
E-mail:
Phone:
[email protected]
Toll Free: 877-264-8583
Comm: (850) 452-1511/1181/1859
DSN: 922-1511/1181/1859
FAX: (850) 452-1370
(Do not fax answer sheets.)
Address: COMMANDING OFFICER
NETPDTC N331
6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD
PENSACOLA FL 32559-5000
COMPLETION CONFIRMATION
After successfully completing this course, you
will receive a letter of completion.
ERRATA
If you are a member of the Naval Reserve, you
may earn retirement points for successfully
completing this course, if authorized under
current directives governing retirement of Naval
Reserve personnel. For Naval Reserve retirement, this course is evaluated at 2 points. (Refer
to Administrative Procedures for Naval
Reservists on Inactive Duty, BUPERSINST
1001.39, for more information about retirement
points.)
vi
Student Comments
Course Title:
NAVEDTRA:
14090
Date:
SSN:
Command/Unit
Street Address:
City:
State/FPO:
Zip
Privacy Act Statement: Under authority of Title 5, USC 301, information regarding your military status is
requested in processing your comments and in preparing a reply. This information will not be divulged without
written authorization to anyone other than those within DOD for official use in determining performance.
vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
FUNDAMENTALS
DEAD RECKONING
Dead reckoning is the estimating of the ships
position between known navigational points or fixes.
Radio navigation, consisting of terrestrial systems
such as OMEGA and LORAN, and space-based
systems, such as SATNAV, TRANSIT, and
NAVSTAR GPS, provides accurate positions at
specific fixes. However, with the exception of some
gunfire support systems that provide nearly constant
positional updates with respect to a fixed beacon or
prominent landmark, there is a limit to how often
fixes can be obtained. This requires us to dead reckon
(DR) between the fixes. Dead reckoning can be as
basic as a DR line for course and speed on a plotting
sheet or as sophisticated as an estimate made by an
NAVIGATION
ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION
Simply put, electronic navigation is a form of
piloting. Piloting is the branch of navigation in which
a ships position is determined by referring to
landmarks with known positions on the earth. These
reference points may be bearing and distance to a
single object, cross bearings on two or more objects,
or two bearings on the same object with a time
interval in between.
AND
LORAN BASICS
The advantages of electronic navigation are
obvious. A ships position maybe fixed electronically
in fog or heavy weather that makes it impossible to
take visual fixes. Also, an electronic fix can be based
on stations far beyond the range of any local bad
weather.
1-2
OMEGA
BASICS
ADVANTAGES
SHIPS INERTIAL
NAVIGATION SYSTEM
The Ships Inertial Navigation System (SINS) is
a navigation system that (after initial latitude,
longitude, heading, and orientation conditions are set
into the system) continuously computes the latitude
and longitude of the ship by sensing acceleration.
This is in contrast to OMEGA and LORAN, which fix
the ships position by measuring position relative to
some known object. SINS is a highly accurate and
sophisticated dead reckoning device. Lets look at
some of the advantages of using the SINS.
1-3
1-4
AN/WSN-5 SINS
Functional Description
The AN/WSN-5 has the same output capabilities
It uses an accelerometeras the AN/WSN-2.
controlled, three axis, gyro-stabilized platform to
provide precise output of ships heading, roll, and
pitch data in analog, dual-speed synchro format to
support ships navigation and fire control systems.
Ships heading and attitude data are continually and
automatically derived while the equipment senses and
processes physical and electrical inputs of sensed
motion (inertial), gravity, earths rotation, and ships
speed. The equipment has an uninterruptible backup
power supply for use during power losses, and builtin test equipment (BITE) to provide fault isolation to
the module/assembly level.
Characteristics
In addition to the common functions described
above, the AN/WSN-5 adds an increased level of
performance to serve as an inertial navigator and
provides additional analog and digital outputs.
Additional data provided includes position, velocity,
attitude, attitude rates, and time data in both serial and
parallel digital formats, providing a variety of
interfaces. The AN/WSN-5 commonly exists in a
dual-system configuration on surface combatants.
Some examples of AN/WSN-5 digital data outputs
are:
System Satellites
Satellites are placed in a circular polar orbit, as
illustrated in figure 1-6, at an altitude of 500 to 700
(nominally 600) nautical miles. Each satellite orbits in
approximately 107 minutes, continually transmitting
phase-modulated data every 2 minutes on two rf
carriers. This data includes time synchronization
signals, a 400-Hz tone, and fixed and variable
parameters that describe the satellites orbit.
1-6
Computing Center
The central computing center continually accepts
satellite data inputs from the tracking stations and the
Naval Observatory.
Periodically, to obtain fixed
orbital parameters for a satellite, the central
computing center computes an orbit for each satellite
that best fits the Doppler curves obtained from all
tracking stations. Using this computed orbital shape,
the central computing center extrapolates the position
of the satellite at each even 2-minutes in universal
time for the 12 to 16 hours subsequent to data
injection. These various data inputs are supplied to
the injection stations via the control center, as is data
on the nominal space of the orbits of the other
satellites, commands and time correction data for the
satellite, and antenna pointing orders for the injection
station antennas.
Injection Station
The injection stations, after receiving and
verifying the incoming message from the control
center, store the message until it is needed for
1-7
transmission to the satellite. Just before satellite timeof-rise, the injection stations antenna is pointed to
acquire, lock on, and track the satellite through the
pass. The receive equipment receives and locks on to
the satellite signals and the injection station transmits
the orbital data and appropriate commands to the
satellite. Transmission to the satellite is at a high bit
rate, so injection is completed in about 15 seconds.
1-9
7. 100-KHz output
1. Teleprinter, ASR-33
system interface
5. Input/output bus
1-10
Antenna
The antenna is a linear, vertically-polarized type
that receives rf signals transmitted by the satellite. Its
horizontal pattern is omnidirectional; its vertical
pattern varies approximately 11 dB from 10 to 70
degrees above the horizontal plane.
Rf Amplifier
The rf amplifier provides initial amplification of
the 400-MHz satellite signals from the antenna and
then sends them, via rf coaxial cable, to the receiver
for further amplification and processing. The rf
amplifier consists of a bandpass filter module, a 400MHz amplifier, and a dc block module.
RECEIVER-PROCESSOR
R-2135/SRN-19(V)
1-11
Receiver
Data Processor
1-12
READOUT INDICATOR
AND TELEPRINTER
NOTE
GPS will become the primary reference
navigation system for surface ships, submarines,
and aircraft. Refer to the DOD policy statement
under the LORAN and OMEGA section of this
chapter for specific details on this important
transition.
GROUND CONTROL
SATELLITES
The ground control segment tracks the satellites,
monitors and controls satellite orbits, and updates the
satellite navigation data message. The ground control
system consists of unmanned monitor stations and a
1-14
USER EQUIPMENT
User equipment is installed in ships, aircraft, and
motorized vehicles. The vehicle version can also be
carried by personnel (particularly SEAL teams and
other special forces units) as a manpack. The most
common manpack version is the AN/PSN-8( ). The
most common shipboard GPS receiver is the
AN/WRN-6. These GPS receivers will be described
later in this chapter.
Signal Acquisition
During operation, navigation sets collect and
store satellite almanac data in critical memory. The
almanac data is normally available when the
navigation set is first turned on and provides
information on satellite locations. Operators may
input information about the navigation set position,
time, and velocity to enhance the information in
critical memory. With this information, the navigation
set determines which satellites are available and
searches for the code sequences that identify those
particular satellites. When the C/A code of an
available satellite is identified, the navigation set
switches to the more accurate P code, collects the
navigation data message, and updates critical
memory.
Satellite Ranging
GPS navigation is based on the principle of
satellite ranging. Satellite ranging involves measuring
the time it takes the satellite signal to travel from the
satellite to the navigation set. By dividing the travel
time by the speed of light, the distance between the
satellite and the navigation set is known. By ranging
three satellites, a three-dimensional picture, such as
the one shown in figure 1-12, can be developed. The
distance measurement to each satellite results in a
1-15
1-16
1-18
FATHOMETERS
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Other equipment used for navigation that ETs are
responsible for includes: navigation radars, surface
search radars (sometimes used as navigation radars)
and fathometers. Information on surface search and
navigation radars is contained in NAVEDTA 12414,
Radar Systems.
following
The
fathometers.
paragraphs
will
discuss
1-19
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
Before we begin discussing TACAN, you need to
recall the definition of the polar-coordinate system.
The polar-coordinate system is a geometric system
used to locate points on a plane. In electronics, it is
usually used for plotting antenna directional patterns.
TACAN PRINCIPLES
The distance measuring concept used in TACAN
equipment is an outgrowth of radar-ranging
techniques. Radar-ranging determines distance by
measuring the round-trip travel time of pulsed rf
energy. The return signal (echo) of the radiated
energy depends on the natural reflection of the radio
waves.
However, TACAN beacon-transponders
generate artificial replies instead of depending on
natural reflection.
TACAN is a polar-coordinate type radio airnavigation system that provides an aircrew with
distance information, from distance measuring
equipment (DME), and bearing (azimuth)
information. This information, as shown in figure 21, is usually provided by two meters. One meter
indicates, in nautical miles, the distance of the aircraft
from the surface beacon. The other meter indicates
the direction of flight, in degrees-of-bearing, to the
geographic location of the surface beacon. By using
the TACAN equipment installed in the aircraft and
TACAN ground equipment installed aboard a
particular surface ship or shore station, a pilot can
obtain bearing to and distance from that location. He
or she can then either:
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RADIO BEACON SIGNALS
TACAN EQUIPMENT
Many different types of TACAN equipment have
been used for air navigation. Today, the AN/URN-25
is taking over the task of tactical air navigation from
the older AN/URN-20 on new construction ships and
as ships complete overhaul. Two types of antennas
are used with the AN/URN-25. They are the OE273(V)/URN, used primarily in shipboard installations,
and the OE-258/URN, which is used primarily ashore.
Because both antenna systems are similar in theory of
2-6
2-9
APPENDIX I
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AUX- auxiliary.
DB- decibel.
HZ- Hertz.
KHZ-- kilohertz.
LOP- line-of-position.
LOS- line-of-sight.
MHZ-- megahertz.
MS- millisecond.
MW-- milliwatt.
NAV-MSG- NAVIGATION-message.
NAVSAT- navigation satellite.
NAVSTAR GPS- satellite Global Positioning
System.
AI-1
APPENDIX II
REFERENCES USED TO DEVELOP THE TRAMAN
NOTE: Although the following references were current when this
TRAMAN was published, their continued currency cannot be assured. You,
therefore, need to ensure that you are studying the latest revision.
Electronics Technician 3 & 2, NAVEDTRA 10197, Naval Education and
Training Programs Management Support Activity, Pensacola, FL, 1987.
Inertial Navigation Set AN/WSN-5, NTP S-30-7519E, Naval Sea Systems
Command, Washington, DC, 1991.
Manpack Navigation Set AN/PSN-8( ), Operators Manual EE170-AA-OPI010/MV, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Washington, DC,
1990.
Naval Aeronautical Facilities, Naval Shore Electronics Criteria, NAVELEX
0101,107, Naval Electronic System Command, Washington, DC, 1971.
NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) User Equipment, NTP E-70-8215E,
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Washington, DC, 1993.
Satellite Signals Navigation Set AN/WRN-6(V), Technical Manual EE-170-AAOMI-010/WRN6, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command,
Washington, DC, 1990.
Shipboard Electronics Material Officer, NAVEDTRA 12969, Naval Education
and Training Programs Management Support Activity, Pensacola, FL, 1992
TACAN, Navigation Set AN/URN-25, Technical Manual EE172-AB-OMI-010,
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Washington, DC, 1990.
AII-1
INDEX
D
NNSS
computer center, 1-7
injection station, 1-7
naval observatory, 1-7
satellites, 1-6
tracking stations, 1-7
Doppler principles
refraction measurement, 1-8
velocity computation, 1-8
G
O
GPS navigation sets
AN/PSN-8 manpack, 1-18
AN/WRN-6, 1-17
Omega
hyperbolic navigation, 1-3
LORAN
line-of-position, 1-2
SINS
accelerometers, 1-4
advantages, 1-3
AN/WSN-5, 1-5
gyros, 1-4
servo systems, 1-4
N
Navigation aids
fathometers, 1-19
radar, 1-19
Navigation fundamentals
dead reckoning, 1-1
electronic navigation, 1-2
piloting, 1-2
tactical, 1-1
TACAN
aircraft indications, 2-1
aux reference burst, 2-4
bearing information (15 Hz), 2-3
bearing information (135 Hz), 2-4
cardioid, 2-3
constant transponder duty-cycle, 2-1
identification code, 2-2
north reference burst, 2-4
principles, 2-1
pulse pairs, 2-1
signal priorities, 2-4
squitter, 2-2
Navigation sets
AN/SRN-19, 1-11
AN/WRN-5, 1-9
NAVSTAR Global Positioning System
clock error, 1-16
ground control, 1-14
ionospheric delay, 1-16
multipath reception, 1-16
satellite ranging, 1-15
satellite signal structure, 1-15
satellites, 1-14
signal acquisition, 1-15
tropospheric delay, 1-16
TACAN equipment
antenna group OE-273(V)/URN, 2-7
AN/URN-20, 2-9
AN/URN-25, 2-5
INDEX-1
Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT 1
Textbook Assignment:
1-1.
4.
1-7.
maneuvering
reckoning
reckoning
maneuvering
Sub-space systems
Spacebased systems
Terrestrial systems
Both 2 and 3 above
1-8.
It
It
It
It
increases
decreases
stays the same
fluctuates
1-10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Celestial
Charting
Dead reckoning
Piloting
amplitude
velocity
phase
volume
A
A
A
A
common
common
common
common
receiver
signal shift
time base
transmitter
Constant
Constant
Constant
Constant
LORAN
OMEGA
NAVSTAR
TACAN
19.
1-5.
ship
dead
ship
dead
14.
True
False
13.
1-6.
12.
NAVSTAR
OMEGA
MILSTAR
SINS
111.
112.
1-18.
True
False
1.
2.
3.
4.
1-19.
Gyroscope
Accelerometer
Axilometer
Servoscope
114.
Every
Every
Every
Every
1-22.
hour
2 hours
3 hours
4 hours
One
Two
Three
Four
10
12
15
18
seconds
seconds
seconds
seconds
Control center
Computer center
Tracking station
Injection station
l-23.
Tracking station
Control station
Computer center
Injection station
117.
AN/WSN-5
AN/WSN25
AN/WRN-6
AN/WRN-8
1-16.
1-21.
True
False
1-15.
Servo
Synchro
Gyro
Turbo
Status
Command
Systems
Fixed
1-20.
1-13.
Every
Every
Every
Every
20 seconds
2 minutes
2 hours
12 hours
1-30.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. T1
2. T2
3. T3
1-25.
131 l
1-26.
1-32.
1.
2.
3.
4.
128.
1-33.
1-34.
One
Two
Three
Four
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vessels
Vessels
Vessels
Vessels
draft
length
speed
class
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
feet
meters
miles
kilometers
Six
Two
Eight
Four
129.
Refraction
Reflection
Reduction
Reproduction
Skip zone
Lineofsight
Scatter zone
Line-of-support
OMEGA
LORAN
PNNS
SINS
1. T1
2. T2
3. T3
127.
Ships maneuvers
Sunspots
Rain
High sea state
135.
141.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Antenna height
Ships length
Usable power
Cabling length
142.
136.
138.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
hour
12 hours
24 hours
36 hours
l-46.
147.
Satellite
Satellite
Satellite
Satellite
ranging
speed
broadcast
response
Clockbias
Correction data
Ephemeris
Spectral
(a) 21 (b) 3
(a)
3 (b) 21
(a) 3 (b) 24
(a) 24 (b) 21
One
Two
Three
Four
145.
1-40.
Spontaneousemission
Spreadspectrum
Standardbroadcast
Spectralemission
1.
2.
3.
4.
139.
One
Two
Three
Four
NAVSTAR GPS
OMEGA MK2
LORAN D
NNSS MK2
143.
1-37.
50
250
500
1000
1-48.
1.
2.
3.
4.
149.
1-52.
1-56.
Delay
Eccentricity
Modulation
Clock
Bias
Almanac
Variable
Precision
1227.60
1575.42
1883.65
2879.23
1-59.
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
Polar-coordinate
Polar-sync
Neutral-coordinate
Neutral-sync
AN/WRN6
AN/WSN-5
AN/PSN8
AN/SPA-2
True
False
Initialization
Test
Navigation
Tracking
158.
Satellite type
Time and date
Current position
Both 2 and 3 above
1-57.
Multipath
Faded
Skip-zone
Ground-wave
Inversely proportional
Directly proportional
1-53.
1-55.
1-51.
Five
Two
Three
Four
150.
1-54.
Neutral
Artificial
Basic
Torque
160.
161.
164.
Fidelity
Sensitivity
Cycle
Squitter
1-68.
1-69.
Amplitude
Frequency
Timing
Gain
37.5 seconds
60 seconds
37.5 minutes
60 minutes
AN/URN25
AN/URN-20
AN/URN-15
AN/URN10
Every
Every
Every
Every
1-70.
Composite burst
North reference burst
Auxillary reference burst
East reference burst
increase
decrease
Parabolic
Cardioid
Vectorial
Tangential
1-65.
1-67.
163.
Twinpulse
Singlepulse
Neutralpulse
Basicpulse
162.
1-66.
Frequency
Pulse
Continuous wave
Amplitude modulation
It eliminates bandwidth
limitations
It is cheaper to build
It is easier to troubleshoot
It eliminates propagation
effects
1-72.
1.
2.
1-73.
1-74.
1.
2.
3.
4.
True
False
1-75.
68
100
126
252
20
42
63
75
25
50
75
100