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PHP
What is PHP?
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is open source server-side scripting language that is widely
used for web development. PHP scripts are executed on the server. PHP allows writing
dynamically generated web pages efficiently and quickly. The syntax is mostly borrowed
from C, Java and perl. PHP is free to download and use.
What is PEAR in php?
PEAR(PHP Extension and Application Repository) is a framework and repository for reusable
PHP components. PEAR is a code repository containing all kinds of php code snippets and
libraries.
PEAR also offers a command-line interface that can be used to automatically install
"packages".
Explain how to submit form without a submit button.
We can achieve the above task by using JavaScript code linked to an event trigger of any
form field and call the document.form.submit() function in JavaScript code.
Echo vs. print statement.
echo() and print() are language constructs in PHP, both are used to output strings. The
speed of both statements is almost the same.
echo() can take multiple expressions whereas print cannot take multiple expressions.
Print return true or false based on success or failure whereas echo doesn't return true or
false.
$message vs. $$message in PHP.
$message is a variable with a fixed name. $$message is a variable whose name is stored in
$message.
If $message contains "var", $$message is the same as $var.
Explain the different types of errors in PHP.
Notices, Warnings and Fatal errors are the types of errors in PHP
Notices:
Notices represents non-critical errors, i.e. accessing a variable that has not yet been
defined. By default, such errors are not displayed to the user at all but whenever required,
you can change this default behavior.
Warnings:
Warnings are more serious errors but they do not result in script termination. i.e calling
include() a file which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user.
Fatal errors:
Fatal errors are critical errors i.e. calling a non-existent function or class. These errors cause
the immediate termination of the script.
Explain the importance of the function htmlentities.
The htmlentities() function converts characters to HTML entities.
What is MIME?
MIME - Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions.
MIME types represents a standard way of classifying file types over Internet.
Web servers and browsers have a list of MIME types, which facilitates files transfer of the
same type in the same way, irrespective of operating system they are working in.
A MIME type has two parts: a type and a subtype. They are separated by a slash (/).
MIME type for Microsoft Word files is application and the subtype is msword, i.e.
application/msword.
Explain how to execute a PHP script using command line.
PHP script using command line can be executed using SAPI (Server Application
programming Interface). Using SAPI Command Line Interface the PHP code can be passed to
execute directly
Example:
Php r print_r(get_defined_constanrs());
From a shell, php v will display whether the SAPI is CLI or CGI
How can we increase the execution time of a PHP script?
By default the PHP script takes 30secs to execute. This time is set in the php.ini file. This
time can be increased by modifying the max_execution_time in seconds. The time must be
changed keeping the environment of the server. This is because modifying the execution
time will affect all the sites hosted by the server.
Explain the purpose of output buffering in PHP.
Output buffering in PHP buffers a scripts output. This buffer can be edited before returning it
to the client. Without output buffering, PHP sends data to the web server as soon as it is
ready. Output buffering "send" cookies at any point in the script. Cookies do not have to be
necessarily sent near the start of page. Output buffers are stackable and hence sending to
output is by choice.
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PHP - What is PHP?
PHP - PHP (Hyper text Pre Processor) is a scripting language commonly used for web
applications.....
PHP Session - What Is a Session in PHP?
PHP Session - A PHP session is no different from a normal session. It can be used to store
information on the server for future use....
PHP message - Explain the difference between $message and $$message?
PHP message - $message is used to store variable data. $$message can be used to store
variable of a variable......
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help me to get following accurate answer
define ("ab" ,10);
define("cd" ,1);
define("ef2" ,2);
define("gh3" ,3);
echo 'ab' . "
;
echo constant ( 'ab' );
echo 'cd' . "
";
Special set of tags allows you to display the output directly to the browser. The special set
of tags are represented as <?php..(your statements)..?>. They allow you to write your code
for execution and representation, that you want to display and execute. The example is as
follows to explain it more:
<html>
<body>
<?php echo "Hello world"; ?> // it will print the Hello world directly to browser
</body>
</html>
Define urlencode() and urldecode() used in PHP?
urlencode() returns the URL encoded version of given string. For URL encoding string values
are used in the queries to be passed as URL. Whereas,
urldecode() returns the URL decoded string (original string) which will be decoded by taking
the already encoded string.
Example is as follows:
$discount ="10.00%";
$url = "http://domain.com/submit.php?disc=".urlencode($discount);
echo $url;
Output: "http://domain.com/submit.php?disc=10%2E00%25".
Rohit Sharma 12-11-2011
PHP interview questions and answers
What is the difference between $message and $$message?
The only difference between $message and $$message is that, $message is a normal
variable and $$message is variable to variable. The difference in functioning is shown
below:
When declaring a variable in PHP the variable gets declared like this
$message //which is simply a variable
To store the data to assign the value to it we write like
$message= ride; //assigned the string to the variable
echo $message; // it will print the value
Whereas if you want to display the variable to variable then you use
$var="Hello";
$message="var";
echo $message; //print var
b. Warnings
c. Fatal errors
Arpita 12-5-2011
Php interview questions and answers
Explain "GET" and "POST" methods.
Both the methods are used to send data to the server.
GET method - the browser appends the data onto the URL.
Post method - the data is sent as standard input.
Explain the "unlink" and "unset" functions.
unlink() function is for file system handling. It just deletes the file in context.
unset() function is for variable management. It makes a variable undefined
How will you change the name of a column in a table?
ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE old_colm_name new_colm_name
Shashank 12-5-2011
Php interview questions and answers
What is the default session time in PHP?
Until closing the browser.
How will you create a database using PHP and MySQL?
By using : mysql_create_db("Database Name")
How will you find out the value of current session id?
By using: session_id()
Astha 12-5-2011
require() includes and evaluates a specific file, while require_once() does that only if it has
not been included before (on the same page). So, require_once() is recommended to use
when you want to include a file where you have a lot of functions for example. This way you
make sure you don't include the file more times and you will not get the "function redeclared" error.
Differences between GET and POST methods ?
We can send 1024 bytes using GET method but POST method can transfer large amount of
data and POST is the secure method than GET method .
How to declare an array in php?
Eg : var $arr = array('apple', 'grape', 'lemon');
What is the use of 'print' in php?
This is not actually a real function, It is a language construct. So you can use with out
parentheses with its argument list.
Example print('PHP Interview questions');
print 'Job Interview ');
What is use of in_array() function in php ?
in_array used to checks if a value exists in an array
What is use of count() function in php ?
count() is used to count all elements in an array, or something in an object
Whats the difference between include and require?
Its how they handle failures. If the file is not found by require(), it will cause a fatal error and
halt the execution of the script. If the file is not found by include(), a warning will be issued,
but execution will continue.
What is the difference between Session and Cookie?
The main difference between sessions and cookies is that sessions are stored on the server,
and cookies are stored on the users computers in the text file format. Cookies can not hold
multiple variables,But Session can hold multiple variables.We can set expiry for a cookie,The
session only remains active as long as the browser is open.Users do not have access to the
data you stored in Session,Since it is stored in the server.Session is mainly used for
login/logout purpose while cookies using for user activity tracking
How to set cookies in PHP?
Setcookie("sample", "ram", time()+3600);
How to Retrieve a Cookie Value?
eg : echo $_COOKIE["user"];
How to create a session? How to set a value in session ? How to Remove data
from a session?
Create session : session_start();
Set value into session : $_SESSION['USER_ID']=1;
Remove data from a session : unset($_SESSION['USER_ID'];
what types of loops exist in php?
for,while,do while and foreach (NB: You should learn its usage)
How to create a mysql connection?
mysql_connect(servername,username,password);
How to select a database?
mysql_select_db($db_name);
How to execute an sql query? How to fetch its result ?
$my_qry = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `u_id`='1'; ");
$result = mysql_fetch_array($my_qry);
echo $result['First_name'];
Write a program using while loop
$my_qry = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `u_id`='1'; ");
while($result = mysql_fetch_array($my_qry))
{
echo $result['First_name'.]."<br/>";
}
How we can retrieve the data in the result set of MySQL using PHP?
1. mysql_fetch_row
2. mysql_fetch_array
3. mysql_fetch_object
4. mysql_fetch_assoc
What is the use of explode() function ?
Syntax : array explode ( string $delimiter , string $string [, int $limit ] );
This function breaks a string into an array. Each of the array elements is a substring of string
formed by splitting it on boundaries formed by the string delimiter.
What is the difference between explode() and split() functions?
Split function splits string into array by regular expression. Explode splits a string into array
by string.
What is the use of mysql_real_escape_string() function?
It is used to escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement
Write down the code for save an uploaded file in php.
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] == 0)
{
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"],
"upload/" . $_FILES["file"]["name"]);
echo "Stored in: " . "upload/" . $_FILES["file"]["name"];
}
How to create a text file in php?
$filename = "/home/user/guest/newfile.txt";
$file = fopen( $filename, "w" );
if( $file == false )
{
echo ( "Error in opening new file" ); exit();
}
fwrite( $file, "This is a simple test\n" );
fclose( $file );
How to strip whitespace (or other characters) from the beginning and end of a
string ?
The trim() function removes whitespaces or other predefined characters from both sides of a
string.
What is the use of header() function in php ?
The header() function sends a raw HTTP header to a client browser.Remember that this
function must be called before sending the actual out put.For example, You do not print any
HTML element before using this function.
How to redirect a page in php?
The following code can be used for it, header("Location:index.php");
How stop the execution of a php scrip ?
exit() function is used to stop the execution of a page
How to set a page as a home page in a php based site ?
index.php is the default name of the home page in php based sites
How to find the length of a string?
strlen() function used to find the length of a string
what is the use of rand() in php?
It is used to generate random numbers.If called without the arguments it returns a pseudorandom integer between 0 and getrandmax(). If you want a random number between 6 and
12 (inclusive), for example, use rand(6, 12).This function does not generate
cryptographically safe values, and should not be used for cryptographic uses. If you want a
cryptographically secure value, consider using openssl_random_pseudo_bytes() instead.
what is the use of isset() in php?
This function is used to determine if a variable is set and is not NULL
What is the difference between mysql_fetch_array() and mysql_fetch_assoc() ?
mcrypt_encrypt :- string mcrypt_encrypt ( string $cipher , string $key , string $data , string
$mode [, string $iv ] );
Encrypts plaintext with given parameters
What is the use of the function htmlentities?
htmlentities Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities This function is identical to
htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except with htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML
character entity equivalents are translated into these entities.
How to delete a file from the system
Unlink() deletes the given file from the file system.
How to get the value of current session id?
session_id() function returns the session id for the current session.
What are the differences between mysql_fetch_array(), mysql_fetch_object(),
mysql_fetch_row()?
Mysql_fetch_array Fetch a result row as an associative array, a numeric array, or both.
mysql_fetch_object ( resource result ) Returns an object with properties that correspond to
the fetched row and moves the internal data pointer ahead. Returns an object with
properties that correspond to the fetched row, or FALSE if there are no more rows
mysql_fetch_row() fetches one row of data from the result associated with the specified
result identifier. The row is returned as an array. Each result column is stored in an array
offset, starting at offset 0.
What are the different types of errors in PHP ?
Here are three basic types of runtime errors in PHP:
1. Notices: These are trivial, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing a script for example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By default, such errors are
not displayed to the user at all - although you can change this default behavior.
2. Warnings: These are more serious errors - for example, attempting to include() a file which
does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but they do not result in
script termination.
3. Fatal errors: These are critical errors - for example, instantiating an object of a nonexistent class, or calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the immediate
termination of the script, and PHP's default behavior is to display them to the user when
they take place.
what is sql injection ?
SQL injection is a malicious code injection technique.It exploiting SQL vulnerabilities in Web
applications
What is x+ mode in fopen() used for?
Read/Write. Creates a new file. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
How to find the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string
strpos() is used to find the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string
What is PEAR?
PEAR is a framework and distribution system for reusable PHP components.The project seeks
to provide a structured library of code, maintain a system for distributing code and for
managing code packages, and promote a standard coding style.PEAR is broken into three
classes: PEAR Core Components, PEAR Packages, and PECL Packages. The Core Components
include the base classes of PEAR and PEAR_Error, along with database, HTTP, logging, and emailing functions. The PEAR Packages include functionality providing for authentication,
networking, and file system features, as well as tools for working with XML and HTML
templates.
Distinguish between urlencode and urldecode?
This method is best when encode a string to used in a query part of a url. it returns a string
in which all non-alphanumeric characters except -_. have replece with a percentege(%) sign .
the urldecode->Decodes url to encode string as any %and other symbole are decode by the
use of the urldecode() function.
What are the different errors in PHP?
In PHP, there are three types of runtime errors, they are:
Warnings:
These are important errors. Example: When we try to include () file which is not available.
These errors are showed to the user by default but they will not result in ending the script.
Notices:
These errors are non-critical and trivial errors that come across while executing the script in
PHP. Example: trying to gain access the variable which is not defined. These errors are not
showed to the users by default even if the default behavior is changed.
Fatal errors:
These are critical errors. Example: instantiating an object of a class which does not exist or a
non-existent function is called. These errors results in termination of the script immediately
and default behavior of PHP is shown to them when they take place. Twelve different error
types are used to represent these variations internally.
What is Open Source Software?
Software in which the source codes are freely used, modify, and shared by anyone are called
Open Source Software. These can also be distributed under licenses that adhere with the
Open Source Definition.
What is the difference between include(), include_once() and require_once()
The include() statement includes and evaluates a specified line i.e. it will include a file
based in the given path. require() does the same thing expect upon failure it will generate
a fatal error and halt the script whereas include() will just gives a warning and allow script to
continue. require_once() will check if the file already has been included and if so it will not
include the file again.
Differences between GET, POST and REQUEST methods ?
GET and POST are used to send information from client browser to web server. In case of
GET the information is send via GET method in name/value pair and is URL encoded. The
default GET has a limit of 512 characters. The POST method transfers the information via
HTTP Headers. The POST method does not have any restriction in data size to be sent. POST
is used for sending data securely and ASCII and binary types data.
The $_REQUEST contains the content of both $_GET, $_POST and $_COOKIE.
What are the different errors in PHP?
There are 4 basically types of error.
Parse Error Commonly caused due to syntax mistakes in codes e.g. missing semicolon,
mismatch brackets.
Fatal Error These are basically run time errors which are caused when you try to access
what cant be done. E.g. accessing a dead object, or trying to use a function that hasnt
been declared.
Warning Error These occurs when u try to include a file that is not present, or delete a file
that is not on the server. This will not halt the script; it will give the notice and continue with
the next line of the script.
Notice Error These errors occurs when u try to use a variable that hasnt been declared,
this will not halt the script, It will give the notice and continue with the next line of the script.
What is session and why do we use it?
Session is a super global variable that preserve data across subsequent pages. Session
uniquely defines each user with a session ID, so it helps making customized web application
where user tracking is needed.
What is cookie and why do we use it?
Cookie is a small piece of information stored in client browser. It is a technique used to
identify a user using the information stored in their browser (if already visited that website) .
Using PHP we can both set and get COOKIE.
How to print current date and time.
2
3 <?php echo date('Y-m-d H:i:s'); ?>
What function do we use to find length of string, and length of array?
For finding length of string we use strlen() function and for array we use count() function.
How can we change the value of a constant?
We cannot change the value of a constant.
What is the difference between unset() and unlink() function.
unset() is used to destroy a variable where as unlink() is used to destroy a file.
How do we get the current session ID?
2
3 <?php
4 session_start();
5 echo session_id();
6 ?>
How do we destroy a session.
2
3 <?php session_start(); session_destroy(); ?>
What is the difference between explode() and split() functions?
Both are used to split a string to array, the basic difference is that split() uses pattern for
splitting and explode() uses a string. explode() is faster than split() as it does not match the
string based on regular expression. Also split() is deprecated as of 5.3.0. So using of this
function is discouraged.
What is an associative array?
Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.
2
3 <?php
4 $capitals=array("India"=>"New Delhi","China"=>"Beijing","Pakistan"=>"Islamabad");
5 ?>
What is PDO classes?
The PHP Data Objects (PDO) extension defines a lightweight, consistent interface for
accessing databases in PHP. It is a data-access abstraction layer, so no matter what
database we use the function to issue queries and fetch data will be same. Using PDO
drivers we can connect to database like DB2, Oracle, PostgreSQL etc.
What is the difference between javascript and PHP?
Javascript is a client side scripting language whereas PHP is a server side scripting language.
What is CSS?
CSS or cascading Style Sheet is a way to style and present HTML.
What is the difference between ID and class in CSS?
The difference between an ID and Class is that an ID can be used to identify one element,
whereas a class can be used to identify more than one.
How can we submit a form without using submit buttons?
We can use javascript submit function. We can either use form name or form id to print
2
3 document.getElementById("formID").submit();
4 document.formname.submit();
Why do we use multipart/form-data in html form?
This is the encoding used to send image or files via form, The data will be split into multiple
parts and, one for each files plus one for the text of the form body that may be sent with
them.
What is AJAX?
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a technique which allows updating parts of a web
page, without reloading the whole page. Data is exchanged asynchronously in small
amounts of data with the server.
What is jQuery?
jQuery is a fast, small, and feature-rich JavaScript library. It is an easy-to-use API which
makes things like HTML document traversal and manipulation, event handling, animation,
and Ajax much simpler across a multitude of browsers.
How can we show and hide an element via jquery?
Suppose we want to show and hide elements of a div with id div1.
2
3 // show div
4 $('#div1').show();
5 // hide div
6 $('#div1').hide();
How can we add change font size using jquery?
Suppose we want change a font size of and div with id div1 from 12px to 18px.
2
3 $('#div1').css('font-size', '18px');
What is the difference between sql and Mysql?
SQL or Structured Query Language is a programming language designed for managing data
held in a Relational Database Management System. Mysql is a open source, relational
database management System.
Why do we use GROUP BY and ORDER BY function in mysql?
Group By is used for retrieving information about a group of data. It is generally used with
some aggregate function like SUM, AVG etc. ORDER BY is used to sort the records using
column name. It can sort column in both ascending and descending order.
What is JOIN in mysql? What are the different types of join?
When we have to fetch records from more than one table we can use JOIN keyword. The
process is known as joining the tables. There are various types of join like INNER JOIN, LEFT
JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and OUTER JOIN.
Why is the basic difference between LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN and INNER JOIN?
INNER Join compares two tables and only returns results where a match exists. Records
from the 1st table are duplicated when they match multiple results in the 2nd. INNER joins
tend to make result sets smaller, but because records can be duplicated this isnt
guaranteed.
LEFT join means keep all records from the 1st table no matter what and insert NULL values
when the 2nd table doesnt match.
RIGHT Join means the opposite: keep all records from the 2nd table no matter what and
insert NULL values when the 1st table doesnt match.
If we use SUM function in mysql, does it return sum of that row or for that
column?
Sum function works on the column basis and will return the sum of that particular row only.
What do we use to remove duplicate records while fetching a data in mysql ?
We use DISTINCT keyword.
What is the use of count function in mysql?
count() is used for fetching the total number records in a table.
How do we use % when performing a search query?
Suppose take an example where you need to fetch all customer data where name stats with
sa
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE name LIKE sa%';
Another case is where you need to fetch all customer data where kumar is found irrespective
of the position (middle name or last name).
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE name LIKE %kumar%';
How do we delete a row in a table?
Take an example
DELETE FROM customer WHERE cid=150;
In this case it will delete the record of the customer with customer id 150
How do we drop a table?
DROP table customers;
It will drop the table customers
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