Disaster Management
Disaster Management
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to my Disaster Management
Law teacher Mr Saurabh, for his encouragement and full cooperation
throughout the completion of this assignment. Without his guidance and support
this assignment would never have been possible.
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Contents
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. 4
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 5
What Is A Disaster?................................................................................................ 6
Types of DISASTERS............................................................................................ 6
What is Disaster Management?.............................................................................7
COMPONENTS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT..........................................................8
DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA.......................................................................10
Indias Vulnerability to Disasters......................................................................12
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA)....................................15
STRUCTURE MECHANISM OF NDMA.....................................................................16
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE..............................................................17
DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.....................................................................18
MEASURES/FACTS TAKEN TO IMPROVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA..........21
CENTRAL LEVEL................................................................................................ 22
STATE AND DISTRICT LEVEL..............................................................................22
CASE STUDY:........................................................................................................ 24
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 24
DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES..............................................................25
RESPONSE, RESCUE, AND RELIEF OPERATIONS................................................25
REHABILITATION............................................................................................... 26
RESULTS........................................................................................................... 27
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE......................................................................29
BIBLIOGRAPHY:.................................................................................................... 30
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ABSTRACT
India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disaster on account of its unique geo-climate
conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, and landslides have been a recurrent
phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquake of various intensities;
over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8 % of total area is prone to cyclones and
68% of the areas is susceptible to drought. In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about
4344 people lost their lives about 30 million people were affected by disaster every year. The
loss in terms of private, community and public assets has been astronomical. At the global
level, there has been considerable concern over natural disaster. Even as substantial scientific
and material progress is made, the loss of life and property due to disaster has not
decreased. In fact human toll and economic losses have mounted. It was in this background
that the UN general assembly in 1989 declared 1990-2000 as the International decade of
natural disaster reduction with the objective to reduce loss of lives and property and restrict
socioeconomic damage through concerted international action. The Government of India
have adopted mitigation and prevention as essential components of their development
strategies. The Tenth Five Year Plan documents have a detailed chapter on Disaster
Management. The plan emphasizes the fact that development cannot be sustainable without
mitigation being built into development process. Each State is supposed to prepare a plan
scheme for disaster mitigation in accordance with the approach outlined in the plan. In brief,
mitigation is being institutionalized into development planning. The Finance Commission
makes recommendation with regard to devolution of funds between Central Government and
State Government as also outlays for relief and rehabilitation. The Government of India have
issued guidelines that where there is a self of projects, projects addressing mitigation with be
given priority. It has also been mandated that each projects in a hazard prone area will have
disaster prevention/mitigation as a term of reference and the project documents has to reflect
as to how project addresses that term of reference. In the sections are discussed the measures
shortcoming, measures taken for the mitigation of the disaster.
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INTRODUCTION
India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geoclimatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been a
recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various
intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to
cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought. In the decade 1990-2000, an average
of about 4344 people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disasters
every year. The loss in terms of private, community and public assets has been
At the global level, there has been considerable concern over natural disasters. Even as
substantial scientific and material progress is made, the loss of lives and property due to
disasters has not decreased. In fact, the human toll and economic losses have mounted. It was
in this background that the United Nations General Assembly, in 1989, declared the decade
1990-2000 as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction with the objective to
reduce loss of lives and property and restrict socio-economic damage through concerted
international action, specially in developing countries.
The super cyclone in Orissa in October, 1999 and the Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat in January,
2001 underscored the need to adopt a multi dimensional endeavour involving diverse
scientific, engineering, financial and social processes; the need to adopt multi disciplinary
and multi sectoral approach and incorporation of risk reduction in the developmental plans
and strategies.
Over the past couple of years, the Government of India have brought about a paradigm shift
in the approach to disaster management. The new approach proceeds from the conviction that
development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into the development
process. Another corner stone of the approach is that mitigation has to be multi-disciplinary
spanning across all sectors of development. The new policy also emanates from the belief that
investments in mitigation are much more cost effective than expenditure on relief and
rehabilitation.
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The steps being taken by the Government emanate from the approach outlined above. The
approach has been translated into a National Disaster Framework [a roadmap] covering
institutional mechanisms, disaster prevention strategy, early warning system, disaster
mitigation, preparedness and response and human resource development. The expected
inputs, areas of intervention and agencies to be involved at the National, State and district
levels have been identified and listed in the roadmap. This roadmap has been shared with all
the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations. Ministries and Departments of
Government of India, and the State Governments/UT Administrations have been advised to
develop their respective roadmaps taking the national roadmap as a broad guideline. There is,
therefore, now a common strategy underpinning the action being taken by all the
participating.
What Is A Disaster?
A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of
substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic
change to the environment. A disaster can beostensively defined as any tragic event stemming
from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents,fires, or explosions. It is a
phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and
cultural life of people.
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed
risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards
that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in
uninhabited regions.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits more than 95 percent of
all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural
disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in
industrialized countries.
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Types of DISASTERS
There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies.
There are four main types of disaster.
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Emergency events can include terrorist attacks, industrial sabotage, fire, natural
disasters (such as earthquakes, severe weather, etc.), public disorder, industrial
accident, communications failure and loss, or corruption of critical information. Some
examples of catastrophic incidents are:
1. The 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake, which killed more than 6000 people and
left another 30,000 injured.
2. The 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake, which resulted in approximately
$33 billion in damages.
These individual events are significant enough, but the losses are even more
dramatic when accumulated over time. Between 1989 and 1999, the average natural
disaster loss in the US was $1 billion each week.
Disaster
management
does
not
necessarily
avert
or
eliminate
the threats themselves, although the study and prediction of the threats are an
important part of the field. The basic levels of emergency management also include
the various kinds of search and rescue activity.
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Arrange for funds and take effective measures for disaster prevention, mitigation,
preparedness and capacity management.
Each state has its own disaster management authority, which is chaired by the chief minister.
The state authority, assisted by a State Executive Committee, forms policies and plans for
disaster management in the state. A district disaster management authority has also been
established by every state in each district. The district authority is headed by the district
magistrate.
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The local authority trains its officers and employees and maintains the necessary tools and
equipments for relief and rescue operations. It also ensures that all construction projects
under it conform to the standards and specifications laid down by the state government.
Under the Act, several institutions and funds at the state and district levels were set up.
National Fund for Disaster Response for which the funds are decided by the central
government. This is made available to the NEC, which meets the expenses towards
emergency response, relief and rehabilitation
National Fund for Disaster Mitigation will be directly managed by the National
Disaster Management Authority, and will be used exclusively for the purpose of
mitigation.
The Act requires every ministry or department of the Government of India to set aside funds
in its annual budget for the activities and programmes set out in its disaster management plan.
Schemes for financing expenditure on relief and rehabilitation in the wake of natural
calamities are governed by the recommendations of Finance Commissions appointed by the
Government of India every five years.
Under the Tenth Finance Commission, in operation for the period 1995-2000, each state had a
corpus of funds called the Calamity Relief Fund (CRF), administered by a state level
committee, headed by the chief secretary of the state government. The size of the corpus was
determined on the basis of the vulnerability of the state to different natural calamities and the
magnitude of expenditure normally incurred by the state on relief operations. The corpus was
built by annual contributions from the union government and the state governments
concerned in the ratio 3:1.
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The Eleventh Finance Commission modified the financial arrangements under the Tenth
Finance Commission and recommended the setting up of a National Calamity Contingency
Fund (NCCF).
The Twelfth Finance Commission, for the period 2005-10, has recommended that the
Calamity Relief Fund should continue in its present form with contributions from the Centre
and states in the ratio of 75:25.
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2.
and
Wind
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3. Earthquake Zone:
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The warning system provides for a cyclone alert of 48 hours, and a cyclone warning of 24
hours. There is a special Disaster Warning System (DWS) for the dissemination of cyclone
warning in local languages through INSAT to designated addresses in isolated places in
coastal areas.
A comparison of the Andhra Pradesh cyclones in 1977 and 1990 will illustrate the progress
made in the dissemination of cyclone warning. The number of deaths in 1977 was over
10,000 whereas the loss of human lives in 1990 was less than 1,000. Timely warnings issued
by the IMD enabled the district administration in the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh to
evacuate over half a million people.
To monitor the possibility of floods, the Central Water Commission (CWC) has a flood
forecasting system covering 62 major rivers in 13 states. There are 55 hydro-meteorological
stations also in the 62 river basins. The CWC monitors the water levels of 60 major reservoirs
with weekly reports of reservoir levels and the corresponding capacity for the previous year
and the average of the previous 10 years. Similar monitoring of smaller reservoirs by the
irrigation departments of state governments give advance warnings of hydrological droughts
with below-average stream flows, cessation of stream flows and decrease in soil moisture and
groundwater levels.
Based on inputs from the IMD and CWC on the rainfall behaviour and water levels in the
reservoirs and the crop situation, the National Crop Weather Watch Group monitors drought
conditions. Remote sensing techniques are also used to monitor drought conditions based on
vegetative and moisture index status. In the event of severe drought, state governments
introduce appropriate policy packages to support vulnerable populations through food for
work programmes and other employment-generation and income-generation activities. Most
of the food for work programmes will be undertaken to desilt the existing water tanks, deepen
the tanks, and carry out the construction of water harvesting structures. Sometimes, the state
governments may also include the restoration of public utilities and creation of social
infrastructure in such food for work programmes in drought-affected districts. The ambitious
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme launched in 2006 which guarantees 100 days of work
to every rural household that asks for it, can also generate such assets, particularly in
developing water sources, which is a priority under the scheme
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Multi-purpose dams and reservoirs have been built to reduce the impact of floods. Control of
premature siltation of multi-purpose reservoirs and checking degradation of catchment areas
is attempted through a scheme of soil conservation and river valley projects in the catchments
of major rivers. The scheme covers 581 watersheds in 27 catchments spread over 17 states.
During 1960s to 1980s there has been a greater reliance on structural measures. As structural
measures alone have not yielded the desired results and flood damage continues to increase,
non-structural measures such as flood forecasting, flood plain zoning, flood proofing of the
civic amenities of the affected villages, changing the cropping pattern and public participation
in flood management works are being given greater emphasis.
As the Indian Ocean was not previously considered a tsunami zone, the December 2004
tsunami took everybody by surprise. There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian
Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general populace living around the ocean.
Although a tsunami cannot be prevented, the impact of a tsunami can be reduced through
timely warnings, and effective response. Nearly three years after the tsunami, India managed
to set up a tsunami warning system in Hyderabad, which is expected to minimise the effect of
disasters and reduce loss of lives in the future. It is located at the Indian National Centre for
Ocean Information Services (INCOIS). It receives data via satellite from six ocean buoys
four in the Bay of Bengal and two in the Arabian Sea equipped with water pressure
sensors to detect any rise in water levels. This warning system will issue alerts of high
intensity waves within 30 minutes of an earthquake.
The centre has been established by the Ministry of Earth Sciences at a cost of Rs.125 crore in
collaboration with the Department of Science and Technology, the Department of Space and
the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
This network enables early warning centre to disseminate warnings to the Ministry of Home
Affairs, as well as to the state emergency operations centres.
The Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) is operational since 1973, in 971 blocks of 183
districts in 16 states. The Desert Development Programme (DDP) has been implemented in
235 blocks of 40 districts in seven states. Seventy per cent of India's cultivated land is in
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rainfed areas, which often suffer a decline in agricultural production in years of low rainfall,
and face drought conditions.
A programme titled National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)
which was launched in 1990-91 is under implementation in drought-prone areas of all the
states. This programme adopts development measures for all the spatial components of
watersheds, that is, arable land, non-arable land and drainage lines as one organic geohydrological entity. The objective is to achieve conservation of rain water, control of soil
erosion, regeneration of green cover and promotion of dryland farming systems including
horticulture, agro-forestry, pasture development and livestock management as well as
household production systems. In the first four years of the Tenth Plan, an area of 1.59
million hectares was developed at an expenditure of Rs 793.82 crore.
There are large areas of degraded land of over 100 million hectares in the country which
could be reclaimed. Most of the land needs only basic water and soil conservation measures
and some amount of plantation and protection work. By protecting, regenerating and
restoring the degraded land the pressure on remaining land, forests and pastures can be
reduced. A National Wasteland Development Board has been constituted to promote
integrated wasteland development.
Natural disasters, particularly droughts, result in huge unemployment and under-employment
problems in the rural areas. Providing wage employment to the rural poor has been an
integral part of rural development efforts. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act,
the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana and the Employment Assurance Schemes are all aimed at
providing employment and ensuring food security.
Measures such as building cyclone shelters, afforestation in coastal areas etc have been
undertaken to respond to cyclones. Reconstruction projects have been taken up in areas
affected by major calamities by designing structural mitigation schemes. The activities
consist mainly of housing and public infrastructure, drainage and rural water supply,
expansion of road and communication networks, and shelter belt plantations.
Since much loss of life during the past earthquakes in various parts of the country has
occurred due to the collapse of non-engineered traditional buildings of clay, stones and
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bricks, special emphasis is being placed on the repair and strengthening of such buildings
through retrofitting etc in seismically active regions.
Despite these measures, the task is very complex in a country of India's size and diversity.
Population pressure, environmental degradation, migration, poverty, illiteracy and unplanned
urbanisation are some of the major factors contributing to increased risk and vulnerability.
Non-structural disaster mitigation efforts need to be accelerated in the country.
It is necessary to emphasise the links between disaster mitigation and development plans, the
development of effective communication systems, the application of latest information
technology, risk reduction and risk transfer options like insurance, extensive public awareness
and education campaigns in vulnerability reduction, legal and legislative support, the
involvement of the private sector, the strengthening of the institutional framework for disaster
response at the national, state and district levels, the applications of remote sensing,
geographical information system, etc. Above all, it is important that civil society initiatives be
strengthened and supported to ensure that the existing institutional mechanisms deliver the
services they are expected to deliver effectively and efficiently.
The losses due to natural disasters reduce the pace of sustained economic development in the
already resource-scarce states and often lead to a heavy drain on available resources,
diverting them from development activities. It is necessary to move away from the relief
mode after a disaster to preparedness, prevention and mitigation, as this will be more costeffective and sustainable. This will have to be implemented through a massive campaign by
mobilising the participation of local communities, voluntary organisations, community-based
organisations and the private sector.
MEASURES/FACTS TAKEN TO IMPROVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
CENTRAL LEVEL
At the central or national level, Ministry of Home affairs is entrusted with the nodal
responsibility of managing disaster. At the apex level, there are tow cabinet committees viz.
cabinet committee on national calamity and cabinet committee on security. All the major
issues concerning natural disasters are placed before cabinet committee on natural calamity
whereas calamities which can affect internal security or which may be caused due to use of
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nuclear, biological or chemical weapons etch are placed before cabinet committee on security.
The NCMC (National Crisis Management Committee) is the next important functionary. The
cabinet secretary heads it. It includes secretaries of concerned department/ministers. Its main
function is to give direction to Crisis Management Group (CMG) and any
minister/department for specific action needed for meeting the crisis situation. CMG lies
below the NCMC. The Central Relief Commissioner is its chairman. His primary function is
to coordinate all the relief operations for natural disaster. Apart from coordinating the relief
operations, it reviews the contingency plans formulated by Central Ministers/Department and
measures required for dealing with natural disaster. CMG meets every six months however in
event of any disaster it frequently meets to review the relief operation and explore all
possibilities to render all possible help to the affected region.
Learning from the Latur earthquake calamity, Maharastra hss launched Indias first
disaster management infor-network. Soon after this quake, state government launched the
Maharastra Emergency Earthquake Rehabilitation programme. The programme aimed at
achieving preparedness through an information-network so that unpredictable and
uncontrolled disaster impacts could be offset with planned and manageable disaster
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mitigation efforts. This info-network links the state government machinery wilh all its tehsils
and districts along with other
strategically and economically important agencies based in the state. The state has been
mapped for potential disasters. Statistics for potential natural calamity zones are now being
complied. Record for the tide movements, potential typhoons and earthquake prone zones are
being linked up with geographical information system to mitigate the disaster. The Multihazards Disaster Mitigation Plan will create a disaster management information at emergency
operation centre at state government headquarters. Apart from forewarning of calamities like
flood, earthquake, etc; post disaster relief and rehabilitation is another area of use of this
network. It will help in co-ordinating among hospitals, voluntary organizations, ambulances,
fire brigades and government relief measures. (II) Some State Government have got their acts
together, learning from past experiences. In 1991, A.P. Government was able to implement
previously planned programme to evacuate 6 lakh people from the path of an approaching
cyclone with 52 hours. Fatalities numbered less than on tenth of what could have otherwise
been. This was achieved through a planned approach combing both traditional and advanced
channels.
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CASE STUDY:
INTRODUCTION
In the midnight of August 6, 2010, Leh in Ladakh region of North India received a heavy
downpour. The cloud burst occurred all of a sudden that caught everyone unawares. Within a
short span of about 2 h, it recorded a rainfall of 14 inches. There were flash floods, and the
Indus River and its tributaries and waterways were overflowing. As many as 234 people were
killed, 800 were injured, and many went missing, perhaps washed away with the gorging
rivers and waterways. There was vast destruction all around. Over 1000 houses collapsed.
Men, women, and children were buried under the debris. The local communication networks
and transport services were severely affected. The main telephone exchange and mobile
network system (BSNL), which was the lifeline in the far-flung parts of the region, was
completely destroyed. Leh airport was flooded and the runway was covered with debris,
making it non-functional. Road transport was badly disrupted as roads were washed away and
blocked with debris at many places. The civil medical and health facilities were also severely
affected, as the lone district civil hospital was flooded and filled with debris.
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The initial response was carried out immediately by the Government of India. The rescue and
relief work was led by the Indian Army, along with the State Government of Jammu and
Kashmir, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), and Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP). The
Indian Army activated the disaster management system immediately, which is always kept in
full preparedness as per the standard army protocols and procedures.
There were just two hospitals in the area: the government civil hospital (SNM Hospital) and
Army Hospital. During the flash floods, the government civil hospital was flooded and
rendered dysfunctional. Although the National Disaster Management Act was in place, with
the government civil hospital being under strain, the applicability of the act was hampered.
The Army Hospital quickly responded through rescue and relief operations and mass casualty
management. By dawn, massive search operations were started with the help of civil
authorities and local people. The patients admitted in the civil hospital were evacuated to the
Army Hospital, Leh in army helicopters
The runway of Leh airport was cleared up within a few hours after the disaster so that speedy
inflow of supplies could be carried out along with the evacuation of the casualties requiring
tertiary level healthcare to the Army Command Hospital in Chandigarh. The work to make
the roads operational was started soon after the disaster. The army engineers had started
rebuilding the collapsed bridges by the second day. Though the main mobile network was
dysfunctional, the other mobile network (Airtel) still worked with limited connectivity in the
far-flung areas of the mountains. The army communication system was the main and the only
channel of communication for managing and coordinating the rescue and relief operations.
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REHABILITATION
(NDRF) airlifted a water storage system (Emergency Rescue Unit), which could provide
11,000 L of pure water. Further, super-chlorination was done at all the water points in the
army establishments. To deal with fly menace in the entire area, anti-fly measures were taken
up actively and intensely.
HEALTH
There was a high risk of water-borne diseases following the disaster. Many human bodies
were washed away and suspected to have contaminated water bodies. There was an increased
fly menace. There was an urgent need to prevent disease transmission due to contaminated
drinking water sources and flies. There was also a need to rehabilitate people who suffered
from crush injuries sustained during the disaster. The public health facilities, especially, the
primary health centers and sub-health centers, were not adequately equipped and were poorly
connected by roads to the main city of Leh. Due to difficult accessibility, it took many hours
to move casualties from the far-flung areas, worsening the crisis and rescue and relief
operations. The population would have a higher risk of mental health problems like posttraumatic stress disorder, deprivation, and depression. Therefore, relief and rehabilitation
would include increased awareness of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and its
alleviation through education on developing coping mechanisms.
RESULTS
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery has gained increased importance over the last
decade. Expanding security threats, on the one hand, and large scale disruptions due to
natural calamities on the other the hand, pose serious challenges to the ability of businesses to
continue their operations. Data Security Council of India (DSCI) recognizes that Continuity
Management is one of the critical elements of organizations security initiatives. Business
Continuity and Disaster Management are two distinct but interdependent disciplines. The
scope of the former expands beyond IT, whereas the latter is distinguished with IT. Business
Continuity and Disaster Management (BDM) is an important area of DSF.
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BDM function has been historically viewed as a tactical function. Predominantly attributed to
IT Disaster recovery, it has been focused on the tactical response to a disaster. Drivers such as
24/7 service delivery, globalization and increasing operational risks are expanding the scope
of continuity management beyond IT. Increased complexity of business transactions and their
critical dependency on IT require strategic management of the BDM function. Strategic
initiatives such as aligning the continuity operations to business priorities, creating resilient
architecture, sourcing resources for recovery services, and operational excellence through
automation of the planning process deliver high level of maturity in the BDM function.
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