Thelonious Monk

2 Early playing career

For other uses, see Thelonious (disambiguation) and

Thelonious Sphere Monk (disambiguation).

He toured with an evangelist in his teens, playing the

church organ, and in his late teens he began to nd work
playing jazz. In the early to mid-1940s, Monk was the
house pianist at Mintons Playhouse, a Manhattan nightclub. Much of Monks style was developed during his
time at Mintons, when he participated in after-hours
cutting competitions which featured many leading jazz
soloists of the time. The Mintons scene was crucial in
the formulation of bebop and it brought Monk into close
contact with other leading exponents of the emerging idiom, including Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Christian, Kenny
Clarke, Charlie Parker and, later, Miles Davis. Monk is
believed to be the pianist featured on recordings Jerry
Newman made around 1941 at the club. Monks style
at this time was later described as hard-swinging, with
the addition of runs in the style of Art Tatum. Monks
stated inuences included Duke Ellington, James P. Johnson, and other early stride pianists. In the documentary
Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser, it is stated that
Monk lived in the same neighborhood in New York City
as Johnson and knew him as a teenager.

Thelonious Sphere Monk[2] (October 10, 1917[3]

February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and
composer. Monk had a unique improvisational style
and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz
repertoire, including "'Round Midnight", "Blue Monk",
"Straight, No Chaser" "Ruby, My Dear", "In Walked
Bud", and "Well, You Needn't". Monk is the second most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington,
which is particularly remarkable as Ellington composed
more than 1,000 pieces, whereas Monk wrote about 70.[4]
His compositions and improvisations feature dissonances
and angular melodic twists, and are consistent with
Monks unorthodox approach to the piano, which combined a highly percussive attack with abrupt, dramatic use
of silences and hesitations.

He was renowned for his distinctive style in suits, hats,

and sunglasses. He was also noted for an idiosyncratic
habit observed at times during performances: while the
other musicians in the band continued playing, he would
stop, stand up from the keyboard, and dance for a few
Mary Lou Williams, who mentored Monk and his compamoments before returning to the piano.
triots, spoke of Monks rich inventiveness in this period,
Monk is one of ve jazz musicians to have been fea- and how such invention was vital for musicians since at
tured on the cover of Time, after Louis Armstrong, the time it was common for fellow musicians to incorpoDave Brubeck, and Duke Ellington and before Wynton rate overheard musical ideas into their own works without
Marsalis.[5][6]
giving due credit. So, the boppers worked out a music
that was hard to steal. I'll say this for the 'leeches, though:
they tried. I've seen them in Mintons busily writing on
their shirt cus or scribbling on the tablecloth. And even
our own guys, I'm afraid, did not give Monk the credit he
had coming. Why, they even stole his idea of the beret
and bop glasses.[11]

Early life

3 Early recordings (19441954)

Thelonious Sphere Monk was born two years after his sister Marion on October 10, 1917, in Rocky Mount, North
Carolina, the son of Thelonious and Barbara Monk. His
badly written birth certicate misspelled his rst name as
Thelious[7] or Thelius. It also did not list his middle name, taken from his maternal grandfather, Sphere
Batts.[8] A brother, Thomas, was born in January 1920.[9]
In 1922, the family moved to 243 West 63rd Street, in
Manhattan, New York City. Monk started playing the
piano at the age of six. Monk was largely self-taught, although he did attend Stuyvesant High School, but did not
graduate.[10]

In 1944 Monk made his rst studio recordings with the

Coleman Hawkins Quartet. Hawkins was one of the earliest established jazz musicians to promote Monk, and the
pianist later returned the favor by inviting Hawkins to join
him on a 1957 session with John Coltrane. Monk made
his rst recordings as leader for Blue Note in 1947 (later
anthologised on Genius of Modern Music, Vol. 1), which
showcased his talents as a composer of original melodies
for improvisation. Monk married Nellie Smith the same
year, and in 1949 the couple had a son, T. S. Monk, who
1

4 RIVERSIDE RECORDS (19551961)

ber of the Rothschild family and a patroness of several
New York City jazz musicians. She was a close friend
for the rest of Monks life, including taking responsibility
for him when she and Monk were charged with marijuana
possession.

4 Riverside Records (19551961)

By the time of his signing to Riverside, Monk was highly
regarded by his peers and by some critics, but his records
remained poor sellers, and his music was still regarded
as too dicult for more mainstream acceptance. Indeed, with Monks consent, Riverside had managed to
buy out his previous Prestige contract for a mere $108.24.
He willingly recorded two albums of jazz standards as a
means of increasing his prole: Thelonious Monk Plays
the Music of Duke Ellington (1955) and The Unique ThFrom left, Monk, Howard McGhee, Roy Eldridge, and Teddy elonious Monk (1956).
Hill, Mintons Playhouse, New York, N.Y., c. September 1947
On Brilliant Corners, recorded in late 1956, Monk mainly
performed his own music. The complex title track, which
featured Rollins, was so dicult to play that the nal verbecame a jazz drummer. A daughter, Barbara (aection- sion had to be edited together from multiple takes. The
ately known as Boo-Boo), was born in 1953 and died in album, however, was largely regarded as the rst success
1984 from cancer.
for Monk; according to Orrin Keepnews, It was the rst
that
made a real splash.
In August 1951, New York City police searched a parked
car occupied by Monk and friend Bud Powell. They found
narcotics in the car, presumed to have belonged to Powell.
Monk refused to testify against his friend, so the police
conscated his New York City Cabaret Card. Without
this, Monk was unable to play in any New York venue
where liquor was served, and this severely restricted his
ability to perform for several years. Monk spent most
of the early and mid 1950s composing, recording, and
performing at theaters and out-of-town gigs.
After his cycle of intermittent recording sessions for
Blue Note during 194752, Monk was under contract
to Prestige Records for the following two years. With
Prestige he cut several highly signicant, but at the time
under-recognized, albums, including collaborations with
saxophonist Sonny Rollins and drummers Art Blakey and
Max Roach. In 1954, Monk participated in a Christmas
Eve session which produced most of the albums Bags
Groove and Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants by
Davis. Davis found Monks idiosyncratic accompaniment
style dicult to improvise over and asked him not to accompany, which almost brought them to blows. However,
in his autobiography Miles, Davis claims that the anger
and tension between them did not take place and that the
claims of blows being exchanged were rumors and a
misunderstanding.[12]

After having his cabaret card restored, Monk relaunched

his New York career with a landmark six-month residency at the Five Spot Cafe in New York beginning in
June 1957, leading a quartet with Coltrane on tenor saxophone, Wilbur Ware on bass, and Shadow Wilson on
drums. Little of this groups music was documented owing to contractual problems: Coltrane was signed to Prestige at the time, but Monk refused to return to his former label. One studio session by the quartet was made
for Riverside, three tunes which were not released until
1961 by the subsidiary label Jazzland along with outtakes
from a larger group recording with Coltrane and Hawkins,
those results appearing in 1957 as the album Monks Music. An amateur tape from the Five Spot (a later September 1958 reunion with Coltrane sitting in for Johnny Grifn) was issued on Blue Note in 1993; and a recording
of the quartet performing at a Carnegie Hall concert on
November 29 was recorded in high delity by Voice of
America engineers, rediscovered in the collection of the
Library of Congress in 2005, and released by Blue Note.

Crepuscule with Nellie, recorded in 1957, was

Monks only, whats called through-composed composition, meaning that there is no improvising. It is Monks
concerto, if you will, and in some ways it speaks for itself. But he wrote it very, very carefully and very delibIn 1954, Monk paid his rst visit to Paris. As well as erately and really struggled to make it sound the way it
his love song for Nellie, said biograperforming at concerts, he recorded a solo piano session sounds. [... I]t was [13]
Robin
Kelley.
pher
for French radio (later issued as an album by Disques
Vogue). Backstage, Mary Lou Williams introduced him The Five Spot residency ended Christmas 1957; Coltrane
to Baroness Pannonica Nica de Koenigswarter, a mem- left to rejoin Daviss group, and the band was eectively

3
disbanded. Monk did not form another long-term band
until June 1958, when he began a second residency at the
Five Spot, again with a quartet, this time with Grin (and
later Charlie Rouse) on tenor, Ahmed Abdul-Malik on
bass, and Roy Haynes on drums.

the Jazz Workshop, both recorded in 1964, the latter not

being released until 1982. After the departure of Ore and
Dunlop, the remainder of the rhythm section in Monks
quartet during the bulk of his Columbia period was Larry
Gales on bass and Ben Riley on drums, both of whom
On October 15, 1958, en route to a week-long engage- joined in 1964. Along with Rouse, they remained with
ment for the quartet at the Comedy Club in Baltimore, Monk for over four years, his longest-serving band.
Maryland, Monk and de Koenigswarter were detained by
police in Wilmington, Delaware. When Monk refused to
answer the policemens questions or cooperate with them, 6 Later life
they beat him with a blackjack. Though the police were
authorized to search the vehicle and found narcotics in Monk had disappeared from the scene by the mid 1970s
suitcases held in the trunk of the Baronesss car, Judge and made only a small number of appearances during
Christie of the Delaware Superior Court ruled that the the nal decade of his life. His last studio recordings as
unlawful detention of the pair, and the beating of Monk, a leader were made in November 1971 for the English
rendered the consent to the search void as given under Black Lion label, near the end of a worldwide tour with
duress.[14]
the Giants of Jazz, a group which included Gillespie, Kai

Columbia Records (19621970)

After extended negotiations, Monk signed in 1962 with

Columbia Records, one of the big four American record
labels of the day. Monks relationship with Riverside had
soured over disagreements concerning royalty payments
and had concluded with a brace of European live albums;
he had not recorded a studio album since 5 by Monk by 5
in June 1959.

Winding, Sonny Stitt, Al McKibbon and Blakey. Bassist

McKibbon, who had known Monk for over twenty years
and played on his nal tour in 1971, later said: On that
tour Monk said about two words. I mean literally maybe
two words. He didn't say 'Good morning', 'Goodnight',
'What time?' Nothing. Why, I don't know. He sent word
back after the tour was over that the reason he couldn't
communicate or play was that Art Blakey and I were so
ugly.[18] A dierent side of Monk is revealed in Lewis
Porter's biography, John Coltrane: His Life and Music;
Coltrane states: Monk is exactly the opposite of Miles
[Davis]: he talks about music all the time, and he wants
so much for you to understand that if, by chance, you ask
him something, he'll spend hours if necessary to explain
it to you.[19] Blakey reports that Monk was excellent at
both chess and checkers.[20]

Working with producer Teo Macero on his debut for the

label,[15] the sessions in the rst week of November had a
line-up that had been with him for two years: tenor saxophonist Rouse (who worked with Monk from 1959 to
1970), bassist John Ore, and drummer Frankie Dunlop.
Monks Dream, his rst Columbia album, was released in The documentary lm Thelonious Monk: Straight, No
Chaser (1988) attributes Monks quirky behaviour to
1963.
mental illness. In the lm, Monks son says that his faColumbias resources allowed Monk to be promoted
ther sometimes did not recognize him, and he reports
more heavily than earlier in his career. Monks Dream be- that Monk was hospitalized on several occasions owcame the best-selling LP of his lifetime,[16] and on Februing to an unspecied mental illness that worsened in the
ary 28, 1964, he appeared on the cover of Time magazine, late 1960s. No reports or diagnoses were ever publibeing featured in the article The Loneliest Monk.[17]
cized, but Monk would often become excited for two
According to biographer Kelley, the 1964 Time appear- or three days, then pace for days after that, after which
ance came because "Barry Farrell, who wrote the cover
he would withdraw and stop speaking. Physicians recstory, wanted to write about a jazz musician and al- ommended electroconvulsive therapy as a treatment opmost by default Monk was chosen, because they thought tion for Monks illness, but his family would not allow it;
Ray Charles and Miles Davis were too controversial. ... antipsychotics and lithium were prescribed instead.[21][22]
[Monk] wasn't so political. [...O]f course, I challenge that Other theories abound: Leslie Gourse, author of the book
[in the biography]", said Kelley.[13]
Straight, No Chaser: The Life and Genius of Thelonious
Monk continued to record studio albums, including Criss Monk (1997), reported that at least one of Monks psychiCross, also from 1963, and Underground, from 1968. But atrists failed to nd evidence of manic depression (bipolar
by the Columbia years his compositional output was lim- disorder) or schizophrenia. Another physician maintains
ited, and only his nal Columbia studio record Under- that Monk was misdiagnosed and prescribed drugs during
ground featured a substantial number of new tunes, in- his hospital stay that may have caused brain damage.[21]
cluding his only waltz time piece, Ugly Beauty.
As his health declined, Monks last six years were spent
As had been the case with Riverside, his period with as a guest in the Weehawken, New Jersey, home of his
Columbia contains many live albums, including Miles and long-standing patron and friend, de Koenigswarter, who
Monk at Newport (1963), Live at the It Club and Live at had also nursed Parker during his nal illness. Monk

did not play the piano during this time, even though
one was present in his room, and he spoke to few visitors. He died of a stroke on February 17, 1982, and
was buried in Ferncli Cemetery in Hartsdale, New
York. In 1993, he was awarded the Grammy Lifetime
Achievement Award.[23] In 2006 he was awarded a special
Pulitzer Prize for a body of distinguished and innovative
musical composition that has had a signicant and enduring impact on the evolution of jazz.[24] During his
lifetime, his style was not universally appreciated. Poet
and jazz critic Philip Larkin once dismissed Monk as the
elephant on the keyboard.[25]

REFERENCES

in 2002. Composers contributing included Milton

Babbitt, William Bolcom, David Crumb. George
Crumb, Michael Daugherty, John Harbison, Joel
Homan, Aaron Jay Kernis, Gerald Levinson,
Tobias Picker, Frederic Rzewski, Augusta Read
Thomas and Michael Torke.[27]
Free jazz pianist Alexander von Schlippenbach and
his band recorded every composition by Monk for
Monks Casino released as a triple CD set in 2005.
Visual artist Jean-Max Albert created monumental
trellis-works : Iapetus (1985) which refers to the
structure of Thelonious Monks Misterioso [28] and
published Thelonious Monk Architect.[29]

The Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz was established in

1986 by the Monk family and Maria Fisher. Its mission is
to oer public school-based jazz education programs for
young people around the globe, helping students develop
imaginative thinking, creativity, curiosity, a positive self- 8 Discography
image, and a respect for their own and others cultural
heritage. In addition to hosting an annual International Main article: Thelonious Monk discography
Jazz Competition since 1987, the Institute also helped, Further information: List of Thelonious Monk composithrough its partnership with UNESCO, designate April tions
30, 2012, as the rst annual International Jazz Day.
Monk was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall
of Fame in 2009.[26]

9 References
7

Tributes
Soprano saxophonist Steve Lacy performed as
Monks accompanist in 1960. Monks tunes became
a permanent part of his repertoire in concert and
on albums. Lacy recorded many albums entirely focused on Monks compositions.
Gunther Schuller wrote the work Variants on a
Theme of Thelonious Monk in 1960. It was later
performed and recorded by other artists, including
Ornette Coleman, Eric Dolphy, and Bill Evans.
In 1983, saxophonist Arthur Blythe's album Light
Blue: Arthur Blythe Plays Thelonious Monk was released by Columbia Records.
In 1984, a compilation album Thats The Way I Feel
Now: A Tribute To Thelonious Monk was released
by A&M Records. The album features such notable
musicians as Donald Fagen, Todd Rundgren, Peter
Frampton, Carla Bley, Joe Jackson, Steve Lacy,
John Zorn, NRBQ, Bruce Fowler, Chris Spedding,
Steve Khan, Sharon Freeman, Gil Evans, Mark
Bingham, Was Not Was.

[1] Yanow, Scott. Thelonious Monk. AllMusic. Retrieved

2012-03-31.
[2] Thelonious Monk (American musician) Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved
2012-03-31.
[3] Robin D.G. Kelley Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times
of American Original, London: JR Books, 2010, p.1. The
source identies the day of Monks fortieth birthday in
1957.
[4] Giddins, Gary & Scott DeVeaux. Jazz (2009). New York:
W.W. Norton & Co, ISBN 978-0-393-06861-0.
[5] Time cover Feb. 28, 1964. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
[6] Search of Time covers for jazz. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
[7] Solis, Gabriel (2007). Monks Music: Thelonious Monk
and Jazz History in the Making. University of California
Press. pp. 1920. ISBN 9780520940963.
[8] Mathieson, Kenny (2012). Giant Steps: Bebop And The
Creators Of Modern Jazz, 194565. Canongate Books. p.
127. ISBN 9780857866172.
[9] Robin D.G. Kelley Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times
of an American Original, London: JR Books, 2010, p13

Anthony Braxton recorded Six Monks Compositions

[10] Kelley, Robin D. G. (2009). Thelonious Monk: The Life
(1987) in 1987. Singer Carmen McRae released
and Times of an American Original. Free Press. p.
Carmen Sings Monk in 1988. Pianist Ran Blake
31. ISBN 978-0-684-83190-9. Retrieved November 23,
recorded Epistrophy in 1991.
2013.
Round Midnight Variations is a collection of variations on the song "'Round Midnight" premiered

[11] Mary Lou Williams interview, Melody Maker, 1954.

Ratical.org. Retrieved 2012-03-31.

[12] Miles: The Autobiography With Quincy Troupe, 80

[13] Looking At The Life And Times Of Thelonious Monk,
transcript of interview with Robin D.G. Kelley by Terry
Gross on Fresh Air, NPR; conducted in 2009, replayed
December 17, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
[14] State v. De Koenigswarter, 177 A.2d 344 (Del. Super.
1962).
[15] Marmorstein, Gary. The Label The Story of Columbia
Records. New York: Thunders Mouth, 2007, pp. 314
315.
[16] Monk, Thelonious. Monks Dream. Columbia reissue CK
63536, 2002, liner notes, p. 8
[17] Gabbard, Krin (February 28, 1964). The Loneliest
Monk. Time (Time, Inc.) 83 (9). Retrieved 2007-1112.
[18] Voce, Steve (August 1, 2005). Obituary: Al McKibbon.
The Independent (Findarticles.com). Retrieved 2007-1112.
[19] Porter, Lewis (1998). John Coltrane: His Life and Music. University of Michigan Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-47210161-7.
[20] Art Blakey: Bus Delights and Laments, by John B
Litweiler in Downbeat magazine, March 25, 1976.
[21] Gabbard, Krin (Autumn 1999). Evidence: Monk as
Documentary Subject. Black Music Research Journal
(Center for Black Music Research Columbia College
Chicago) 19 (2): 207225. doi:10.2307/779343. JSTOR
779343.
[22] Spence, Sean A (October 24, 1998). Thelonious
Monk: His Life and Music. British Medical Journal (BMJ Publishing Group) 317 (7166): 1162A.
doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7166.1162a.
PMC 1114134.
PMID 9784478.
[23] GRAMMY.com Lifetime Achievement Award. Past
Recipients. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
[24] The 2006 Pulitzer Prize winners: Special Awards and
Citations. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
[25] Spencer, Charles (September 4, 2010) In the steps of
Larkin. The Spectator, London.
[26] 2009 Inductees. North Carolina Music Hall of Fame.
Retrieved September 10, 2012.
[27] Matthew Quayle
[28] Michel Ragon, Jean-Max Albert Iapetus, Lart abstrait
vol.5, ditions Maeght, Paris, 1989.
[29] Fleeting white Space, New York, 2001. And Thelonious
Monk Architecte, L'art du jazz, ditions Le Flin, Paris,
2009

10 External links
Thelonious Monk at DMOZ
Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz
The Ocial Thelonious Sphere Monk Website and
Home of Thelonius Records
Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original website for the biography by Robin
D. G. Kelley
Thelonious Monk page in Jazz at Lincoln Centers
Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame
Thelonious Monks birth certicate
Roundabout Monk: The European Monk Website
Thelonious Monk at All About Jazz
IMDb entry for Thelonious Monk: Straight, No
Chaser
CBC.ca Article on 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners
Thelonious Monk Multimedia Directory Kerouac
Alley
Not So Misterioso: Robert Christgau on Monk
Photo of Monks grave at Findagrave
Thelonius Monk at Library of Congress Authorities,
with 182 catalog records

11

11

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1

Text

Thelonious Monk Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk?oldid=722660923 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, The Anome,

Tarquin, Koyaanis Qatsi, Andre Engels, Deb, Merphant, Camembert, Jazz77, Infrogmation, Liftarn, Cribcage, TUF-KAT, Setimo, Basswulf, SeanO, , Dod1, Lommer, RodC, Johnwhite79, Hyacinth, Steen Lwe Gera, Carbuncle, Jni, Xiecfox, Angelique,
Mervyn, JackofOz, Ndorward, Aomarks, DocWatson42, Taco~enwiki, Berasategui, Everyking, Perl, Gamaliel, M. E. Smith, Yekrats,
Ferdinand Pienaar, Gyrofrog, Andycjp, Ruy Lopez, Zeimusu, Antandrus, Adamrice, Dunks58, TronTonian, Ukexpat, Deeceevoice, D6,
Freakofnurture, RossPatterson, A benign hum, Mani1, Pnevares, Bender235, ESkog, Jaberwocky6669, Jnestorius, RoyBoy, Aaronbrick,
Guettarda, Viriditas, Kevin Myers, Mendali, Analogdemon, Knucmo2, Alansohn, Philip Cross, Ricky81682, Monk127, Mattley, Abulanov, Bbsrock, Andrew Norman, Ndteegarden, Tainter, Gmaxwell, Scriberius, Rictus, Briangotts, Dodiad, Jleon, Paxsimius, Taestell,
Stevenplunkett, Ted Wilkes, Rock8888, Jorunn, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Jazzcowboy, Brighterorange, Fred Bradstadt, SchuminWeb, Crazycomputers, Hottentot, Ppk80, Banazir, Pinkville, RobyWayne, Elsrkite, AllyD, YurikBot, Hillman, GLaDOS, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius,
Pseudomonas, Philopedia, TheGrappler, Msikma, Kisch, Howcheng, Sojambi Pinola, Diotti, Dethomas, Crasshopper, Davidsomnus, RockyMountainJazz, Ninly, Theda, Arthur Rubin, Spliy, Curpsbot-unicodify, Paganpan, GrinBot~enwiki, KNHaw, Stumps, Algae, Luk,
KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Moeron, Terry1944, D C McJonathan, Teto, Cazort, Gilliam, Betacommand, Stevage, Dr. Shaggeman, Colonies Chris, Matt Mehr, Johntabacco, Wes!, Badbilltucker, Stevenmitchell, Nibuod, VegaDark, Dreadstar, Derek R Bullamore,
Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, TheKid, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, SilkTork, Special-T, 2T, Maksim L., SandyGeorgia, Eastfrisian, Ptelea, Theoldanarchist, Twas Now, Ewulp, Courcelles, JoannaSerah, Dlohcierekim, Billastro, Sean c anderson, CmdrObot, Alex Usoltsev, Solomon
Douglas, NE Ent, Porterhse, Fordmadoxfraud, David Warner, Cydebot, Justus Nussbaum, Soetermans, Xricci, Thijs!bot, Fisherjs, Qwyrxian, TonyTheTiger, PJtP, OrenBochman, Natalie Erin, SSmartLowell, Afabbro, Mentisto, Jazzlover101, Atavi, Jessiejames, Sluzzelin,
Dogru144, Benjamin22b, Jazzeur, Ccrrccrr, Rothorpe, Kyeo77, Melimax, P64, JamesBWatson, Airproong, KConWiki, Carol Neese,
Robotman1974, Mokgamen, Salimi, Allansutherland, Johnpacklambert, Tgeairn, Lonk~enwiki, Sam Weller, Mind meal, Strobilus, Skullketon, PedEye1, JayJasper, Belovedfreak, Flatterworld, KylieTastic, Hermione924, Johnfos, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, DISEman, Oshwah,
Technopat, Gnomeza, Room429, Bochum, Madhero88, Killonious, Nmehra54, Pmax7, Martin.sh, Cosprings, SieBot, Swliv, BotMultichill, I am pieman, Crash Underride, Ccex, Editus Reloaded, Wolfcm, Wysinger, Aspects, Android Mouse Bot 3, Kumioko (renamed),
Superbeecat, Thomjakobsen, Pinkadelica, ClueBot, Binksternet, Boodlesthecat, The Thing That Should Not Be, R000t, Niceguyedc, Cmwong, Sir Anon, LoneStarWriter82, Crywalt, Theatralia08, JamieS93, Jsondow, Thingg, BobJones77, Gene D'Andrea, XLinkBot, Birdmaneeg, SlubGlub, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Jafeluv, DOI bot, Raymond88824, Cst17, Freeurbanbeentree, LinkFA-Bot, 5 albert square, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Yobot, Beau1957, Dickdock, AnomieBOT, Aschriefer, Je Muscato, Citation bot, ArthurBot,
TheRealNightRider, Tergum violinae, GrouchoBot, Brandon5485, 78.26, MerlLinkBot, Paradise coyote, A.amitkumar, Haldraper, FrescoBot, Nyguide, Imsocool6, Citation bot 1, Leegee23, Grammarspellchecker, Tinton5, Tomcat7, Serols, Rdk21, Alkacenter, Defender
of torch, Abie the Fish Peddler, Tbhotch, Thelonious.sphere.monk, Risk34, GoingBatty, James.wallacelee, Solarra, ZroBot, John Cline,
Mike99999979, H3llBot, HammerFilmFan, Freimut Bahlo~enwiki, Billiethesquid, KarlsenBot, Helpsome, ClueBot NG, Justlettersandnumbers, Joefromrandb, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Bts.smith, ISTB351, CitationCleanerBot, Snow Blizzard, Moon1965, Willnat66, BattyBot, Kuahewa, Bdog256, Khazar2, Dexbot, Stevie Benton (WMUK), EddieHugh, Barrett Kinsella, Pertinaxed, VictorLucas, Lukec1204,
BethNaught, Jazzman49, Jazzerino, McUgo, 3primetime3, Franoise Very, Jason9376595, KasparBot, Yiyiyiyu and Anonymous: 358

11.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically: Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).
File:Thelonious_Monk,_Howard_McGhee,_Roy_Eldridge,_and_Teddy_Hill,_Minton{}s_Playhouse,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca.
_Sept._1947_(William_P._Gottlieb_06201).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Thelonious_Monk%
2C_Howard_McGhee%2C_Roy_Eldridge%2C_and_Teddy_Hill%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca.
_Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06201%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United
States Library of Congress's Music Division under the digital ID gottlieb.06201.
This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.

Original artist: William P. Gottlieb

File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

11.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0