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CURTIUS
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UNIVERSITY
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CALIFORNIA
AT LOi 4NGELES
QUINTUS CURTIUS
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CLAY, Manager.
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FETTER LANE,
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50,
ILnpMg:
iStta
ISombag
gorfc:
anli
E.G.
WELLINGTON STREET.
F.
A.
BROCKHAUS.
Calcutta:
MACiMILLAX
AND
CO., Ltd.
ALEXANDER IN
INDIA.
OUINTUS CURTIUS
EDITED BY
E HEITLAND
MA
AND
T E
RAVEN MA
CAMBRIDGE:
AT THE UNIVERSITY
1905
PRESS.
[On mention
of the
tomb
of Alexander at Alexandria.]
membra
Jiiri
et
manibus,
nam
deseruit,
non
utile
orbem,
miiudo
una
suprema
dies
quam
licet
Arsacidum demino.
LucAN
First Edition
1879.
Pharsalia
X 20
1889,
51.
1905.
PA
/
Or
PREFACE.
Ix attempting to bring before English classical
students a portion of the work of an author once
widely read both elsewhere and in this country, buc
that
want of variety
has often been
in
we hope
The
task.
felt
And
it
may
The
duction.
fit
to restrict our
notes to the clearing up of difficulties in each sepain fact to the repeating of things that
rate sentence,
form
fourth
boy' ought to know and does not.
every
'
On the contrary, while dealing with grammatical questions of an even elementary nature, we have freely
illustrated the matter by c^uotation and reference.
The
notes
on the
first
435354
PREFACE.
6
illustrative
character,
as the
required.
authorities
several
we have
writers.
citing Elphinstone
Bramin, and so
index
copious
will
forth.
make up
for
some
defi-
expedition generally.
The notes on the
first
some good
the
fifth
(Cowell's)
edition,
first
and Thirlwall's
edition in Lardner's
Cabinet Cyclopaedia.
Perhaps the most specially
book to us has been Otto Eichert's lexicon to
The help got from other
Curtius (Hanover 1870).
useful
books
is
acknowledged on occasion
in the notes.
E H
TE
March 1879
R.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Introduction
32
Text
33 f^3
85, 86
179
180 189
194
lyo
204
195
Notes
87
Appendices
Short
list
of
names
Index
Map
Map
31
of Alexander's
of
N.W.
Alexander
/o fcxce
Empire
India,
to
illustrate
the
exjiedition
Title
of
lo
face /. 33
INTRODUCTION.
A.
Curtiiis
and
his book.
before us
^
Tac ann XI 20,
would have mentioned
21,
It is
INTRODUCTION.
to
Of
the
accession of Claudius
this
view, which
it
is
is
many
umquajn
Like
In the
manner
seems to indicate that his purpose was to present his readers with
a series of interesting pictures, and by a quiet and compressed
narrative to bind them into a whole so that we should fairly
judge him not by the bare and lifeless passages which serve
:
to
make
transition, but
which he has
rather by the
more
effective
scenes'-*
set
XX
i,
1.
sont une autre espece de mensoiige oratoire que Its historiens se sont pertnis
On faisait dii-e h ses lUros ce quails auraieiit pu dire.' The
autrefois.
Curtian speeches, like those in Livy and Lucan, are good but rather
Such
as
via
13, 14,
ix
4, 5, 9.
INTR O D UCTION.
were
or recast
the
some
mere romance
That Curtius
Johnson's Rasselas.
rician
we may
readily admit
is
above
all
things a rheto-
Geography.
and Strabo XI 5 4 it has been wrongly inferred
For a definite
that he had been with Ale.\ander on his expedition.
and unfavourable opinion of him see Cic de legibus i 7.
^
Voltaire well says in his preface to the history of Russia under
Peter the Great 7
tine troisihne espire de mensonge, et la plus grossicre
F'rom Diodorus
II
'
de
lollies,
The
last
sentence
papers called
'
is
little
true history
'
Lucian's
too sweeping, but not much.
and ' How to write history are not quite
'
full as
severe.
=*
See on ix
'
"
with the
licet in
g 34, 5 21.
INTRO D UCTION.
nexion maintained by
history^
particularly
Roman
writers iDctween
in the
rhetoric
and
Quintilian
34
31
it
is
ad frobanduni.
expositiotiis sed
speciem
fidem quaerit.
may
now and
fact
1 1,
9
though vii 17 3 has another
pretensions of Livy in his preface are not to be taken
as meaning the same as we now should by the same words.
Style had
So Tacitus
in fact with all ancient historians an undue prominence.
historian.
sound.
The
Agr
clearly
'
and
fully detailed
also Quintil
8 9.
p.
304.
INTR OD UCTION.
have
this further
trait
in
common
Roman
formation
the
Macedonian youth
is
merely the
brilliant con-
was ever
at
in
spite
of her.
The Latin of Curtius is probably a good average speciof the Latin of the early Empire, the so-called silver-age.
Inferior in vigour to the balanced sermon style of Seneca or the
(4)
men
study of Virgil.
To
His habit of
in strange senses.
using the very same construction and even the same phrase
over and over again has a tiresome effect but this is a common
writers.
Still
with
all
its
de-
the
reader.
corded
{a)
for
style
A
\\\\\\
nam, enim,
{b)
may
perhaps be
= 'you
see') as
an equivalent
scilicet.
a.s
= sed,
atitetn.
where
ipsufu, ipsos, ipsius, ipsoriwi,
suns would have been used in the best Latin. This
Sec note on vin 10 i.
characteristic of Curtius.
{c)
re-
advantage here.
ipsi, ipsis,
se, si/>i,
is
very
INTR ODUCTTON.
[(f)
common
in Livy.
thereby.
sudden change
sentence.
the frequent use of the future participle active iusurus
{h)
etc) to express
a purpose.
(z)
{k)
as paullisper
etc).
See viii 12
(such
ix 6
22,
See also ix
29, 33,
is
thus rather
more
19.
In
some
usage
is
(;)
See
vill 12 10,
13. 14-
ill)
It
Curtius.
common
to
for the
writers,
Curtius has since the revival of learning down to rea popular author, and has been repeatedly
INTRO D UCTION.
Men
of his book.
got their
first
Four English
London 1553
Brende"'^
John
impressions' of
Robert Codrington
John Digby
1747
Peter Pratt
1809,
1652
2nd ed 182 1,
there
historical values
as a historian.
criticism,
'
to find favour.
known
well
that there
Ages
(see
appendix C.
-
'
A
A
specimen of
])(jor
version,
but
it
Clerc on Curtius.
^
phenomena and
is
of
The
appetite for
shewn by the popularity of such books as the
of Erasmus. So Hamlet will (i v 100) wipe
'^
INTR on UCTION.
how 'Swedish
told us
Charles'
was
in his
boyhood fascinated !w
And it'
the story by the matter even more than the manner.
the conditions of school teaching are now so far changed that
these claims would in themselves hardly suffice to restore Curtius
to favour,
we have now a
that
it is
desirable
adapted
author's personality,
interest
from
its
It
is
not necessnry to
know
Roman
We
writers.
now
companions of Alexander and other early travellers (such as Megasthenes^) were mistaken in some of their
impressions of the Hindus, and that the stories set afloat by
some of them concerning the country and its inhabitants were
absurd and fabulous. But making every allowance it must be
admitted that the best of them reported what they saw with
scrupulous accuracy and that their geographical knowledge
obtained no doubt mainly from native informants was marThat the tendency to romance, observable
vellously correct.
that the
in the
un
goiit
que
le
style.^
title
'
W McCrindle,
Principal of the
Government College
by
INTRODUCTION.
17
therefore
was of the
first
importance
It
should use the best authorities and use them with judgment.
In this regard it must be admitted that Curtius on the whole
So did Tacitus
in his
'Germany', a book
is
See note on ix 10
Roman
B.
(i)
How
3,
A
the
writers
sketch of
Greek
states
who speak
common
to all the
of India.
A lexanders
career.
in struggles
for the first place, and brought themselves down to one dead
level of weariness and exhaustion, while the Macedonians rested
in strength
unimpaired though as yet not organized: how Philip
on ascending the Macedonian throne devoted himself to the
consolidation of the power and development of the resources of
G.
INTR OD UCTION.
of Hellas
all this is
well
known
to the readers
lord
of Grecian
way
more complete
in its
any other
ambitious
whom
forecast a youth
4146, Grote
Thirlwall cc
Plut Alex
5, 22, 25,
Plut Alex
5.
Plut Alex
Quintil
cc
i
8690.
i
See on ix 6
Diog Laert v
age of
25.
9.
'
7, 8,
at the
4,
Quintil
Thirlwall c 47.
i
23.
INTRODUCTION.
On
(3)
nians,
19
in
Macedonia.
the throne
all
now niade
(4)
The
Extending as
the Jaxartes and the Indus, it comprised within its borders many
races speaking divers tongues and widely differing from one
Some of these
another in their feelings and modes of life.
districts.
into
Thirlwall c 47.
Thirlwall c 48.
Grote
c 72.
2-
-i
INTR on UCTION.
20
Susa
treasuries
wealth
Asia.
he
^
INTR OD UCTION.
21
government.
he should
fall
fly
further
master
hands of Alexander.
The throne
by
if
he would
it
ill
that their
needs be,
for the
common
the
king had
made up
Codnmannus, who on
his accession
<;4.
his
)arius.
INTRODUCTION.
22
the
murmuring generals
moment
that in taking
less*
putting
made
rightly
Mr Wheeler
c 52.
settled
by the
experts.
*
Wondrous
of Herodotus.
'
Dean
'
of Westminster
'.
See appendix D.
London
7807.
INTR on UCTION.
23
army refused
lie beyond.
This eventful voyage, in the course of which Alexander
established his supremacy in the part of India now known as
Sindh, brought him to Patala (at the head of the Indus delta)
(8)
early in 325.
He now
sent
some
of his
route under Kraterus, and occupied the time while the nautical
preparations were going on at Patala in exploring the branches
of the river
and
homeward passage
up
of his forces
Now
tie
Bias, at a point south of its present junction with the HesuBut it seems probable that in the time of Alexander
drus (Satlej).
all
'
minster
'
Oxford 1809.
'.
See
'
'
INTRODUCTION.
24
up
to the Jaxartes
going well when the conqueror held his great marriage feast at
Susa in the year 324. On this occasion he himself and many
of his generals had taken wives of the conquered peoples the
;
been the result, had the hero lived to carry on his work, it
would now be vain to enquire. His days were numbered, and
at the height of his power and glory he died at Babylon ^ in 323.
His empire
at
once
fell
to pieces,
his
Ptolemies^ in Egypt, founded by Ptolemy Lagus one of Alexwhen king wrote the history of his
man
It
To
its
this city^
he artfully contrived to
and laid them in a
royal founder,
fitting sepulchre.
(10)
Great.
has
Posterity
assigned
3
2.
Alexander the
to
that on
many
of
jo 14.
According
title
distinct grounds he
r i
to
some accounts he
beginning rTToXeyuatos
'
A\^^av5pov etc.
*
See Diodorus xviii 28, Herodian iv 8 9, Lucan X 20, 21, Dion
Cassius LI 16 5, Lucian dial mort 13 5, Aelian var hist xii 64, Suet
Aug 18, Cal 52, and Curtius x 10 20. Also 'The tomb of Alexander,
70./)
Aa7ou
hiibitp/To
College Cambridge.
INTR OD UCTION.
ever
man
army
fully
deserved this
title,
if
did.
in
25
As a
he
and
warrior,
endurance of
toil
among
modern
difficulties,
hand or of trying
^
He
even
made
provision
for
soldiers'
orphan children.
Plut
Alex 71.
*
Plut Alex 42 notes the wonderful extent and minuteness of his cor-
Iiis
teaclicrs, to
liis
doings
INTR OD UCTION.
26
man
Homeric Agamemnon"
dfi(f)6rfpov ^acrikfvs t
dyaSos Kparepos
t'
alxfJ-rjTqs,
but
(ii)
it
is
at this
his
least
We
Pint de \lex fort I 6 says that Aristotle had advised him to rule
Greeks as subjects and barbarians as slaves (to?s /xev'TAX-rjaiv ijye/xoi'i.Kujs
but Alexander knew better, and brought
Tois d^ ^appdpois deaTroTiKiSs)
^
Iliad
III
rjdr].
179.
IX p 398
e.
10,
Athenaeus
INTR OD UCTTON.
27
and generosity too ostentatious, and his clemency too exclusively the result of calculation but judged by the standard of
his own day these would pass for unmixed heroic virtues.
His
:
ambition seems to us somewhat deformed by a too ready acceptance of flattery and by the vanity which led him to claim
a divine origin. But to find fault with such weaknesses^ in a
young conqueror situated as he was is merely saying that he
was a man. His tender affection for Hephaestion, and the un-
(12)
was formed
West
the East a
in
kingdom
Macedonian
origin.
Curtius
'
i,
5 30, Plut
3,
Curtius
Alex
5 29, 33.
39.
Plutarch has preserved a neat remark made at the time, that the
its leader resembled the Cyclops with his
(vol
II
50),
The
described
115), c
Mommsen
in his
life
and feeling
History of
Rome bk
at this
lii
time
c 14.
is
vividly
INTR OD UCTION.
28
was perhaps well that they should bear the Macedonian yoke
some of them at least to seek a
for a while and learn
humbler road to freedom in the unambitious federation of the
Achaean League. The spread of Greek civilization ^ in Asia
Minor and Syria was due in the first instance to the conquests
of Alexander
but of all that he did nothing is so truly a
the
city"
of Alexandria.
He
and wealthy
port,
for a great
and
means
most
many
it
We
men
and Africa
Such a
(13)
^
rr\v
'EXXaSa
See also c
test is
<nreipai,
Alex
fort
Mommsen bk v
in the case
p 301 Eng
tr library ed).
^
city in
Strabo xvii
13.
He
calls
it
Also
Gibbon c 10.
^
For instance Euclid, Konon, Hero,
lonius,
Whether
character,
is
point of view.
See Juvenal in 58
125.
INTR OD UCTION.
The mere
of Alexander.
many
in
him something
in
29
so
his
him from
to distinguish
He became the
ordinary run of kings and conquerors.
of the rhetoricians.
vourite theme
Imagination revelled
^
the
fa-
in
We
inquisitive.
main
the
his
at all events
xiii
28,
de orat
11
dc
341,
fin
116,
xMayor
oil
Juv X
68,
dfOpeia,
cruxppoavi'Ti,
irpq.6Tr]s,
(vypvxia,
(pCKavdpooiria,
/xeyaXoipuxM,
6/xt\la
65,
.See
de Alex
fort
10,
eiiapp-oaros,
d\pevSh
koiv6%,
tjOos,
tw
SiKaioaiivr],
einroda, dipo^la,
ev(TTd$cia
iv
AcaXy reXecriovpyoi,
^aaiXfvs (pCKdvdpwiros,
4,
avhpayaOla,
So^ijs, irpoaipecris iv
tf>i\6cro(pos, -^ye/j-iliv
ry
Arrian vii 29
crvveais,
evriXeia, iyKpdreia,
Plutarch Alex
3 6, Straljo
4, 23.
xv
-5
61
65,
iir
I'lut
i^y.
Alex 64,
INTR OD UCTION.
so
to
be content with a
little
achievino-
life
name
'
dust'.
As
personal appearance we
to his
his
well-grown figure indicated great strength and activity
countenance was fair and ruddy, his eyes soft and pleasing.
His profile on coins and gems shews the marked prominence
;
of
all
we
often notice in
He was
men
blessed with
determined.
to
definite
Everywhere.
pariiin est
Dareiwi
quod
et
satis est, et
Indos pauper
Juvenal
X 168
est
173,
11
93
5,
13.
in
Plut Alex
Unless
Arrian VII
See Hamlet v
Curtius X 5 27.
are to believe the statement of
191
4,
we
3 quotes
some
writers
whom
hist
11
9.
INTR OD UCTION.
was
them.
It
this
in
point, is
The controversy
is
felt
in history
'
the emperor
Weissenborn thinks
TTfpt T^j'Pw/Lta'wj' Ti^X'?* chapter 13.
remark had been already made by Timagenes, and that the
retort of Livy ix 17
19 is very likely directed against this writer.
^
See Suet Jul 7, and Julian p 253 a, b.
Plutarch
that the
Taylor
in
c 9
Bias, Satlej.]
pp
131
133.
The
five
are
viil 9
II
10,
Indus.
12, 13
14
IX
10
rajas.
Great
Submission of
Craterus.
7,
4, 5
Danger
of
Ptolemy.
Ar-
fleet
in
StTirtArd's Odcci^Estnh.
CamWidge
L'niversit)^
Press.
AB INITIO CAPITIS
Sed ne otium serendis rumoribus
Indiam movit, semper
bello
quam
viii
ix.
natum
aleret,
post victoriam
in
quam
excedunt
iter
praebent.
a colore maris baud
nium ab Oriente
fluvius
in
ortis
quam
ceteri
aquas vehit
Ganges, omad
meridianam
eximius,
regionem
abhorrentes.
inde
soli
exsorbet,
parte
crebro reverberatur
sulasque molitur.
surum
in
obicit,
saxis
quoque
inpeditus, quis
amnis
intercipit, magnoque motu
influenti
os
quippe Ganges asperum
mare lomanen
colliditur
uterque
eum
magna
est,
multum
clarior.
Dyardenes minus
ceterum
quia per ultima Indiae currit
non crocodilos modo, uti Nilus, sed etiam delphinos igno-
celeber auditu
est,
flexibus
Ethimantus, crebris
gentibus beluas alit.
subinde curvatus, ab accolis rigantibus carpitur
ea causa
est,
tasque
c.
aliis
10
34
CURTI RUFI
Q.
11
emittat.
12
tus iugis
13
sed adeo in
frugibus mitia.
ilia
plaga
mundus
ita
alendis
statas tem-
porum
Indiana
14
nives
mare
causa,
horret a
certe,
ceteris.
quo adluitur, ne colore quidem abab Erythro rege inditum est nomen
:
15
16
quam
dum humanae
non
generat.
eadem
elephantorum maior
terra rhinocerotas
est vis,
quam quos
18
19
neque
alia
illis
aestimantur
libido
commercium vulgavere
vitiorum
20
aurum
magnitudo respondet.
constituit.
in exteras gentes
exaestuantis
purgamenta
ingenia
utique postquam
est,
hominum,
freti
pretio,
sicut
ubique,
quippe
quod
apud
21 illos
22
pectunt saepius,
intonsum
23
quant,
est,
reliquam
regum tamen
quam
oris
cutem ad speciem
luxuria,
quam
ca-
mentum semper
tondent,
levitatis exae-
magnificentiam
cum rex semet in
ipsi
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
VIII,
35
9.
dis- 24
lecti-
inter
quos
ramis aves pendent, quas cantu seriis rebus obstrepere
totas eas vitis
docuerunt.
regia auratas columnas habet
custodes,
auro
caelata
percurrit,
aviumque,
quarum
visu
25
26
maxima
27
venatus maximus
soleis odoribus inlinuntur pedes.
labor est inclusa vivario animalia inter vota cantusque peli-
tis
23
cum
29
ab isdem
vinum
est
haec
vitia
curam
pelices refe-
quis credat
unum
esse sapientiae?
30
usus.
agreste
31
et
32
poribus,
quae senectus
solvit,
honos
redditur:
moribus
degunt, siderum
diem credunt,
nee
illi,
motus
inquinari
qui in urbibus
scite
33
spectare
quemquam admovere
deos pu-
maxime, quas
32
vio-
3*
36
Q.
CURT! RUFI
36
37
qui spatium
35
operae videbatur.
10
Igitur
Alexandre
occurrerunt,
reguli
imperata
facturi,
gentium suarum
tertium love
ilium
erant,
sic
post se Cratero
cipit,
incensis.
cepit
ceterum,
dum
tamen oppidum,
Inde domita
turnum
frigus
urbis,
terrorem
expertae, prae-
quam
obsidebat,
et
omnibus
incolis
eius trucidatis
est.
ignobili gente
cum phalange
iussitque ad
randa
4
moenia
vehementius
ad
Nysam urbem
pervenit.
quam
alias
horrore
corpora
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRT
conceptumque ignem
donee omnia
late fudere,
lo.
37
solo acquata
sunt.
hominum
et
VIII,
ex urbe
fremitus auditus
10
aliis
inde Graeci mentiendi traxere licentiam, lovis femine Liberum patrem esse celatum.
rex situ mentis cognito ex
incolis
cum
12
13
commeatibus verticem
eius ascendit.
omnes
cum
14
15
16
deum adorantium
se rcpcnte vulgassct.
quippe velut
in
fit,
in
media pace
17
et
per herbas adgestamque frondem prostravere corpora,
rex fortuitam laetitiam non aversatus large ad epulas omnibus praebitis per x dies Libero patri operatum habuit exerci-
tum.
quis neget
eximiam
virlutis esse
chantium ululantiumque fremitu perterritus, ([uam si proeliantium clamor esset auditus. eadem felicitas ab occano
435354
18
38
CURTI RUFT
Q.
revertentes
texit.
19
est.
deseruerant incolae
20 tituta
incolentium fuga.
sedes
vocatur,
perventum
avios silvestresque
montes confugerant. ergo Acadira transit, aeque usta et desmutavit.
divisis
enim
et
in
necessitas
arma
non expectaverant hostem, omni
Ptolomaeus plurimas urbes, Alexander
pluribus
copiis
simul
locis
22
gas venit.
23
renti,
24
ad occidentem
altas
admolita natura
est, infra
quas cavernae
et
voragines
obiecta
est.
quaque desinunt,
xxxv stadium murus
urbem
humore
26
terra
27
bant
23
quidam
diluta.
et tege-
muro
sagitta
percussit.
tum
forte
in
suram
incidit
29
muros
HISTORTARUM ALEXANDRI
VIII,
ii.
30
sentire.
quae
se recepit in castra,
quam cuncta
30
ergo, sicut
imperatum
erat, alii extra urbem tecta nioliebantur ingentemque vim
materiae faciendo aggeri detrahebant, alii magnarum arborum
stipites cum ramis ac moles saxorum in cavernas deiciebant.
perspexit,
et,
obducta vulneri
cicatrice
admoveri machinas
laudatisque militibus
quibus ingens vis telorum in
praecipue rudes talium operum
31
processit
iussit, e
32
quoque muralia
et
excussas
tormentis
praegraves
hastas
tionem patebat,
ad regem descenderunt veniam petiqua inpetrata regina venit cum magno nobilium
turi.
legati
parvo
filio
33
34
35
pris-
et
datum,
nomen.
Hinc Polypercon ad urbem Noram cum cxercitu missus
inconditos oppidanos proclio vicit
intra munimcnta consecutus
urbem
in
multa ignobilia
dicionem
pulsos
redegit.
Alexandre
36
fuit
40
CURTI RUFI
Q.
erat, senior
si
quidam
peritus
pretium operae
esset,
armatis
circuitu,
6
in
est,
summa
amnis
hostem, in
summum iugum
sublime fastigium
erecta
7
fallerent
quo
evadere.
in
crescit,
subit, praealtus,
utrimque asperis
ripis
nee
ab altera parte
alia
expugnandi
vestiti
cam arborem
secutus est
9 set.
intra
inpedissent ferentes.
sagittarios
to
clivis
maxime modum
sed in metae
placebat
moUibus
et
signum tuba datum est, vir audaciae prompad corporis custodes sequi se iubet primusque
placuit: sed ut
tae conversus
invadit in rupcm.
stitit,
12
Macedonum
multorum
lap-
non
cum
vero
alieno
timendum
exitio, quid ipsis
periclitantibus
foret, admonerentur, in metum misericordia versa non exet iam eo perventum
tinctos, sed semetipsos deflebant.
:
13
sub-
niSTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
VIIT,
ii.
41
erat, unde sine pernicie nisi victores redire non possent, ingenlia saxa in subeuntes provolventibus barbaris, quis perculsi instabili et lubrico gradu praecipites recidebant.
tamen
evaserant
Alexander
et
rant
Charus,
14
sed
feriebantur,
sui et
confossus
undique obruitur.
quern ut Charus iacentem
hostem omnium praeter ultionem in-
15
16
conspexit, ruere in
procubuit exanimis.
baud
secus,
non
institere cedentibus.
desistere
ceterum Alexander
quippe
incepto
cum
statuisset
17
18
19
nulla
nam
fatigatis alios
admoveri
et
succedere.
biduum quidem ac
fiduciae modo, sed etiam victoriae, epulati sunt, tympana sue
tertia vero nocte tympanorum quidem
more pulsantes.
strepitus dcsierat audiri,
20
21
22
multique, tamquam
conposite fugientibus metum incussit
adesset hostis, per lubrica saxa perque invias cotes praecipi:
tati
integris
23
24
42
Q.
victor
25
deum
CURTI RUFT
tamen magnae
fecit,
que.
etsi
ditum
permissa.
12
xx
agmen
gravius
et
cum
quodam conperisset,
Coeno ducendum modicis itineribus
tradidit
batis, qui
Hephaestione repperit.
5
post
mortem
fuerat auctor
tum.
permissoque ut regnaret,
pare sustinuit.
ad pugnam.
g
at
Indus cognito
fecit,
iusserat, paratus
errore
iussis
Alexander quoque
cornua
Macedonum
HISTORTARUM ALEXANDRI
VIII,
12.
43
intellegi,
cum
itaque adhibito eo
exercitu totas imperii vires
dum
nus, dedit et
restituit.
regnum
10
tradidit Alexandro,
maiore militum
dit.
tas.
milites,
amnem
regnabat
13
et belli fortu-
gentis suae
12
bellanti
14
15
Lxxx
quarto die
talenta
mire laetus
dono
et,
et,
dedit.
quae
is
qua benignitate
eius Alexander
16
praeda,
quam
barbarum
obstrin.xerat, ita
amicos ipsius
vehementer
offendit.
17
e quibus
iS
44
CURTT RUFI
Q.
13
z
mandatum
fide remittuntur
ratus
erat,
ad regem. Porum
ad deditionem posse
dicioni
firmataque invicem
quoque nominis sui fama
permittebant
ad eum Cleo-
conpelli, misit
omnia
penderet et in
Porus alterum
praesto
elephantis
autem Taxili
traditis
hibiturus hostem.
Lxxx
et
ad
amnem Hydaspen
in quis
erant
per-
sagittarii,
et
peditum xxx
dictum est,
sicuti ante
esse sapientia.
Macedonas non conspectus hostium solum,
sed etiam fluminis, quod transeundum erat, magnitudo terrebat.
nil in latitudinem stadia diftusus profundo alveo et
nusquam vada
nee
re-
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
VIII,
13.
45
10
et
parvae
:2
ibi
discrimine
13
Macedonum
14
cum
modum
gloria poterant,
sed
si
umquam
amnis
eadem
erat
insula in
procul ripa,
quam
tenebat ipse,
silvestris
igitur ut a custodia
cquis viros poterat abscondere.
huius opportunitatis oculos hostiunn averteret, Ptolomaeum
iussit
agmen suum
coegit advcrtcre.
ei
parti,
18
Indos clamore
(juoque
17
fossa
cum
16
15
dum
quam
19
se petere simulabat,
46
Alexander
suum tabernaciilum
iussit
21
CUR 77 RUF7
Q.
ipsum regem
22
adiuvit,
23
illi
de
transitu.
buius consiUi
effectum
fortuna.
cella
milites
sertis.
non poterat
24
hoste
25
amne navigandura
ripam, quam caeci atque
noto
26
27
esset,
forsitan
boste
eam ipsam
at rex
inprovidi
accersens
et
ceteros
obscuritatem, quae
periculo gloriam
terrebat, suam occasionem ratus dato signo, ut omnes silentio
pcteba7it, tenente.
quam
14
petrae
fluctus
inliserat,
navi,
credebat.
mox
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
quadrigas et
111
VIII,
14.
47
dux
duos
atos,
erant ceteri,
sagittarios,
comminus proeliandum
fusus
campos
propemodum inmobiles
bant.
invectus
hostium emisit.
habenis in
malum
medium
utrisque erat:
nam
anceps id
in voragines
modo
praecipitavere curricula
vere ad
Porum
acerrime
telis
pugnam
cientem.
is,
amnem
pauci
Macedonum
et
pedites primo
impetu obterebantur etper lubrica atque invia inmissi currus
excutiebant eos, a quibus regebantur: aliorum turbati equi
non
ut dissipatos
corum
distribuit elephantos.
et
id pro cantu
tympana pulsare
Indis erat, nee strepitu eorum movebantur, olim ad notum
Herculis simulacrum agmini
sonum auribus mitigatis.
maximum
erat bellantibus inid
praeferebatur.
peditum
sagittarios
citamentum,
habe-
10
tubarum
parum-
12
48
13
CURTI RUFI
Q.
14
quanto
et
regem
meo
5
aliis
ipse praestabat.
et
periculum video,
cum
inquit, 'par
simul et
bestiis
egregiis
res est'
Antigene, et
mediam aciem
tu,
move
me
in
medio
et urgebitis frontem.
alias
magis
17
animo
intuensque Coenon, 'cum ego', inquit, 'Ptolomaeo Perdiccaque et Hephaestione comitatus in laevum
viris
16
cum
in
erat, invaserat ordines hostium, cum Coenus inlaevum cornu invehitur. phalanx quoque mediam
Indorum aciem uno impetu perrupit. at Porus, qua equitem
invehi senserat, beluas agi iussit: sed tardum et paene in-
destinatum
18
19
genti vi in
apte et
20
22
injDonunt
tum humo
arcum, baud
satis
lubrica et ob id in-
pediente conatum molientes ictus celeritate hostium occuquod fere fit, ubi turbatis
pantur. ergo spreto regis imperio
metus quam dux imperare coepit totidem erant imalius iungere aciem, alius
peratores, quot agmina errabant.
dividere, stare quidam et nonnulli circumvehi terga hostium
iubebant. nihil in medium consulebatur. Porus tamen cum
paucis, quibus metu potior fuerat pudor, coUigere dispersos,
acrius
21
commode
HISTORTARUM ALEXANDRI
obvius hosti
agi iubet.
VIIJ,
49
14.
ire pergit
magnum
23
stridor
24
persecuti beluas
in
25
26
securibus
27
28
amputare coeperunt.
29
in ipsa
ergo elcphanti vulneribus tandem fatigati suos impetu sternunt, et, qui rexerant
itaque
eos, praecipitati in terram ab ipsis obterebantur.
cum
infesti ultra
30
aciem exige-
31
nondum
rector beluae
armis vix
citat
33
donee
compotem
y^
34
50
CURTI RUFI
Q.
36
interim frater Taxilis, regis Indorum, praeniissus ab Alexandre monere coepit Porum, ne ultima experiri perseveraretdederetcjue se victori.
at
tus,
sui
exhaustae erant
'adgnosco', inquit,
excita-
regnique
proditoris': et telum,
eum
in
contorsit
37
quamquam
ille,
ad tergum.
ooepit:
deficiebat.
38 obiecit.
cognita vetabat
pedites et in
39
resistentibus
ipsum Porum
ergo
parci.
tela
undique
et
in
tandem
descendere
iussit in
instituti
40 et
ceteros
victoribus
tradidit.
iubet,
cum
rex
et,
belua
dominum
tueri et spoli-
41
suo inponere.
ergo telis undique obruitur, confossoque eo
in vehiculum Porus inponitur.
quem rex ut vidit adlevantem oculos, non odio, sed miseratione commotus, 'quae,
quam
inquit,
interrogando
sebam.
'percontaris,
fecisti.
tibi exemplum?'
at ille,
respondebo ea libertate,
neminem me
vires,
nondum
expertus tuas
sed ne sic quidem
:
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
felix
parum
sum, secundus
tibi.'
VIII, 14.
51
43
tibi
esset.'
quo
suadet,
plus
monendo
e.xpertus es,
profecit,
^4
est.
aegrum
quam si
omnium in
43
amicorum numerum
quam
tenuit.
gloriae: simplicius
in cive.
posse,
eandem
ipse vicisset.
in hoste,
quam
quippe a
suis
46
LIBER
1
Alexander,
IX.
tam mcmorabili
victoria
laetus,
qua
sibi
pecuniae
fefellerat,
numquam
4 set,
in
5
rarum
nomen
6
alibi
que
fluminis,
quod
ceterum hoc
rhinocerotes quoque,
misit poUicentes,
cui
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
Alexander nuntiari iussit,
ad eum esse venturum.
si
IX,
i.
53
silvae erant
que
et in
eximiam altitudinem
editis arboribus
plerique rami instar ingentium stipitum flexi in humum rursus, qua se curvaverant, erigebantur, adeo ut species esset
non rami
lo
umbrosae.
quippe
e
et
vim
fontibus.
solis
umbrae
levant
n
12
serpentium magna vis erat squamis fulgorem auri reddenvirus baud ullum magis noxium est: quippe morsum
tibus.
praesens mors sequebatur, donee ab incolis remedium oblatum est. hinc per deserta ventum est ad flumen Hyarotim.
iunctum
erat flumini
13
inuisi-
14
15
tela
i6
et vincula,
iussit
incidi,
saluti
lum
et
17
18
54
19
CURTI RUFI
Q-
expedita
is
ad urbem validam,
20
22
quam
alii
vulgum:
hostem
omnia deditione
esse ducebant.
sed
potiora,
dum
nihil
recipiunt.
23
21
in
incolae, duxit.
et obsi-
conloquium convocaverunt.
simulque vim commemorando ad de-
clementiam
illi
regis
ditionem
eos conpulere
domitas in fidem accepit.
Hinc
24
bari
25
26
in
regnum
ceterasque
Sopithis
credunt, sapientia
urbes
est.
perventum
excellet bonisque
non parentum
simili
mode
gens, ut bar-
moribus
regitur.
genitos liberos
arbitrio
est.
si quos
insignes aut alitjua parte membrorum inutiles
notaverunt, necari iubent.
nuptiis coeunt non genere ac
nobilitate
sed
electa
27
eadem aestimatur
28
urbem
in
liberis.
29
Indus
cum duobus
adultis
filiis
occurrit,
gemmas,
lacerti
quoque
et
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
brachia margaritis ornata erant.
insignes candore ac magnitudine
berylli distinguebant
venandum canes
cum
tur,
in
maxime
tit
et,
quidem
et
ille
31
infesti.
horum
32
sic
30
celeriter
avellere
55
pendebant ex auribus
baculum aureum
lapilli.
in ea regione sunt
talibus ministeriis,
2.
et
peret, et liberosque
IX,
iis,
qui adsueverant
inhaercntis crus
aliis
33
in
tantam
[in]
illis
venandum cupiditatem
animalibus ad
in-
equidem plura
generasse naturam memoriae proditum est.
transcribo, quam credo nam nee adfirmare sustineo, de qui-
34
Phegeus erat
qui diversam regionem subegerat, coniuncto.
gentis proximae rex: qui popularibus suis colere agros, ut
adsueverant,
iussis
occurrit,
non
3s
36
nihil,
amnem
2
3
maximum
totius Indiae
gentes Gangaridas et Prasios eorumque regem esse Aggrammen, xx milibus equitum ducentisque peditum obsidentem
vias.
ad hoc quadrigarum
terrorem
elephanios,
quos
11
iii
niilia trahere et
praecipuum
milium numerum explere
56
5
Q.
dicebat.
incredibilia regi
nam cum
6
CURTI RUFI
eo erat
omnia videbantur.
percontatur, an
igitur
Porum
rentur.
ille vires quidem gentis et regni haud falso iactari
adfirmat: ceterum, qui regnaret, non modo ignobilem esse,
sed etiam ultimae sortis: quippe patrem eius, tonsorem vix
tum
regnasset, amicitiae
locum admotum
interfecto eo
regnum
memorem.
cerat curam.
rursus
videbatur.
10
famae
avaritia
gloriae
remotum
et
insatiabilis
videri sinebat.
cupido
et inter-
frui velle,
quam adquirenda
fatigari.
orbis
12
hunc maxime
13
Tigrim
14
et
ilia
numquam ad
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
cum sit
modo
vero.
habet nominis,
moenium
quam
speciem,
operis.
quis
IX,
2.
57
Hydaspen amnem,
quis
auditu raaiora
15
cetera
quam
expectat.
quantumcumque
futurum discrimen
est
16
17
18
evadentium
in terram.
sed
omnia
19
fugam
mode
nee
stare
vidcamiis'i
ipse,
non opposuerim,
satis
quam
at
amnis
21
20
moles,
rem
cum uno
sustinebitis turbam.
Macedonum
Persarum
22
testis ^3
roboris Granicus
et Arbela, cuius
1^
Q.
58
vincendo
cum
fecistis.
CURTI RUFI
per Hellespontum navigaremus, de
paucitate nostra cogitandum fuit: nunc nos Scythae sequuntur, Bactriana auxilia praesto sunt, Dahae Sogdianique inter
25
nee tamen
nos militant,
illi
turbae confido.
vestras
manus
26
operum laborumque nostrorum, sed in exitu stamus: pervenimus ad solis ortum et oeeanum: nisi obstat ignavia,
inde victores perdomito fine terrarum revertemur in patriam.
27
mia
dives
eadem
quas
as
illud
mare
quam ad praedam.
metu omissum
relinquatis.
per
meo
30
texi,
ne
infregeritis
in
31
teiTam
demissis
capitibus
tacere
perseverarent,
quod me ne
'nescio
intucri
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
vultis.
quideni
spondet,
nemo
IX,
3.
59
nemo
re-
saltern negat,
que
ire
illis
gentibus,
perseverabo.
me
obicite
quarum nomina
sertum a vobis
sequantur
horretis.
Scythae
33
fluminibus et beluis et
Bactrianique
mecum,
3a
postulo?
ubi sunt
mori prae-
34
Stat,
ite
quam
riae aut
ne
sic
quidem 3
expectabant, ut duces
principesque ad regem perferrent, vulneribus et continuo
labore militiae fatigatos non detrectare munia, sed sustinere
ulii
non
ceterum
posse,
erant.
quoque
illi
metu
attoniti in
tibus lacrimis,
ipse quidem,
adeo ut rex
quamquam
ira
in misericordiam versa
ne
eftusius flente
Coenus ausus
est
capiti
ut
ita
causam exercitus
ageret.
animus
hortari coeperunt,
mentes:
et profecto prohibent.
idem
periclitari,
nomen.
est
6o
Q.
CURTI RUFI
fine consistimus.
in
ire et
Indiam quaeris
9 sol
victoria lustres,
videt,
est.
cultum.
quoto
in
externum degeneravimus
equum habet? iube
quam multos
quaeri,
12
13
hunc
simus.
tu
natura.
est?
is
hie
i6
murmurantium
17
dominum
suit,
vocem loquentium
audires.'
clamor undique
regem, patrem,
iamque
et
alii
et excusatio
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
IX,
61
4.
datum
est
18
19
duodecim aras ex
monumentum expeditionis suae, munimenta
die processit erigique
tertio
quadrate saxo,
quoque eastrorum
quam
iussit
miraculum praeparans.
emensus
erat, ad flumen Aeesinem
repetens, quae
ibi forte Coenus morbo extinetus est: cuius
castra.
Hine
locat
20
dies
doniam visurus
iusserat, stabat.
iam
esset.
inter
mentum equitum v
haee
in
aqua
elassis,
Memnon
quam
ex Thraeia
aedificari
21
in supple-
ab Harpalo peditum
Porum
oceanum diseordesque
et vetera 'odia 22
adfinitatem gratiae relinquit in suis regnis, summo in aedificanda elasse amborum studio usus.
oppida quoque duo
23
quorum alteram Nieaeam appellavit, alteram Bueephala, equi, quern amiserat, memoriae ac nomini dedieans
urbem,
elephantis deinde et inpedimentis terra sequi iussis
24
condidit,
secundo amne
possent.
Perventum
erat in rcgionem,
Acesini eommittitur.
in
hi
aegros
pellcs
cepisse sedem, quam ipsi obtinebant.
ferarum pro veste, elavac tela erant multaque, etiam cum
relietos
esse,
62
4
.s
Q.
CURTI RUFI
liberos
in
qua praesidium
Gangen maxima
dereliquit
iii
funditur.
10
cogitur.
11
celeritate
fluminum occupantur.
in
oculis
omnium duo
cum
et ipsa nequi-
leviora,
sunt,
ipse rex in
cor-
13
admota
est,
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
findi
dem
navis erepta,
nium vadum
aris
ergo
XXX
IX,
non tamen
cum
inliditur.
4.
6;^
quibus tan-
14
positis
sacrificioque facto
stadia processit.
Inde ventum
est in
alias
inter se
15
solitos
16
territi
Gangen amnem
non tamen
et,
finisse,
se obiectos,
ultra essent,
quae
coactum transmittere,
17
indomitis gentibus
ei
oceanum.
trahi
is
ipsos
illis
metuentibus Gangen
quam
et
20
multitudinem nationum,
peteret.
19
21
Herculis
et Liberi patris
terminos transituros
77
et
CURTI RUFI
Q.
Cv;
maxime
militaris mobili
impetu
effertur.
ita seditionis
23
24
mae Indorum
virtutis elegerant,
qui
conatus.
haud
traditur,
profugerint barbari
verunt,
quorum agmen
cepit.
26
27
Perventum deinde
erat
rex
ostendi.
periculum
'
'
si
intuens,
difFerret
quis
',
inquit,
modus ac molestus
30
respondit,
busque
censesne
arti
vitae eius
namque
is
vates
tuae intentum et
cum
'
',
inquit,
ille ita
prorsus
tantas res,
non
ceteris evadit in
non pinnae
31
'
dimentum, quam
quam
te
futurum respondisset,
pecudum
obsidionem
Demophontem
quam
tela propulsans
ex turribus petebatur.
HISTORIARUiM ALEXANDRI
nee subire milites poterant, quia superne
IX,
65
5.
telorum obrue-
ji
33
vi
bantur.
morabantur
tinando
evadere, oneravere
eertat
devoluti
nam dum
auxilia.
unicam spem
scalas
pro se quisque
non
quis
regis
sufficientibus
enim
stabat
fefellerunt
conspectu
in
iam- 5
cum
ille
rem ausus
atque inauditam
est incredibilem
cum
inmisit,
vix
pugnam
vetusta arbor
vestitos, velut
huius spatioso
et,
tela,
ne
baud
de industria
stipiti
corpus,
quae ex adverso
ingerebantur, excipiens.
peterent,
non
ramis plura
iam ingentem vim telorum exiam galeam saxa perfregerant, iam continuo
ceperat clipeo,
labore gravia genua succiderant.
itaque
incaute, qui proximi steterant, incurrerunt
contemptim et
e quibus duos
gladio
ita
excepit,
ut ante
c.
66
batur,
Q.
CURTI RUFI
namque
quo vulnere adflictus magna vi sanguinis emicante remisit arma moribundo similis adeoque resolutus, ut
infigeret.
currit.
animum
12
13
14
et
nudum
hostis
sensit, credo,
15 tigia
iam non
16
quoque,
cum
intra
Indi
17
iaculis confossus
non
se
tamen
scuto, sed
regem tuebatur
dum
18
19
est.
terruisset
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
alios,
illos incitavit.
quod
namque
murum
et,
periculi
IX,
67
5.
omnis inmemo-
20
est.
Ptolomaeum, qui postea regnavit,
adfuisse
auctor est Clitarchus et Timagenes.
pugnae
huic
parentatum
21
sed
in expeditionem,
vetusta rerum
monumenta
credulitas fuit
telo,
nee
22
23
quam
24
25
inter
medicos
artis
curationis
metuentem
et sollicitudine
*
spexerat.
quamprimum hoc
times, ne reus
inquit,
',
dolore
sis,
cum
26
rex con-
propemodum exanguem
'
quid
in ipsius
recideret eventus.
me
at 27
eum
coepit,
ut
se
evelleret: etiam
2s
offusa velut
moribundus extendi,
52
29
68
Q.
camentis
frustra inhiberent,
amicorum
oriiur,
stitit
30
CURTI RUFI
clamor simul atque ploratus
sanguis, paulatimque
animum
tandem con-
recepit et circumstantes
coepit adgnoscere.
somno
est
paulisper
adquiescere.
hinc certiorem
spem
iussit,
quantum
incolis,
sed frumento
suam
amicorum
et
principibus
is
locus et ad
et
et
ad
militum requiem,
mos erat
custodibus corporis excubare ante praetorium, quotiens adversa
hoc turn quoque more servato uniregi valitudo incidisset.
cubiculum eius
intrant,
ille sollicitus, ne quid novi
simul venerant, percontatur, num hostium
recens nuntiaretur adventus.
at Craterus, cui mandatum
versi
adferrent, quia
6
quis
fore
sed
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
offeras corpus, oblitus tot civium
enim
IX,
animas trahere
6.
69
casum?
te in
te
tibi
Persidis regno
ne admirari cjuidem
discrimen
audaciae:
quodsi adhuc de
iter est.
cum Dareo
10
praemium,
12
tionem
interceptum misericors in nos fortuna servasset. totidem prototidem desertores sumus, quot te non potuimus per-
ditores,
sequi.
lucre id,
quaeso, alio
modo
esse viles
tibi.
nemo
recusabit
patere nos,
iusseris, ibimus.
potuit.
quocumque
13
14
obscura pericula et ignobiles pugnas nobis deposcimus temetipsum ad ea serva, quae magnitudinem tuam capiunt. cito
:
quicquam indignius
eadeni fere
ubi non possit ostendi.'
Ptolomaeus et similia his ceteri. iamque confusis vocibus
est,
flentes
eum
orabant, ut
tandem
exsatiatus laudi
15
modum
grata erat
16
regi pietas
belli
'o
fidissimi
piissimique
omisistis,
meam
fuisse
17
70
i8
Q.
CURTI RUFI
19
pigri quidem
disponunt, sed unicum bonum diuturnam vitam existimantes saepe acerba mors occupat verum
sibi fata
ego, qui
20
victorias
vixi.
munera
Macedonia im-
numero,
orsus a
si
mibi
horae
statui.
transivi.
momento unius
nonum regni
bus
me
credam.
dabo nobilitatem
ignobili-
pulcbrum
23
est
ea stirpe
mum nomen
est.
genitus, ut
multam
quam
prius
quas
quanta q^era moUta est nondum feminam aequavimus gloria, et iam nos laudis satietas
di faveant, maiora adbuc restant.
sed ita nostra
cepit?
gentis redegit in
24
sum
erunt,
in
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
tutior,
quam
suorum
non
71
7.
in theatro fuit:
effugere
IX,
Philippus in
acie
25
vitavit,
valuit.
ab hoste interemptos
reputaveritis, plures a suis quam
numerabitis.
ceterum, quoniam olim rei agitatae in animo
meo nunc promendae occasio oblata est, mihi maximus labosi
26
ipse
mandasse mementote.'
Haec dum
India geruntur, Graeci milites nuper in colonias a rege deducti circa Bactra orta inter ipsos seditione
defecerant,
in
infensi,
quam metu
supplicii.
tem
inpulerant.
Athenodorus
erat princeps
aliis
Athenodorum
manare
si
daretur occasio:
ceterum
post
et
est insidiatus
ipsum conprchenderunt
protinus
placuit
necari.
iamquc
interfici,
corpori
et
Boxum.
ceterum
Bitonem etiam
tormcnla
i)er
Boxum
cruciatum
admovebantur,
cum
72
to
11
CURTI RUFI
Q.
milites incertum
ob quam causam
lymphatis
modo poena
hoc
runt,
12
est,
14
bis liberatus
cum
haec circa
primum
fidei
auctores,
non metum
dicionique permissuros:
:
quippe
deos
intactis viribus
sibi
deditionis
iugum
excipere.
milia et
15
ad
13
similes
arma discurnint.
quorum fremitu exaudito, qui torquere
Bitonem iussi erant, omisere, veriti, ne id facere tumultu-
equites imperat
et
facta,
usque
et
ob eximiam virtutem
invidi
malignique
in-
ludum
17
dem
vel
secum
ei
ferro decerneret
illius
regem
tan-
ignavia iudicatuium.
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
et a
IX,
7.
73
Dioxippo contemptim
is
exequi passus
est.
est.
erat, inter 19
Macedo
iusta ar-
suspenderat
ea ipsa res
20
21
eam
fregit.
Macedo gladium
coeperat
22
quern occupatum conplexu pedibus repente subductis Dioxippus arietavit in terram ereptoque gladio pedem
stringere
super cervicem iacenti inposuit, stipitem intentans elisurusque eo victum, ni prohibitus esset a rege. tristis spectaculi
eventus non Macedonibus modo, sed etiam Alexandro fuit,
maxime quia
barbari adfuerant
quippe celebratam Macedonurn fortitudinem ad ludibrium recidisse verebatur. hinc
23
24
Dioxippus
non potuit
ferre
litleris conscriptis,
graviter
mortem
quae
et,
cum
25
excessisset convivio,
falso
insimulatum
26
Q CURTI RUFI
74
Indorum
donis
quadriiugi equi
scuta Indica et
nitudinis
legati dimissi
et
domos
mxxx
cum
currus, quos
tigres,
domitum, lacertarum quoque ingentium pelles et dorsa testudinum. Cratero deinde imperat rex, hand procul amne, per
quem
revertuntur.
Inde Sabarcas
in naves et in fines
Mallorum
deorum exercitum
in ilhs gentibus
fiarere
clamitantes et
cum
dis
proelium inituros
hinc militum
clamor, hinc remorum pulsus variaeque nautarum voces hortantium pavidas aures inpleverant.
ergo universi ad eos,
pervenit.
nihilo
fuit,
quam
ceteris
fuerat.
itaque
9
lo
victum
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
donatus
urbi
Musicanis deinde
est finibus.
eorum praesidium
Inde Praestos,
et
in
IX,
8.
75
dicionem redactis
inposuit.
tertio die,
quam
cum
et Porticanus,
coe-
arcem
in
12
misit ad regem
confugisset, legates de condicione deditionis
cum
turres
duae
adirent
sed antequam
ingenti fragore
eum,
:
prociderant, per
quarum
ruinas
Macedones evasere
in arcem,
13
primendos missus
eundemque
Alexander
in
captum principem
gentis
quo
14
15
16
classem
in tjuo
quo-
17
is
rum
si
19
ita
eventu quoque
fuit
quipi)t'
20
11
CURTI RUFI
Q.
76
posse,
et
22 erat.
saucius,
sanguine coniunctus
sollicitudinem in se converterat.
et
23
quidam
eius ortum constabat.
que
24
25
quam
militiae
maior
erat,
pelice
modico
credebant, certe
dubitari poterat,
ob haec
tum
regi
et clarior
facili nihil
an popularibus
certe
primum
quam postea
expertus
26
iussit inferri.
tatus per
somnus.
quern ut se
ex quo exci-
in
quietem vidisse se exponit speciem draconis oblaferentis ore, quam veneni remedium esse mon-
tam herbam
27
strasset:
repperisset, adfirmans.
vulneri
28 finito
ros ut
prima spes
Hinc
in
montes profugerat.
29
JO
itaque
HTSTORTARUM ALEXANDRI
subsistere
diutius
Ibi
IX,
77
9.
coactus,
oceanum adeundique
terniinos
mundi
amnis
quam
os,
unum
cium perpetua
felicitas.
oceanum abesse
videri sibi
omnibus
votis
expetitum
obstare virtuti,
sine
orbem
illis
terrae
procedere
ab
indicant regi.
incumberent remis
nauticos coepit,
iam
laetus
ille
nihil gloriae
nihil
deesse,
vagos
illi
lectum
ceterum
tertio
die
mare
perveniri
est
scru-
quam
hortari
intel-
itaque
dio
amni sitam
leni adhuc
tum aliam insulam me-
ferme bora
erat,
cum
tertia
qui supervenit ignaris.
oceanus exaestuans invehi
stata vice
78
CURTI RUFI
Q.
vehementius
10
quam
maiore
malo
quoque tarda
dum remos
levatis navigiis
iamque
13
freti
erat,
bantur.
12
ignota vulgo
monstraque et irae deum indicia cernere videidentidem intumescens mare et in campos paulo
natura
11
pulsuin
undique ad naves
sed in tumultu
attoniti recurrunt.
est.
quidam
enavi-
gare properantes, sed non expectatis, qui simul esse debebant, clauda et inhabilia navigia languide moHebantur, aliae
pariterque
et
14
multitudo
15
et
clamor hinc
quicquam opis
16
quorum nee
navigia urgere coeperunt. crederes non unius exerduorum navale inisse certamen. in-
premebantur a sequentibus,
18
ahorum
17
erat,
numquam
etiam ad manus.
iurgantium
ira
campos
velut
insuHs
iamque
inundaverat tumuHs dumtaxat emineutibus
parvis, in
perveniebat
19
rant,
20
novus
cum subito
occupaverant undae
maior terror incutitur. reciprocari coepit
mare magno
tractu aquis in
suum fretum
recurrentibus red-
HISTORIARUM ALEXANDRI
debatque
terras
lo.
IX,
79
igitur
21
vix,
quae per-
22
quoque desperatio
invictum
in
animum
salutis
23
ad os amnis,
ut,
cum
sensissent,
24
25
quoque
et lacerata refici
praecederent.
navigia
et eversa fluctibus erigi iubet para-
26
tum
asset
esse,
media nocte,
secundo amne
processit
que
et
rediit.
in
ut
aestum occuparet,
defluxit.
cum
evectusque os
maris et locorum
dis
sacrificio
paucis navigiis
eius
:
facto
cccc stadia
praesidibus-
ad classem
27
8o
10
CURTI RUFI
Q.
est
oleum remedio
foderet,
qua
fuit.
terrestri itinere
cum
vernum
copiis substitit,
ipse
interim et urbes plerasque condidit. Nearcho atque Onesicrito nauticae rei peritis imperavit, ut vali-
tempus expectans.
dissimas
quoad
amne
navium
deducerent
in
oceanum
progressique,
vel
tuto possent, naturam maris noscerent
vel Euphrate subire eos posse, cum reverti
:
eodem
ad se
vellent.
4
5
quam emensus in
regio deserta et aquarum inops excipit.
ibi maiorem exercitus partem Hephaestioni
Oritas transit
:
tradidit,
7
regionem
ac ne
finitimis
efferavit ingenia
hirsutae et intonsae sunt,
:
lO
cum
late tenent
ferarum pellibus
mSTORIARUM ALEXANDRT
duratis et
came
IX,
8i
lo.
iluctus
eiccit:,
radices palmarum,
namque
sed
riniantes.
alimenta defecerant,
iu- 12
famem deinde
ad hoc
13
labor et aegritudo
animi vulgaverant morbos, et nee manere sine clade nee
suci,
itineris
quam
sequi poterant
gulis
ad spem
proficere credentibus,
sin-
quantum
revocati ne respicere
in
formidinem versa,
14
cadaveribus.
frustra
15
16
surdas
ipse esset,
17
misit,
qui iuberet camelis cocta cibaria adferri, aliosque finitimarum regionum praefectos certiores necessitatis suae fecit,
nee cessatum
exercitus
rerum sola
c.
est
tandem
fertilis
ab
his.
in
Cedrosiae
regio
est, in
fines perducitur.
qua
omnium
is
82
19
Q.
inilites
quiete firmaret.
CURTI RUFI
hie Leonnati litteras accepit con-
flixisse
20
21
22
morbo in Carmaniam
eius,
nuper
interierat
dum
ipse processit.
eodem honore
habuit.
cum
inde praefecti, sicut imperatum erat, equorum iumentorumque iugalium vim ingentem ex omni, quae sub imperio
erat, regione misissent, quibus deerant inpedimenta, resti-
23 tuit.
24
opulenta.
supra dictum
igitur, ut
est,
humanum
naculorum
modum
26 tiosa.
maxime decora
erant, circumpendentibus.
bat crateris
7
praegravis
incessit, parata
praeda,
si
quid
victis
HISTOJ^/ARiOr
ALEXANDRI
viri
/X,
modo
to.
S3
et sobrii vii
quoque
et
militiae
posteritas
probrum
vertit in gloriam.
nondum
satis
erat,
apparatum carnifex sequebatur: quippe satrapes Aspastes, de quo ante dictum est,
interfici iussus est: adeo nee luxuriae quicquam crudelitas
liunc
28
et praesens aetas
29
30
\'in 9
Hedicke.
10 Ethymandriis
12 niitis
10
F ^'
seminum Z
mitia
14 gerininum
baccarisque
admolita Z
24 obmolita
30 demoliebantur V
32 aclniotas F
11 8 exercitus [se] index
25 quos subire
F V
ZMF
Z
terminum
persequi
Z
2
quoque
25 adhibite
28
3 21
4 6
9
(?
misprint)
invicem
XXV
subicere
F V
navigiis
10 aestu F
15 Oxydracarum
23 ducere
ZMF
aequareque
24
26
Oxydracarum ZMF
Oxydracarum ZIM F
27 ni omitturet, at
in
P"
XXV milibus
[so
Madvig
ZMF
metu M
Sudracarum
duceret
Madvig
[so
2]
M V
MFV
Z M F V
adhibete
vol 2]
subiecere
qua nieatur
ZMF
magnitudinem corpori
invicti
niib'a
terminum persequi
quoque Z
[et]
adiutas V
exercitus index
quo subire Z F
Advers vol
14 13 magiiitudini Fori
ZMF
moliebantur
IX
Ethimantus Z
baccarisqiie [et]
1867).
aequaretque
Sudracarum
SudracaruTii
in
Advers
ZMF
V
F V
Z M F
V
V
ne committeret aut Z
F V
VARIATIONS
86
32 magnitudinem terro5 5
rum
cumcomminnsunum
6 2 perinvalido
23 Sameramis
7
Samiramis
M V
Graeci,Dioxippostudebant
F V
Z
vivos (misprint)
viros
1 1
in
inde Praestos
ittstigabat
coegit
13 [non] receperant
18 copia fertilis
F V
ZM F
Depraestos
F V
suspitio
9
10
cum unum Z
corpori invalido
F
suspicio Z
16 virium etiam regi
vis
milituni,
19 ingens
inter
erant
quos
magnitudinem Z
and Z]
non receperant Z
sola fertilis
F
of Freinsheim
[conjecture
MV
Where
difficult
Empire' by \V
Indian
first
W Hunter.
statisticians,
and
Mr Hunter
W E Heitland.
and learning.
is
model of clearness
July 1S82.]
NOTES.
BOOK
VIII,
CHAPTER
IX.
in
Indiam
irpovx^jpet
fnovif]
pare V 13
39 6, xxn
I.
Curtius speaks
2.
spedat orienter>i\ 'lies towards the East'.
from the point of view of one coming from central Asia as Alexander
did.
That the above rendering is correct seems to be shewn by vii 10
duo ad meridiejn
15 circa eatn VI oppidis 'coudendis electa sedes est,
versa, quattuor spectantia orieiiton, VIII 10 23, VI 6 23 praerupta
Pratt renders
rupes est qua spcctat occideiitoii, and other such passages.
We must remember
'slopes eastward ', but his reasons seem weak.
that the ancients knew very little of India [see Strabo xv i ^ 112],
and that Eratosthenes [in Strabo XV i 11] evidently makes the Indus
flow north and south, and places the southern angle of the rhomboid to
which he likens India a good way to the east of the northern one. See
also Arrian Indica 3.
'
in
'
'
'
88
HIST. ALEX.
CURTI RUFT
Q.
hUtim
iacentem
regionis
est,
colit
{Scytharum gens
Livy xxi 31 9.
[viii
NH
22, Pliny
4.
chap
N H
Indus'] the
i) says,
name
is
speaking of the
interesting.
districts
22
Prof
7.
Williams [Hinduism
the Indus]
their
their
first idea of India from the Persians, dropped the hard aspirate
and called the Hindus Tj/SoL" Compare the words of Pliny N H VI
This river was generally recog 71 huhis incolis Sindns appcllatus.
nized as the western boundary of India, though that name was occaSee IX 10 7 and Elphinstone appendi.v ill on the
sionally extended.
Greek accounts of India. The river and its affluents are described by
Strabo XV i 13, Arrian Indica 4 813, Pomponius Mela ill 7,
often referred to by other authors.
Pliny N H VI 71, 72, and are
Herod IV
It was regarded as the greatest of all rivers but the Ganges.
ovtos irorafxCui' irdvTuv irapi44 '\v^hv TTorap-ov, 6s KpoKoSeiXovs Se&repos
sciitit
non
mixtuin
Ilydaspen.
Xerai, Lucan III 236 vastis Indus aquis
^
Ganges]
Ganga
N H
Juvenal
usque Aurora)n et Gaiigen.
NOTES.
27]
89
a superla-
MSS
'
Megasthenes avrbv re
jO.p
/xeyav dv/crxet'' eK
t'J^v n-q'^lu.'v,
statiiii foiitis
= running
and Pliny
alii
cruDipcrc, statements
straight ahead.
Compare
inclinant'] see
anavTiS
5'
dirb
Strabo
XV
tov 'KavK&aov
ti]v
eW
oi fxef
fitarm-Bpiav rb irpwrov,
oi (Is TOV 'IvSov (rvp.^d\\ovTS, oi
5'
rd777;s Trorafxos.
6.
rubra mari\
this of
See
often in Curtius and in rhetorical or poetical writers.
III 2 9 Itidos cetcrosque riibri maris accolas, IV 12 9, VI 2 12, IX 6
20, X 10 4, Virgil Aen VIII 686 (compare 605), Horace carm I 35
So
rally.
de litore conchas
32, pseudo-Tilaullus IV 2 19 et quascu7ique niger rubra
proximus eois colligit Indus aquis. If the text be sound here, the
making both rivers (Indus and Ganges) run into the same sea is in
favour of the view put forth in a note on 2, that Curtius thought India
lie being in fact
longer from east to west than from north to south
southwards.
ignorant that there was a great tongue of land projecting
Ptolemy afterwards had the same imperfect conception.
;
7.
reverberatur\
compare ix 9
8.
up,
vitiros optatac
90
Q.
CURTT RUFI
now
HIST. ALEX.
[viir 9
N H
Acesines\
V] 63
ad
the Chenab.
69
aiiinis
'
repercussae\ see
on
13 9.
Dyardenes] cannot be identified. It is however worth comparing the report given in Strabo XV i 72 of Artemidorus' account of
the Ganges, where an obscure river-name occurs, with a description
twv be avppeovrwv els avrov Ol5dv7)v
very like that of the Dyardenes
TLvd. KoKec Tpi(peiv 8e Kai KpoKobeiXovs Kal 8e\(fHvas' Xe7ei 5^ Kai dWa
This passage has
Tivd, avyKexvp-eftas 8k koI apyuis, uv ov (ppovTLareop.
been noticed by Miitzell.
9.
MSS.
subinde\
the word.
is
spent,
used up.
is
Compare
Virgil georg
III
refers
215 carpit
'
that
is
the reason'.
The pronoun
as usual
is
attracted to
NOTES.
S-i3]
91
iam
sine
noiniiie'\
to
have a name,
^Sij avilivviia.
II. non adeo\ the theory of the construction will be best explained
by Virgil Aen XI 436, 437 non adco has cxosa mamcs Victoria fiigit zU
Here if completed it would
ianta quicquam pro spe tempt are recicse>n.
run non adeo interfluunt ut nobiles Jiant.
Compare III
interjiinint^ run through.
urbi, quam Satigariiis amnis interjluit.
12
Gordium nomen
est
cetenim] like the Greek 5' oCj', resuming the thread of narra 12.
Here we turn back to 3, since
tive after a parenthesis or digression.
which we have been dealing witli rivers.
how
atpn'lone]
this
Meadows Taylor bk
I
c
explain, though they refer
SW
Monsoon
just what
to that season.
i] is
refer to
it
in
How
supposition
rintt
which
is
if
The
MSS
Zumpt.
= for
crops'.
13.
As
'which thus
oiJTia
so ita often
'
Q.
92
stalas
IX 9
temporum
vices\'\X\& regular
changes of seasons'.
[viu 9
Compare
9. 27.
The
that
is,
iii 5 7.
satis constat
or apparct.
The
MSS
It
and Hedicke's emended reading is only accepted provisionally.
must be granted that the omission of the verb is harsh. See Tac
Germ
45,
14.
peTM
is still
which
is
no other covering'.
See below
21.
'
book
'.
that bark
16.
charta
means 'bark'
is
NH
is
aves'\
NH
NOTES.
1319]
eoh imitatrix
93
'
ah Indis.
We
digging ants, flying snakes and scorpions, griffins and other marvellous
creatures of fabulous or exaggerated powers.
See Arrian v 4 3,
Indica 1: S r
10, Strabo XV i 35, 37, 44, 69, Pomponius Mela III
xi iii, xxxin 66, vii 21
7, Pliny
30.
NH
nisi\ so
IX 9
alit
As
who seems to contradict himself in IX i 5. Elphinstone intr p 9 says that the rhinoceros is found in India but is confined
to the forests.
It would seem therefore to be indigenous.
See Aelian
hist anim XVI 20 translated by M'Crindle p 59.
only in Curtius,
17.
elcphantorti7n'\ for the use of elephants in India in ancient
times, and the method of catching and taming them etc see Strabo XV
I
41
43, Arrian Indica 13, 14, 17,
III c II p 201.
Diodorus
11
bk
size
and Diodorus.
kritus)
18.
ill
106, Strabo
xv
57, 69.
geiiimas] for the precious stones of India and their use by the
xxxvii 76 80, 84 96, 100, loi, 105, no,
natives see Pliny
Miitzell well compares
114, 115, 121, 121, 128
132, 177, 185, 200.
Strabo II 3 4 of the voyage of Eudoxus to India ir\ema.vTa 5rj fitra
Kal \idovs woXvTeXets cJi/
dufiCiiv i7rafe\6dv a.vTL<pof>Ti<T6.i.Levov dpd/xaTa
19.
Toiis fxkv
KOvffL
NH
ol
KaTa(p^pov(nv
i^
TreTnjydra^
Elphinstone intr p
{rypou
10,
Kaddtrep
Strabo
xv
to,
\f/ri(piiii>
tovs
KpvaraWiva
8'
opvKTovs
Trap'
evpicr-
See
rip-lv.
67.
margaritas] most of the pearls in the world, and all the best are
Athenaeus in 93a
taken up from beds near Ceylon'.
Elphinstone.
refers to Theoi>hrastus de lapidibus 36 which runs tuiv (nrouSal'o/j.efiov
'
5i \idtj3v i<TTl Kal 6 pLapyapir-qs KaXovp.ei'OS, diacp'xvris fi^v rfj (pvcrei, iroiovai
5' e| avTov tovs TroXureXers Spfiovs.
yiverai. Se iv ocrrpdu} rifi irapairXrialu} Ta7s wiui/ats, tptpei 5i rj re 'IvdiKT] X'^'P"- '^'^^ vrjaol npes tCov iv ry
(pvdpq..
-123,
Arrian Indica 8 9
13,
38
NH
VI
3-
compare ix 2 27.
word here stands for 'wealth'. In Pliny
means 'splendour', 'show of wealth', sed ne Taprobaue
litoribus'\
opidentiae\ the
89
it
t/nidei.
94
Q.
CURTI RUFI
HIST. ALEX.
[viii 9
plumbum
Render
NH
IX 112
123
may be
re-
ferred to.
Compare VI
sacris
we
'fashion'
libido']
NH
is
Compare with
Miitzell Pliny
XXXVII
For
20.
ingenia] their 'natures' or 'characters'. So ix 10 9.
the matter of the effect of various countries on their inhabitants see
Herod I 142, iii 106, ix 2, 122, Aristotle Pol vil 7 i 4, Cic de
deor nat li 42, Livy xxix 25, Draper's History of the American civil
war
men
215.
'
'
10.
with
quoque] goes in sense
quoque
is
common
21.
Juvenal
Gangen.
see IX
in
illos.
usque pedes]
i,
29.
carbaso] Strabo
Kal 'jLvdoat XeuKals
XV
/cat
71
cos
Kapirdaois,
d'el-rrelv,
NOTES.
19-23]
95
See
reporting the account of Klitarchus.
also Elphinstone bk iii c ii pp 201, 202 'The full dress is a long white
of
almost
close
over
the
but
in
inbody,
gown
transparent muslin,
The writer thinks however
numerable loose folds below the waist '.
that some of the dress is borrowed from the Mahometans
whether this
Pratt remarks that the Sanskrit term for
part or not he does not say.
muslins or fine calicoes is karpasi.
soleis\
slippers, covering little more than the sole of the foot.
Miitzell observes that Philostratus in Photius says that the Indians wear
But Arrian Indica 16 5 says on the authority of
vwo5rj/j.aTa Sv^Xov.
Nearchus that inrod-qfiaTa 5e Xei'koO oepfxaros (popiovai, irepiaauis koI ravra
ne^'ovas (paiuecrdai.
wealthy people.
riaKT]fxiva, Kal
to,
may
29.
lintcum
is
II XI 136 (of
Miitzell quotes Pliny
lapilH'] compare IX i 30.
the ears) nee in alia parte feminis mains iinpeudium tnargariiis depenin Oriente quidem et viris aurnm eo loci gesiare dccus existidentibus.
niatur.
Arrian Indica 16 3 says koX evdina 'Ivdol <j>opiovctv fXicpavros,
yap
Strabo
XV
59
et lacertos\
and compare ix
colunt'l
deck, dress.
propemodum
eidta
Compare
luxu viagis
29.
12 13, ix
Compare
28.
'
ad spcciein
quae quia
23.
communities
IX 8 4) of
under other
96
Q.
[viii
institutions,
ancients to
'
htxuria
still is
proverbial.
its details
24.
allows
',
by Strabo xv
'
55.
palanquin.
lecfica']
recubat]
lolls
dis/ijicta'l
= mark,
set off,
',
throw into
'.
For this use o^ distiiigtio
compare III 18 pal/am aiiro disdistincta, and below 26, 13 7, IX I
relief,
NH
invented in Spain.
quae
pretiosissimam
vcstciii
construction
is
common.
Compare V
indittus.
ijiter quos
25.
pendent^ 'among whose ranks, perched on
boughs, are birds which they have taught to interrupt business with
their cries '.
The construction is bold, but quite intelligible. The
matter may be illustrated by what Strabo XV i 69 says of the proceedings at Indian festivals Kal tiov ttolkIXwv opviuiv Kal evfpdoyywv irXijOos.
6 0 KXeiTapxos (pi)aiv a/.((xjas TfT/javi'^Xous, SevSpa KOfML^ovaas tQv ft.(yaIt will be well
\o(f)Li\Xwv, e'^ uv dwTjpTTjTai yhrj TTi6acrv/j.ei'ioi' opviijv.
also to quote here the abstract of Menu (on the king's duties) given by
NOTES.
23 -2S]
97
'.
auro caelatd\ in gold-raised work, embossed in gold. Compare Virgil Aen I 640, 641 ingcns aygenhim 7iiensis, caelalaquc in aiiro
Also the Trojan doorways Aen II 504 (thalanii)
forlia facta patrum.
barbarko pastes auro spohisque sttperbi, where to treat aiuv spoliisque as
a hendiadys is weak.
26.
27.
ctiin....pectit
'though'.
spe saiictis
tantam
atque or/iat]
Through
this sense
ceci-
ex eartun corporibiis pugnasubjunctive because past tense and in deIt will too be interesting to turn to Cic de Off ill
pendent clause.
74 where atm potest =^ having the power', and compare the parallel
si possunt and si potest in I 23, the place referred to.
Strabo XV i 55, though he does not mention the liaircapillitiii\
atqiie
is
Twv
ok
y.T]
avTT]
8'
SiaKovwu
fiepeuei
earlv
-q
/j.ia
ixlv
iarLV
r\
iirl
rds Kpiaeis, ev
ah
oirj-
bicL
redilitl
Compare Livy
VII
accounts of India.
odoribus iniinuntur\ no doubt after washing.
28.
venatusl Megasthenes is perhaps the only authority for this
statement, as he seerhs to be for that in Strabo xv i 55 rplr-q S' (^foffos)
iiri d-qpav /Sa'-xtv?} rts kvk\ijJ yvvunKuiv irepiKtxvp.iv(jiv, H^xOev 5^ tC:v dopvc.
98
Q.
(^i'jpuiv'
vapeaxoivuTai S
oSos,
t)
tw
5^
vape\6ovTi evrbs
KO}huivo((>bpoi.
[vni 9
ywaiKU>i>
KvuijyeTel S' ev
M^^X'P'
Tois vepi<f>pci-)ij.acni' dwb (3rip,aT0S ioi^evu}v [irapeaToiai, 5' ^vottXoi 5(5o ^"
Tpeis yvvacKei), tv be tois dcppaKrais drjpai^ dw' eXecpavros' al oi yvvaiKfs
fx,v
ai p.iv icf app-aTOiv ai 5 c0' 'iiriruv ai d( t.ai err e\tcpd.vTwv, (is Kal
Teuovcriv, i]aKrjpAvaL Tiavrl oTrXy.
avarpa-
See ix 8 1 1
inchtsa] followed by dative.
vivario] a royal park or forest, fenced round [it p'i<pp ay pa) and full
In VIII i 1 1
of game.
13 we have an account of a simdar enclosure
(called a. saltiis) in Sogdiana, of vast size, having walls and towers for
The beasts in it had enjoyed an
the accommodation of the hunters.
unbroken quiet for four generations before they were disturbed by
.
Alexander.
binitm cul/i/ornm'\ Zumpt remarks that distributive numerals comSee in general on the
genitive plural contracted.
question of form the well-known passage Cic. orator 155
157.
v ^^pitteos tavien haul difficile
Miitzell here well compares Pliny
NH
maiore
IX 5 9,
set aside
lowing Nearchus)
(pop4ovTi TO rb^DV,
ol
p.kv
Kal rovro
icro^uTj/ces
tu)
ttoSI
ry
ry
rrjv revprju iwl /tt^7a owiaii) aTraYayovres' 6 yap oicrros avTolaiv dXiyov dwod^wf TpiTrrix^os, oi'Se ti dvr^x^i
ro^evOlv irpbs 'lv5ou dvdpbs to^ikov, oihe dawli oiire ddpi]^ oiire et tl KapSee also Julian 205 d, Plutarch Alex 63, regum et imper
repbv eyiviTO.
apophth (No 23 of Alex) in which last there is a pretty story of an
Indian arclier who had rather have been put to death than shame his
art by trying to perform feats when out of practice: Virgil georg 11
122
125 aut qitos Oceano pivpior gerit India hicos, extremi sinus oj-bis,
vbi aera vincere siim?)ium arboris haiit uUae iactu potuere sagittae ? et
gens ilia qiiidem smiiptis non tarda pharetris.
pondere'] Livy would hardly have written such loose stuff as this :
see at least Vli 23 8, ix 19 7, xxx 10 13, also Virgil Aen ix 704
708.
29.
XoiffLv
e(7!io
etc]
Arrian Indica 17
i,
2 oxi'l^-ara
di toictl
ijl^v
ttoX-
evdaipoaiv iXetpavTes.
eari' Seiirepov 5i ripLrj irrl
SacnXiKov yap oxvpoeXe0as irap'
al
bk
TO,
rb
5k
eir'
evos 'lirirov oxiecrdat
Kap-rfKoc
Toirqi
TidpLTTira, rplrov
See also Strabo xv i 41, 43, and Curtius himself 12 S,
&Tip.ov.
''Ivboicriv
NOTES.
2831]
99
5'
dyeadai
xnro
^vyov Kal
43 seems to
mean
Kaix-rfKovi.
XV
i 55
r^ ^aaiKd 5' rj ixkv rou ffw/xaros
30. femiiiae] Strabo
Otpairela, 5:4 yvvaiKwv eariv, u:fi]TcSv /cat avTwv Trapd, tc3i' TraTipuv.
may
iraiSes.
Strabo
may manage
though they
45
(after
XLTOTTjra
TT]s
Pratt points out that the report of Megasthenes is not entitled to much
respect, and the account of imports into India given in the periphis maris
Strabo in 43 speaks of 6 /tAas
en'thi-aei confirms that of Curtius.
olvos as the cure for most of the diseases of elephants.
viero somnoque sopittcni] compare 10
dunt zirbem somtio vinoqiie sepidtani.
18, Virgil
Aen
II
265 inva-
noctuim deos\ Miitzell refers this to Indra, the god of the atmosphere.
But surely this would require noctis or nodeni regentes. Rather I fear is
the sense suggested by the context to be supported by such passages as
Cic ad Atticum i 16 5.
sapientiae] 'philosophy' as often.
31.
Scythis
an tern
quidam eortnn
iion
tit ceteris
barbaris rudis
Compare
et
vii S 9, 10
sensiis est:
incoiidifiis
i^eiis
72
loo
Q.
[vm
First, they may have mistaken (and probably did so) the
at different points of their ordained Ufa for different schools
observers.
Brahmans
men
strictly
Perhaps agreste should
(philosophers)'.
In Strabo XV i 59 we find an account of Bpaxliving in the fields '.
most of
/tai/es (Brahmans) living in a grove near their city, who directed
their austere training to the attaining a readiness for death (Trpds to
'
In 60 the
kTOi.ij.oQ6.va.Tov).
Ya.pfxa.vt's
called vXi^ioi are described as iuivTus eV Tah v\ais diro <pv\\wv Kai KapIn 63 we have the
TTwv aypiuv etc (see Arrian Indica ir 7, 8).
In 70 we are
description of the visit of Onesikritus to the ascetics.
on
Toil's
yvp.voiis dia^vjv,
to ir\eov,
KapTepiav
daKOvvras
rjv
^(papev irpoTepov
fikvois ve^pidas
quod
pronoun
32.
r}
SopKabwv dopds.
Compare iv
ocaipafe] to seize in time, hence 'anticipate'.
12 alii supplices in teiiipla confugiitnt, alii foi-ibus aeditun obseratis
occupant liberum mortis arbitriiim, V 6 7 nmlti ergo hostium nianus
Aen X 467
ai/Tov tovto t^dyetv iavrbv 5td irvpos vrjaavTa irvpdv, vwaXuKaOiaafTa ewi ttjv irvpav vcpd^paL Ke\eveiv, olkIvtitov de
KCiLeaOai, and 68 of the suicide of Calanus at Pasargadae.
aavTa ko^'
\j/dp.fvov
di Kai
pro dcdecore
'
vitae\
as a disgrace to
their life
'.
vitcLe is
an objec-
tive genitive.
rcdditur'\
'is
Compare
11 25,
and
recipil
here below.
inquinari\ the notion that the burning of a dead body defiled the
points to the fire having been looked upon as a sacred element.
But Elphinstone bk HI c ir p 206 says 'The Hindus in general burn
And there is no trace of the feeling described by Curtheir dead '.
tius in the following passage out of a hymn to Agni (ignis, the fire-god
in 3 forms, fire lightning and sun) in the Rig-veda, taken from Williams'
Hinduism c 1.
Deliver, mighty lord, thy worshippers ; purge us
fire
'
NOTES.
3i~34]
from
taint of sin
loi
burning our bodies with their load of guilt, but bearing our eternal part
on high to luminous abodes and realms of bliss for ever tliere to dwell
Bohlen {Indicn I p 147), quoted by Mutzell,
with righteous men'.
restricts the scruple to the
worshippers of Siva.
^Kaarof Kal
tpopoOvra
^v
a.5eQ>s
/jLerpluis
ei>
degunt\
sidenim
notion conveyed
Compare IX
live.
The
by
itself (as
inotiis]
Strabo
42.
is
the
ago
is
Elphinstone bk III c
fiitiira praedicere] Arrian Indica
vofiiav djKeiv.
i.
demned
oi''5e
adwoz'c'/r] that
life.
is siln.
different views
uitcrritd\
Madvig
393
this
attracted
construction
is
the
common
one.
See
c.
34.
colere\ it is most difficult to determine the precise meaning of
this word.
Perhaps it should not be taken as more tfian 'cultivate'
the use of the word in the present passage
'honour' 'value',
though
'
02
Q.
maxime
quam
siiitilis est
[viii 9 ^
3437
accommodavenint: unibi-
habitus.
among many
in or
dwelHng
Rambles and
Col Sleeman in his
See Tacitus Germ 9, 39, 43.
recollections of an Indian official', vol 11 cc 12, 13, has a description
of the extraordinary care bestowed on trees in some parts of India,
which reads as if it might be taken to imply a tree-worship. It is
known that the Hindus have sacred trees, such as the Pipal.
'
capital est] for this separate form compare viii 4 17 iiiis eiiint in
sella regis consedisse capital foret.
It occurs also in a statute-form in Cic
de legibus 11 21. Curtius seems to have taken a fancy to it as archaic.
35.
vicnses'] Bohlen quoted by Miitzell observes that the Indian
months are divided into halves of 15 days each. The name for such a
half is paksha; these as Pratt says commence with the new and full
moon respectively and are named accordingly. The year is solar.
iion lit plerique]
Curtius evidently means that their 5 day
36.
months are reckoned from half-moon, not from new to full and full to
new.
But what authority he had for this assertion is not so clear.
ct idcircd] the argument is most obscure.
What difference to the
length of the months would the difference of starting-point make ?
qui dirigunt'] this must surely mean those who measure out
being
One
probably a translation of some Greek clause beginning with oaoi..
would rather have expected diriga/it, as the relative proposition expressing the reason of the leading proposition (see Madvig 366) would
be more appropriate here.
1
'
'
haud
37.
'not at all'.
sane]
Compare
14
3,
46,
3 4
Madates erat regionis praefectus, haud sane temporum homo, Cic de off
II 5 cuius studium
qui vituperat haud sane intellego quidnavi sit quod
laudaudum putet.
'
operae]
xlix
and
convenient
'.
For
this see
He
II
preface
1283.
'
opcrae
quae longo
effata
CHAPTER
X.
J.
igitur]
'
this conjunction,
'
in
lo
NOTES.
17]
103
much
13 20, 24,
ro 14, 19.
fama
2.
This
a-U'n/m]^sed.
is
too
common
in Curtius to
need
illus-
tration.
=
He means none of the
amplius 7iemo\ no one more 'no others'.
the chiefs of small tribes.
reges, as opposed to rrgiili
Compare Livy I 10 Caenmenses Cmsparfe] a considerable part.
eiits iniiiriae pars pertinehat.
tumiJiiqiie et Atitemnates erant ad qiws
Or perhaps /ar^ may here as sometimes (see Lucretius I 617, 11 200)
mean 'half, since Arrian's words iv 22 7 are SieXco;/ rr^v crTpaTLciv.
See on 10.
aii subigendos qui] qui=eos qui.
important
3.
8 S tanta
'put together'. Miitzell compares vii
mililum rates iunctae sunt, ut intra tridtiitin ad Xil milia
itinxere']
alacritate
effectae sint.
solutae vehr\=solvi et
by the
The
participle.
phalange^
4.
and
infantry
its
for this
subdivisions
armament
P 147)-
comjiare vii
te
intuerer.
6, Indica 5 9,
79,
I04
lo
[viii
more
genitive of
{nis\
specific definition.
We
should render in
Compare
14 41.
8.
ign{\ if the true reading be not ligiiis (which the strangeness of
the expression leads us to suspect) we must suppose that the notion in
Mutzell
Curtius' mind was simply 'the more fire the more flame'.
reads igni
alito.
on
ipsos\ see
9.
i.
10.
= ii
telis.
aliis
qui.
subject.
See on
is
1 1
16,
a/zV.f]
abstinert] this
is
its
2.
14 Scytliae
1 .
nientiendi^
twit
KoXaKevSvTwv'AXi^ai'dpoi' etc.
13.
on 9
situ] see
20.
See Arrian V i 6, 2 6, 7,
generally attested.
Theophrast hist plant IV 4 i, Diodorus I 19. The ivy is said to have
been found by them in no other part of India.
hcdcra] this
14.
is
friiges\ the
speaks of
wholesome juicy
d'Xcr?;
fruits'.
Arrian V 2 4
'crop' or 'fruits' from chance seeds.
Strabo XV 1 13 wpoX Kpidal oairpia Kal d'XXot
komtoio.,
rjfxeis
Arrian V 2
See Pliny
haccaris]
laia-i]
dweipoi.
5,
Strabo
NH
XXI
XV
58
29, 30,
agrcstis\ 'wild'.
Compare IX
13.
speak of
Sd^rij.
Conington on Virgil
eel
IV
NOTES.
7 2o]
Arrian V
105
lascivia\
15.
ihovras, ola 5r] 5id fiaKpov 6(pdevTa (oii yap eluai iv Tr\ '\v5u)v X'^'p? Kiacrov
ovSi' 'ivairep avrols a.uTreXot yjaav) aTt^pavovs airovhrj drr' avrov Troirjaaadai.
Kal <rTe(paviIi(Ta<79ai ujs et^oj' (pvixvovvTa% tov Aioj'I'coV re koX tcLs iiruuv/xia^
17.
omnibus]
all
sorts qf provision.
'
Com-
Poetical again.
Virgil
Aen
61, 62.
busied.
See
operatuni\ in present signification
wQi^d is commonly used of sacrificial observances.
Madvig
146.
The
this quoque=i\\e.
glory'.
15,
IX
For
2 33,
on 9
g 30.
Aen
11
681
maims
inter
tliat
6.
Acidalius conjectured vasta as no burning had been spoken
usta]
J3ut Zumpt now observes that Arrian in the
of in the former case.
inrb
place just referred to says koX TavTrju KaraXa/j.fidvei i/j.TrcTrpi)a'/j.ivr]i>
TUV ifOlKOVVTUV Kal TOVS dvdpuiTTovs wp(vy6Ta^.
20.
For
is probably cormpt here.
securitate
'surprised' compare VI 8 21 ilium sive
atiitni sive fatigaiione resolutum somntts oppresserat : quern Alharrias
torpentcm adhuc occupat, and IX 5 2 1)elow.
oinni\ 'of every kind'
Conipare IV i 10 coloniasque Graecorum
oppressi] that is incolae.
the
word ^//;rj=
io6
CURTI RUFI
Q.
HIST. ALEX.
ilia qiwqiie
[viii
lo
victor inlra-
%ii.
C/ioaspe] probably the same river is meant as that called
Whatever the river may be, it seems to have
X61?? in Arrian IV 23 2.
been an affluent of the Cabul river {Kw<p-qv) in Arrian iv 22 5, v i
'...
til
obstdionc]
comparevi 6
25 in
qtwnim
etc.
Ba^'-tpa (iv
now
But
Mazagas'\ Curtius seems to treat this as the name of a tribe.
Arrian iv 26 i calls the town Md(T(ra7a and the people (iv 25 5)
St Martin, quoted by M'Crindle p 152, identifies them
'Atro-aKT/m.
with the Afghans. Slrabo XV i 27 says et^' ^ kaaiXKavov (xojpa). &tvov
Ma(To>a TToXis, t6 ^affiXiiov ttjs x'^po-^- The names seem to be all connected, and the forms in which they appear in various texts are by no
means certain. General Cunningham places the town somewhere by
Nanglora. For ad Mazagas see on ix 4 23.
^
matci-\
23.
The
turrem
'work',
that
is,
'art'.
Compare
24 opcris, and in
spcctati see
24.
on 9
fneridit-]
2.
see on 9 5.
Compare
11 7, 14 4, 8, Catullus
XVII 26.
genitive
of quality.
Compare
iv
ninros
ingentis
operis.
way
saxo]
compare the
criido latere^
^^
NOTES.
2029]
107
u(]
=the
irrjXbs
mentioned by Arrian.
both durior and
26.
fragilis.
consideret^
settle
down,
sink.
Compare
Virgil
Aen
624, ix 145.
11
inpositae etc] 'strong beams had been placed upon it, and on them
floors had been laid covering the walls and affording a passage along
this arrangement M'as to prevent the upper part of the
them'.
and we can
wall from settling down is a mystery as the text stands
only suppose that {a) Curtius has not understood his authorities, or {b)
has left out some important steps in the description, or (c) that the text
is mutilated so as to conceal his real meaning.
How
27.
here
consilii i/iccrfinn]
See Kennedy
respect.
173 D,
we have
3 ^8.
aggei-e] with a bank or mole, as he had done on a grander scale at
the siege of Tyre.
aliter'] 'otherwise' than by filling up the hollows in the manner just
spoken
of.
Compare
perctissit\ Arrian IV
acpvpbv ov xciXeTTios.
7.
26 4 says
Toi,<iviLrai
fxev cltto
tov reixovs is rb
we
see that
foot,
which
is
also
pare IX
7 18
his
mind
Com-
loriis
V 340.
io8
Q.
[viii
lo
29 36
a
aegri\ 'weak', the set epithet of inortales in Virgil and Lucretius,
rendering of the Homeric 5etXo7<rt ^poro'ici, meant to contrast man's
weakness with divine strength. See Conington on Virgil georg i 257.
vitid\ the physical flaws or defects from which the divine nature is
presumed to be free.
30. ante quam perspcxii\
MSS
we have kept
gium
extaret,
Tacitus ann
39, hist II
For
22, Livy ix 3, xxv 36.
at the siege of Tyre magna
mole made
vis
Madvig
415.
cum
See ir 8.
ramisl 'boughs and all'.
moles saxorzcm'] 'masses of rocks' that is, 'great
Compare corporiun 7?ioles in 13 10, IX 2 21.
de
solid boulders'.
Mayor on Cic
philippic
no.
machinas'] Arrian IV 26
5.
32.
works'.
Comjjare
bk I c 2 p 26) 'In
a match for 10,000
of defence : a siege
Curtius.
MSS give audi/as, some having also the marginal corwhich Vogel adopts rightly, it seems.
negabant .mortalibus'] this is quite in Curtius' rhetorical manner,
and need not be treated as bearing any direct relation to fact.
adiidas'] the
rection adiutas,
.
33.
inde] ab arce.
34.
patens']
II
et
auro.
est] 'in fact he addressed her as "queen".'
ap35. quippe
pellata est implies ab Aleji.andro in the same way as inpdravit above
does.
NOTES.
ri^i 4]
ccrte] at all
36.
events,
qiioqiic,
109
'
(as
his
'
also.
CHAPTER XL
Noraiii^ this name is thought to stand for the same place as
that called by Arrian iv 27 79 ret 'ft/ia. But it is to be noted that
the attacking force is there commanded by Alexander himself.
I.
incondi(os\
5ccutiis\
'undisciplined'.
Arrian IV 27
c)
Compare IX
e^6t)s e| eipodov
i6, 2 22.
wpoa^aKixiv
roh TeixfCL
tjJs
TroXews eKpa.T-qae.
petram^ this word borrowed from the Greek is used by Curtius not
only often in this book but in other parts of his history, where it is as
hard as here to see why he did not use ritpes. Pliny also uses the word.
glance at Lucan Vi 16 will shew how the word petra came to mean
Perstronghold ', and then became in various places a proper name.
haps this may give the real reason for Curtius' preference of the word ;
we might even render 'stronghold '. See Thirlwall c 52 (vol vi p 300).
A
'
this place is
'
^aXilv
2,
icpaaav top
HpaKK^a
who
says just
an earthquake.
= seized
occupavc;ri(ii/]
in time, before
See on 9 32.
coacOtw] that
abruptness.
3.
inopem
si pretiuvi
is
eiim.
See 10
10,
consilii]
operae
csset\
if
is
remarkable
for its
'=
'if it
his while
'.
Compare 9
19-
no
Q.
5.
CURTI RUFI
n'raiitji]
HIST. ALEX.
[viii ti
Compare ix
iletour.
Hfalh'rcnt\
6.
crescit\
modum
metae in
erecta
space
'==
'
taper
off'.
7.
eluvies'\ this word is used by Curtius here and in V 4 26, VI 4
It is
20 to denote a gully formed by the erosive action of a stream.
tlierefore the exact equivalent of xa.pa.hpa.
ad tnaminiX compare ix 3
8.
truncam ardorem] compare VI 9
14.
capite,
'
eagerness'.
stration or
'
9.
'
Compare ix 2
way of shewing
septimum
(pdpayya Kai
TTju
30, 6
17
m(//(7;/^
=' demon-
r^s
pi(;av
where
'.
Diodorus XVII 85
etc]
r-qv
7r/)0(T/3oXds voiOLifievoi.
that
per ardua niti\ 'to struggle up the steep'. Compare VII 11 \6 per
aspera nisis duriora restabant, et crescere altitudo peti-ae videbatiir,
Horace carm li 19 21.
iuvencs proinptissintos] compare 13 14, and below i7'
ex sna cohorte\ that is, from the regia cohors of pages or gentlemen in
immediate attendance on the king. Curtius viii 6 6 says of this body
hacc cohors vehit seminarium ducitm praefcctorumque apiid Macedonas
fuit: /line habtiere posteri reges, quorum stirpibus post multas aetates
Romani opes adcmerimt. See Thirlwall cc 48, 52 (vol VI pp 149, 315).
NOTES.
5 19]
Ill
pp
304, 305).
aitdaciae promptae'] see a like passage IX 6 10.
for these was aioiJLaTO(pi''\aKes.
corporis cnstodes^ the Greek name
There seem to have been two sorts of them (i) a small picked body of
distinguished officers who formed a kind of Staff attached to the king's
II.
z'ir
person, and (2) a larger body of Macedonian youths of high family who
formed the regia cohors of bodyguards and attendants. See Arrian VI
28 4, Curtius IX 6 4, 8 23, 10 26, viil 6 21, 22, and 26.
relictisqtte']
Compare
14 35.
exeiHplum.
'
at first then the barbarians
14.
snperne etc] Diodorus XVII 85
being on higher ground had the advantage and killed many of those who
came
16.
18.
and seems
iticesserent']
so IX 5
For
8.
The
intrepidi\ not in a hurry, cool.
not to be used by Curtius elsewhere.
word
is
somewhat
rare,
See Madvig
389 obs
3.
surretuler.
was pushed on with unflagging vigour, made proposals
This was merely a ruse in order to gain time for a retreat under cover of
Alexander discovered their purpose, left open a way for them to
night.
below by Curescape, and fell upon them in their retreat, as described
tius.
See Thirlwall c 53 (vol vii p 10).
sub conveys the notion of
succedere] to take the place of, relieve '.
for a
'
'
to the help
Otto,
'.
Compare
as in virovpyelv, tnrijpeTi]^
So
in
Greek
1T2
Q.
[viii
22.
Balacro]
or twice by Arrian as
'
23.
adessc(\
commanding
24.
Miitzell.
22 25
'.
'
viiikair^ hurt,
1 1
meutioncd once
the d^-oi'ricrraL
The word
is
Arrian
Kprj/xi^uii'
sn^'s (iv
30
piipavrei
4)
(KJiCts
is
speciemi
We
this
word
is
Zumpt
iiiagnam victoriain.
25.
qJio\ that is, itinere.
tion see note on ix 10 i.
He
refers to 5 aliove.
For construc-
Tcts u}po\oy7]ixivas
CHAPTER
XII.
Echolimi-iX
Foss.
The
inpuuitatei)i\
rrjv Kff>a\riu
in II
castris'\
arising
pAvov....
that
it
NOTES.
i2i 9]
was
11,3
which the great and wcallhy city Taxila was the cni>ital.
It is strange tliat Curtius should make no mention of this
place, \\hich
struck the Greek observers so forcibly as a city both populous and wellordered.
See vStrabo xv r 17, 28, 61, 62, Arrian v 3 6, 8 2, vil
2 2.
See the interesting remarks of General Cunningham on this
He shews that jo years after Alexander's visit it was very
place.
wealthy, and that it remained great down to comparatively recent times.
He finds its site near Kalaka Serai.
that of
The preceding
quoqiie merely
t\\\-
Mutzell
6. permissoqne\ this is undoubtedly the right reading.
well cites Livy VI 25 peimissoque ut ex coUegis optaret quern vellet,
XXXVIII 10 permissoque ut et Rhodii et Athenicnses deprccatores v-eat.
IX
34, 10 15.
i//Iius]
Madvig
common.
'
make up
his
'
to.
oi'/c
Compare
eTdXfiyjae.
90, 3.
experiirtur]
'make
trial
of
the
good
Alexander.
That is, put himself in the hands
See 9, 10. Yox fidem see ix i 23,
rity of.
7.
mind
7 13, 14.
at short intervals.
See 14
13.
i/>se
concitat equum']
Diodorus says
ai'ros 5e ixar
dXlyuv
trpo-
tirirevffai.
9.
vel...ver\ vel, probably an old imperative of volo, is used in stating such alternatives as the present where the distinction is not the point
Here it is especially suitable, since j?w...j/w has
forcibly insisted on.
may render vel here perhaps 'or 'it might
just been used above.
be '.
See Madvig 436, and compare above III i 18 (of the Gordian
knot) gladioque ruptis omnibus loris oraculi sortctn vel elusit vel iiiiplevit,
below IX 5 27, Cic in Catil II i.
We
c.
'
quod
sense
Q.
114
is
posset inteUegt\
the same as if
364 obs.
far as
'
expression
conseri] joined.
that
Connected with
'.
That
is,
potiiit.
'.
The
See Madvig
vo/o.
10.
[viii 12
2.
vultu']
eo\
'so
gloriae militantem']
namely an interpreter.
fame \ See Tac
fighting for
word
igpecom
inagnitudiinsl
Pliny
NH
is
VII 21
maxima
in
India gignunttir
animalia.
aa-eptui?i\
See
'acceptable'.
i 18 ininctum.
Mayor on Cic
philippic
li
32, 65,
and compare IX
1 2.
agriailtores an niilitcs'] this question must have been suggested
by the division of the Hindus into classes or castes, which was soon
found out by the Greeks, and of which the -yeiap-yol and iroXefnaTal
formed two important divisions. See below IX i 36, Strabo XV i
40, 47, Arrian Indica 11 s 9> 10 'next to these in the second place
come the farmers {yeupyol) who are the most numerous class among the
Indians these have no martial weapons and take no thought for the
works of war, but till the gi'ound and they pay thdr tributes to the
:
And in case of
kings or the independent states as the case may be.
a war among the Indians, neither party may lay hands upon the tillers
of the land or ravage the land itself but the soldiers are warring and
hard by are ploughing
slaughtering one another while they (the farmers)
or gathering the vintage or pruning the vines or reaping the corn undisFor the Greek accounts of the classes in general
turbed ', 12 2
4.
(which Curlius has strangely omitted to notice above), and their mistakes, see Elphinstone appendix in.
:
Ritter,
cities.
14.
back his
capital
him
kingdom
name of the
name Taxiles
NOTES.
g9-i8]
The
ns
while Arrian and Diodoras call their king 'iilovaiKavos. See Strabo xv
=
=
I 36
(speaking of naXi73o9pa Pataliputra Patna) tov 8i ^aaiXevovra
15.
We
igilu)-] carries
raXaira
that
signati] stamped,
is,
coined.
See on 10
i.
es diaKOcria.
'
foreign dress.
sic7tt .ita\ this is one of tlie Latin equivalents for the Greek
17.
p.lv..M, and should be rendered by simply putting 'while' with the
former of the two verbs.
Compare III 11 16 of Hephaestion et sicitt
aelate par erat regi ita corporis habiiu praestabat.
.
'
occidissel] viii
'
during
',
see
Kennedy
72, 3 a 4.
51.
^x^^'^'-" f''^''"')
ira III 30 3
ejiist
(title
2 57
ab
Jinem).
8-
initio
59,
ad
it6
(2-
CURTI RUFI
CHAPTER
I.
Ahisarae\
Arrian V 8 3
HIST. ALEX.
[viii
13
XIII.
r\Kov he
(vravOa
rrap'
viandafum'] by Abisares.
2.
Compare IX
stipcndiuni'] tribute.
snoniin finiiini']
order of the words
was not to cross his
Miitzell in a long
is chosen so as to
own
14, 7 14,
Livy
li
9.
frontier.
'his sovereign'.
praesto
esset\
more
'
strictly
the second
',
as the explanatory
2 24.
3.
quippe etc] an explanatory clause, suggested
advcrsiis Indos just above.
by the emphatic
above.
reguld] refers to the obscure Samaxus (or Gamaxus)
simple ablative with prohibere comes again X 3
In IX 3 5 we have
5 qimm postero die prohihiti aditii regis essent.
the more common construction. Arrian V 8 4 says ^yi/w^ws dpyeiv rod
4.
5.
transilii\ the
wdpov avTov
T]
TrspwvTi. eiriTldeaOai.
an(e\ 9 28.
apte\ readily, conveniently.
7.
par
corporis'l
Compare
Miitzell
14 19.
cor-
poris
et
'
'
46the
8. fliiniinis magnifudo'] the size of the river would depend on
Arrian V 9 4 says that when Alexander and Porus
season of the year.
In
faced one another on the Hydaspes it was just the summer solstice.
in the Athenian month Munychion.
19 3 he places the battle with Porus
One of these two statements must be wrong. Probably the former is,
for he says in the same place that it was precisely at the time of the
solstice that the rivers would be at their highest, both on account of the
Monsoon).
melting of moimtain-snows and of the rains (of the S
Now Aristobulus in Strabo XV i 17 while agreeing in the statement as
that
in
the
rivers
of
the
summer, says
to the fullness
they did not
till
the
march from
the
Hydaspes
to the
NOTES.
i lo]
117
Hypanis and back again (koI iTreiSrj Kara^aaiv iirl rhv 'Tddavqi' Kal
viK7]<TaaL Hwpov 656s ^v eVi rof "Tiraviv Trpos iij KCLnecdev iirl rov 'TddaTrrjv
It would seem then
7ra.\iv, xjecdaL (xvvex^w not fj.a\icrTa tois err;crtais).
that Alexander reached the Hydaspes early in May and crossed the river
and defeated Porus about the middle of that month (end of Munychion).
As Miitzell remarks, the accounts of modem travellers shew that the
river could then be crossed ; a month later it would hardly be possible.
It seems then that Curtius speaks of the greatness of the river more as
a rhetorician than as an historian, though the width assigned (about
i mile) is no great distance and hardly if at all exaggerated.
not diffitsum, for though he has spoken oijluiiicji above
diffits2is\
he is really thinking of Hydaspes. So in 14 40 we have co though
beliia has gone before, for he is thinking of elephanttis. Zumpt.
The
personification of the river in this passage suits well with this view.
aperi^nte] compare IV 9 21 tandem qua Icniore tractu amnis aperit
vadum
emersere,
"\^irgil
Aen
107.
10.
^^]
'
',
accusative in Greek.
Compare ix
6,
17stdgnaiitiiiml
Miitzell
remarks that
Compare ix
this
word
(see
on 9
7)
is
not
2 12.
^/z = throttled,
compare ix 2
The sense is well illustrated by
17, and generally IX 2 21, 7 22.
Pomponius Mela III 5 of the Araxes. Miitzell remarks that the name
arrowof this river in Sanskrit is Vitasta [Hydaspt's), which means
torretis
squeezed.
elisus'\
'boiling and compressed'.
For the use of the word in speaking of a
et
river
'
swift'.
occulta saxd\ this mention of hidden rocks in the bed of the Hydaspes has led some observers to fix the point of Alexander's passage some-
more than
'
'
lerram pn-aeceps
^
made
subit,
Miitzell refers to IV 13 5
vastorum']
to attribute to the Scythians and Bactrians
10.
magnitudinem
inritatae\
corportitn.
by
where Parmenio is
eximiam vastorum
their drivers.
aures fatigabant'\
below in IX 10 16.
poetical,
and
u.icd
in
ii8
CURTT RUFI
Q.
HIST. ALEX.
[viii
13
II.
se experta\
h!7tc\
The
could bear.
10.
II 5
iiiproviso\ see
on ix
1 13.
We
have accepted
See IX 9 13.
inhabiks] awkward, unliandy.
this conjecture of Miitzell in preference to the old reading instahilcs.
latter
would
have
suited
well
with
rates
had
these
been
rafts.
But
The
that boats or ships are meant is shev.'n by 26, 27. Probably the boats
Arrian V 7 thinks that the
referred to in 10 2, 3, 12 4 are meant.
Indus had been crossed by a bridge of boats used as ]ionloons. In 12
4 he says that the boats taken to pieces had been brought to the Hydaspes and put together.
General Cunningham in his plan of the river by
12.
insjtlae]
Jalalpur shevi's plenty such.
evcntum'\ 'by the decision of small affairs were gauging
faix'iie
the issue of the final struggle'.
Compare IV 16 2S magno coiisilio
iactiiram sarciftarum impediinejitorwnqiie contempsit, quiim in ipsa acie
siimmae rei viderd esse discri?/h'n : diibioqiie adiiiic piignae eventic pro
victore se gessii, and 14 i below.
See Tac hist 11 35.
13.
perpettia\
compare ix 9
2.
14.
freqiiens
15.
poteraiit,
hostis']
si
the
enemy
invcniretX
in
see
crowds
crcscit
audacia experi-
'.
Madvig
348
e,
Kennedy
214, 3.
it'ineriias felix']
supei-venientesl those
on their own side.
to maintain the
fight
enavera7i(\
had reached
(the island)
by swimming.
See on ix 9
18.
= prepares
dolum
as
intendit'\
trap,
TOLOfSe.
Arrian
ii
2iJ
NOTES.
remarkable bend
this
was
itself
119
overgrown
of trees, and
untrodden and
lay an island in the river, a wooded
When he observed this island opposite the bluff, two
to take
decided
he
wootled spots suited to cover the attempt at crossing,
the bluff and the island were distant as
his army over this way.
ovet against
it
solitary place.
Now
much
as 150 stadia
iegcudis etc]
compare
7532
'.
silvcstre iter
erat.
fossa\
Virgil
(jiie
Aen
Xl 522
est ciiit'o
dolts.
3.
The
construction
is
common
in silver-age Latin.
'
convenient place ', the abstract having passed
i8. opportiotitatis]
into concrete signification, as in ninny other words, for instance ceiiatio,
ambulatio, pensio.
See on ix
2 10.
(i'X
(iri
omnibus
obeqtiitare\ that
is,
See on 10
hosiibus.
6.
'
making pretence of attempting the passage, guasi and
quasi\
used thus by writers of the Silver Age. Comtamqiia7n are continually
'
pare IX 7 2^.
19.
ei parti] ripae.
advertere\
Compare
Virgil
Aen
iam
That
this
'
Britain
and Gaul).
I20
Q.
[viii
13
21 26
likely, for
to take
XXII II
'
9.
averso
'
171
eos\
'
tliose
who were
is,
to
with Ptolemy.
them
'.
24.
25.
terruisset]
compare ix
5 19.
second
the former
is
occasio7ie77i
rati.
nm
expelli\ to be
irpuiTos aiirbs e/c/3ds.
aground.
Compare ix
4 11.
Arrian v 13
CHAPTEli XIV.
Curtius passes on to describe the battle itself, as though after once
reaching shore and disembarking his men Alexander had had no further
But we learn from Arrian, who is manifestly better informed,
difficulty.
that on disembarking his men Alexander found that they had not
reached the river-bank but only a large island. The channel between
this and the bank was not usually deep, but the rain of tlie preceding
He goes
night made it very hard to find the ford in the early morning.
on (v 13 3) ws 5^ ilevpedrj ttots 6 iropos, riye Kar' avrov xaXeTcJs' yf yap
rdp
p-ev ire^idv virep tovs paarovs to iJdcop tvairep to paOvraTov avrov' tiZv
S^ iinrcov ocrov ras KecpaXds virepLax^'-v tov voTapov.
Either then Curtius
did not find this important point noticed in his authorities, or he passed
it over as not
being strilcing enough to give opportunity for a fine
The latter view is in itself the less probable, and
descriptive passage.
the silence of Diodorus, who seems to have followed much the same
authorities as Curtius, gives great probability to the former.
The
account given in Plutarch Alex 60 is nearer that of Arrian, but would be
cf little use if the other versions had not survived.
g I.
ripa7n'\
i).
See 12
13, ix
7.
1 4 ^ I
Diodorus xvii
Arrian v 20
2.
I
90 mentions
87,
121
''Efj.^laapos
as an
ally of Porus.
See
5, 6.
liqiiidiore\
ventm ut
georg
NOTES.
1]
liqiiidior
lux appantit
404.
Hages
by
we cannot
tell.
XV
i 52 says Svo 5' dffiv eirl ry apixan irapaMiitzell thinks that the numbers given in Curtius may be reconciled with the above by supposing that this arrangement was a special one, due to the terror inspired by Alexander.
pdrai
3.
ry ^"toxy.
haud saijc]
4.
Strabo
seiios]
Trpbs
vix
see
on 9
tillus] see
37.
Madvig
494.
itihtvie ac voragiiiibtis\
shrmid] Arrian V 15
5.
Tj a^0' avTov iTTiriiJ.
et
Scythae
Dahae]
speech IX 2 24.
emisif] 'launched'.
evravda
dr]
o^e'ws iirtireffuv
avroU |lV
pugna
illud] eKitvo,
7.
se
what follows
a77ceps
'.
That
is, it
The
9.
exactt] driven
pugnam
off,
that
ciente?>i\ poetical
is,
and
Compare
who
30.
ander's cavalry at
10.
all
points
'.
mitigatis']
tamed, hence
'
accustomed
'
',
deadened
'.
Herctdis]
See IX 4
2.
12
Q.
[viii
14
m.
incitameniumi
Compare IX
Germ
flagitiu7n\ Tacitus
Germ
5 6, Tacitus
7.
Hercules, of course.
12.
illo hostc\
13.
tiirriuni\ see
on \z
7.
'had surpassed'.
excesserat\
is
gant.
'
foymani\
word
in Cic
outline
de Off
',
hence
'
conception
'.
Compare
\^forinam et tamquani faciem honesti the outline and so to speak the shape of moral goodness
103 officii formam
the outline of duty'.
Here it seems to mean standard '.
i
',
'
'
For
qtiantd] not qtianium, for the idea of praestare includes only the
excess of one thing over others, not that of general comparison of size.
This is also marked by the construction after it (aliis not inter alios).
aliis\ homitiibus.
in
feel
15.
comitatus'] the past participles of many deponent verbs are
used also in a passive signification by good writers.
See Madvig 153,
and compare X 8 3 sedecim oimiino pueris regiae cohortis comitatus.
and meet him. They tried to execute this movement, but had not time;
and while they were in the confusion thus brought about Coenus fell
upon what had been their front but was now their disordered flank.
Whether the Indian horse from their right wing was brought over to
succour that on their left or not does not affect the probable position
NOTES.
112 2]
The one
of Coeniis.
123
way
opportunely.
iTTTrevo'Li'
think
is
it
removed.
See
hastae\ the Macedonian udptaa was over 20 feet long.
Li\T IX 19 7, XXXVII 42 4, Polybius xviii i(), Lucan x
47, 48, Thirlwall c 48 (vol vi p 147K
They seem to have been somewhat like the long pikes of the Scotch Borderers described by Scott.
16.
IX
7 19,
to
damage
anceps]
17.
their
laevum
cornii\ that
is,
left.
18.
tuio inipetjc\
88.
qita...iiissit\
avreirriyov ttj
For the matter see on 9 28, and comsays of the Karduchi in anab iv 2 28 dpcaroi oi
Kal TO^Wai -ijcrav {oi KapSoi'Xoi)' elxov 5^ ro^a 771)5 rptiriixVi ^d d^ ro^ev/xara irXeou rj oLTr-qxv' (IXkov 5k rds vtvpdi oirore ro^evoiei' irpbs to Karu]
TOO t6!;0V Tip dpiuTepiii TTOOl Trpoa^alvovTES.
rd 6e ro^fv/Lara excipet 5id
Twv daTridwu Kai oid tCov ffupaKwv. Schneider thinks that crossbows are
there meant, but this view is probably wrong.
19.
pare what
statuerent'\ 'rested'.
Xenophon
to
deliver.
Compare
IX
10
19,
Virgil georg
iiirbatis]
Tapaxvs ok ttoWtjs
in medium] compare IX
in medium et rebus succurrite fessis.
21.
22.
obviiis...it{bel\
fasti
yevoixef-qs, says
21, Virgil
Diodorus.
Aen
XI 335 considite
effort of
Porus to
G CURT! RUFI
124
HIST. ALEX.
[vin r4
his 40 remaining
23.
pavidtuji]
Compare Tacitus
hist.
11
68
[Viiellitis)
ad omnes
%7isp{(io7ies pavidtis.
ad omnia]
well
known
so
we
The
elephants were
24.
above on
who would
advance or
We
27. facies\
Compare the passage
Tacitus Agr 36, hist il 89.
10, 8 5.
'trunk'.
vianu]
quoted on 11
li
122.
12, also
Lucretius
II
IX 7
537,
1303 28.
in niJiltitm diei\
copidas] choppers,
root as kotttco.
29.
from same
Madvig
285 b obs
something
i.
like a
Goorka
knife.
kottIs
timor] this, remarks Zumpt, must be the fear in which the Macedonian soldiers stood of the elephants. This fear stimulated their ingenuity and ferocity, so that the elephants that fell in the battle were
destroyed with a spiteful barbarity worth special notice. novi= unheard
of,
horrible.
oniittebat\ for the sense generally compare Tacitus Agr. \(>ncc tiUum
in barbaris saevitiae genus omisit ira et victoria.
30.
ergo...obterebantur\ Diodorus XVII 88 Atera 5^ ravra ti2v
avvaKovTiiopLei'wu Kai did t6 ttXtjOos rwv rpavfxdrwv irepiijoSvvoiv
^Lvop-ivuv, ol p.ev TrepijUfjirjKOTes avTOis 'lv5oi Kpareiv TTJi op/xijs tujv fwcoj*
ovK iffxvov eKvevovTo. ydp eh roiis Idiovs tols opfxoLS dKaTaffx^Tws (ppeTo
dripiwv
ad
= 'ljy
ipsis] that
their
dpitati.
own
is,
beasts'.
The
7 5, 6.
qieos rexerant,
NOTES.
2238]
i/aqiic']
having, that
is,
is,
now no
125
drivers.
Arrian
31.
expositus]
compare IX
5 9.
petcbatur] Diodorus says that Alexander ordered the bowmen and light
Miitzell observes that this
troops to single out Porus and shoot at him.
is
probably only a distorted version of the movement described by
For the words compare ix 4 31.
Curtius above in 24.
33.
drooping.
fliieniibiis\
Compare
Virgil
Aen X S28
r//t7;-(7;
compare
Aen X
893.
V 18 6, 7 says that Taxiles himself
was sent, and then other and more acceptable messengers.
effiiso]
Zfi-
frater
Virgil
Taxilis] Arrian
The verb is
prodHoris'\ 'who gave up' his throne and kingdom.
similarly used in Terence hautont 479, 480 prius proditiirum te tuam
vitam
et prius
quod
iii!!t!ii\
had
fallen or slipped
by speedy
flight.
37.
I
16
I,
We
III
exceperat] this
sistit fugani\
is
stays
Arrian V 18
Compare Livy
He
had
part, sec
4.
38.
trusted.
12 6
Q.
39.
spoUari
40.
aim
[viii
3 9
-46
instiluti\ 'trained'.
bebia
iicbef]
.inponcre'\
this beast.
hold of a still
Strabo XV i 42
ev rots
says of trained battle elephants oi oe koX i^alfiovs tovs iji^ioxovs
ayuxn weaoPTas a.i'eXofJ.fi'oi. aJo^'ovcrLV e:; ttjs /oax'js, rovs 5^ vwoovi'Tas ^era^i)
TiZf irpojdidiv TTohuiv vwepiiaxoiJ-evoi
41.
found in
iiialiuii]
tliis
oUawaav.
interjection,
common
Cicero.
in the
comic poets,
is
also
quadam Alcxandrum filiitm Pkilippiis accusat quod largitioiie bcncvolentiam Macedonum consectetiir.
'quae te, malum' inquit ratio in islam
^
spem induxil
itt
See on 10
is
exemphim.
7 ignis.
fecistil
42.
licenliam etc.
granted, given.
copiam polcstalcm
ander
how he would
moral.
44.
common.
45.
l/j.-n-vovs
some
The word
wv
Brahman
of the
5k
is
very
ITcI-oos
probably to
doctors.
'\vbi2i> ediOKe
46.
sential or
more permanent
and
quality than a regard for true merit
renown'.
See on ix
ex
2 i^
solido.
simplicius...in eive]
an enemy than in a subject'.
26.
destniil unbuilt, pulled
down.
mimquam
simplieiter indulgel,
IX
N0 7ES.
1-6]
127
CHAPTER
I300K IX,
I.
I.
j^//etc] Diodorus xvil S9 'and the king buried the dead and
gave due honours to tliose who liad distinguislied themselves in the
battle and sacrificed in person to the sun, as the power that had given
him the conquest of the eastern worM '. Arrian v ?o i only speaks ot
TO.
vofiL^oixiva iwiviKia.
pro contione]
The phrase
is
common
iclebratas]
storied
',
The Eldorado
Europe.
ad
feuqiia
in a general meeting'.
in this connexion.
2.
opiinam praedami compare V
que ipsum et milites eius spectare.
'
that
reached
proivde'\ accordingly,
etc]
obsole/a]
Nepos
'
3.
dii/iissis] that
is,
411.
They were on
their
way
to
fill
'.
iis.
building vessels.
and
post- Augustan.
is
poetical
584.
6.
the place
urbibiis]
128
Q.
epist
ii
(5a/jetKoi)
[ix
7.
neque enini...captivnn{\ 'for' said he 'I cannot live without
the power of a king and this I should not enjoy as a prisoner '.
captivuni stands where in Greek we should have a present participle.
nuntiari etc] Arrian says in effect just the same (v 20 6),
8.
Diodorus XVll 90 only observes K-ara7r\?;Jd/.',6cos fji'dyKaae woinv rb
TrpoaraTThfievov.
It seems better to read thus, than /'^rc with
porrd\ 'further on'.
the best
a reading which the commentators have vainly striven
;
to torture at once into Latin and sense.
MSS
a7iinc\
must
Arrian v 20
8,
NH
at
instai-]
rurstts]
6,
Kennedy
166, 2.
The
clause is obscurely put in, but the sense is- pretty certain in itself,
established by the words in Strabo {oivbpa) &v tovs /cXaSous av^rjOevras irrl tttjx^'-S kclI SciSe/ca ^vretra ttjv \onrriv aij^rjcnv Karacpeprj Xa/x(idvuv cos av KaTaKap.TTTopivovs, e'ws dv dypuvrai ttjs 7':7S" ^Treira Kara
yfjs diadodivras p(-^ov(rdai o/jLoius Tois Karuipv^LV, etr dvadod^vras (xreXe-
and
is
Xovcdai.
caeli...fontihus\
NOTES.
6 u]
12.
t] x^pcfUvojv
0(pei)t>
oi ixkv
yap xaXxoeiOeZs
jii^v
t29
So Diodorus xvii 90
pdjiSois
iirecpaii'Oi' etc.
'
'
Compare
maxinte
spcctcin 7-eddentibiis,
and
on
see
4 23 below.
virus etc] Diodorus says 5ia 5^ tQv hrjyjx6.rwv d^e?s davdrovs direipydand so on; Strat-o speaking of some small venomous snakes says
r
iravrds wopov /xerd fTruSwias,
45 Tovs 5i jr\riyei>Tas ai,uoppoei:p
^ovTo
XV
iireiTa dTrodvTj(TKei.v el
/x?;
Kwv.
See also Arrian Indica 15 li.
of the local Brahmans.
13.
the sense
The
epithet =7ra/)a7rora'/iio;' or
arboribus']
Strabo
XV
some
The order
of
words are an
21
iroWd yap
d-ij
84vdpa wapddo^a
17
'IvSiKi]
Tpe(pi.
'
is
common
'.
frequens] 'crowded',
'filled'.
Compare V 4
7^v////.9
terra viul-
of by Arrian
'
21
6.
Compare 4
tit
4,
\'ii
posset.
xvn
XV
says
Q.
T30
CURTI RUFI
HIST. ALEX.
[ix
hill still bearing the same name, between the Hyarotis (Hydraotes)
and Acesines. Alexander must then have turned back for a space,
as he had according to Arrian v 21 6 already crossed the former
river.
He
IVa koI Xlfxvrj oi fxaKpav tou re^xo"* V"paliide] Arrian V 23 4
goes on to say that it was not deep.
6^
vehicuHs] in three rows, according to Anian 22 4 /ciyKXy
15.
Tov yr)\6(pov afid^as Ktpi(jTT}!TayTe% evrbi aiirCiv iffTparowidivov,
irXovi' xapa/co Trepi^e^Kija-dai. tCjv a.fj.a^Cjv.
Compare 4 3.
ield\ weapons of offence.
<lis
rpi-
The sentence
a change of subject.
transilicbantqiie] there is here
alii saures habchant had been written
goes on as if tela alii hastas
The word seems to denote the jumping from one waggon to
above.
another.
16.
inconditd\ 'undisciplined'.
ranged
army covering the town.
by mining.
paucis] emphatic.
ii qui.
qtti]
Eumeni\ Arrian V 24
19.
Compare 8
18.
account.
ad urbent]
see on 4 23.
Compare VII 2 7
deprecaycntur] to win over, appease.
amici quoque data misericordiae occasione consui-gunt flentesque regent
20.
deprecantur.
1257 ^ 7a/'
21.
ipse
22
Ko.pa.na.aQai.
in
Greek.
tov TrewovOdTa.
Compare v 11 2
ifiwinebant] were inclined to, bent on.
itiminetis adloquendi eum, Vi 10
regis sequebaiur, occasioni
ergo imperio, quod dedignor, inniinco. Suet Aug 24.
currum
sic
So
iraprjTi]<javTO
AZOTES.
^i4--^5]
131
23.
convocaveriiiit] called
'
to meet'.
them
to a
The
conference.
con has
OTw] Eichert
is,
as equi-
z'i?-es.
Compare
14.
regmim
Soptthis]
'
ut barbari credHiit\
'
sapientia] see on VI 1 1 13 7.
bonis moribus\ so Diodorus XVII 91 /xera 5e raZr eaTpdrevaev i-n-l
rds vjrb "Luweidriv Teray/xeras TroXets, evfo/u.ovaevas Kad' vwep^oh-qv.
Hence = 'lives under' as in S 4.
regitiir^ is ruled or directed by.
geniios etc] Diodorus says to /cdXXos irap avroh Tiixiwraiov
OMirep e^ vr)iriov wap avToiS to. ^p<p'q diaKpiverai, Kai to. fiev
apTia. KoX T7)v (pvciv l^x^vra wpds {inrpeTretav Kai iax^v ({JOerov Tpe<perai,
Ttt 5^ KaraSeij rois aii/xaaiv avd^ia rpocprjs ijyovfxevoi
diacpdelpovaiu. Strabo
XV 1 30 tells the same story, but only on the authority of Onesikritus.
For some remarks on these customs see Wheeler's History of India ill
25.
vivbfiiCTai..
4 (PP 24. '73)tolliini\ this word is strictly applied only to the Roman custom of
placing a newborn child on the ground at the feet of the father, who
by raising it in his arms signified that he acknowledged the child as his
is
really
'
Compare
2 6,
i^-
Compare
Suetonius
92
Q.
132
26.
[ix
5^
2636
sal toi)j
ydfiovs iroiouvrai irpoiKbs fih Kal t^s AXK-qs TroXireXeias acfypovTiarovVTes,
KoXKovs 5^ Kal TYJs TOO ffio/xaros VTrepoxvs fibvov ^povrl^ovres.
For the
Spartan custom see Plutarch Lykurg 14.
nuptiis etc]
roiroi'i
The
ablative
that of cause.
coiiiiciidis]
Compare
IV
9 donis
ing by looks'.
'is
aestimattcr']
eminens
28.
avrbv Kal
^aaCkelav 'AXe^dvdpij)
KparovvTos trndKeiav.
tt}v
t-ijs
ixovcrris to,
ttoXi-v
^aaiXeia,
TaOrrjv aireXalie
7ra/).i5oi>s
oia,
ttju
tov
NH
IX 112 (referred to on VI II
_^o.
ca/ic/ore] 'lustre'.
Pliny
9 19) counts candor and magnitudo as the two merits of pearls.
baculutK anreuni\ sceptre.
'
precatus etc]
Some customary
with the wish that it might bring him good luck '.
Oriental phrase of compliment is no doubt represented
wish to the bride in Plautus
31.
caiies'\ we have much the same account of these wonderful
hunting dogs in Diodonis xvil 92, Strabo XV i 31, and their great
vii 31.
size is noted by Pliny
NH
MSS
32.
in
conseptiim]
this
Diodorus says
conseptii.
riXeiov.
'
IIII oiiinino]
is
Miitzell's
eiffrjyayev
rt
emendation of
Tre pi cppayp-a
excellent
eTs
word
Xeovra
first
two
'tackled'.
lis.
..Huns']
'
11071
'.
seqnebatu)-]
VT
iiisfilit]
33.
7 "ZK-
iiiJc\
went on
of time, as in 10
to'.
^ 22.
Compare
iiis/iUt
quaercre in IV
7 g 27,
NOTES.
^ 1-3]
sudin/fg]
133
Diodorus says
yiax'xfl
xar'
otlier authors
into
irefivfv
dXlyov.
[in] illis] in
34.
is
tra)iscribo\
own.
my
'
adjiriare\
guarantee
'.
Comjiare 7, ^24.
Hvpnsin] Strabo and Diodorus call the river 'TTrcti'i?, Arrian
the MSS
T(^affis.
Pliny agrees with the above spelling supported by
Miitzell compares the Sanskrit form of the name Vipasa.
of Curtius.
Diodorus XVII 93 a.p.a hk tovtoh irpaTTO/ji^i'oi.i Jj/cei'
Hephacstioiie\
subJucere] withdraw, 'suppress'.
35.
HcpaiaTiwv fierd t^s ffucaTreoraXyUfi'?)? dvvd/.cecos TroWriv ttJs 'IvdiKrjs KaraIn 91 he tells us that the expedition had been directed
found also in Arrian V 21 =,.
against the younger Porus, a statement
Curtius treats this as merely a suljordinate operation to the main campaign, and such indeed it is.
TreTro\f,a-i]Kiis.
diversam
36.
regioneiii']
Phegetis etc]
this in
same words.
of accounting for
iussis\ this is probably no more than Curtius' way
a circumstance which he found somehow mentioned in his authorities,
and the bearing of which he did not fully understand. See on Vlll 12
12.
CHAPTER
II.
took
superare] Ritter and Thirlwall argue that this crossing
the Hypasis (Beyas) with the Hesudrus
place below the junction of
of deserts to the east is only true of the
(Sutlej), because the mention
Pratt quotes from Elphinstone's Caubid to the
part more to the south.
same effect. See on VIII 9 8- Diodorus says XVII 93 rhv "TTraviu
to 5^ (Sddos ^'4 opyviwv to 5^
TTOTafJ-ov, ov rb nh TrXciros 171' CTTaSiwi' fTrra
and we learn from Strabo XV i 17,
peufxa ffcpodpof Kal dvadid^arov,
See on vui
27 that this part of the campaign fell in the rainy season.
I.
13 8.
the construction is changed suddenly, for non
7ion spa/ia... etc]
spatio is an ablative of cause.
spatio has scd inpcditnm parallel to it.
tQu
dj) iripa-v
TOU
...
etc.
etc.
3.
tdteriorem etc]
134
Q-
[ix 2
i\i<j)avTa'i
mobilized
[Chandragupta)
field (as
we now
say
to hold the
'
aim
ntvi Poro.
haudfaho
is,
'.
qui
tiiiii
the throne
regnasset]
'.
eo]
pdr
insidias'] treacherously.
Compare
7 16,
70.
Diodorus says
compare Livy
vilem]
11
41
citizens' eyes'.
'
Tnciorei\ that is, he rather took after his father (a low adventurer)
than conducted himself as one born to a throne (as Porus himself was).
'
8.
That
made him
is,
the
lie
is,
that
difficulty
with
NOTES.
3-i2]
which he would have
often in Greek) = and
'
135
be taken
(as Kal
9.
to the uttermost
In these passages
all
compare 3 8.
on tlie other hand
rursus'\
avaritia gloriae] compare Horace de
laudem nulUits avaris.
eruere]
'
'.
r4 7 tot
tot spatia
terrarnni]
terrarum spatia
ambition
prader
proverbial.
'all those
e/zwnsis,
Of sucli
most part men sent afterwards to reinforce the army.
could only be said in a figurative sense, which is well illustrated by
See on
senes facti means in truth little more than 'worn out '.
10.
for the
it
5-
difficultates'X
IT
difficuliates
rivers storms
as concrete vii 1 1
mountains
word
with booty,
praeda, that is, 'Overflowing and laden
had won than wear themthey would rather (he judged) enjoy what they
find sXso frui parto (neuter) in mucli
selves out by getting more'.
parta
frtii']
We
the
same
sense.
300.
'
'
'
'
of
universal empire.
this word
adhiic'X in silver-age Latin
also 'even', 'still'.
Compare 3 13.
primordio\
6 17.
at
'
2.
ergo]
CLd htinc
the
first
so then
'.
beginning.
The
particle refers
much
maxime modum']
'very
often used like the Greek fidLXura as
with numerals.
'
about
hitherto
the
uses
back
'
to the
to this effect',
'
',
pretty
much
',
but
word again
end of
9.
maxime
',
is
and more
particularly
disseruit]
he
who
will
brilliant
speech with
CURT/ RUFI
Q.
136
HIST. ALEX.
[ix 2
part
viii
11.
unknown. Compare
13
iuprovisd\ unexperienced,
in 9 11, but the common one is
perhaps also the meaning
'
'.
unexpected ', unforeseen
See Holden on Cic de
vamtas\ falsehood, lying. So below 17.
off in 58.
ox 'passes' from Cilicia mto
fauces] these are the 'gates' (ir-uKo-C)
See in 4 n, 12 Alexander fajtccs iugi, quae Pylae appcllantur,
Syria.
mtravit. coniemplatiis locornm situin non alias tnagis dkitttr adtniratiis^
si fiiissent qui
esse felicitatem siiam: obrui potuisse vel saxls confitebatur,
aniiatos : dorsum
in sulieunfes propelle7-ent. iter vix quaternos capiebat
r3.
Such
is
'
camposA,
equituin
ponte']
iuncto
12
ad Euphra-
etc.
'
though resting on a
real foundation
',
That
is,
Compare
'name' and
epyov,
15.
6.
sustinerf]
'reality',
compare
armentorum]
22, IX 5 18.
cattle.
See viu 12
11.
The word
is
con-
17.
namflumen etc] the connexion of the sense seems to be this.
of the rivers
[The other obstacles are exaggerated, and so is the breadth
but this even if taken for granted would afford no proof of their being
hard to cross] For a river etc. Alexander seems to be pointing out
that the croakers have for once overshot their mark.
:
'
'
NOTES.
12-25]
T37
that
spatio ah'ei] by reason ol the breadth of channel,
channel is broad.
8.
all
Sd...fingainiis'\
That
quot Poms]
decHnari in fiigai\
See 4
fly'.
'
turn themselves
'squeeze out',
elidtmt]
into
away
'
fliglit
'
swerve
20.
'
21,
is,
VIII 13 6.
20.
and
the
aside
when
in ripa\ emphatic.
'
19.
is,
nip': hence
'
hamper'.
22.
them
in line.
at eiiiin] as usual,
ately answered.
Madvig
pancis\ emphatic.
enivi\ ironical.
'
'
goes with adversus viultitiidimni.
Unconquered
in fighting against odds'.
But the battle of the Granicus was not a
23.
i7ivicti\
Curtius
battle of Issus, in
which according
to
110,000 men.
Compare Virgil Aen X 24 iniiiidant sanSo Lucan X 32, 33 says of Alexander ignotos
miscuit amms, Persamm Euphraten Jndoniin sanguine Gangen. Compare Horace carm 11 i 34
36.
iiimtdafal
guine fossae
'deluged'.
{2! fossas).
'
solitudinetn etc]
now
that
your conquests'.
(of
Roman
conquest) ubi
25.
illi
Bactrians etc.
numbers as opposed
Macedonian army) agtiien
'a
is
to eflective strength.
et
nis pj-aegrave.
gesturtis
sum]
'
mean
to do'.
Q.
138
siibit
in
pom am
quis
quis dabitur? praes.
capitali iudicio ?
vas.
quid
[ix 2
is
'I beg'.
See Madvig 248.
in liminc\ 'on the threshold', that is, just about to begin.
Compare VI 3 17 in ipso limine victoriae s/nmns. Airian v 26 % 6
makes him say i}/xets 5^ Kal to, in viroXoiwa rrji 'Aaias irpoadeTe roh TJdij
26.
on 4 18.
Arrian V 26 i makes him say that it is not
oceanuni] see 4 17.
far to the Ganges and the Eastern sea, which the Hyrcanian sea (Caspian) will be found to join, inTrfpiepxerai yap yfjv -rrepl wdirav 77 fxt-^dXr]
so/is or/iem] see
See on 3 14.
Jine tetraruni] Arrian V 26 2 makes him say that after a voyage
pretty well round the earth they will have as theirs all Africa and
Asia, Kal Spot, rrj^ Tavrrj dpxvs ovairep Kal rfjs yyjs 8povs 6 6eos iiroirjcre.
ddXaaca.
dives et
27.
made merely
a statement
inbellis'X
to
entice
his
hearers on.
28. per vos etc] vos does not go with per, but follows oro qiiaesoque below, per governs the gloriam and merita by which he is adjuring
them. For this order of words compare V 8 16 per ego vos decora
maiorum...oro et Oi^to/i?/-, Horace carm i 8. Sometimes the verbs of
entreaty are left out, to be supplied in sense, as IV 14 24 per ego vos
deos pa trios aetermtmqiie ignem... vindicate ab ultimo dedecore nomen
getitemqiie Persariim.
fastigiiivi\ the
and IV
invicti]
ipsos beneficio
cerentur
'pinnacle' of
human
greatness.
Compare
10 24,
VII 10 8 si quis
iniuria expcriri maluisset, certaturos fuisse ne vinVogel adds Cic pro Mil 96. There is a similar ex-
quam
officio.
pression in Greek.
it
w^ll.
'
zell
'
7tihil
'
invidia afucrit']
pulso'X
palma
foil
= et
dveiricpdovov
ill-will
of heaven'.
'knock
exultes
licet victorqtte
'
at'.
fratris
est.
dtnlv,
if I
Compare Claudian de
may speak
bell
thus
Getico 625
NOTES.
25-34]
The
139
word
use of the
you some
offence, that
you
will
point.
with me.
much
as refuses', that
is,
to go
on
saltern is
the same
way
quidem.
See Quiniil
vestram] emphatic.
vindicamus] note the plural 'that 7ve are upholding'. For vindico
compare X 7 15 in eadein do/no familiaqiie imperii vires remaiifitras
esse gaudebant : hereditarium iviperiuni stirpem regiatn vindicaturam :
adsuetos esse notnen ipsum colere venerariqu, riec queinquam id capere
nisi genitutn ut regnaret, Caesar bell gall vii 76.
33-
Cerent.
nemo
precario
humiUs
max praefuit.
v 28
I40
Q.
[ix 2
34
Alexander broke
again and
KOV(nv dvo\i.ir6vTes.
a vobis etc] 'for the victory that you have given up hope of. loaii
somewhat awkwardly with this, but is natural enough
inveniani goes
with morii.
CHAPTER
I.
expectabant
66
Render
'
lit
7teqiie
wait for
III.
etc]
'.
The construction
perferrent etc] 'report [the news] that'....
that with miiitio (see Vili 14 i) and other words.
illi\ that is, the duces principesqiie.
2.
sua
sp07ite\
'of
its
liberius\ compare VI 2
qiierellas dolor.
own
accord
secessio
',
that
is,
militum
like
is
ct liberior
inter niiituas
22.
tut Coem/s] this speech put into the mouth of Coenus has a
5.
peculiar literary interest beyond the ordinary ran of orations written for
their leading characters by the rhetorical historians of antiquity.
In the
remaining works of the elder Seneca we have a suasoria or hortatory
oration (see Mayor on Juvenal l 16) on this very subject, in which are
arranged all the telling sentences that some of the most famous Roman
The remarkable
rhetoricians could compose to suit the situation.
parallels found in this collection to the present speech of Curtius illustrate in a very striking way the artificial nature of these harangues, and
shew what a vast amount of labour this spirited and polished specimen
The corresponding speech in Arrian v 27,
probably took to produce.
though less pointed than that in Curtius, is more natural and easy, and
to
that
far
See
put into the mouth of Alexander.
certainly
superior
appendix A.
'
TToXi) ert
pLaXXov 7r^o/ceK/*7;^6rey.
e/c
ttoX-
Taii re
AZOTES.
3i ii]
T41
Aen
atiimus
est ...ire]
ctiinque Jerent.
commaidare
etc]
so then
'.
Lucan
exaJigues]
quo
in
posteritati\
proinde\
name
12.
6.
auspiciui)i\ a very Roman notion, which comes again 6 9, vi
3 2 (enumerating a list of conquests) quorum alia ductu ineo, alia iiuSee Horace carm I 7 27, IV 1 4 33, Suetoperio atispicioque perdoinui.
nius Aug 21, Tacitus ann 11 41.
The metaphor
filled up the measure of.
Compare Tacitus Agr 44 7,'era
capere (xoipelv) 'to contain '.
bona, quae in virtutibus sita sunt, inplez'erat.
8.
fiitc\ TdLCiius Agr J,^uec ingloriu/n fuerit in ipso terraruni ac
naturae fine cecidisse.
See also 4 18 below.
inplevimus\ 'have
7.
is
shewn by
eruere expetis]
VI
17
on Lucr
sol\
dicturum se quae
scire
expeterent pollicelur.
Compare
See Munro
418.
see on 4 18.
'
victoi-ia lustres]
may traverse as conqueror '. Compare Virgil
IV 607 sol qui terrarum flamniis opera omnia luslras.
in incremento erit]
will be ever growing '. Comjiare iv 2
9.
tnolis, cuius incrementutn cos antea fefellerat.
'
Aen
21
cut
\\\>
\\ith
we have
iam
5id. TTji'
tela etc] so
'
birXuf
irivai
TUP
li'dui' irpi^Xrjp.aTa.
tela...arma] offensive
and defensive
cannot be brought up
subvehf]
notion of up to the place required.
'
respectively.
to supply
degeneraviiiius] so viii
5^(4
sub conveys
tlie
us.
'
quam
The
Compare
g 5.
142
Q.
CURTI RUFI
HIST. ALEX.
[1x3
li.
nudutfi] a supply of arms soon came; see 21.
ut angeant] for ut concessive see Madvig 440 a obs 4, and compare
4 18, 6 6 below.
Coenus speaks
inteUego\
'
13.
adhnc\
still
compare 4
deciirrere\
as in 15.
'.
2.
ei-rare]
own person
in his
further
is,
it
is
to go wandering about.
non nfi etc] Arrian v 27
etc.
^I'l/xcpopa
16.
17.
further campaigning.
18.
obstmatos\
compare 2
v 28
irapp-qcriq.
30.
r
Kai ry
Bkvlii
twu dWcov
rjyep.bvoiv
SUXvcre tov
^vWoyov
eKeivrjs
ttjs
ixTr'
eKeivrjs.
Diodorus XVII 94
abandoned
his project.
NH
et
NOTES.
122 2]
143
voWa
'
tnorfe"]
of
at
ablative here
'
or
'
by reason
is
Alexandrnm
propter paucos dies etc] paucos and longani are in emphatic opposition
'
That it was but for the sake of a few days that he had
opened a long-winded speech as though he alone were destined to see
Macedonia again '. visurus kTroipbix(vos to live to see'. Arrian V 27
6 makes Coenus use the word eirioilv.
to each other.
'
in aqua stabaf]
21.
Compare 9
19.
That
is,
Diodorus also says that it was in the Acesines, Arrian with much more
Arrian v 29 3 tells us that
probability that it was in the Hydaspes.
a city was founded on the Acesines.
inter haecl
= interea.
7}K0v fK TTJs
Trefoi
fj.iv
Madvig emends
fnilibus]
'
Arrian vi 2 4
22.
viilh^ Diodorus also makes the total xooo.
says (following Ptolemy) that counting in all the smaller craft there
far
were not
short of 2000, and in the Indica 19 7 he gives the total
more precisely at 1800. There is however some doubt about the
in
these
two passages.
reading
'
discordesque et...retractantes\
The
ing feuds'.
Curtius,
and
que...et is one
re... Kal in Greek.
Forum
circumstance.
pirmatae .reh'nquit] the construction of relinquit here with a genitive of quality following is very remarkable.
.See however note on
VIII 10 24 obiecta est, and compare the passage quoted on 23 drdieaits,
. .
forace sat
aitt/ni,
144
Q-
[ix 3
'.
list
of adfines
2224
adfinitatevi
see
is
given.
finds the site of this at
on the
left
the Hydaspes.
NH
quod
levioris opcrae
libellos.
We
secundo amne\
'down
stream', as
we
say.
Compare 6
2, 8 3,
ill
See 9
CHAPTER
11.
IV.
I.
falls
into'.
that the
2.
Siborum] Diodoms also calls them Si^ot, but Arrian and
It is generally supposed that a tribe
Strabo have the form Si^at.
devoted to the worship of Siva are meant. See M'Crindle p iii and
VIII
14^11.
I S]
NOTES.
T45
We
milia gens^ the reading alia is found only in the Paris MS.
5.
seems better to keep the old reading than to insert alia before gens
and then to emend this assumed reading into Agalasses as Vogel does
in his text merely because Diodorus names the
people thus xvii 96 \araIt
hk
\a.^\cv
KKTfivpiovs
Toiis
dvofxa^o/j-^vovs \\')a\a(Taeis ijOpoLKoras 7rfoi)s /-'.(i' TerpuSe rptcrx'^ioi'S, avi'd\(/as avTols tidxv ^ai ci/iijcras roi/s
l-TTirfls
ixiv
<TviJ.(pvy6vTas
We
-efis
eis
rds
TrXijcloi'
fliu)ii7tui\ either the stream formed by the junction of the Hydaspes with the Acesines, or perhaps, the Hydaspes and some small
tributary stream (the name of which Curtius has not recorded) are re-
ferred to.
milia peditum.
expngnat]
for
its
For
eos.
this
object see VI 6 25
paverant, redit,
alteratn...ainisii\
effect.
7.
For adeo='
S.
C.
arx] emphatic.
burnt.
10
146
CURTT RUFI
Q.
HIST. ALEX.
means
[ix 4
to
abandon
ciraimvectus est\ the geography of this passage is so utterly confused that it is well-nigh useless to attempt any rational explanation.
How he can have sailed round the citadel strictly speaking is very hard
to see ; and we can only be certain that there is some confusion below
between the two confluences (a) of the Hydaspes and Acesines and
Diodorus does not confuse these but
{b) of the Acesines and Indus.
makes the armament reach the former confluence before these operations and then sail on to the latter, XVII 97 aivrds
-koXiv nera tlov
(p'lKwv i/J-^as els ras vavs Sta rod woTafiov rbv TrXoOv eiroiHTO jUfX/" '''V'^
av)j.po\ri% Tijov irpoeipyi^ivuiv woTaawv Kal rod IvSov.
tmmimento] Curtius uses the singular of this word in the same sense
See viii 2 20 fauces regionis qua
in artissimiDii cogihir valido mimimento sepsei-at, V i 31.
'
by Conington on
nent in 9
9.
7.
coehis\ the
meeting
midtoqite...cogitur\
{<TviJ.po\ri)
of
tlie rivers.
'and
we
N H
tneabilis.
and detailed
5. 3 gives a vivid
10. itaqiit' etc] Arrian vi 4 4
account of this violent confluence (according to him that of the Hydaspes and Acesines), but says nothing of Alexander's personal danger.
In this however as in other respects the account of Diodorus xvii 97
The stoiy of Alexander's upset was
agrees with that of Curtius.
incident and Curtius has of
probably preserved in some accounts of the
course eagerly seized upon it as affording a more dramatic situation for
the display of his rhetorical powers.
hinc.hinc] occurring twice here close together should perhaps be
taken as 'partly'...' partly', 'both'. ..'and' in both places. See on
But it is true that hinc proras hinc la fera may be renVlll 13 II.
dered (beating) from the one side on the prows, from the other on the
'
The
expression
is
found also
MSS give eelu. Of the various readings proposed we preJunius accepted by Miitzell, who well refers to the words 9
of a similar scene of confusion.
15 which occur ia a passage descriptive
melii] the
fer this of
NOTES.
8 15]
T47
We
'
in ocu/is]
II.
ii>
'
6iJ.jj.a.<Tiv
mawra] Diodorus says Svo /n.aKpai vaus. Arrian explains that the
shorter and rounder vessels came off safe and sound, while the longer
vessels came off badly for the most part, and two sank in consequence of
a collision. See below 9 2.
cu/n et ipsa etc] 'though they too were unmanageable'. Arrian tells
us VI 5 I that the sailing-masters so soon as they saw the rapids near
at hand called on their men to row hard in order to keep some steerageway on the vessels in the whirling current ahead of them. Curtius implies (and so does Arrian) that any efforts of this kind were not wholly
successful.
innoxia] 'unhurt '. This passive use is not uncommon in the writers
of the silver age.
Compare Lucan ix 892 (gf/is) a saevo serpcntum innoxia morsu.
expulsa
Diodorus.
amici
12.
13.
erg6\ seeing the danger threatening
either case.
Aen
III
it
from both
128, 290,
a touch that
is
made
the most of
sides, that
is,
in
778.
is.
'
crederes\
Madvig
370.
Compare 9
is
16 below.
Diodorus.
Some
this.
sacrificid\
river in
Iliad
XXI.
(Ovcrev uis fie-yiarovs ^/CTre^eu^ws Kivbvvovs xai irpos Trora/jLov 6/xoiu^ 'Ax'X^fi^
But it is very doubtful whether any
It is possible.
oiayojviadpiei'os.
echo of
bclhon
this
is
to
be found in
eum ainni
etc.
15.
MSS
call
10
Q-
14??
[ix 4
Meineke's
chief
alias
hnixerat] Diodorus XVII 98 says the same, and adds that
they soon got to loggerheads again and never fought together against
Alexander.
more than 80000 infantry, looco
Diodorus says
7tonagi>!ia etc]
'
integrutn']
'.
a war, that
is,
'
In silver-age
trans)nittere\ to let go by, hence to give up '.
find many of these pregnant words used with a certain archCompare Tacitus hist iv 9 catn sentcntiam modestissiimis qitisqitc
17.
Latin
we
ness.
273,
Ganges and the regions beyond, he had not ended the war but only
shifted
it '.
novis
existere\ perhaps Curtius has in his head the story of the
serpent's teeth and Jason ; perhaps even the very lines of Ovid heroid
XII (Medea Jasoni) occurred to him, as for instance 45
47 se>?iiiia
praeterea populos genitura iuberis spargere devota lata per arva manu,
qui peterent secum fiatis tua corpora tclis, and 95, 96 arva venenatis
pro seinine dentibus iviples: nascitur et gladios scutaque miles
habet.
'
over
identident]
'
closely with novis.
ever
new
'.
See 9
New
10, 21.
405
for
these questions
in
oratio
quippe videre
obliqua see
licet
Madvig
a.
'
perpcluar,i\ continuous,
unbroken
'.
NOTES.
1524]
149
beluarufn]
88,
III
27
26,
27 scateniem behiis
fontum.
inmobiles undas] one of the fabled marvels of distant seas. Compare
Tacitus Agr 10 sed mare pigrum et grave rcmigaiiiibus pcr/iibnii ve
veiitis
impellitur.
de/eccrif] for this expression and indeed for the whole of 18 compare the suasoria of Seneca spoken of on 3 5 above, and primed
in appendix A.
may render 'gave way in despair' or 'broke
down
See below 6 20 aliam natiiram, and 9 4.
We
'.
nihil delude etc] 'after that there was nothing in their way
19.
beside these tribes '. The deinde nifjans after the conquest of the tribes
spoken of, and praeter has gentes is really superfluous.
'
terrarum spatial the breadth of the lands, that is, the distance from
the place where they stood to the great sea or oceanus.
cessisse etc] possibly a se should be inserted before i/lis; any 20.
how it must be mentally supplied, and- it may easily have fallen out after
the last syllable of the preceding infinitive.
But in 6 6, 26 we have
similar omissions of the pronoun so too in other writers, as Sallust
^^t 31 7.
'He had given way to their fears of the Ganges and the
numerous peoples beyond the river'. For (ri'^/W'^= ' to give way compare X 7 18 {precari) ut absisterent bello regiqtie et pluribus cederent.
;
'
21.
ia/n... marls']
this
artificial
alacer]
'
rcddltus]
= alac}-ltatls
sent forth
quos]=eos quos.
2 30.
Hercules and
fatlier
ad
Index
'.
'
hautont 545.
valldlsslmae] this refers to their numbers, and agrees with
24.
the account given by the other writers.
See Arrian V 22.
ducem
etc]
Q.
I50
[ix 4
In the following account of the campaign Curtius and Diodorus omit the important operations described by
Arrian VI 5 8, in which the skill and judgment of Alexander were
shewn to great advantage. See Thirlwall c 54 (vol VII pp 36 46).
The siege of the town, which in these two authors constitutes the camThey speak mainly of the
paign, is in Arrian only the final operation.
Sudrakae, Arrian represents the Malli as bearing the brunt of the war.
The two accounts are so widely different in their general effect that we
must consider them to have been gathered from different authorities.
Arrian probably followed Ptolemy, so the reference to him by Curtius
(5 21) is most likely no more than an indication that he consulted that
book when describing the siege, and found that Ptolemy did not profess
Had Curtius read Ptolemy's account of the camto have been present.
so summarily.
paign, it is hard to see how he could have dismissed it
The town, which Arnan vr 8 4 speaks of as ttjv fieyLcrryju tQiv MaWcoi'
See
ttoXlv, is generally placed (as has been mentioned) at Multan.
below on 26.
(TTCiffidaavTes vtrip rrji ^ye/j.ovias.
on which
the clause /;
must accordingly be
laid,
is
and not
o/iigcriiif.
'anyhow'.
Arrian VI 6 6 speaks
occupaverunt\ escaped in time to (the hills).
of Perdiccas chasing some who had fled and putting to the sword
But this is quite a different
6'cro 76 iii] ^(pdaaav is to. 'iXrj ^vfxipvyoi^Tes.
operation, and there seems to be nothing in Arrian corresponding to the
Diodorus is also silent.
present affair.
Siidracanim'] the siege of this town is one of Alexander's most
26.
famous exploits. Plutarch also speaks of the Oxydrakae, but Arrian vi
II 3 says avrlKa iv 'O^vSpuKaLS to ira.9-qixa tovto yevesdai 'AXe^dvdpu}
6 Tras X670S Karix^i-' to 8^ ev
7}
I
re TroXts MaXXaJ;'
33 MaXXoi
ixev
7ji>
/cat oi
wap oh
MaXXor?
koI
XV
'
cominittcrci etc]
differret^
we must supply an
lit
ne.
See Madvig
462 b.
28.
De>nophontem\ Diodorus tells much the same story and gives
this soothsayer the same name.
si tjiiis etc] for a trenchant criticism of this story see Thiiiwall c 54
NOTES.
24-331
151
II
nothing of
30.
is
40).
t!ie affair.
diiitius
quam
respond!t\
\\i\.\\J>ritis...quam.
Compare
5 30.
Aman
corond\ the use of this word to signify the defensive parapet of a wall
Arrian vi 9 4 calls it r\ fVaX|ij.
very strange.
31.
itaque rex etc] 'the king then was rather clinging to than
standing up on the edge (of the parapet) warding off with his shield the
is
darts that fell upon him from every side for on all sides he was now
made a mark for shot from the towers'. Curtius seems here to picture
him at the moment when, having climbed on to the edge of the corona and
having both his feet on it, he would at the same time be obliged to rest
his right hand also on the edge, in order to gain the steadiness necessary
for the manipulation of his shield as a protection from the shower of
Arrian vi 9 4 seems to speak of
missiles with which he was assailed.
him at an earlier stage, just before he took his feet from the ladder.
His words are 1757; re Trpos rg enaXt^d tou reixovs 6 j3acn\ivs rjv, kol
ipeiffas eTr' avry rrju dcnrida TOi)s fi^v wdfi ei'trw tou reixovs tQ>v '\vci(hv, roiit
de Kai aiiTou rt^ f'^et aTroKTeivas yeyvp.vwKei to ravTrj Teixoi.
:
nee subire
32.
obniebaniur] probably a piece of gratuitous
padding put in by Curtius to heighten the effect of his picture. Nothing
of the kind is found in Arrian or iJiodorus.
mount the
subire] to
wall.
Vogel
viagnilndinem pcriculi\ = {\\i\x fear of) the great danger.
well compaies viii 1 34 (of a severe march) et rarius siihinde agnicn
fiebat,
pudoi'em, ut fere
33.
aitxilia\
by
many
their hurry
nam dum
fit,
'.
spent fefelkrunl)
'.
Q.
1^2
ad idus]
T.
to
[ix 5
V.
ttjv ttoXiv,
p.bvo%
tale
We
with
struction with a(/ compare Cic pro Mur 29, 38, Lucretius III 214
Munro's note. See also Kennedy 70.
'
It is common in a good
in a neutral sense.
here
'
famami
sense
= renown
repute
'
'
notoriety'.
',
in
bad
one ='
evil
repute',
ffdfJLevos oi/K
non
enemy.
Compare
and
inulti,
3.
Aen
II
first
slain
some of the
nice poise.
166168.
Compare
iv 14 5
librare.
arbo)^
adplicuit]
on his
is,
Virgil
libraverat]
funda saxa
4.
dcnrovdel 6.iro6ava.Tai.
inultufn'] that
left.
on.
Compare Livy xxxix 31 dimiadflueret\ came pouring
cantibus eis legio qninta supe7~venit, deinde lit qiiaeque potuerant copiae
adfluebant.
TroXXds fxkv yap eh rb Kpdvos
perfregerant] Diodorus only says
7.
iXdjxRave irXriyds.
artus [videmus).
succiderant\ so Lucretius Hi 156 succidere
NOTES.
i-i4]
X53
Tovs
55.
/J.ev
itaqite etc]
Tivai
ei's
*"
^V
t'''^
IXaliev.
'
XVII 99 says
II.
linquenteiii\ his 'swooning spirit.
que linqucnte attimo, and see below 28.
iiudum'l 'exposed'
by
raising his
arms
Compare
for a
vii 9 14 iam-
blow
(as
Diodorus
says).
subiecio]
So Diodorus says
virid7)Ke.
'
/lausi/]
pierced
'.
Compare
vii
27
ium
CUander, Virgil georg III 105, Aen 11 600 with Conington's notes.
dimicans iam extinguereiur'] 'that he might die sword in
12.
hand before his last breath failed him'. The iani affects the whole
expression ditnicans extingueretur, and cannot be rendered in English,
as
its
function
is
to lead
up
to
anUqnam.
postquam...virimn'\
13.
nan
erat, in castra
murt] to he taken
14.
vf'ith
propugnatoribus.
We
ii'uri,
the
but
town
is,
regis.
remember
that Curtius
is
all
ll\e
5t'
Q-
154
[ix 5
15.
solacimii] the meaning has to
to vitae.
There is in fact a sort of
it
him
be stretched a
zeugma
here.
little in
'Not
order to
to succour
in life
clJpeo...excepit\ that
is,
fell
alone mentions
16.
him on
edita]
this occasion.
compare VIII 14
37,
and Vli
se iii7nisit et
Render
7
est,
37 in vtedios hos/es
VIII 2 37 nobilein
dimicmitem protexit.
7j 8)
clipeiini]
we
immediate body-guards.
was earthen according to Arrian VI 10
some driving pegs into the wall (which was of earth), hung on by
3
them and were with difficulty crawling up'.
moliti\ where they had formed an entrance (by breaking the wall).
See on VIII 10 30, and for nwliri adituin compare VI 6 28 Jtndtam
mater iam ceciderat miles, aditum per saxa molitus.
in fight
19.
by
his
'
20.
parctitatum est] 'they satisfied their righteous anger', parentare strictly means to avenge
by the destruction of B. Compare
V 6 I (of the contemplated burning of Persepolis) excidio illius parciitaitdiim esse maioribus, \'\\ 2 29 onniiimique sanguine duci pare)itaWhat is specially remarkable in our
tiiros, Caesar bell Gall Vil 17 etc.
present passage is that we have the word metaphorically used, not of
satisfying by vengeance the spirit of a dead person, but of glutting the
wrath of the soldiers at the wounding of their king who was not
dead.
21. PtolomaeiirH etc] Arrian VI 1 1 8 to 5^ St; fiiyiffrov ir\i)/ji./j.TiSv ^uyypa^avTwv to. dfxcpl
AX^^auSpov (Keivo Tide/J-ai ^-ywyf.
'
\7)f.i.a
'
UroXe/j.aiov
NOTES.
14-^6]
T55
^(aTTJpa iiriKXridTJuai tov IlToXe/j.aiov Kairoi avrot HTo\efia7os dvayiypaa^^a ffTpoLTidi yap avros riyovfxe<f)iv o'JSe irapayeveadai tovti^ ti^ ^h'i'V'
fievos dXXas p-axeadai fxaxas Kai wpos aXXoi/j jSap^apovs, where Sintenis
refers to Pausanias
8 6.
'became a
reg>iavit\
He
i^aalKevae.
king',
Timagenes
is
Compare Cic II in
particularly appropriate.
See Madvig
\'errem ill 42 dixit hoc apud vos Zosippus et Isineiiias.
213 a obs.
scilicet']
'one
conveyed by
its
this
is
be sure',
may
word
here,
'of course'.
and the
original
force best.
So
refragatus] the woi'd is used in its proper sense of 'gainsay'.
iVIur 46 tota ilia lex...petitiotii refragata est, Livy XLV 40.
monumentd\ 'records'. Frequently of books, as in Livy praef 10,
The whole expression then = the
rf;-;;/=' events'.
Tacitus Agr 2.
old books of history.
Cic pro
'
securitas'X
carelessness
'.
fiiedici]
Perdiccas
Arrian says VI 11
for accounts differed
is
stir
that either
Kritodemus a doctor or
enlarging the
wound.
telo is dative.
inesse etc] that there were barbs on the dart,
23.
incssc compare Ovid fasti iv 65S iicc digitis aniilus ullus incst.
For
ing
24.
occuparei\
it in time.
viscera]
is
meant.
NH
Vii
Critobulns] Pliny speaks of a doctor of this name
ociilo sagitia
124 magna et Critobulo fai>ia est extract a P/iilippi regis
et citra deforinitatcni oris curata orbitate lumiiiis.
25.
rocoil'.
reciderci]
Compare Vll 7 15 an soli sidiius qui Jhiiniua
transnare passu in lis ? mnlta in nosmetipsos recident quibiis adhuc vuiius. fortuna belli arteni victos quoque docet.
= metitcre se dicentem or met urn prodenlfin.
vietuente}n\
26.
'
exanguem] 'deadly
visu cxangues.
pale'.
Compare
Virgil
Acu
11
212
dij/'iigii/ins
156
'
qiiid...expectas'\
dolore] emphatic,
[ix 5
26 30
for
*
The nervousness of the doctor had
if die I must'.
moriturum']
For moriUcriim compare Horace carm
caught the eye of the patient.
I 28 6, II 3 4.
ne reus sis^ 'that you should be held to account', as though you
cum
acceperinil
27.
'for
my
having received'.
point'.
28.
t^ Xnroipvx^a.
The
linqui animo] this is the stock phrase for fainting away.
ablative is of a locative nature and is of the kind usually called ablative
of respect.
Compare IV 6 20 linqui delude animo et suhmitti genu
solum commovcor animo, sed etiam toto
coipit, Cic div in Caec 41 no)t
See Kennedy 149.
came over his eyes'. The word is used of swoonCompare vii 6 22 namque cervix eius saxo iia
caligine ojjusa collaberetur ne 7ne7itis quidem compos,
corpore perhorresco.
ut oculis
Livy XXVI 45.
icta est
moribundus'] Virgil
extendit harena.
Aen V
et
fulva moribun-
dum
medicafJientis'] IV 6 19 suppressus
29.
incdi-
camento.
CHAPTER
I.
VI.
The
ablative
is
we
find
it
fully
Oepairela.).
NOTES.
1-9]
2.
what
a??ii!c]
river
is
here meant
157
not easy to say.
\Ve have
Arrian VI 13 g i describing
is
rection of Junius.
is
to follow
lion poterat.
'
still
adhuc\
This sense
'.
is
common
in silver-age Latin,
Thus univcrsi
ne quid novi eic] 'lest they might be the bearers of some ill
5.
noviis, like the Greek veos and viwnpo^, is euphemistically
tidings '.
used to express the notion bad '.
So res 7iovare, as in 10 21.
'
the speech
'
'
lit
mine
est'\
'by which as
it
this expression is to be
set little store '.
seems you
11 17 4.
sidus']
Compare
'
returning
is
illustrated
by
34 above.
Com-
158
mon
See
Q.
10.
[ix 6
ne admirari quidciii\ the implied antithesis is, as Vogel recould not even think it strange [much less tind
'
'
'
matched
the one as great as the other.
tuo capite] the ablative denoting the price at which the thing
See Madvig 258, Kennedy g 147.
bought.
12.
rei] the deadly peril of Alexander, described in the last
parid\
II.
is
chapter.
In 2
inertissimas] the hands of the greatest laggards or cowards.
we had inertia in the sense of want of enterprize '. Here iners is
Both shades of meaning are common in other writers.
a trifle stronger.
The original meaning appears in Lucilius frag Xiii 12 iit perhihctiir
'
26
iners, ars in
quo
'
'
privileges, and was said to suffer ignominia. The mark itself was called
nota, and we find frequent reference to it in Roman writers, both directly
and
117.
id quod etc] that from the guilt of which he could not secure himself.
adniittcrct\ this verb is used with such words as malejiciu?n, dcdeciis,
/acinus etc almost in the sense of 'commit'. Compare VI 7 },2 faven-
si
quod
ad/nitti
common
'
'
'
'
vidcre.
alio modo] these are the emphatic words in the sentence.
If, says
Craterus, you must needs shew in some way how cheap you hold us, let
own
so
as to
it be done in some other way than by exposing your
person
endanger the safety of us all.
14.
quocumque etc] compare Juvenal ill 78 of the versatile Greek
in caelutn, iusseris, ibit, and Horace epist II 2 40, Lucan I 367
386.
'
capiuni] contain ', that is, can contain, give scope for, your great= x'Jipelv is common, but the present passage is a
ness,
capere used thus
somewhat remarkable one.
may compare VI i 7 iiiaiores res
We
NOTES.
^9 -1 8]
erant
quam quas
praefecti
modus
caperet
a mere subordinate
159
'
'.
exsatiaius\
compare
mean
carm
or worthless
il
ro
foes.
23 laiidis satietas.
id est piiblicae]
it is
clear that he
is
familiarins'] with
8 26, 5
and
So
7 2 ncglegeiitiiis,
often.
17. altins\ that is, he went far back and reviewed his whole career
in justification of his ambition and rashness.
Compare Virgil georg
IV 285
piissimi]
XIII
43,
stricture is
tony
who
this
who
The forms
says optimae uxori et piissimae filiae.
piissinms zxiApientissirmis both occur in inscriptions.
Jiabed\ compare III 6 11 pro se quisque dextram eitis amplexi grates
kabebant velut praesenti dco.
Thus Tacitus Agr 43
18.
non eadem
idem cogitant
ii...et ego.
at
qtii is
accepted by editors.
'
The
ns containing an
cupiatis'l though the subjunctive may be justified
assumption or admission (Madvig 352), it is probably here influenced
hy forsitan, so far at least as the second clause is concerned.
'
but I measure myself not by the span of age but by
ego me metior]
The same sentiment is found in 19, 22 with a slight
that of glory'.
There is no disjunctive particle alter ego, and
diflcrence of expression.
i6o
Q.
paternis] that
19.
is,
the
as often
kingdom of
see
[ix 6
Mayor ou Cic
'
bene'\
that
20.
Triballi.
rubro
rightly.
is,
3/aedts]
these
were a Thracian
tribe
not
from the
far
f>iari\
orbeni\
'is
iiiveni iion
sufficit orbis.
aperire\ to
novas gentes
open up.
Tacitus
Agr
22 tertius expeditionum
annus
apcriiit.
21.
Europae\ this refers to the crossing of the Jaxartes to attack
So in Vil 7 2, 12, 13 we find the river mentioned as
the Scythians.
the boundary of Europe and Asia, and in 13 Alexander is made to say
utms amnis interfliiii, quern sitraiciiiius, in Europam arma proferimus.
The river is there it is true called Tanais, but Arrian III 30 *? 7, 8 well
shews that there were two rivers of that name and that the Jaxartes is
meant. Indeed he quotes Aristobulus in support of his state-
really
ments.
post]
after,
that
is,
(i
p 236).
on attaining.
Instances will
be found
in
little.
in theatro] that
is,
all
mankind
NOTES.
1826]
as spectators.
Cic
i6i
Venem v
may
Greek
ii in
origin.
of a
quibnsl
woman
is
to
which
most famed
that
is,
ad gloriam,
/oiigissiiiium
in the sight of
which
aevum
the name
for valour.
So moliri
belluui
iv
39 and
fact is ?
24.
maioi-a'] in X i 17, 18 Curtius says that he meant to make
an expedition along the north of Africa, conquering Carthage on the
and
then
over to Spain and so home by way of Italy.
way,
So in other writers, as Cic ad
ita...si'\
only on condition that'.
fam XV 20 2, Livy xxi 21.
'
is
in
answer
to
what Craterus
said in
i r,
12, 14.
26.
time
',
96, X 173.
inmortalitati etc] that is, deified.
In X 5 30 Curtius speaks of
the pietas of Alexander towards his parents, quorum
OlyfJipiada inj/iortalitati cojisecrare decreverat, and VI II 5 17 he makes Kallisthenes
speak of Hercules and Liber as consecratae inmortalitatis exempla.
Hence the words seem to imply the making a mortal into an immortal.
on Juvenal iv
quandoque\
C.
= quandocumque
as often in Livy.
II
i62
Q.
CUR TI RUFI
HIST. ALEX,
is,
si
Virgil eel in 98
me.
CHAPTER
Compare
26
[ix 6
VII.
colonias] referring generally to the settlements made by Alexin central Asia, and in particular to those of Baktra and Alex-
I.
ander
opposed
to
barians.
that
the
is,
leaders
who
many
Madvig
phrases.
286.
'
lead' as
we
say.
'
4.
7iationis'\
arma
ittfcrentes, Virgil
Aen
II
So
Scythas
vil 7
11
49
iiiaiiat
tola
rumor.
suspitio']
nedy
8.
we have ventured
See Ken-
12 note,
'
'
That
is,
caused
NOTES.
[ 16]
11.
r6 J
)rge] Ale.vandro.
rcvertit\ Diodorus xvii 99 says that they never reached their homes,
but after suffering great hardships on the way were cut to pieces by the
viagnitudiiie\ ablative of
liiieae] see
on vill 9
15.
Arrian VI 14 i
3 in speaking of this episode
says that they claimed to have been free since the time of the eastern
conquests of Dionysus {Liber pater in Curtius).
14. feiisitabat\ as they were a free people, this cannot mean that
they had been and were in the habit of paying tribute to any other
power, and must be a remark of Curtius' own, stating that they
and laid on them the tribute which the
used to pay it at one time ;
two tribes actually paid to (the satrap of) the Arachosians'. Perhaps
however the te.\t is corrupt, and we should rather read pensitaret.
Arrian only says that they submitted to Alexander and offered to pay
tribute, and that Alexander set Philippus over them as satrap.
13.
liberiati\
'
hostages.
him besides of their own accord 500 war-chariots with their complement of men. It is probable therefore that Curtius has confused two
parts of the account given in his authorities, unless indeed they had
done the same before him. See below 8 i.
15.
modicis]
=' small',
as usual.
The
close packing
of the
(of manners)'.
We
together.
irKrepabant'\ used to carp at him, saying....
saginati corporis^ genitive of quality or description, here part of the
'That they had a full-fed goodpredicate and parallel to inutilfm.
II
t64
CURTI RUFI
Q.
HIST. ALEX.
fix 7
the oil
employed by
we
day
for the
duel.
is,
speech 'on
(call
it
my
ignavid] so Virgil
Compare III
18.
eludente\ 'setting at nought', 'malting fun of.
18 07-aatli sortetn vel elitsit vel iiiiplevit (\n cutting the Gordian knot),
VIII I 42 oraciibim ehidens, Livy I 36, 48, Cic div in Caec 24.
I
'
condicid]
MSS
MSS
MSS
MSS
Diodorus says
tuiv
bk 'E\X^-
his left
fore-arm.
Compare Quintil ix 2 22
suspenderai] kept awhile in suspense.
Diodorus
suspendisset iudicum anitnos, Ovid met vii 30S.
CMw diu
NOTES.
1625]
165
tells
21.
is,
etim.
vtiassc-i]
antcquam...dextrai>i\ Diodorus
levelled
sarisa.
11.
''"5
^'
dXX-g KLfTjcas k
probably strivhig
to
little
effective
touclies.
23.
tristis etc]
verebatur'] the use of this word in the sense of seeing with grief and
vexation, taking an accusative and infinitive after it, is rare.
Compare
Ovid heroid xvi 75, 76 vittcere erant oiiines dignae, iudexque verebar
non omties cansam vincere posse suain. See Madvig 376 obs.
24.
ex
coiipositd\
by private arrangement.
common.
The
expression
is
subduciturl Diodorus says that they took the cup, and hid it
beneath Dioxippus' pillow, then charged him with theft, and made pretence to find
it
there.
face.
'Constancy' in
this sense is
common
in
Shakespeare.
i66
Q.
rrjv
[1x7^.^2526
26.
graviter etc] Diodorus says that he was vexed at the man's
arfd longed for him when it was too late, and 'i-^vjo r-qv KaXoKayadiav To.i'dpos e/c r^s ruf dia^aXovTi^v saKiai.
death
CHAPTER
VIII.
<-//;;/
and
is
c 17.
domitiiiii\ Strabo XV i 37, 69 speaks of tame lions in India,
1.
and Marco Polo bk 11 c 16 tells of a tame lion taught to lie down 'oefore
the great Kaan, and in bk 11 c 18 of tamed lions (tigers) leopards and
See
wolves used for hunting purposes like dogs by the Great Kaan.
Colonel Yule on the passage.
laccrtaruni\
Aelian
hist
to
XVI
is
shells,
of tortoises.
See Aelian
hist
anim
14, 18.
3.
force
over to the
side.
We
(Sudrakae) below.
4.
Sabarcas']
ovo/jLai'opLivdiv 'Za/.L^acTTwi',
TO Twv
'
A^aaTavw
idvo^ avrofo/xov.
LX
dorus.
ffii/ia etc]
these
as those given
by Dio-
NOTES.
8i ii]
5.
167
the water.
anna
perhaps suggested
Aen
vi 489
491
is
very like
this,
and
it.
So 10 13.
nova^ strange, unusual.
kin..Ji!)!c\ does not mean that these were on different sides of
them.
6.
non potcrat.
tnpleverant\
tot
10 frcmitusque
7.
legates etc] Diodorus says that the elder men advised
to attempt resistance, and so ambassadors were sent.
them not
geographical notions.
Mithan Kot.
isdem] that
is
cognovit\ 'held
an enquiiy'.
Parapamisadae.
A common
legal word.
compare 10
2t sus-
pectus voluisse.
10.
praeto>'\
= (raTpa.Tni)'5.
this
name, and
it
is
very
likely
Tov vofMd/jxv^
TTJi
ravTy
7571.
68
CURTT RUFI
Q_.
12.
so
oaiditur']
HIST. ALEX.
[ix 8
Diodorus;
prisoner.
The name is
niniatlo] a mine or passage under ground.
13,
a rabbit's burrow.
Livy iv
probably derived from the resemljlance to
22, V 21, Caesar bell Gall ill 21, vii 22.
simile monstri etc] the passage closely resembles Livy V 21
very likely a reminiscence of it.
terra existebant] So Zumpt and Hedicke read in VII 4 19 convivio
abire conspcctu iubci, 6 16 pcriculi quo evaseraf,
prosiluit, VIII 3 5
X 2 4 civitatibus qtiis pulsi crant.
14.
and
ro,
is
LXXX ?nilia\
15.
best
this
is
the mine.
number
is
DCCC Indorum.
Roman
a technical expression in
is
with
selling of prisoners as slaves,
The
Zumpt.
warfare for the
with garlands.
16.
much
defecenint etc]
its
'
'.
same
sense.
is
18.
D Agriaiios]
dXlyovs tuv
tpLXSiv,
Agr
37.
says Diodorus.
7je}ieno']
strenuae'] strong,
stremmni
violent.
reinediiwi ad/t-rre,
Compare
Horace
III
epist
inertia.
dfxuxw
rrjv
Tvxovffav
dfade^a/j-ivois.
21.
Compare
exeipPi
'
'
5,
Virgil
NOTES.
1228]
169
about Ptolemy.
observes
sanguine coniunctiis] Arsinoe the mother of Ptolemy,
For the connexion of the Macedonian
Vogel, was of the Lyncestae.
mother
the
tribe through Eurydike
royal family with that of this Illyrian
of Philip, see Strabo vii 7 8 (p 3^6)The stoiy occurs also in Pausanias I 6 2.
'nis\ Philipp{\
in the narrower sense of the two men 23.
corporis custos'\ here
tioned in note on viii 11 11.
and
pacis artibzis'] 'civil pursuits ', meaning probably statesmanship
el
Compare Tacitus hist I 8 Cluvitis Riifus, vir facundus
diplomacy.
This side of Ptolemy's character shewed itself afterwards
pacis artihus.
and in tlie book of memoirs he himself
of
in his
encouragement
learning
wrote.
So Tacitus Agr 40
the generosity of
liberalis'\
Ptolemy
is
marked
in his
apophthegm
Madvig
to
272.
used in
24. ominati\ 'foreboded'. The word is more commonly
an unfavourable sense as in 9 22 below, and Cic de off li 74.
See
a sick-bed.
cuisideret] almost technical of watching by
25.
Horace
sat
82, Tacitus
Agr
45.
'
So Justin XII 10 3, and Cic de
in a vision'.
26. per quietent]
divin II 135 secundum quieteni, speaking of this very matter. Compare
Tacitus hist IV 83. The following story is told by Cicero (just referred
Arrian says
to)
nothing of
27.
it,
and Strabo XV
adgniturum']
that
2 7
is,
makes
it
si
quis follow-
ing.
As
from Patala.
Pataliain'\ this adjective seems to be formed
28.
to the forms of the name, Arrian speaks of ra XlrfraXo and tQv
of
X'^P"-^' Strabo of to. UdraXa and ij flaraX?;!'!?, Pliny
Patala (nom sing, it seems) and Patalene, Arrian in his Indica
It
of ndTxaXa, and Diodorus has the apparently corrupt form Tai^aXa.
seems that Patala denotes the city. The place is now occupied by
Haidan'ihad, the old name of which was Nirankot, also Pdta/pur,a.m\ is
called Patasila by the Chinese traveller Ilwen Thsang in the 7th century
AD. Cunningham pp 279 287.
T\a.TaXk<j3v Tr\%
I'ala/e
Diodorus xvii 104 says that at TavaKa there were two royal
rex'\
houses and the general control of affairs was in the hands of a senate.
Vl
profugerai\ Arrian
17^5
f|a77^XXcrat ort
Q.
70
[ix 8
2830
dTro\nru)v
^vXka^ihv Tuv UaraXiuv to^s iroWoiis aTrodtSpaKuis otxotTO,
Xuipav
30.
speaks of in vi 17
we
ttjv
'iprifiov.
men whose
capture Arrian
6.
CHAPTER
IX.
nec = ei
I.
Compare
m'c rcpcrtis\
iioii, but the negative only affects repertis.
adiccit.
iii 13 2 riec dubitare cum
So 6 ignaris.
hominibus.
one of the makeshifts proposed for filling up this
lacuna.
Others are compiilit and instigabat.
cokrcnt] this is very strange, being used absolutely, leaving
2.
terras loca or regionaii to be sup|ilied mentally.
peritis\ that
is,
this
coegit]
is
tormenio.
3.
ipsos] either simply
that is, unaided by guides.
the mariners.
nauficos]
4.
by Curtius
incupiberent]
dcesse]
= 5^,
Virgil
Aen v
An
and g
15,
294.
wanting to complete.
tius VI
890
destinari]
4.
marked
'
out, described,
meant
'.
'
kni adhnc\
still
'
NOTES.
9i 13]
171
ignaris]
the Mediterranean.
tertid\
'
stata\ fixed,
'.
affecting
Arrian VI 19 i, 2,
exacstuans\ 'rising in flood-tide ', 'flowing'.
more sober account of the incident, says that they were first
troubled by the ebb and then yet more sorely by the floods, which
sounds more likely than (see 19, 10 below) the account of Curtius.
Burnes vol III c i gives a description of
Diodorus says nothing of it.
the violent tides of the Indus estuary, shewing that all the main details
of this account are quite in accordance with facts.
in his far
'
upon
them.
T0\> KlIflCLTOI.
coercitum']
'
'checked
in its course.
'
up against
its
natural flow
'.
'
10.
identideni]
'every instant
So
'.
21, 4 18,
ridentcin.
II.
12.
trepidi\ in a hurry.
festiuatio etc]
tardd\
cramping, hindering.
Horace sat 1932 tarda podagra,
aptart] fitted, 'shipped
'.
II 2
compare
88 tarda senectus.
Compare
Virgil
Aen v
que rudentesque.
consederanti until
we
feel
bound
to
'
preventing the orderly shipping of the oars '. The description of this
scene of confusion is graphic, thougli at first sight somewhat difficult.
cnavigare] to sail out into the clear channel.
The meaning is that more oars were manc/auda] crippled, lame.
ned on the one side than on the other, as in Virgil v 271 ordine dcbilis
word
claudus
For
the
see Lucretius IV 436, Livy x.xxvil 24,
uno.
Tacitus ann 11 24.
13.
'
were
7ton receperant'\
'
172
Q.
[ix 9
3 ^
14.
another
meaning
is
'from
'.
16.
tactics)
ad
17.
that
inafiiis]
is,
Cic
to violence.
nonnumquam
spoken
II
mamis
in
being the
Verrem v
28
vocabatur.
19.
siibsederant] had sunk or settled down, that is (as Vogel remarics) at the time of the formation of this land, and implying that the
'
subsidence still shewed its effects.
Where there were depressions in
the ground'.
For the word compare Ovid met l 43 itissit et extendi
suck
tractu"]
'
current
',
'channel
fretu??i]
'.
'.
So
25
The proper
and
often.
'
destitutd\
left
'
',
stranded
',
as in 22.
tabularuni]
beluae\ ? crocodiles.
22.
23.
hindrance.
should say
'
so as to prevent
persideret']
him from
'.
from persideo.
in speculis]
on the watch '. Compare Cic
autcni homines in speculis sunt, observant etc,
'
speculis
omnis Abydos
erat.
i in Verrem 46 tiunc
Ovid her xvill 12 in
NOTES.
roi 2]
173
esse etc]
24. faratosque
according to 26.
that
is
Aen X 246
V 241
dextra
2 et pater ipse
eiusdem']
Vogel with some plausibility brackets the syllable
elcnienti is the generally accepted correction of Mss mentis,
16.
dem.
tnodo
obnoxid\ that
is, it
seemed so
to
them.
diseors^ that is, at first they thought it out of harmony (with natural
laws) because (see S, xo, 22) this bore of the tide A\as beyond their
own experience, but presently they found that it did obey certain laws in
For diseors used of the tides see Pliny nat hist 11 218
respect of time.
who speaks of diversi aestus tempo7-e noH ratione discordes.
See Mayor on Cic phil li
27.
acciderat\ commonly used of evil.
17oecuparetl catch
it
in time,
take advantage of
it.
he gave out
from the sea
near at hand, adding eixol bk hoKel, oi'x TJKLffra uis ireTrXeuK^fat ttj;' fieydXtji'
l^w Ii'Sw.' ddXaaaav.
Arrian VI 19 4, 5 and Diodorus XVII 104 relate this
saciijicid]
more in detail. See also Arrian Indica 20 10.
Tr\v
CHAPTER
X.
'
advefsiim fiitmen sidnt'\
goes up against the stream '. Lite
ascends the opposing stream '.
Compare Caesar [or Hirtius] bell
Gall VIII 15 barbari confisi loei natura qiniin dimicare noti recitsarent si
Curtius uses the construction
fotie Roinani ttibire collem eonai-entttr.
with the ablative by or 'along' in 3 below.
I.
'
rally
'
'
Iac2( salso']
Arrian vi 20 says that Alexander went up to Patala
again and then, having found his orders for the foundation of a strong
station progressing satisfactorily, descended the other (left) branch of
the river; in the course of which voyage he came upon a great lake in
which
sea-fish
were seen.
those
was
where he
i,
XV
2,
i
Indica 21
7,
i,
Strabo
XV
quoting Aristobulus,
Q-
1/4
[ix lo
assigns seven,
another account, which may have been
rivers, and so probably followed
the same as that followed by Curtius.
Anyhow it would bring him to
Patala in April, not (as Aristobulus says) in July.
merit.
Nedpxy
4.
through
on
to
quiete.
liber]
Arrian Vi 21 S 4.
'Apa^trai, idvos Kal tovto avrbvoixov, says
Arrian and Diodorus agree with this statement.
dedidit se\
NOTES.
2-ii]
6.
\vith this
.75
maiorcm
etc]
Oritae.
7.
wbem'] so says Diodorus and tells us that its name was AlexArrian VI 21 5 says only that he praised a certain spot as
andria.
suited for the development of a great city.
fiiaritimos
8.
Diodorus XVII
whom
whom
NH
'
coinmercii
iiirc\
19-
9.
ipsd\
efferavit\ 'has
ingenia fton belliim
made
savage'.
Compare
vcii.
tugiirid]
loathsome
by Arrian Ind 24
The
following account of
them corresponds with the more detailed descriptions in Strabo XV 2
2, Diodorus xvii 105, Arrian Ind 29 19, 30 g 8, 9, anab vi 23 3.
Arrian VI 23 3 IwOivras rds Koyxo-s.
conckis^
stifling cabins'
[iv
KaKiifi-rjcn
irviyripricn).
Arrian Ind 24
9 says that
some wore
sole diiratis'\
9^13
nets
eiccit\
Ts,
into
/ctjtt;
capKocpa-yovv-
and the
II.
ad ulti/num']
'at last',
'
in the end'.
So ad extremum.
7adiees palt)ia'urn\
Strabo .XV 2 5, Arrian VI 23 6, Indica 26
6, 29 I mention only the fruit (/SdXaroi Pdates) and pith (^7/c^^oXos)
176
Q.
[ix lo
in ea regione.
is ibi,
iumenta
12.
proper, which
'
'
proficere air\
make advance
towards.
Compare Cic Brutus
ad diccndum projicit quantum scriptio.
praecipe re ut'\ so IV
credeiis fore ipsius,
quod
orahant\
15.
with
vig 458
compare the
this
all
Thucydides vii 75 3, 4.
nec.et'l there were not ... and
So
oifre... re
pathetic
92
id deiniim
passage
often in Greek.
of
Mad-
c.
iumetitd\
be picked up.
excipi]
above.
=portare poterat.
portabat'\
et ipsis'l
says Arrian.
See excepturi
'
themselves also
'.
sacra
communid] the
themselves, that
is
rites
of their
common
religion.
17.
quia...esset\ because (as he felt) he was, 'feeling himself to be'.
This subjunctive of the assumed reason is common enough. See MadArrian VI 24 2, 3 tells us that Alexander well knew
vig 357 a.
what he had to expect when he undertook this march but the legends
of the journeys of Semiramis and Cyrus through the same district, how
the former lost all her army but 20 men, and the latter all but 7, roused
him to attempt to succeed where they'had failed. So too Strabo xv 2
5.
;
NOTES.
ir 22]
177
misit Qtc\ Diodoras xvii 105 gives substantially the same account of
his messages to the
satraps and their prompt attention to his orders.
finiiimarui] Diodorus
18.
ttis,
fame\
it
'
5,
12.
omnhim
Arrian VI 27
c]uiete\
makes him
rest
So
Miitzell
and refresh
his
and Zumpt
army
at the
Strabo agree,
country
(at
least
as far as
last
degree.
19.
Ind 23
5, 6.
donians.
This is the
Craterd] see on 4.
as to the whereabouts of Kraterus.
first
hint
Curtius
20.
viorbd\ so
Thoas
in Arrian.
1.
eitis fovisse.
xvu
106.
the sense
For
is
ijide
cum.
So we might htive
compare i
'next',
.3.5-
cquorum
C.
etc]
Arrian VI 27 6 gives
much
the
same account.
12
178
CURTI RUFI
Q.
HIST. ALEX.
[ix lo
rule'.
23.
24.
igitur']
having
now
Miitzell
compares Livy
mim
3, 4 est
glo7-ia solida quacdani res et exprcssa, non adumbrata ;
ea est consentiens laus bonorum, incorrupta vox bene iudicaizduin de
excelIcjite virtute ; ca virtu ti rcsonat taiiquam imago,
qtiae quia rccte
ilia
factoruin pleruntqiie comes est, non est bonis viris repudianda.
aute/n quae se eius imitatricevi esse vult, temeraria atque inconsiderata et
illud] 'that'
crat,
where
a parenthetic remark
= what
liy
way of comment on
statnit
illud=\\'\\:ii I
ein.KKridijvaL tov
ry avrQ
A16-
TovTip
trinmphus by
^/)ia,u/3os.
25.
crateras']
constrata']
veils]
26.
redifnita] a
vehiculis] that
'
is,
ibaut,
rode '.
viri mode]
= dut?imodo
viri fuissent.
celebrat obscuratque.
^2 2 3o]
NOTES.
179
deitidc] 'after
is,
them'.
So Greek
^Tretra.
12-
APPENDICES.
The
first
snaso7'ia of
had handled
certain topics.
sentiment tln^eadbare.
...sinunt.
modum
cuicumque
rei
magnitudinem natura
nisi
Oceanum
Oceanus.
declerat dedit et
aiunt fertiles in
Oceaiio
nee usquam rerum naturam desinere, sed semper inde ubi desisse uide-
nouam
atur
potest,
exsurgere.
satis sit
moles: nouae ac
terribiles figurae,
fusa lux alta caligine et intei'ceptus tenebris dies, ipsum uero graue et
defixum mare et aut nulla aut ignota sidera. ita est, Alexander, rerum
natura: post omnia Oceanus, post Oceanum nihil. 1 Argentari. renihil tantum est, quod
orbis te tuus reuocat: uicimus qua licet,
siste,
desinere.
quod noueram
uici
nescio.
quae tam
APPENDIX
A.
i8i
premit
inquieta,
nescio qui
et
modo
deserta
fugiente
uastitas, litora
modo
oculis aeterna
nox
est;
]\IvSAE.
nihil infinitum
fortuna non
facit.
est:
magni
quoniam
eundem
quem
facit:
nouimus quam
tradimus?
BiANl.
terras cui
Fa-
toto pelago
quid?
ista
in
suum
colligatur
orbem
et in
nauigatur sinus
Divisio.
mandum
esse
aiebat
Cestivs hoc genus suasoriarum aliter declanon eodem modo in libera ciuitate
quam suadendum.
quae prosunt
ita
APPENDIX
82
tamen
ut delectent
suadenda sunt,
A.
Alexandrum
facile
modum
exisse
inflates accepimus.
non
cum summa
nam cum
sales:
capit
itaque nihil
dicendum aiebat
nisi
(deum) se
quem
HaKdpfcrcn deolaiv.
exercitum et ad
ille
se
Mundam
deinde
ait:
'nos quidem
ille
modum, ne
conrueret ratio et
Antonius
uellet se
Liberum patrem
dici et
hoc nomen
statuis subscribi
iuberet,
illis
mille talenta.
/xrjTepa
aov
matrimonium
Antonius
ait
illi
Mineruam suam
et
rogaue-
turn ex Graeculis
quidam
ait
sed
'Zep.iXTjv
Atheniensium
cum
fuit,
et
Octauiam
uxorem
haberet
et
si Dolabellam occidisset
a Cassio
ad Antonium, nouissime ab Antonio transfugit ad
hie est Dellius cuius epistulae ad Cleopatram lasciuae
deinde
Caesarem.
feruntur.
transiit
ait:
longius
et
tamen
me
dicito
illos
tibi
annua,
:
bienni,
itaque ad
APPENDIX
A.
183
propositum reuertar. 8 aiebat Cestivs magnis cum laudibfts Alexandri banc suasoriam esse dicendam, quam sic diuisit, ut primum
diceret, etiamsi nauigari posset Oceanus, nauigandum non esse; satis
in transitu uicisset;
gloriae quaesitum; regenda esse et disponenda quae
consulendum militi tot eius uictoriis lasso ; de matre illi cogitandum
:
et
mam
fecit
est
magna
felicitas
uarietate fortunae et
et
incertis
maria
motibus
constitit.
dixit
ilia
demum
deinde locum de
siccari,
deuolutorum, adiecit
10
deficere.
inponendum
sic,
ut
primum negaret
deinde
si
ullas in
essent, perueniri
hie dixit incerta peti, certa deseri; descituras gentes, si Alexhie matrem
enotuisset
esse,
II
quomodo
Glyconis
ovde TpdwiKos
'
tovto
avTO
iJ.iv
ei del
ry
el
fj.rj
tl
KaKov
Plvtion
imitari uoluerunt.
rjv,
dixit
dpa irepaLovadai.
TeXdyei
ov
rah
ttjv
dv vearov '^kuto.
ArteMON
EWrjffTrovriacs
eiJLTrp60(7fJ.ov
hoc omnes
oiiK
/cat
riayU^i/XtV
ilia
dixit:
rjoai-v
Kapa5ot:ov/.iei>
e'ire yTJs
on
dixit: ^ovXevT^ov
dp-truaiV
ov8e
Corruptissimam rem
omnium quae umquam dictae sunt ex quo homines diserti insanire
dictam Ilomeri, cum
putabant Dorionis esse in metaphrasi
quasi
indignetur
quod
terras
rclinquas.
12
coeperunt,
haec quomodo ex corexcaecatus Cyclops saxum in mare reiecit...
tamen sana sint, aiebat Maecenas
ruptis eo perueniant, ut et magna et
apud Vergilium
Vergilius quid
intellegi posse,
ait ?
rapit
tumidum
est
fipeos 6pos
diroairdTai.
appendix
t84
a.
(a)
inflatum
fide,
est
KoX Katpia
^dWerai
vrj<raoi.
Cycladas.
non
dicit
hoc
incredibile est,
fieri,
sed uideri.
propitiis
dicitur.
13
multo conupti-
abiecti suis
camus
qui dixit ipsis Charybdi et Scylla maius portentum: 'Charybne in una re semel insaniret: 'quid ibi
as ethicos induxit matrem
potest esse salui ubi ipsum mare perit?'
loquentem, cum describeret adsidue prioribus periculis noua superei
Dam
Barbarvs dixit, cum introduxisset excusantem se exercitum Macedonum, hunc sensum ... 14 Fvscvs Arellivs dixit: tester ante orbem tibi tuum deesse quam militem.
Latro sedans banc
uenisse
dixit;
dixit:
dum
mare?
nemo
dicit:
ire
tenebras
non
felici
APPENDIX
ut nihil erepto ualuit dinoscere
B.
quo ferimur?
185
mundo,
:
orbemque relictum
et sacras
uolebam uos
meum
experiri
non
utroadici-
ut uos magis
quamuis
et
quam
:
ilia
B.
[From IX
I 11].
Notwithstanding
that
of the warres, but that they were so exhausted with woundes and weried
with continuall travaill that they were not able to endure any lenger.
As they stode thus astonied and afrayed, keping silence and lookyng
upon the ground, there beganne first a whisperyng and a rumor and
afterwardes a lamentacion amonges them, and by lyttle and little thei
beganne more manifestly to shewe their dolour, the teares fallyng fro
their eyes.
The kynges anger was then so turned into compassion, that
he was not able to keape hym selfe from weapyng.
At length the
whole assemble brast out into an excessive weapyng. And when all the
were at a stay to speake Cenus toke upon hym to presse forwarde
towardes the judgement seate where Alexander stoode, signifieng that
he had somewhat to saye. When the souldiers saw he pulled his helmet
rest
APPENDIX
1 86
B.
it
I
souldiers that be not fayned but expressed by force of very necessitie,
humblie beseche you then that ye woulde vouchesave favourably to heare
also your
owne
souldiers.
is
able to
fulfyll,
is
perfourmed by
us,
lurking
We
himself?
Cause
it
to
be enquired
how many
servaijtes
do folowe
their
Being the
APPENDIX a
187
C.
Some extracts from the Alexandreis of Bishop Philippus
Gualterus (12th or 13th century). These interesting passages
are taken from Miitzell's introduction he quotes them to illustrate certain views as to the history of the MSS of Curtius, from
:
whom
was taken.
intercipit in
(i)
dccursurum Achesiin
motibus
et
*
magnus
mare Ganges
occitrrit uterque
Probably a misprint
for magiiis.
(2)
So the
18
\\a.s
prortipit.
(4)
So
in IX 6 14 bclla
in
his History
D.
An
campaigns
was
is
Mr
now
generally adopted.
Talboys Wheeler
though of course
it is
partly true.]
APPENDIX
i88
D.
{b)
it
ties
treat
have
the
[c]
danger
lay in the rear, and accordingly was careful to secure the real submission
of the tribes as he passed. Liberal to ready submission and to obstinate
resistance, he sternly repressed revolts and punished deception.
His
made
the
kingdom of Taxiles
The battle is one of
Jhelum.
story,
his imagination.
He
at first
seem
to
character.
Macedonian
soldiers.
"Their
spirits
the
toils
[e\
The
APPENDIX
shew
189
and acuteness.
care
D.
One thing
but they did not penetrate into the inner life of the people.
gather from them, that distinctions of caste had not as yet
we may
known
that the
[It is to
be gathered
that the later writers in borrowing from Megasthenes did not understand
the variety of customs and institutions in India, and (as possibly Curtius
meant
for the
(/)
in
valley to
Curtius ix 2
tale as told to
Alexander
Mr
cannot discover.
at
at all,
to
be
the
distortions
of form.
The
last
is
a bold
remark.]
^
Is
it
[I find that
Sandrokottos.
Mr
E H
July
1S.S2.]
LIST OF NAMES.
Greeks by the name of Zeus Ammon.
an oasis in the Libyan desert, which
was visited by Alexander in person in the year 331 BC with the result
that he was greeted by the oracle as the son of Zeus.
Ammon]
He
liad a
god known
to the
Antigenes]
is
in
mentioned by Curtius
the
Aornus.
the
LIST OF NAMES.
191
basus but before he set out to his government he was killed at a banquet in a fit of anger by Alexander himself whom he had enraged by
sternly rebuking his flatterers.
Coenus] brother in law of Philotas, at whose trial he was one of
the three presiding generals.
Probably from a wish to save Philotas
from being tortured he proposed the punishment of stoning. He commanded a division of the phalanx and was employed by Alexander on
various occasions, as for instance against Spitamenes whom he defeated.
Accompanying Alexander to India we find him in command of some
It was Coenus who in the name of
cavalry at the battle with Porus.
the army strongly dissuaded Alexander from pushing on his conquests
beyond the Hyphasis. He died not long afterwards.
Critobulus]
whose eye he
skilfully extracted
as Curtius says
LIST OF NAMES.
192
Eephaestion] was about Alexander's own age and his most intimate
He does not appear to have possessed any marked ability, and
this perhaps was one reason for Alexander's affection towards him.
We find him crowning the tomb of Patroclus in the Troad as Alexander did that of Achilles.
In the Egyptian expedition he was in command of the fleet, and he received a wound at Gaugamela. At the
trial of Philotas he was one of the three
presidents and after the death
of Philotas succeeded with Cleitus to the joint command of the horse-
friend.
guards.
Leonnatus] was one of the ablest and most distinguished of AlexHe was a somatophylax and on several occasions
ander's officers.
shewed the greatest courage, notably at the siege of the Mallian town
where with Peucestes he saved Alexander's life. On the march down
the Indus he commanded the light troops and was left at the mouth of
that river with most of the troops and the smaller vessels.
On the
return march from India he was lelt to overawe the Oritae and to wait
arrival
Nearchus.
For
these
he
was
for the
of
services
rewarded with a
golden crown. After Alexander's death Lesser or Hellespontine Phrygia
fell
to his share.
Issus
LIST OF NAMES.
193
death.
Ptolemy.
Peucestes] was appointed to carry the sacred shield which Alexander took down from the temple of Athena at Ilium, and in this
capacity chiefly contributed to save Alexander's life among the Malli.
As a reward for this he was made a somatophylax and appointed
governor of Persia. At Susa he was rewarded with a golden crown.
In 323 B c he joined Alexander with 20000 Persian soldiers and was in
close attendance during the king's last illness.
He further won Alexander's favour by adopting the Persian dress and manners. After the
king's death he was continued in his government of Persia.
13
LIST OF
194
NAMES
We
back
to
over and
is
Ptolemy] the reputed son of Lagiis and thus of obscure origin, but
also said to be an illegitimate son of Philip, was probably the ablest of
Alexander's officers and was the author of an account of his conquests.
He was banished from Macedonia on the discovery of Alexander's projected marriage with the daughter of Pixodarus, and this event was t'he
In conjunction with Asander he
beginning of his subsequent elevation.
defeated Orontobates and captured Halicarnassus and other strong
of
the
Persian Gates he was in comthe
At
forcing
places in Caria.
mand of a division of 3000 men and was made a somatophylax in the
He was sent to arrest Bessus and commanded a
room of Demetrius.
column in the operations across the Oxus and was engaged at the siege
It was he who gained information of the
of the fortress of Chorienes.
plot of Hermolaus and the pages and reported it to Alexander, thereby
In the campaign against the
in all probability saving the king's life.
Aspasians he killed their chief with his own hand. In the operations
against the Malli he commanded one of the three corps of invasion and
in the district of Oritis (or in the kingdom of Sambus) he received a
wound which was healed by the application of a herb discovered by
Alexander himself, who was thus enal)led to requite his friend for saving
On the return from India he was
his own life as above mentioned.
married to a daughter of Artabanus. After Alexander's death Eg)'pt
and founded a
fell to his share and there he maintained himself
dynasty.
when Bessus
fell
or
Sisicottus,
INDEX TO THE
a meridie
Abisares
lo -24
9 5
viii
ab Oriente
adfluere ix 5 7
adgressi with infinitive ix
viii
adhuc
12 13
ablative ix 5 30, 10 12, 18
ablative of description ix 8 23
viii
instrument
,,
viii
origin viii 10
price ix 6 11
,,
,,
admovere
13 iS
i
,,
abstergere ix q 16
abstinere viii 10 10
abstract for concrete
viii
13 18, ix
viii
cautius viii 1 1 1 5
= against viii 10 22, ix 4 23
hoc = praeterea ix 2 4, 10 13
ictus ix 5 I
manum viii 1 1 8
acrius
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
quam
manus ix 9
omnia viii 14
speciem
viii
ix4
viii
viii
10 22
10 27
agmen = acies
viii
12 7
viii
9 33
agrestis viii 10 14
Agriani viii 1 1 9
agricultores viii 12 12
alere viii 9 16
filter
viii
VHi
13^2
altius repetere ix 6 16
amarus salsus ix 9 6
24
7
adfinitas ix 3 22
adfirniare ix i 34
ix 6 2
aliter viii 10 27
alitus viii 10 8
23
9 22
ultimum ix 10 n
vocem viii 14 36
adactus ix 5
ix 10
adversus ix 9 9
advertere viii 13 19
aedes ix 10 25
aegris mortalibus viii 10 29
aegrum curare viii 14 45
aestimare viii 14 46, ix i 26
aliquantum
adversum flumen
agger
8, 4 8
13
4 27
9 8
Afghans
i
11,
13,
adplicare
adsidere ix 8 25
viii
23
adventare viii 9 16
adsum
78
Acadira
10 19
acceptus viii 12 11
accidere ix 9 27
Acesines viii 9 8, ix
ix
ix
6 2
ix 2 4,
admittere ix 6
time ix 6 I
without preposition after
verbs ix 8 14
,,
xNOTES.
amplius viii 10 2
anceps viii 14 7, 16,
animus
est ire ix 3 5
antequam
viii
10 30
ix
196
Aornis
viii
1 1
carpere
aperire viii 13 8, ix 6 20
appellata regina viii 10 35
aptare ix 9 13
apteix 13 6
Aquilo viii 9 12
Arbela
ix 2 23
Arabitae ix 10 5
arbores viii 9 34
ardua, niti per viii
viii
9 10
castella viii 12 7
castra viii 12 4
Caucasus
viii
9 3
cedere ix 4 20
Cedrosii ix 10 5
cedrus viii 10 8
celebratus ix
i r
i 2
celeritas ix 4 10,
certamen ix 4 13
arietare ix 7 22
eerie
arma)(tela ix 3 10
armentum
celerum viii 9
ceterum = sed
Arsinoe
charta
(aro) ix 2 16
ix 8 22
artes pacis ix 8 23
at enim ix 2 22
attraction viii 9 10, 33, 10 36
avare facere be 8 9
avaritia gloriae ix 2 9
auctor
viii 12
auctoritas ix 7 3
aversus in viii 13 23
aves, talking birds viii 9 16, 25
aula ix 7 15
aura maris ix 4 21
auro caelata
aurum
viii
auspicium
autem
viii
Biton ix
(?) ix
viii
9 22
9 28
viii 9 2 r
33
9 31
brachia)(lacerti
Brahmans
viii
Bucephala
ix
6, 3 23
caecus ix 9 2
caligo ix 4
candor
ix
viii
10 2
9 15
viii
10 22
1
circumferre ix 5 i
claudus = debilis ix 9 13
climate, effect of viii 9 20
coetus ix 4 9
cognoscere ix 8 9
cohors regia viii i j 9, ix 10 26
colere
viii
9 g 21, 34, ix 9
columen ix 6 8
comissabundus ix 10
viii
8, 5
28
26
ix 3 5
viii 9 19
viii
ix 4
1 1
27
5
14 24
24
condicio ix 7 18
confirmatus viii 14 45
confundi ix 4 8
coniunctus ix i 26
conserere viii 12 9
considerare viii 10 26
considere ix 7 12
constanter viii 14 25
constantia ix 7 25
consternere ix 6 7
constituere
30
capere = x'<'P''' ix 3
capital (archaic form)
carbasa viii 9 24
carbasus viii 9 21
14 15
condere viii 10 11
condere lucem viii 13
baccar viii 10 14
Beira viii 10 22
binum = binorum
36
12
viii
concursatio
16
belnae, crocodiles
14 19
committere obsidionem
committi ix 4 i
comparative double viii
ix 2 31
i
Choaspes
circuitus
commendare
commercium
9 26
9 18
ix 3 6
auxilium ix
viii
comitatus
10
10
viii
viii
7.
6 14
viii
9 34
viii 9 19, 1 1 4
contentus with infinitive viii 1 1
contio ix I r
convictus with infinitive ix 8 9
convocare ix i 23
co-ordination of clauses ix 6 18
iJ
viii
corona ix i 14, 8 15
corona = a parapet ix 4 30
corrumpere ix 7 15
cratera ix 10 25
cremare incendio
ix 10 12
9 9, ix 9 22
cnidus later viii 10 25
crocodiles
dum
viii
fide viii
Daedala
Dahae
viii 12 i
14 37, ix 5 16
9 17,29, 14 26
elephants
efferare ix lo 9
40
effluere viii 14 36
effusus viii 14 34
elidere ix 2 21, 7 22
elisus viii 13 9
eludere ix 7 18
10 19
eluvies
viii
emicare
eminere
viii
10
30
viii
viii
9 33
9 9
dependent clause of oratio obliqua
delphinus
such time as ix 10 22
Ecbolima
edere
viii
14 5
dative, ethic ix 2 25
dative of gerund or gerundive
viii
in Indicative ix 2 7
deprecari ix i 20
derelinquere ix 4 8
destinata viii 10 28
destinare ix 9 6
1 1
7
ix 5 ro
viii 12 13
emittere viii 14 5
enare viii 13 15
enatus ix 8 30
enavigare ix 9 13
equites equester ordo ix
ergo ix 2 12
erigere
viii
1 1
6, ix
14
10, 3 2
eruere ix 2 9
Erythrus rex viii 9 14
et viii 10 II, ix 6 23, 8 21
et
ix
evehi ix 9 8
eventus viii 13 12, ix 8 20
everberare ix 4 13
ex solidoix 2 14
exacti
dirigere viii 9 36
discors ix 9 26
viii 14 9, 30
exaestuare ix 9 9
exanguis ix 3 5, 5 26
excedere viii 93, i4i3
excipere ix 2 2, 8 21, 10 15
excolere ix 6 21
excusatio ix 3 17
eximius with genitive viii 9 5
distinguere viii 9 24
diversa regio ix i 35
existere ix 4 18
expectare ut ix 3
destituere
viii
14 31, ix 9
destruere viii 14 46
deurere viii 9 12
dies
fati viii
10
i r
viii
viii
viii
ix
dumtaxat ix 10 18
Dyardenes viii 9 9
25
9 27
10 30, 11 8
curare, curatio ix 6 i
currus viii 9 29
cursus ix 9 8
curvare se ix i ro
custodes corporis viii 11 11
custos ix 8 23
ramis
dum = until
1 6
cultus ix 3 ir, 8 23
cum viii 9 27
potest
viii
21
crux ix 8
cum
cum
cum
197
13 20
diutius quani ix 4 30
documentum ut viii 14 26
dogs ix r 3 r
dorsum ix 8 2
dulcis (of water) ix 9 6
diversus
14 79
9 32
20
198
genitive of definition
expelli viii 13 26
experiri viii 12 6
expertus se viii 1 3 11
,,
9 28
gerandive
Great
etc viii 14 42
miraculum
viii
fastigium
9 19
fati
dies
viii
3,
habere
r,
ix 2 28,
23
viii
20
frigescens viii 10 29
frigus viii 10 7
fruges viii 10 14
viii
of subject
generare
viii
of,
viii
15
8, ix 4 8
8, ix i 35, 2
idem animi,
identidem
iuris ix 2 11
9 10
igitur viii ro i
ignavia ix 7 17
viii 10 7
ignobilis ix 2 6
ignis
ignominia notare ix 6 13
illud = e/cervo used of what follows
14 6, ix 10 24
ix 8 4
impersonal use of verbs in passive
viii 10 5
imperium populi
implying change
13 8
9 16
viii
genitive ix i 26, 2 i
^iii 9 32
genitive, objective
ix
viii
9 5
9 19
viii
gender, change
11, ix 4 10, 8
iacere viii 10 24
laxartes ix 6 21
idem ix 8 16
16
Ganges
ir, ix 3
hortari ix 8 6
Hydaspes viii 13
Hyphasis viii 9
14 13
13 17
gemmae
Hindoos
i
fossa viii
fraus ix 7 5
fretum
lo 3
flagitium viii 14 11
fluere viii 14 33
ix 9
viii
Hesudrus ix 2 i
hinc.hinc viii 13
9 29
viii
viii
hendiadys ix i 26, 3 23
Hercules)(Vishnu viii 14
ferox ix 4 16
ferre ix 6 22
forma
10 30
10 24
haurire ix 5 11
hedera viii 10 13
9 32
fatigare aures viii 13 10
2
ix
fauces
13
felicitas viii 10 18, 13 13
felix temeritas viii 1 3 1 5
ix 8
viii
10 17
25
Hages viii 14 2
viii
hasta
14 r6
viii
ferrum candidum
10
viii
habitus ix
24
10 3
Kaan
i,
Greek construction
ix 3 19
fallere ix 4 33
fama ix 5 i, 10
14
viii
22,7 6
genitive of distributive numerals
viii
24, ix 3
gloria ix 5
copiam
10 7, ix
41
viii
73
of further definition
in artius viii 1 1 6
in crucem tollere ix 8 16
in diversum ix 7 10
X99
depending on
'he says'
'he thought' not expressed ix 2
in fidem accipere
23
in incremento esse ix 3 9
medium viii 14 9
multum diei viii 14 28
infinitive
in
in
infractus viii 14 44
in obsidione viii 10 22
in oculis ix 4 10
in
inhabilis viii 13 11
inluvies viii 14 14
inminere ix i 21
inmobilis ix 4 18
inmortalitas ix 6 26
ix
10
viii
13 23
in solido ix 2 14
regionem
in speculis ix 9 23
incedere viii 1 1 16
incitamentum
viii 14 11
includere viii 9 28, ix 8 -ir
inconditus viii 11 i, ix i 16
incubare ix 4 iS
incumbere
ix
9 4
35
,,
jewels
trees,
for
riding
,,
burning of dead
,,
classes
,,
division of
,,
,,
among
viii
viii
viii
months
viii
9
9
institutus viii 14 39
insula viii 9 7
9 32
9 35
drunkenness viii 9 30
dyeing of beards viii 9 22
viii
fire
,,
god
9 32
viii
22, 27
,,
,,
indicium ix 2 30
Indus boundary of India viii 10
derivation of viii 9 4
,,
tides in viii 9 9
,,
indutus viii 9 24
iners, inertia ix 6 \i
inesse with dative ix 5 23
integer ix 4 16
intendere viii 13 17
inter hKC = interea ix 3 21
inter ora viii 10 iS
12 12
,,
9 32
viii
9 28
viii
viii
insignis ix 1 2?, 5
instar ix i 10
instare ix i 33
^9
inplere ix 3 7
inponere viii 14 19
inprovisus ix 2 13
inpunitas viii 12 3
inquinare
i
5
Indian
inmutatio ix 7 15
innoxius ix 4 11
inpedimentum ix 10 23
inpellere ix 9 25
inpius, inpiae mentes, inpia arma
,,
ix 3 20
interfluere viii 9 1 1
interritus viii 9 33
intrepidus viii 1 1
invehi ix 9 9
invertere se viii 9
invidus viii 12 18
inusitatus
j
^.j;
invisitatus^
inultus ix 5 2
inundare ix 2
lomanes
^g
28
9 8
viii ro 29
viii
lovis filius
ipsos ix 9 3
= se viii 10 i
ipsos
ita ix 9 12
ita ut ne ix 5
ita ne
ita si ix
22
6 24
iunctus flumini ix i 13
iungere viii 10 3
ix
200
iiistus ix 7
viii
viii
viii
14 19
30
labi viii 14 38
laborare ix 3 11
lacerta ix 8 2
niemor
ix 2 7
mensis
viii
9 35, 36
ix 2
mentiri, inendax
viii
mentum
viii
meridies
viii
viii
ix 8 8
viii
I4 10
viii
momentum
moribundus
monumenta
moriturus
movere
movere
ad liquidum
7,
10 30, 14 19,
ix 6 21
ix 5 21
ix 5 28
ix 5 26
viii
mundus viii 9 13
munimentum ix 4
14
9 20, 10
28
ix 2 34
22
lubricus viii 14 19
lucre ix 6 13
luxuria viii 9 23
2,
viii 12
14
ix
13, ix
viii 10 31
magnificentia viii 9 23
8 3
Malli ix
4. 15. 24.
malum viii 14 41
niti
manare
nomen
ix 7 5
se viii 14 6
niulcari viii ir 23
linquere ix 5 1 1
linqui animo ix 5 28
linum viii 9 15
lintea viii 9 21
machina
ix 5 19, 6 23
libido viii 9 19
librare ix 5 2
limen, in limine ix 2 26
lineae vestes ix 7 12
12 10
30. 13 10
moliri
liberalis ix 8 23
liberius ix 3 2
longus ix 6
viii
modicus viii 12 7, ix 7 15
moles saxorum, corporum viii 10
10 14
locum invenire
22
10 24
6
Mithan Kot
mitigare
10 12
milites viii 12 12
miserabilis viii r i
lectica viii 9 24
legatio viii 9 27
liber viii 9 15
situs viii
ix 2 12
mente complecti
meta
viii
9 15
lapillus viii 9 21
lascivia viii 10 15
latitudo viii 9 2
locorum
9 19
14
militans gloriae
lana
liquidus,
2 14
14
8,
10 22
mecum esse ix 2 33
mei ix 2 25
27
kingly
kings attended by women viii 9 30
forbidden to get drunk viii 9
,,
viii
1 1
viii
Mazagae
29
via
7 .'7
margaritae
materia ix
24
duties ix 8 25,
laurus
n-ix
maxime = yuaXi<rTa
Karduchan archers
ix
19
manum
manus, ad
nomen
14
. .
opus = 6f o/ia
ix
1 1
6 17
. .
^/JYOP
ix
palmam
regis etc ix 7 3
noniina ix 2 33
Nora
viii
1 1
viii
14 29, ix 6
TrapaiTeiadai ix
parcitur
.
nudus
ix 5 1
nuptiae ix i
viii
Nysa
25
o 7
10
viii
,,
,,
participle
viii
occupare
I
13 15
occurrere
26
Oceanus
oleum ix
ix 2
dim
14 10, ix 6 26
ix 6 26
viii
16
ominari ix 8 24
omission of pronoun ix 4 20, 6 6,
26
omittere viii 14 29
omnis, ad omnia viii 10 20, 14
23
ix
32
12
est ix 9
viii
Omphis
operae
operatus
opimus
4
37
10 17
viii
ix
10
3
Patala,
10 23, 24, ix
Oritae ix 10 6
OS viii 9 8
viii
Oxydracae
ix
4 15
viii 10
pati viii 9 23
patiens ix 9 2
pavidus
pavo
ix
viii
Pattala,
etc
ix
34
14 23
13
pecora viii 12
Penates ix 6 9
1 1
per in adjurations ix 2 27
per otium, per quietem ix 6 19
per ardua niti viii 1 1 9
per herbas viii 10 17
per insidias ix 2 7
per modica intervalla viii 12 7
percutere viii 10 27
= nuntiare viii 3 i
perferre
permisso viii 12 6
perpetuus
viii
Persica vestis
opportunitas viii 13 18
oppressus viii 10 20
opulentia viii 9 19
opus
14
viii
passively
pensitare ix 7 14
per of agency viii 12 2
Olympias
omnino
viii
24
patera
32, 11 2, 14 19,
20
viii
15
Patalia,
viii
petra
13 13, ix 4 rS
viii 12
16
viii 11 2
viii 10 4
philosophers viii 9
pietas ix 6 16
phalanx
2
14
10 5
used
12 17
= Xd^pa
ix
,,
obsolescere ix 6 14
obsoletus )( gloriosus ix i 2
obstrepere viii 13 23
obstrinxerat, force of pluperfect
ix
viii
parentare ix 5 20
parrots and talking birds viii 9 i^
parta (praeda), parto frui ix 2 10
pars viii 10 2
partes viii 13 13
participle future viii 10 r
obruere quin ix 9 23
obsidere vias ix 2 3
occulti
infringere
frangere,
^9
201
31
pientissimus, piissimus ix 6 17
pinna, lorica ix 4 30
plerique, plures ix 10 2
pluperfect, force of viii 12 17
202
poculum, cratera
ix lo
viii
poetical expressions
17. 13 10, 24
poma viii 10 14
populares ix
popiili
pono
7 2
ix
imperium
ix
26
10
i,
15,
quod =80
far as viii 12
quod ix 2 31
quoque viii 9 20
quoque = Kai viii 10
pnsteritas ix 3 5
postulare ix 2 31
10
viii
ix
5,
ix
17
post ix 6 21
praecipere
qui quidem = os 7e ix 6 18
qui unus viii 14 36
quin ix 2 28, 9 23
quippe viii 9 8
quo = ut eo with comparative
18
6 26, 10
ratio viii 10 20
Trpo\afil3dviv ix
,,
viii
praecipito
1 1
recidere ix 5 25
recipere viii 9 32, ix
reciprocari ix 9 20
recta regione viii 9 2
recto alveo viii 9 5
praeparare ix 7 16
praes, vas ix 2 25
praesens ix i 12, 2 19
praesidere viii 13 21
praestare viii 14 13, ix 6 13
praesto esse viii 13 2
praetorium ix 6 4
primordium
refragari ix 5 21
viii
ix 2
1 1
1 1
pro = in proportion
pro contione ix i
to viii 13 9
i
procul viii 14 13
procul with ablative viii 13 18
proditor, prodere viii 14 36
profecto ix r 18, 3 5
proficere ad ix 10 14
prohibere with ablative viii 13 5
proinde ix i 2
pronoun omitted ix 4 20, 6 6,
26
promptus
viii
propior ix 2 7
propius ix 3 3
propulsare ix 2 g 6
publicis moribus
= in
viii
public
9 19,
ix
putris ix 3 10
quandoque
quasi,
ix 6
tamquam
que = sed
qui
= eos
13 18
viii 11 11
qui
viii
36
relative not attracted viii 9 31
relegare ix 2 9
reliqua belli ix i 1
repercussus viii 9 8, 13 9
repetere ix 3 20
repetere altius ix 6 16
viii
10 10
ix 3
2
ix 5
21
retractare ix 3 22
reverberari viii 9 6
reus ix 5 26
rhinoceros
viii
9 16, ix
9 10
rigare
viii
rubor
ix 7
25
Rubrum mare
26
viii
= Te...Kat
que...et
regere ix r 24
reges viii 9 23
reges )( reguli viii 10 2
rcgia ix 8 23
regio viii 13 23
regnare ix 5 21
relative proposition expressing reason of leading proposition viii 9
repletum ire ix i
rerum monumenta
33
pulso ix 2 30
purgamentuni
21
recubare viii 9 24
reddere ix i 12, 9 20
reddi viii 9 32, 11 g 25
redux = reducens ix 6 9
piecario ix 2 34
pretium operae
viii
9 6
viii
10 32
22
10 2, 10
Sabarcae, Sambastae ix 8 4
Samiramis
ix
viii
sapientia
6 23, \o% 17
9 31- I3
subicere ix 5 11
subinde viii 9 10, ix i 33, 3 24
subire ix 4 32, 6 24
subjunctive imperfect second person
singular ix 4 14
subjunctive of assumed reason ix 10
5
3 24
securitas ix 5 21
senes facti ix 2 10
septentrio, septentriones ix 4 8
sequi ix 1 31
serpens ix i 4
Sibi ix 4 2
sicut ix 7 10
sicut.. ita
= /iei/...5e
siderum motus
viii
viii 12
6 20
ix 6 22
subsidere ix 9 19
subluere
17
subvehere ix 3 9
succedere viii 11 19
sidus ix 6 8
signiuus viii 12
15
simpliciter, simpllcius viii I4 46
simulacrum )( statua viii 14 11
situs locorum viii 9 20, 10 13,
succidere ix 5 7
Sudracae ix 4 15, 24
suicide among Brahmans
solea viii 9 2 1
solidus ix 2 14
solitudo ix 2 ^ 24
solvi
solutae vehi
supplementum
et vehi
viii
10
sura
viii
Surena
3
Sopithes
(Asvapati) ix
9 30
sopitus
sors ultima ix 2 6
2
ix
10
spatium
spiritus ix 5
viii
stagnum viii
stare in aqua
viii
ix 3 2
viii
13 2
tamquam and
10 25
quasi viii 1 3 8
6 21
tardus ix 9 12
Taxila and Taxiles viii 12 4
Tanais
9 7
13 9
r
viii 13 2
strenuus, strenue viii
14
5, ix
ix
temperare
8
ix
viii
i
15
13 15
(oculis) ix 3 2
tendere ix 9 14
Terioltes, Tiryaspes ix 8 9
terra
9 5
20
tabula ix 9 20
tacere ix 2 31
slipendium
siringere
ix 7
suus emphatic
19
statuere viii 14 19
status viii 9 13, ix 9 9, 27
sternere ix 2 23
viii
10 28
suspitio ix 7_ 5
sustinere viii 12 6
30
20
ix 3 21
viii
suspendere
12 14
suspectus with infinitive ix 10 21
24
viii
spatia terrarum ix 4
species viii 9 22
spectare viii 9 2
viii
32, 33
ix 2 8
sol ix
viii
submovere
33
subducere ix i 34, 7 24
subducere vela ix 4 10
subject, change of viii 11 2, io 10
subject, change of implied in change
of gender viii 15 8
Scythae viii 14
secundo amne ix
203
studere ix 7 19
suasoria ix 3 5, appendix
sub=i;7r6 viii 10 10
sacrificium ix 4 14
sagina, saginatus ix 7 16
saltern ix 1 31
humore
25
diluta
= xrijXdy
viii
10
204
theatrum
ix 6 21
Timaeus ix
Timagenes
5 15
ix 5 i
tollere ix
i 25
torrens viii 13 9
torrentia flumina ix 9 9
tractus ix 9 20
tradere ix 2 14
trahere in casum, discrimen ix 6 8
transcribere ix i 34
transilire ix
vinum
viii
9 30
= aper 17 ix 7 16
virus of snakes ix i 12
vis ix I 23
viscera ix 5 24
virtus
visums = ^7rot/'6^e'os
ix 3
20
vitare ix 7 21
15
transmittere ix 4 17
i
tree-worship viii 9 34
truncus viii 1 1 8
tugurium ix 10 10
turba ix 2 25
turbare ix 4 9
turris viii
vices viii 9 13
victoria lustrare ix 3 8
vindicare ix 2 32, 10 18
12
ultra
I4 13
viii
= behind
viii 13
ultro ix 7 5
vanitas ix 2 13
vas and praes ix 2 25
vastus viii 13 10
vel...vel viii 12 8, ix 7 17
velum
ix 10 25
venatus ix 8 28
venenum
ix 8
20
vereri ix 7 23
vereri ne ix 5 24
vero ix 6 2 1
vestis viii 9 15, ix 8
universus
viii
ro 26
ut = ita ut viii 10 25
ut, concessive ix 3 12
writing,
15
i
viii
This book
AUG 7h
DEC 2 31949
9BS
FEB
tB
7 1990
1991
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4^f
>
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10
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25m -2, '43(5205)
LOS ANGELES
LIBRARY
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104