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History of The Mountain People of Southern Indochina Up To 1945 PDF
History of The Mountain People of Southern Indochina Up To 1945 PDF
M O U N T A I N PEOPLE
OF
S O U T H E R N INDOCHIfNA
Washington, D.C.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
SEWVICES
O I V I S I O W 8F LAICUAQE
CIlAFTER
ONE
THE COUNTW
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I.
2.
3.
4..
5.
6
7.
:PA GE;
1.
3
11
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CIIBPTER
111
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1. I n Ancient Times
2. R e l z t i o n s w i t h I n d i a
3 F i r s t Hindu Se.ttlements and t h e i r E f f e c t s
4. Funan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . o . .
5. Hinduized I n d o n e s i a n s and I n d o n e s i a n s of t h e Mountains
6. The Champa . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . e . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . .
7. Ekpansion of -the Champa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . .
8. R e s i s t a n c e by t h e E a r l i e r C o a s t a l 1lwell.ers
9 Trade and Wars ........,........................~....t...
LO. The Cham and t h e Mountain People
11. I n f l u e n c e of t h e Mountain People on t h e Cham
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e Cham Occupation and i t s B e r i e f i t s
u..
13 The Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . ~ . 4 , ~ . . . . e
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3.
CHAPTER
IV
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3.
1
2
4
5
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Formation and D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of D i a l e c t s
Fan Wen
The P r i n c i p a l i t y of t h e Ma
The J a r a i and t h e i r "Sadet"
The Patau Pui and t h e Cambodians
20
21
22
22
23
CEIAPTER V
MOUPaTAIN TZEGIONS CAUGIT E l W E R WARRmG KHMERS
AND CHAM FROM .11th TO -L5th CENTURY
..
.
3.
&
...................................
...................................................
..........
............................
AreaIiuled'bytkleKhmers
The Pla-teaus. B a t t l e r i e l d 01' Lhe Warring Khmer and Cham.
Peop1.e~
Western P a r t of t h e P l a t e a u s Occupied by t h e Cham
IJoss of .the Iijnterland by t h e Cham
25
26
27
30
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CIUYI'ER V I I
..
3.
4.
5.
1
2
................................................
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................................
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.
.......
.......................................
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Slave Raids
The R e t r e a t of .the Khmers
The Advance of t h e Laotians
Siam and Laos a t War
The Siamese Invasion
Revolts
53
54
55
56
57
58
The S t i e n g
Panduranga ...................................a...-a-...
Son Phong : t h e Mi.1itary A ccornp1iskunen.t s; Pisca.1. Reorg:iyij.~,a,t i o n ; Admrinis-trative Iteorganization; Trade arid !;i~rrui~i::~-cc. . .
The 'i'ribes of -the HighLa.nci PLa-tet~us: Sedarig , Bahnn.r,
J a r a i , Iihade, e t c .
Establishment o.C t h e Ca.thol.j.c Mit;sion i n lior~tun~
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c j
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.
.
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Revolt of t h e Sc)?o.l.aro
Siamese Encroachment
The Koritum Mission
'The Balilriar-Roxigao Coni'edera Lior~
Mxyrena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e * . , h .
The Pavie Mission
Cupet
Se Dori and Se Barigg 1i:i.eng
........................ .
.......................................
.................................................
................................
:I.89.3-1925
mSITANCY - CONTU
' S1:ON - mTIGATS
.'PE.Ti-iEAPOSTLES AhTD TIE VICTmS
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IA
' . CIFI C A T JON
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and I n c i d e n t s
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LS 110.
51833
C/R-XVII
French
t h e D i r e c t o r of t h e I n l p e r i a l Cabinet,
Having 23.ved f o r t h e p a s t
p l a c e on r e c o r d my s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e t o them,
Bernard B o u r o t t e
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
DlVlSlON OF
Lh#CUhQE
SERVICES
LS
~0.54701
T-~~/K-zv
French
Appendix
I n d e x o f V i e t n a m e s e Names
Maps
Fjg. I
The "mc,nLagnardl'
p e o p l e s o f SouLhcrn r n d o c h i n a
. . . . . . .
Page
1
"
?;
"
S e a r c h f o r eaglewood
Ir?:
"
"
"
"
W g i n n i n g s oE t h e I<onl.ur~~
Mission
"
LO
Pavi-e Mi-ssion.
"
11.
Southern Hint:erland.
11 6
"
1.2
Operations
1 27
. . , . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C u p e t ' s 1.ti.nerary
56
61
. .
67
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'T L
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 1945-1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
CWP%'ElI ONE
---.-7.'1.112 C otIwrl<y
1.
the
i.11
(1)
2.
t h i s study.
inhabited the
I'lrivcn
S a f e behind t h e
The appall-i.ng r e p u t a t i o n of
(_Mountain p e o p l e of S o u t h e r n
To
If
t h e i r systems r e a c t
On t h e o t h e r hand, numerous t r i b e s of
More-
3,
'CTIF HINTER.~CANU
lIint:erlarld
From n o r t h t o s o u t h , t h e s e were:
they occupy
4.
Along t h i s e a s t e r n
st:r:ikFngJ.y c l e a r - c u t .
r e l a t i v e l y pure..
'So t h e s o u t h , t h e boundary i s i r r e g u l a r : i t reaches almost to t h e
coast near Ba-ria,
It i s h e r e t h a t t h e Che Ma took r e f u g e a f t e r
s i t u a t e d on t h e R, Donnai (Done?--Translator),
Between
i t s l o p e s g e n t l y upward t o meet t h e C e n t r a l ~ l a t e a u .
Ease of a c c e s s
5.
It i s h e r e t h a t t h e Song Be r i s e s and h e r e ,
East
The h i g h l a n d s ,
T h e 'broad
From Stung
THE LNIWRLTANTS
1.
These
My s t ~ r d yw i l l . he concerned
2,
of t h e Cl.ot1cls).
110
c e n t u r y , i n 1645 t o be p r e c i s e ,
tl-ieir e x i s t e n c e .
N a t u r a l l y , i n showing Europe
name.
ttiiit:
-8-
b u t on t h e whole t h e y d i d n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e among t h e v a r i o u s t r i b e s
which we d i s t i n g u i s h t h e r e today,
The Chinese r e f e r r e d t o then1 under t h e c o l l . e c t i v e name of K'ouen
Louen; t h e Vietnamese under t h a t of Moi Tliuoc and Moi Da-Vech, a c c o r d i n g
t o whether o r n o t they were s u b j e c t t o t h e Icing of Hue; and t h e Cham
u n d e r t h a t of M'Lecchas (savages) o r K i r a t a s ( h i l l people),
However,
3.
Some
4,
MEUNES IANS
I n t h e l i g h t of p r e s e n t - d a y e t h n o l o g i c a l knowledge, t h e r e i s s e e n
t-.i
z z y Ilail: now
Sl:ilI. i.11 v e r y remote t:i.mes, tllougli at: a s:l.ightly :I.al:er sl:age, peo1)l.e
of 1ndone:;ian r a c c bcc.:~mc sul?eri.mposed upozi and -in.i:errni;ted wi-th (:lie
former Wegrico s t o c k , o l whoru o11l.y s c a t t:erecl t r a c e s reniaixl.
It
i:i
"'fhc: cave-dwelf.c!-:i
'l'liese
-10-
6.
In
of American I n d i a n s : f e a t h e r s a r e used to , d e c o r a t e t h e
Like t h e S r e , t h e
I n c a s a l s o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e sun c o n t a i n s t h e s o u l s of t h e d e p a r t e d .
Coedks w r i t e s : "Long b e f o r e t h e a r r i v a l of f o r e i g n s e a f a r e r s (he
was r e f e r r i n g t o t h e I-Iindus), t h e s e p e o p l e s lzad t h e i r own navi.es."
The voyage r e c e n t l y u n d e r t a k e n by Norwegian s c h o l a r s , who c a s t o f f
from Peru and were c a r r i e d a s f a r :is P o l y n e s i a by t h e winds and t h e c u r r e n t s ,
g i v e s some i n s i g h t i n t o how t h e s e n a v i g a t o r s were a b l e t o 11l;ike u s e of t h e
n a t u r a l elements.
'In t h i s r e s p e c t ,
-11-
7.
The
Their h a i r , though g e n e r a l l y s l e e k ,
The
1.
I N ANCIENT TIMES
Very l i t t l e i s known of Indochina i n a n c i e n t times.
The mountain
These p r i m i t i v e t r i b e s possessed
'3
certain civilization
Moreover, i t i s
s
r e l a t i o n s by s e a n o t only
b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e s e e a r l y i n h a b i . t : a ~ ~ tmaintained
wil:h I n d i a but a l s o w i t h t h e s h o r e d w e l l e r s o.C t h e I'acili.c and w i t h
Indonesia.
011
recol-d.
'Cttey l e a r n e d t h a t
,,,i.
A c c o r d i r ~ g i y , t h e Iiindus s e t up t l a d i n g s t a t i o n s i n t h e
d r y ; and ngsos
island.
3.
It
and t h e i r conception of r o y a l t y .
4.
FUNAN
Funan was t h e name given by t h e Chinese t o what we now c a l l Cambodia.
growing was p o s s i b l e .
it f e l l t o
t h e Cham.
5,
Thc s e a r c h f o r
What
It may be supposed t h a t , s t a r t i n g a t
Nyo).
THE, C I W A
During t h e time t h a t Funan was b e i n g e s t a b l i s h e d and was g a i n i n g f i r m
They
7.
hinduized.
b e termed a Cham s t a t e .
I n 136 A.D.
8.
In
At a l l e v e n t s , t h e memory of t h e i r cmmoli
o r i g i n s has s u r v i v e d t o t h e p r e s e n t day:
w i t h t h e same mother."
As i n Punan, t h e a d o p t i o n of a f o r e i g n c u l t u r e by a s e c t i o n of t h e
p o p u l a t i o n had t h e e f f e c t of t h r u s t i n g back i n t o t h e mountains t h e t r i b e s
Iler
IJhn Yen, tlic Mdhur, Chur <ind IZrung, and r i n a l l y two major groups, t h e
S e p a r a t e f rcxn t l l i s n u c l e u s ,
,I
s u m i c i r c l e round
9.
sought a f t e r ,
The Ch'im had remained a warli-ke people; t h e i n r o a d s which t h e i r
a c q u i s i t i v e urge 1.ed them t o u n d e r t a k e toward t h e w e s t - - t h e country of
gold, i v o r y and aloes-wood?-aroused
a c o n s i d e r a b l e r e a c t i o n on t h e p a r t
of t h e i n h a b i t a n t s oT t h e h i n t e r l a n d .
-1710,
Moreover,
a s t h e g u a r d i a n s of t h e r o y a l i n s i g n i a and l a s t t r e a s u r e s of t h e Cham,
t h e mountain people have always had g r e a t r e s p e c t f o r t h e s e p r e c i o u s
relics.
Indeed, u n t i l r e 1 . a t i v e l y r e c e n t l y , a c a l l f o r h e l p from a l a t t e r -
r u s h i n g t o o l f e r h e r a l l t h e s c r v i c e s a t t h e i r command, w i t h o u t e x p e c t i n g
any form of reward Tor t h e i r t r o u b l e .
Such d e v o t i o n i s accounted f o r more t h a n a n y t h i n g by t h e approach
which t h e Cham a d o p t e d ; t h e y behaved l e s s l i k e concluerors t h a n l i k e
g u a r d i a n s and a d v i s e r s : "Far from being wiped o u t by t h e conquerors,
t h e n a t i v e s round i n t h e Hindu s o c i e t y - - t r a n s p l a n t e d from i t s s o u r c e
and grown more P l e x i b l e - - a
This i s s o t r u e t h a t whereas
e s t a b l i s h t r a d i t i o n a l t i e s , w i t h o u t p o l i t i c a l dependence.
They a c c e p t e d
11.
a s kings.
The
For confirma-
t i o n ok t h i s we can t u r n t o h i s t o r y i t s e l f , r a t h e r t h a n t o legend.
According t o M r . Rolf S t e i n , tile a c c e s s i o n uT Llle Fan family t o t h e
Champa Lltrone (Fan Hiong ascended t h e t h r o n e i n 270, was succeeded by
Fan Y i , e t c . ) marlied t h e assumption of power by File indigerlous element,
p o s s i b l y w i t h Lhe s u p p o r t OL t h e people.
I n t h i s Eami l y , a s wi l h the
12,
-19came from t h e h i g h l a n d s .
13,
THE VIETNAMESE
Thus f a r , we have s e e n t h e l a n d around t h e mountain people of t h e h i n t e r -
The g r e a t t h r u s t
/ ,
I n e v i t a b l y , they came up
Their t e r r i t o r i a l
But t h i s s t r u g g l e rlcver
r e s u l t e d i n r a c e s b e i n g a n n i h i l a t e d , n o r i n t h e i r w h o l e s a l e and c o m p l e ~ e
e v i c t i o n , a s happened w i t h t h e Red I n d i a n s i n Ameri-ca, t h e a b o r i g i n e s i n
A u s t r a l i a , o r t h e Yukaghirs i n S i b e r i a .
h a v i n g been wiped o u t among t h e MIIS.
There i s no r e c o r d of any r a c e
- 20CHAPTER LV
1.
The o t h e r s , f a r t h e r away i n t h e I n t e r i o r ,
"
13y t h e time t h e l a t t e r , i n o r d e r t o
Their d i a l e c t
It i s t h e s e f a m i l i g s , a p p a r e n t l y t h e l a s t s u r v i v o r s of t h e t r i b e s
of Funan and Tchenla, which make up :
<I
, primi.tivc
2.
FAN WEN
T h i s Wqn, a n a t i v e of Kiang Sou i n Ching, becon~cd d v i b a r t o the. Cham
F i r s t of a l l , Wen
Of a 1 1 t h e Moi
l example
~ ~
s a t by t h e Cham and t h u s r e a c t i n g a g a i n s t t h e i r own
xrx,
exceedingly precarious,
3.
They s e t t l e d i n a v e r y i n h o s p i t a b l e r e g i o n , i n t h e
For a l l i t s u n p l e a s a n t -
n e s s , i t n o n e t h e l e s s provided a p a s s a g e t o Cambodia.
Each of t h e groups (Chrau, Kollo, Chasre, Cop, Chato) belonging t o
t h e p r i n c i p a l i t y grew what c r o p s i t c o u l d on i t s s o i L and t r a d e d i t s
produce w i t h i t s n e i g h b o r s .
The sway of t l ~ e
4,
c a l l e d them.
T h i s s t u r d y and w a r i i k c t r i b e r e t a i n e d i t s independence.
I f t h e y d i d , i t would b r i n g down u n s p e a k a b l e c a l a m i t i e s
For t h e same r e a s o n s , t h e y s i m i l a r l y took c a r e n o t t o be
s e e n by t h e i r s u b j e c t s ,
The P a t a u Ya, l o r d of t h e w a t e r s , p o s s e s s e d t h e power t o c a u s e r a i n ,
f l o o d s and even a d e l u g e t h a t would c o v e r t h e e a r t h .
Setiang, t o oiention o n l y t h e n o r t h .
"Though r a r e l y w i l l i n g t o submit t o
5.
--kllan
=I,
tlic
oC t h e Cambodians.
pos:;essi.on of tlic s a b r e ,
wlli.cli
l ~ e yc:!i-r i cd o f f t o (:lrei.~:capi. t a l .
t;
By thus d i v i d i n g ownership
Ya
Liie 11ionar;~cryof :;ambok t o tile r e s i d e n c e of tl-ie Patau l'ui anii tile Z'ntau
''ill
(Y,ip:l).
(,I
tlie Ayun and Song I;a ri:vcrs
(8).
As l a t e a s t . 1 1 ~ I ~ e g i n r ~ i nof
g t h e 19tl1 c e n t u r y , t h e !;ndct, who were
Linditi.onnl:l.y s e l . e c t e d From t h e S i u c l a n ( t h r o u g h t h e i r m o t h e r ) , s t i l l
p r e s e r v e d t h e i . r attacliment: t o t h i s r e g i o n .
pp. 9-33.
H i s t o r i a n s have long s o u g h t t o
To t h i s day, however, t h e g r e a t e s t a u t h o r i t i e s on
In
d e f e n d i n g t h e o u t e r l i m i t s of t h e 1Climer realm.
fir t h i s a s i t may,
Chc
I n grave
of t h e kingdom--the p i e c e of i v o r y , t h e
"
We a r e a t
g r i p s w i t h t h e miraculous.
as r e q u i r e d by t r a d i t i o n (9),
His t r i p s i n t o t h e i p t e r i o r of h i s f i e f were
CHAPTER V
1.
sway over t h e t r i b e s along the banlcs of t h e Prelc Te, t h e Prek Chhlong, ancl
the lower reaches of t h e r i v e r s Se San, Se Kong, Se Don and Se Bank
Hieng, although, i n t h e case of t h e l a t t e r , only u n t i l the end of, t h e 1 3 t h
century.
...,
Accordingly,
t h e s e t r i b e s "sought t h e i r s a l v a t i o n i n w i t h -
drawing i n t o t h e h e a r t of t h e ~ t ~ o u n t a i n"s .
311 a d d i t i o n t o b l a v e s , t h e Callibodiari arid t o a Tar g r e a t e r e x t e n t t h e
conunodity was s a L t .
2.
In 1051 and
The l e a d e r of
t ~ ~ t '
i n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r a n a v a l f o r c e , p r e s s i n g i n l a n d from t h e co,ist of
t h e Champa, s e i z e d t h e Khmer c a p i t a l .
It took t h e g r e a t k i n g
A g r e a t b u i l d e r of temples, Jayavarman V I I a l s o b u i l t r o a d s t h a t
One of t h e s e r o a d s r a n c l e a n a c r o s s t h e h i n t e r l a n d ,
3.
of t h e Champa.
Varncaraja, t h e i r c h i e f ,
-28of p a r t of t h e p l a t e a u s by t h e Cham.
T h i s o c c u p a t i o n was t o l o s t f o r
300 y e a r s ,
P r e s s i n g home h i s v i c t o r y , J a y a Harivarman pursueu t h e K i r a t a i n t o
t h e h i g h l a n d s , and i t was t h e n t h a t t h e Cham won c,ontrol of t h e n o r t h e r n
D a r l a c p l a t e a u by advancing up Lhe Song Nang v a l l e y ; t l i i s a d m i r a b l e
p e n e t r a t i o n r o u t e f o r g e d by t h e c o u r s e of t h e Song Ba and t h e Ayun r i v e r s
b r o u g h t them t o t h e l a n d of t h e J a r a i and t h e Kongao.
They a p p e a r t o
,I
i o
'ii.nti
Mil141
and 1)rang L a i , n e a r Cheo Keo; tile towers and t h e smnl.1 wal.l.ed I:owil 01:
Plnong on Lhe E:ilil.co (Yang l'r uril:)
, 40
;I
tire
b e s i d e t h e Meteung (:[I.),
e o s L-
oi:
CIS
T h i s control. of t h e c o u n t r y , tant-awoiinl: t o
t!
~Crangleliold, explains h y
-----.....
(10) Rasung bo t a u : cereinonial washing u r n t r a n s p o r t e d n e a r l y t o Ban Me
'Chu o t
(11) Meteung o r Po 'Tong. These r u i n s a r e found aL il?e edge o l tlie swamps
from which tlie Meteung draws i t s w a t e r s .
The i n v a d e r s ,
To t h e n o r t h , t h e J a r a i
p. 443):
drowned;
2. B a t t l e of t h e P i v e r P e t o (Po 'Song), 5 km.
s o u t h of IContum;
The ';alinur
consul.ted by M r . Antoinc a r e c a t e g o r i . c a l on
I'rorn Ya L i t h e y a r e
t h a t tlie Cham
------
"
Mr. H.
I'
'8,
, and
more
A g e n e r a l named Nok
p u t down t h e r e b o l l i o n .
4,
A f t p r an u p r i s i n g
men of t h e p l a t e a u s t o f i g h t a t h i s s i d e ,
f i g h t i n g w i t h crossbows.
The s t o r y of Tamrac
Fil.
According t o legend, t h e
According t o
I n t h e end, t h e
1.
Halfway through t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y ,
While t h e Vietnamese,
2.
'
t h e Cham, t h e S a d e t s n e v e r t h e l e s s played a s u b s t a n t i a L p a r t i n i t ,
Led
L a t e r , faced w i t h t h e t h r e a t of i n v a s i o n
i n what o f t e n became h e r o i c s t a n d s .
t o r e g a i n p a r t of t h e i r former domain,
The
We
f a r o u t s t r i p p e d t h e i n s i g n i r i c a n t o f f e r i n g s from t h e mountain c h i e f s .
These exchanges were carrjed o u t t o t h e l e t t e r f o r 250 y e a r s , u n t i l 1I.M.
Norodom p u t a n end t o them i n 1860.
Furthermore, t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e Vietnamese a l o n g t h e c o a s t , coupled
wit11 t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s y s t e m t h e Le lcings had by 1540 imposed on t h e
mountainous r e g i o n s o f Quang Ngai and l a t e r Dinh Dinh and Phu Yen, wi.th
t h e a b l e a s s i ~ t ~ ~ of
~ i Bui
c c Ta Han, and p o s s i b l y a l s o o c c a s i o n a l f l y i n g
columns despatched a c r o s s J a r a i c o u n t r y prompted t h e Sridets t o acknowledge
t h e s u z e r a i n t y o i t h e Nguyen.
I-i buLe.
K ~ O L Jt h e
iii
e v ~ d e n c e dby t i ~ e i rs e n d i n g a f u n e r a l u r n made of m e t a l ,
repriLQclly s i l v e r .
'l'lie
111051
T h i s much i.s
From D a r l a c , t o which he
-35Chan,
f l u n g h e r s e l f o n t o h e r l ~ u s b a n d ' s funeral. p y r e ,
The s t a t u e e r e c t e d i n honor
The Vietnaniese,
numher of ~ g r ~ - ~ din11
~ n d jt r il ~ ;ill 1654
I Ilanr,
, l.c?,ivin;:
VClrclL,r ttciiind
~ l ~ cconcluered
y
IZlld~lll710~1, n'jnll 'llllui\n d~ld Tiin11 'l'lluan, dntl t Ire lcing
1696
111
'l'lre jurisdic:.
I:Ii(?
tile Clle
iiiicl
t h e swamps.
The s u p p r e s s i o n
t l l a t was t h e s t a r t of t h e war."
These
l e g e n d s a l s o t e l l of t h e o c c u p a t i o n of t h e h e i g h t s s i t u a t e d two d a y s '
march from Krontuk, t h a t of a mountain o v e r l o o k i n g t h e lower r e a c h e s of
t h e Danibre, a t r i b u t a r y of t h e Da Boue, and f i n a l l y t h a t of t h e s o u r c e of
t h e Lagna.
Where t h e p r o c e s s of b r e a k i n g up
only a
few groups of Ma, S r e , I;op and Gi.1, tri.besmen were 1.e.ft i.n t h e a r e a of
t h e former con.Eederati.on.
At tttc c l o s e of t h e 1 9 t h
Mil
and Donnai r i v e r s .
Another road hugged t h e r i v e r J.,ngna a n d , a f t e r slci.rti.ng t h e Nui Ong,
l e d i n t o Khan11 IIoa.
111
They were
1757, a number of
-374.
THE ORGANIZATION OF TI-IF, MOf COI!YtrRY ;3Y T1E VIETNAMESE, AND THE
EXPANSLOE OF VIETNAM TOWARD ':'!1Ii, SOU'i'li
iiarely t h i r t y y e a r s had e l a p s e d
- ince
h e
ill
111
no o t h e r a r e a was t h e r e
Accordi.ngLy,
c!nterp~:ising s o l d i e r .
years :I.ater).
B11i
f2ar:l.y i n thc 1 6 t h c e n t u r y ( s i c ) $
He liacl placed a n a t i v e g i a o d i c h i n c h a r g e of
I,uc," by 'l:i'&
-38-
T'ai,
01
(:OIILL
&
-l~'~l1.
+T,'kLer,
\JIIO
Lroill t l t e ~ ia~s an a n n u a l t r i b u t e , s u c c e s s f u l l y p r e s s u r e d V i e n t i a n e i n t o
r c v i v i n g Lhe t r a d i t i o n .
Vo Vuong (1738-65)
c r e d t ed f i v e iitrlong iil t h e
lldtl
been chosen.
The i n i l u e r l c e
o i t ~ n i ~ton
~ i tl d t e r took
c(
s t r o n g Iiold,
W i Lli
t h e Mekong.
'1'11is
5.
g,i 1 i ~ e d Llre i r
15,
e v e r s i n c e t h e AnnLlmiLes
c o n f r o n t e d a l l t h e d y n a s t i e s which s u c c e s s i v e l y r u l e d Vietnam.
'Che
a t t i t u d e and b e h a v i o r of t h i s n a t i o n toward t h e t r i b e s of t h e i n t e r i o r
llave been e v a l u a t e d i n w i d e l y d i f f e r i n g terms, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l s
a p p r a i s i n g Lliem and t h e p e r i o d o r t h e r e g i o n c o n s i d e r e d .
In t l i e j r r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e p e o p l e of t h e h i n t e r l a n d t h e Manddrius
lidd t h r e e o b j e c t ~ v e :s t o c o n t a i n tile t r i b e s which had r e t i r e d t o t h e h i g h l a n d s , and t o deny them a c c e s s t o t h e f e r t i l e l a n d s u i t a b l e Tor i r r i g n t c d
pc~cidyLiclds,e . ; p e c i < l~l y
~ 1 6t h e
'Ille
~ i i i Z i t a r yo r g a n i ~ n t i o ~,tl.ong
i
llle f r o n t i e r t h u s began t o 1-alce sIl;ipe, and
wi ill i L
,I
r i g i d a c , p a r . ~ t i ~1)etween
,~~
t h e Annamite t ~ o r L d and t h a t of t h e
uiollntain peoplc.
Near t h e a p p r o n c l ~ e s t o t h e demarcatioll l i n e , t h e
2J
. i - t(1 ~
5 ) d17d
; i-on clie~?. (LO) was t h e ~ t ~ s t o m a rlriethud
y
e , tnbllbl~nrcnt or cI
the Anndnlitci used i n s p r e a d i n g t h e i r i n f l u e n c e .
l'roni t h c I ribe:, ~ l ~ c -c yoiicluered t h e Vietn;lmese dcrria~~ded
payment o i
iribute, eitlrer
L L ~s
i l vcr o r i n produce: r a t t a n , r i c e - s t r a w f i i b r i c ,
L O
rn~incl~irins
t h e p r o f i t s f r m i t r a d e w i t h t h e inhLibitant:i of t h e p l a t e a u s , n
t r a d e which was CLL'J
t h e more p r o f i t a b l e s i n c e c o ~ n p e t i t i o nwas e n t i r e l y
el imlnated.
remained tlie e x c e p t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t h e r u l e ,
A d m i t t e d l y , t h e missionaric::
--
+-
----
&
(15) Farming s e t t i e m e n t s ,
(L6) M i l i t a r y f a r ~ n s ,
(17), n e a r t h e s t u d - f a r n i s ) ,
-40b u t s u r v i v a l s of s u c h p r a c t i c e s a r e h a r d l y o u t of p l a c e i n f o n n e r Cambodia
of t h e Water (Cochin-China)
J u s t p r i o r t o t h e r e v o l t of t h e
n o n o t i o n of s o c i a l o b l i g a t i o n c a n be d e t e c t e d i n t h e s e b a r b a r i a n s . "
The c o n q u e r o r s d i d indeed s e e k t o expand o n t o t h e f e r t i l e l a n d which
had been c u l t i v a t e d by t h e mountain p e o p l e , b u t t h e v i l l a g e s t a k e n over
i n t h i s way were f a i r l y r a p i d l y b r o u g h t under t h e common system of a d m i n i s t r a tion.
6,
-41 -
d l i
A Moi r e g i o n was c r e a t e d w i t h a n a t i v e
as chief.
First
rnore
t
---
ELI cis d e p u t i e s .
&,
a
& ,quali w i t h
one
T h e i r primary f u n c t i o n was t o s e l e c t t h e
&
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e $-
revol.f::s.
&L
coi\ait(?,
r c i a.1. o !;ell l : ! ~ oi: (:lie ~ ~ \ ! :~ s~k 2;&,
~ & !;&xqc
! ~ ~
lizitl
[:hi:
a n d , 1.~1h e r ,
&u_
&&IL,
same ri::;~i.l.ts,
L:iri.
(:~ii; i
niorec)ver, i L was mod.i.fi.ed anti adiiptecl t o tile parti.cul:ic contlit:i.o~is ol' each
i1i:itricL.
1% I ? a n t i rarlgn,
~~
t h e l a s l: rc!m:l i n i n g s tronghol.cl of t h e Champa Ici.ngcIorn
t h e cxtor:ti.on p r a c t i c e d by t h e c o l . l e c t o r s ~ l n d t11ei.r d e p u t i e s v a r i e d
I.ocal3.y ncc o r d i n g t:o how fearsome o r h a r m l e s s t h e mountain peop1.e appeared.
I n I'ii.nh Hoa, t h e Blao were f e a r e d f o r tI1e:i.r st:orrriy 11ature.
, ~ l t h o u g l iit
wcls
Accordingly,
gifts,
s t ~ c hkid-g3ove t r e a t m e n t : t h e g.l
k i recouped
~
themselves, a s we can
With t h e p a s s a g e of t i m e , t h e a b u s e
SLIC~Ipractices.
Vict1'1tors r a n t h e r i s k oL b e i n g beheaded,
t:he S r e ( d e s p i t e tzheir
A'i.t:bou g11 p o o r e r ,
i.11
an even more
Lcx
nncl
I~oriey.
'So t h i s were added, f o r t.11~e n t i . r e former t e r r . i . t o r y of I'nnduranga,
tlw srrrn:;
[ x i i d by way oi' ! ! I .
iind
!=
%I&
(1.8), t h e b r u n t of which f e l l
7.
COMMERCIAL, ORCANIZA'IIZIIN
'Uhe org;%ni~,..n
t i o n c r e a t e d by Dui Ta IIan ( d i e d 1568) had :;uccessfnll.y
p a c i f i e d t h e mountai.ri people.
Even t h e
f a i l e d t o e l i c i t any
trheir m a s t e r s ,
Moreover, nei.tlier
t h e niountain p e o p l e '1s a n o p p o r t i ~ n i t y f o r a g e n e r a l u p r i s i n g .
-.----
(1.8)
!& 52:
Ul.timatel.y,
t h e ViePnanlese were s a t i . s -
'
n o r t h o C T'lla11 Rang.
Prccecletl
and l:oll.owc?tl by sacri.i:'.i.ccri t o tlic? dei.t:.i.c?s worshi.ped i.n t:llc vnl.:l.sy, t:lie
e2c~?eCli.t:i.ous:i.n quest: of c!ag%c-.wood were conducted -i.n ~ % l . e n c e .it
; was
11eli.eveci t h a t t h e :iuund oli a I~urntin voi.ce wo11l.d i.mpa.ir t h e f r a g r a n c e of t h e
trcc,
itri
I J vi.rirue
~
of t:he esteern i n whi.cll i t s perfume and powers a r e held."
As f o r c.i.niimion, tliotlgl~ i t : was ICIIOWII
i n t h e form of
~ii . l v e r
-------.-..-----.---
J
.
i v o r y , e l e p h a n t s , b e t e l , beeswax, e t c . ,
n o t t o mention t h e o c e l l a t e d p h e a s a n t s
D i r e c t t r a d i n g i n t h e s e p r o d u c t s , which accounted f o r a l a r g e
The thuong ho
of Quang Ngai, c a c I a i of Binh Dinh and Phu Pen, thu ngu and thuoc l a i ,
t h u a b i e n of
--
o f l i c e n s e d t r a d e r s , f r e q u e n t l y abused t h e i r monopoly.
The e x a s p e r a t i o n
T I E REVOLT OF 2761
In Hue, t h e y were r e g a r d e d
These t r i b e s , though
, Nuoc- t o ,
A g i t a t i o n immediately grew r i f e
r e c o r d s d e p i c t a s b e i n g t h e most u n r u l y .
'I'rang "Moi" were p a r t i c u l a r l y troublesome.
F a r t h e r t o t h e w e s t , t h e Cuoi
A l l of them grew i n c r e a s i n g l y
& more
t h e r e b e l s back i n t o t h e i r mountains, he b u i l t f o r t i f i e d p o s t s a l o n g t h e
f r o n t i - s r t o hold them back.
:IS
of t h e niountain people and t h e Ctraiil, ttic Vietnamese were once niore repel.let1,
t h i s time a s Ear a s t h e s e a .
9,
I n t h i s way he won r a p i d
1906, p. 238, n. 1.
'
-46p o p u l a r i t y ; w i t h t h e h e l p of c o n t r i b u t i o n s from c e r t a i n l o c a l n o t a b l e s ,
h e b u i l t up h i s f o r c e s and i n 1773 succeeded i n t a k i n g Qui Nhon.
I n November of t h e same y e a r , t h e Tay Son r e v o l t e d and f o u g h t a
p i t c h e d b a t t l e on t h e boundary of Binh Dinh and Quang Ngai.
The r e b e l s
t h e r o y a l t r o o p s made a s e r i o u s a t t e m p t t o r e s i s t .
t h r e e days.
The b a t t l e l a s t e d
F i n a l l y , t h e C h i n e s e f o u g h t t h e i r way through t o t h e b r a v e s t
t h e rebeLs c a r r i e d t h e day.
I I i s t o r y r e c o r d s t h a t t h e mountain p e o p l e and t h e Cham s e r v i n g w i t h
t h e Tny Son l a t e r toolc c o n t r o l of t h e n o r t h of t h e p r o v i n c e of Quang
Ngai a s Tar a s t h e p o r t of Co Luy Tan on t h e s e a c o a s t .
"In c e r t a i n
r cultivated plots
v a l l e y s i n t h e s e r e g i o n s one f i n d s a l a r g e n ~ ~ m b eoE
wlhich f o r m e r l y belonged t o t h e Cochin-Chinese, who were f o r c e d t o abandon
them on accc)uut of the a l m o s t d a i l y t h e f t s and murders by t h e nlountain
bandits..
..
t u r n e d t a i l and f l e d w i t h a l l t h e
o b l i g e d t o withdraw i n t o t h e mountains.
There i s n o c a l l h e r e t o r e t r a c e t h e h i s t o r y of t h e Tay Son; i t w i l l
s u f f i c e t o h i g h l i g h t j u s t some of t h e e p i s o d e s i n t h e war a g a i n s t t h e
r e b e l s i n which t h e mountain p e o p l e a p p e a r t o have been i n v o l v e d .
C o n t r a r y t o what we had hoped, t h e book by M r . Hoang Xuan llan throws n o
l i g h t on t h i s s u b j e c t .
(21) "Les Espagnols dans 1'Empire dtAnnam," B.S.E.I.,
p. 75.
(22) "Les Espagnols dans 1 ' E m p i r e d'AnnamY1'R.S.E.1.
pp. 72 and 76.
1940, Nos.
3 and 4 ,
I n t h e c o u r s e of t h i s some y e a r , t h e province
By way of r e p r r s , r l ,
Thereupon, t h e ~ > r i n c ce n j o i n e d 1 he
-----------
I n Lhe c o u r s e of h i s t r a d i n g , he s t r u c k up r e l a t i o n s w i t h
'i'ra Long.
Le Van Quail, h i s
On b e h a l f oL Due Ton
(Hue Vuong), he defended Phu Yen and Binh Dinh p r o v i n c e s i n 1776 and Binh
Tliuan i n 1778.
higher."
(25) B.S,E.I,,
1.914, pp.
I n d o c h i n o i s , I'
t h e L a o t i a n s i.11 t:lle
In
f o r e s t s of t h e Anuan~i.tc: r a n g e .
t h e r e were n i n e
Lt coveri.ng
a total
of Can1 T,o,
10.
No. 2.
He was
f n 1804, i n t h e w e s t e r n p a r t of t h e p r o v i n c e , t h e k i n g founded
'1
Recollecti.ons of
~ L I Y ~w
,
h i ~ hwd'.~
p r o t e c t e d by d i t c h e s and a hedge.
"The Annamite c o l o n i z a t i o n was t h u s d e s t i n e d t o c o n t i n u e , more
unbending t h a n e v e r , and s t i l l based on t h e same system a s itad been e~iiploye(l
f a r t h e r and f a r t h e r i n t o t h e mountains b e f o r e t h e c o n q u e r o r s , y i e l d i n g
t h e v a l l e y s t h e y s t i l l occupied i n t h e p l a i n t o t h e , n e w arrival.^, who
were more t e n a c i o u s , h a r d e r w o r k e r s , and above a l l inore p r o l . i f i c ,
il.ill.sides,
The
&+i
12.
'I'IiR VIEZI'NAML3SI3, 'I'HE CllhM AN1) TlIE MOUNTAIN PI<OPI,E OF liIN11 TI11JAN
PROV TNCE.
terri.tory,
Conducted wi. t:ki gi:ca t e r b r u t a l . : l t y t11i111 i.n Rintl 'Ilhuan, .i t mcl. wi.th
s e t b a c k s n o t encount:erecl elsewhc.l:e.
I t was a g a i . n s t t h i s background t h a t
.,,.
-52resorted t o violence.
These
On 11i.s way,
I-te
On t h e morning of t h e day s e t f o r
The Annamites
f o l l o w t o r e a c h Khmer c o u n t r y .
A Cham
struggles.
9cT.N.:
LLleui a s L'tr
guided
After repulsing a
ill
g r e a t numbers today,
o t h e r s wlio
d l ~ t li
n t h a t genc;ra 1
011.
I.,
!YIAVE ItATIlS
I n tlie ear; I:, [:he t:ri.l)es of tile l ~ i n t e r l a n d , subject- t.o t h e suzeraint:y
of t l ~ eVietnamese,
'i.'liii
jii:;L
t.0
'She 1 7 t h and 1 8 t h
p r e c i p i t d t e t h e d o w n f a l l of Canil>odia,
s l ~ l c r ~ d l l,,in
t l X,iilg OF tlie 1 7 t h centul-y was destinecl t o be c u t u p i n t o Lour
--" -- 4--"-.wp------"-
( 1 3 ) A y m o n ~ i ~ e r"1,6gezldes
,
h i s t o r i q u e s charn," E. o t K.,
Penh, Banglcok,
l'l-~eAnnalni t es,
i t i s said
o r d i n a r i l y r e f r a i n e d Ero~n
111
such c a s e s , t h e y endured a i a r h a r s h e r
a i > r v i t ~ ~ ci-llan
ie
t~lirit s13CCered by t:he rnountaitl p e o p l e who were i n c a p t i v i t y .
'J'lle SLi,elig .in t h e s o u t h , f o r I-lleir p a r t , were a c t i v e purveyors of
sn.;1vcs.
2.
ir11
'thovc
< i l l
l~~cancc
vvcr t h e h i n t e r l a t ~ dwhich Lhey had forrnerly donlinated dnd
yt'
I,,LO<,,
11-5
By t h e
(1618-28),
ZI
o v e r l o o k i n g t h e t h r e a t from t h e Siamese, d e s p a t c h e d a s m a l l
( 3 2 ) 11, % : i t r e
(".Jungles moi")
s t d L e s t h a t D.
B e l l o s o and B. R ~ t i zt r a v e l e d
The f i r s t : e x p e d i -
The
T h e i r mass r a i d s
011
t h e Brae
T,atcr, a t t h e bq$nning
ill
Siem P'ing,
we
3.
C
' LM AL)VANClS OI" TIIE lAO'C1ANS
AL t h e b e g i n n i n g oC Lhe 28th c e n t u r y t h e Laot:i,~ns, who were esi-ab'lished
wj
thout. a
s l a v e h u n t e r s and s o u g h t asylum i n t h e h i g h - l y i n g a r e a s ; t h e s t r e a m ol
L a o t i a n s , s p u r n i n g t h e s e mountainous o u t c r o p s , s o u g h t o u t t h e f e r t i l e Land
and c l u n g t o tlie ndvi.gable waterways,
I n t h i s way t h e y gained c o n t r o l of
-56t a x e s and c h a r g e d g o l d - d u s t f o r t h e b u f f a l o e s t h e y b r o u g h t i n t o t h e c o u n t r y .
F i n a l l y t h e y s u p p l i e d t h e o f f i c i a l s w i t h L a o t i a n Crading l i c e n s e s and
F o r a few y e a r s , Ban Ek a c t u a l l y became t h e c a p i t a l c i t y of t h e
seals,
province.
i n t h e Se Bang I-lieng r e g i o n , t h e k i n g a p p o i n t e d a n a t i v e
of t h e
aof
chau
In cl~arge
Sathan,
S t i l l f a r t h e r t o t h e e a s t , a L a o t i a n p o s t was s e t up Ln Bahnur
I . e r r i t o r y on t h e r i g h t banlc of t h e 13121 r i v e r o p p o s i t e p r e s e n t - d a y I<ontunl,
Zn a d d i t i o n , a
The seckang, i n c i d e n t a l l y , c r e d j t t h e L a o t i a n b w i Lh l ~ d v i n gf i r s t
i n t r o ~ l u c c d tllein t o t h e a r t oL Fron-working,
'I'o
4..
Ilowever, si.nce 1.771 t h e King of L,aos, S a i Ong Hue, had been a t war
w i t h Siarn, w1ii.ch had e n t e r e d i n t o a n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e kingdom of Luang
Prttbang and
tit
tacked Vient:i.ane.
'I'hey a r e sometimes
chau z o l l g when
the l a t t e r died,
Once a g a i n , t h e r e f o r e , b u t t:his
F o r t h e r e s t , o n l y t h e s l a v e t r a d e r s and h u n t e r s were l e f t i n
w j LIi
r e f u g e i n Bassac,
A f t e r 1.827, wheu V i e n t i a n e w ~ st a k e n , t h e p l a t e a u s fci3.l r a p i d l y i n t o
tire power of t h e Siamese,
On t h e
The new r u l e r s d i d
The e n t L r e I t i n t e r -
Without hope, t h e i r f i e l d s o r t h e i r f o o d - g a t h e r i n g
(s)
grouvlds
in utter
n e g l e c t , t h e t r i b e s l e d an e x i s t e n c e of unspeakable wretchedness.
6.
REVOLTS
Around 1820, urged t o a c t i o n by a L a o t i a n bonze, Ya Pu ( 3 4 ) , t h e Rlao
T'he L a o t i a n
a u t h o r i t i e s , t e ~ n p o r a r i l ythrown o f f b a l a n c e by t h e suddenness of t h e a t t a c k ,
.inally managed t o i s o l a t e t h e l e a d e r of t h e r e v o l t on an i n a c c e s s i b l e
peak, which has been, known a s Ya Pu e v e r s i n c e .
There, i.n r e t u r n f o r
st:onni.ng h i s r e t r e a t :
Many
CI3APTER V I I I
TIIF MOUNTAIN PEOPLE FROM TIIE RESTOWfLON OF T I B
1,
THE STXERG
T h i s demographic r e v o l u t i o n a f f e c t e d t h e b o r d e r of n o r t h e r n Cochin-
China.
111
t:o
It1
The crearru of
-60-
None-
I t was d e s t i n e d t o be r a z e d t o t h e ground d u r i n g
c a p t u r e d an.d e x e c u t e d i t s r i n g l e a d e r .
r e v o l t , were once a g a i n dec:i.rrlated.
t h e province.
These r e p r i s a l s were a d i s a s t e r f o r
(35) The French t r o o p s found Mnolig s l a v e s a t Sadec and Long Xuyen i n 1874;
c h i l d h u n t i n g was o r g a n i z e d a l o n g t h e hanks of t h e Song lie.
(36) F a t h e r Addmar, "T,es S t i e n g de ~ r o l a l n , " i n " V a r i Q t k s s u r l e s Moi,"
p. 125 e t seq. F. AzQmar a l s o compiled t h e f i r s t Sti.eng dictionary.
The e f f o r t s of F a t h e r Azdmar had been preceded i n 1770 by a n a t t e m p t
. t o e s t a b l i s h a m i s s i o n by F. .lugnet, who d i e d of e x h a u s t i o n a l o n g t h e
I'relc ChhTong, a n o t h e r by I?. F a u l e t , who l e f t u s a few o b s e r v a t i o n s on
S t i e n g customs, and a t h i r d by F, G r i . l l e t , who i:ravel.ed a b o u t 4 0 mi.les
The i.~it~ab:i.t:ant:sd i d n o t t a k e readi.1.y t o b e i n g
throzlgl~S t i e n g count:ry.
converted.
In F. Azkmar's view, t h i s t r i b e seemed i:o be h o s p i t a b l e , and l a z y
and v a g r a n t r a t h e r t h a n w a r l i k e ; however, i t wannly welcomed d e f e n s i v e
w a r s s i n c e a n a t t a c l c p r o v i d e d a good m o t i v e f o r r e p r i s a l s l a t e r . War
The
j u s t i . f i e d p i l l a g i n g , and t h e c a p t u r e and s a l e of women and chi.ldren.
S t i e n g , F. AzBmar goes on, s u f f e r from i.ncorri.gi.ble l a c k oE f o r e s i g h t : e a c h
y e a r p a r t of t h e h a r v e s t i s used i n making alcohol. and e a c h y e a r famine
They work i r o n , grow a l i t t l e c o t t o n , lcnow how t o f i r e c r u d e
results.
p o t t e r y , and u s e t h e same t i n d e r - b o x a s i s found among tlie Meo.
A c c o r d i n g t o P a t t e , 13rolam may b e l o c a t e d i n t h e n o r t h of Loc Ni.nh,
n e a r Budop c l o s e t o t h e f o r k i n t h e p r e s e n t Saigon-Snoul r o a d ,
(Contd. a t f o o t of n e x t page)
I'll3 jig
preeminently a s taxpayers,
i n Khanh IIoa, and
The Khade of
& 01 bccswax
i n l i e u of any o t h e r t a x ,
3.
1.11~
viJ.J.age c h i e f s .
SON PIIONG
Quang Ngai had been t h e s c e n e of t h e f i r s t experimerltaL atteznpts by
t h e C o u r t ok tlue
LO
c o n t r o l t h e mountain t r i b e s .
T r a n Man i n t h c
'Chis had g i v e n r i s e t o t h e
r e i g n oE Gi.a Long.
I3ut t h e mountain p e o p l c of Quang Ngai a r e u n r u l y ,
I t proved
'"rile
f r o n t i . e r v i l l a g e s were t h e n d e v a s t a t e d by i n c u r s i o n s launched by t h e
tribesmen.
of t h e e i g h t
'ihe t r o o p s t r e n g t h
(37) "Phu
seq,
Md11
'l"11)
1904, p. 4Sb c l
-52-
I n 1842 the
t o i t by Cerror,
and peace,
(gE l w e n
$&&
Ninh b e l i e v e d h e c o u l d p u t a n end
thereupon
In
1844,
'In an o f f a r t
a C appeaa@inentr, tha tlatk@rLtlae eirL the r~mnbwr o f t h ~.trl mL2J Bary pusLa,
hackad clew&%
the h e a p s protee &Lag @he
&, and
tll~banclslrl the r n l 1 , F t i a s
A ~ c a ~nine
l ; year@ Eytcar, kewevar, i n 1853, the aetnnLry
wslct
agrr l n up Lm
arma,
clis'trrii
ilie
sgvol t
ix@w
19nsl.s wblre
'l'lre ;4u[hur113c!13
In 1.855, t h r e e y e a r s b e f o r e t h e f i r s t Prencli a t t e m p t Lo t a k e Da
Nang (Tnurnne), t h e r e w a s a m i l i C a r y o p e r a t i o n a g a i n s t Minb Long t h a t a t
f i r s t seemed c e r t a i n
LO
s u c c e e d , b u t t h e Vietnamese were d e e p l y t r o u b l e d
j Lse
As t h e column
Once a g a i n , however, t h e
Tu Duc, a n x i o u s t o r e s t o r e
The s i t u a t i o n
Annam
I n a d d i t i o n , he was t h e founder of a
was a b o l i s h e d i n 1904,
Its principles a r e
s t r i c t l y m i l i t a r y , and i t d i d n o t assume t h e d i r e c t c o l l e c t i . o n of t h e t a x e s
p a i d by t h e Moi u n t i l tho a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of Nguyen Thanh, when i t d i d s o
by s e t t i n g up t h e
The
a.
He e l i m i n a t e d t h e g i a o d i c h ( t a x c o l l e c t o r s ) and
Subsequently, he e s t a b l i s h e d t h r e e (and
I f t h e mountain t r i b e s a t t a c k ,
1 f they
do n o t demand r e p a r a t i o n f o r e d r l i e r misdeeds."
The
N a t u r a l l y given t o a c t s of h o s t i l i t y and
a g g r e s s i o n , t h e y l i v e by p i l l a g e and plunder.
I f we u s e e n e r g e t i c means
1904,
I f we k i l l any of them t h e y w e a r
The commander-in-chief
of t h e e x p e d i t i o n must be a
Be must p l a n h i s o p e r a t i o n s w i t h
wit.11
Nuoc
&2
The
began by s u p p r e s s i n g t h e &o
M,
tile dau muc, cllosen from t h e mountain people, and t h e s a c h Lruong, who were
r a t h e r l i k e mayors, were 111adc r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d e l i v e r i n g t h e t a x monies
(1,350 l i g a t u r e s , i n s t e a d of 1,470, f o r t h e e n t i r e t e r r i t o r y of t h e Son
Plnong) t o t h e torlg npuon.
t h e cac l a i .
h$c of
-
l a t e r abolished.
NfMINISTXATLVE KEOKGANIZKrION
Tlie Tlia ngu and thua b i e n were e l i m i n a t e d , and t h e d i s t r i c t was s p l i t
i n t o four
chau
Under
tol?g
M,
formed appendages t o , r a t h e r t h a n i n t e g r a l p a r t s o f , t h e
p r e f e c t o r a l a d m j n i s t r a t i o n ; t h e t r i chau, a l t h o u g h r e s i d i n g i n t h e same
ci.vi'l. t e r r i t o r y a s t h e p r o v i n c i a l mandarins, were o n l y p e r m i t t e d t o d i s c h a r g e t h e i r f u n c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e p r e c i s e l i m i t s oC t h e i r powers, which
i n e v i t a b l y gave r i s e t o o c c a s i o n a I L r i c t i o n (41).
Tn o t h e r words, w i t h i n t h e p r o v i n c e t h e Annamites were a d m i n i s t e r e d
by t h e p r o v i n c i a l mandarins; only t h e
c h a u and t h e i r a s s i s t a n t s were
Indeed,
t h e r i g h t t o t r a d e I n one o r more v i l . l a g e s i n
t h e mountain r e g i o n .
As everywhere e l s e i n t h e h i n t e r l a n d , t h e penLars imported s a l t ,
e a r t h e n w a r e , g l a s s b e a d s and t r i n k e t s , c o t t o n goods, e t c . ,
b u t a l s o gongs,
i v o r y t u s k s and r h i n o c e r o s h o r n s ,
The
(112).
Frc. 7
-67-
e,
passed
on t h e i r
& grew
&
i
&
But t h e i r r o v i n g
A f t e r t h a t , t h e cinilainon t r a d e gave
r i s e t o such abuses a s t h e f o l l o w i n g :
A f t e r a copious meal, t h e c r o p
was g e n e r a l l y purchased p r i o r Lo c u t t i n g .
Whilc t h e v i l l a g e r s c a r o u s e d ,
t h c c o o l i e s , a c t i n g on o r d e r s from t h e c o l l e c t o r s , s e t about s t r i p p i n g
t h e b a r k a t random from t h e r e s e r v e p l o t s a s w e l l , w i t h o u t k e e p i n g w i t h i n
t h e boundary l i n e s ' t h a t had been marked out.
had o f t e n r e c e i v e d n o t h i n g b u t an advance a g a i n s t t h e h a r v e s t , t h e n
discovered the lraud.
4.,
mountain p e o p l e and t h e d i s p e r s i o n of t h e t r i b e s .
The more b e l l i g e r e n t
1907,
Con-
A f t e r be.i.ng s e t upon by t l i e i r forrncr a l l i e s , t h e IIodrung, (:he . l a r i a h : a p I:urnecl a g a i n s t t h e Ilalang (who worked i r o n , but: ~ r i n c i p a l l ypanned
f i r s t norttlward
The Sedang t h e n t u r n e d a g a i n s t t h e
t h e J a r a i . mai.ntained t r a d i n g rel.ati.ons
.-
-------..
J a r a i s t i l l occupy t h e e a s t e r n f r i n g e of t h e Veun
the village
, Ang
'IXe Sadet
of F i r e s e l ~ tn i n e e'l.ephanf:s wLt:li
wi.shes f o r a Cambodian v i c t o r y .
Norodorri took
t h e i.nil:i.ati.ve i n tliFs b r e a k iiritli t r a d i t i o n , anti tlm h a l l - h e a r t e d reinonstrati.ons by t h e Sadet .fail.etl t:o e1i.c:i.t: any response.
I)ecadur~cewas al.so t o
Darl.ac pl.al.cau, wh.i.:l.e tlie Vi.etnarne:;e Lrovn Song Ca o r Tuy Hoa, t r a d e r s i.n
:;earcli o.E horses;, made the:i.r way t:oward Rhade c o u n t r y v:i.a l:lie M'Urac pa:;.';o
lilrci I<l~;~tle
serrt tlle a u t l l o c i t i e r ; i n IUlanh Iioa a n a n n u a l t r i b u t e of
of t h e a r e a a r e f i l l e d w i t h l i t t l e e l s e b u t r a i d s , v e n d e t t a s , and wars
Between v l . l l a g e s ,
S a b a t i e r , t h e e n t i l u s i a s t i c champion of t h e 1)arlac a r e a ,
U11 t h e o t h e r
They r a i d e d and
i.n%t:inl.l.y t o C a p t a i n Cupet
, who
A f t e r sI~ow.i~ig
e x t r e ~ ~ l110stil.i.ty
e
t:lle c o u n t r y , ?Illtt 1.a t e r becalm, under t h e name I<un Y u Nob, one of 1:he most
reinarkable c h i e f s of tlie h i n terlancl, Cheva:l.ier de 1.a r,kg:i.on cl ' Ilonneur,
etc.
Prom a s l a v e t r a d e r , h e became a n e l e p h a n t h u n t e r .
Another n o t o r i o u s band was t h a t of: IZhaii~Lu.
i.nvulnerable.
lljm
a t 13an Phok,
The Mnong
1.900 t o 1.903.
Descendi.ng r a n t h e upper r e a c h e s of t h e Srepolc by way of Ban Don,
Loinpllat and t h e Cl-ihlong, t h e Mnong o r tlie S t i e n g would b r i n g e l e p h a n t s ,
l a c , wax anc1 s3.aves f o r s a l e t o t h e Khmers or Chinese l i v i n g on t h e Mekong.
The ~narlcet a t Sarnbor p r o s p e r e d .
-71To r e t u r n t o t h e S t i e n g , t h e o c c u p a t i o n of t h e u p p e r Chhlong by t h e
Cambodians between 1868 and 1875 c o n s t r a i n e d them t o withdraw eastward
beyond t h e s o u r c e of t h e Chhlong r i v e r ,
5.
a t IZontum,
I:[. wat; Mgr
'
The pre:I.at:o,
'Ilheir a c c e s s t o Moi. c o u n t r y
A r r e s t e d by c a c l a i , t h e two
Once
Along
The t e r r i . t o r y of
N a t u r a l l y , t h e s e v i l l a g e s were c o n s t a n t l y
ol?pone~~l:s,t h e Jol.ong, arid, cl.osc:r L:o Quang Ngai, t h e I3onom, i:'arnicrs and
e x p l o i t e r s of t:he Cores t , wlio were d e p i c t e d a s r e l a t i v e l y g e n t l e by
n a t u r e , and f i n a l l y t h e I)a Vach-ma3.3. t h e s e Bahnar t r i b e s , e x c e p t f o r a
few s c a L t e r e d groups f a r t h e r t o t h e e a s t , were r e p u t o d 1.0
be more peace-
A s~niallAnnamite c h r i s t i a n colony l i v e d by t r a d i n g .
Long y e a r s
'Co t h e
i n h i b i t e d by t h e i r f e a r of d e b t s and t h e s l a v e r y which r e s u l t e d .
Prom
It i s p e r h a p s w o r t h d w e l l i n g f o r
t h e i r f i r s t b a p t i s m s e r v i c e s , i n 2853, encouraged t h e i r C h r i s t i a n f o l l o w e r s
t o t a k e t o t h e plow.
h C ~ r n e s s e db e f o r e t h e plows.
over s u p e r s t i t i o n (47).
It gave t h e c o n v e r t s t h e a d v a n t a g e of a t e c h n i c a l
t h a n [:hose of
"pagalls,
could not
i~iibi.tabl.e by t h e m i s s i o n n r i . e s .
-------
---
p.
91).
- 74.threw t h e d e t a c h m e n t o f f t h e s c e n t and r e f u s e d t o s u p p l y g u i d e s ; t h e
p a r t y grew weary and p u l l e d out.
In addi.ti.on
1-0 t h e difficu:l.t:ies
Quite a b r i s k trade
011 F a t h e r
By chance, t h e b i r d s , t i g e r s and e l e p h a n t s
It i.s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e C h r i s t i a n v i l l a g e s , h e l d t o g e t h e r
by t l i e i r p r e s e n c e , had d i s p l a y e d r e s i s t a n c e i n s t e a d of s c a t t e r i . n g i.nto t h e
forest.
"
P a r i s , Tkqui..
The l a t t e r
They c o n s e q u e n t l y p r e f e r r e d t o
f o r f e a r of recluci.ng t h e v a l u e 01:
t ~ l r e i rc h a t t e l s .
they a t e the
tc7
~ ~ r o d u cany
e a r t i c l e : $ I.i.kc?ly
Accortli rr);
1.0
I:llo u ~ i s ~ ; . i . o n a r i e s1:Iie
,
Sedang s l ~ o v e d tlie~n110 hos t i 1 . i . t ~ ;
In deference t o the
1nemol:y o f 1-lloi;e Eir:st ni.ghf:s and 1.11(? e a r l y weeks t h a t t:he:;e pi.oneers livecl
t l l r o u g l ~ , L o s t i n t h e f o r e s t among w.i.1.d b e a s t s , eneini.es and s t r a n g e t r i b e s ,
t h i s outli.ne ought- p e r h a p s t o Iit~vetree11 l e s s oratter - o f - f a c t.
Up t o 1885,
I:<,acccant.ucirc
I:I)i-
!;c?
11o11 r i v e r s ,
Ituntiiig e x c u r s i o n s air
:; i.tual:i
tltt?
c?xpen:;e of tlle l e s s w a r l i k e t r i b e s .
I n 1887,
3,
By i n t e n s i f y i n g t h e b r i g a n d a g e ,
7-7
l..e ~ l c h~~11tl
t h e i r supporters.
l u o u n t a i ~ lt r i b e s .
Frc. 9
-77e r e t h u s blocked.
p a r t of t h e r e b e l s brought n o t h i n g b u t f o r c e d l a b o r ; i n the c a s e of t h e
S t i e n g , t o o many f o r c e d t a s k s of t h i s k i n d l e d t o o u t b u r s t s of anger a g a i n s t
t h e Annamites,
Other b a n d i t l e a d e r s
met t h e same f a t e .
Such a c t s of v i o l e n c e
e f f e c t i v e l y p u t an end t o t h e a g i t a t i o n from t h i s q u a r t e r .
2.
TAYNLNH
I n 1869 t h e t r o u b l e began a f r e s h , t h i s time i n t h e n o r t h of t h e province
of Tay Ninh.
d e s t i n e d f o r t h e e x p e d i t i o n a r y f o r c e , and t h e i r i n r o a d s i n t o t h e p l a i n s
were growing i n c r e a s i n g l y f r e q u e n t ,
i n t o the f o r e s t .
The v i l l a g e s
p. 277
-78f e r o c i o u s r e s i s t a n c e , t h e i n d o m i t a b l e S t i e n g r e t i r e d t o j o i n t h e remnants
of Pou combo's f o r c e s .
As t h i n g s , t u r n e d out, t h e Cochin-Chinese r e v o l t i n Tay Ninh was complic a t e d by a n o t h e r s e r i e s of i n c i d e n t s r o o t e d i n ~ a m b o d i a ' s h i s t o r y .
3.
POUCOMBO
Norodom, a s mentioned e a r l i e r , succeeded h i s f a t h e r i n 1860 and,
Having
After
Later,
A s calm was g r a d u a l l y r e s t o r e d t o t h e
I n 1884, t h e y i n s t a l l e d a
5.
neighboring t r i b e s , it
111~1s
t he mentioned t h a t Le Myre de V i l e r s was t l ~ ef i r s t governor t o c o n c e i v e
what: was t h e n termed a
It i s t o hirn t h a t t h e c1:edj.t
G a u t i e r was instructed t o
He expected t o come a c r o s s t h e S t i e n g ,
-80-
The i n t e r e s t of t h i s s u r v e y does n o t
when t h e s e p e o p l e
I'
llhey g o t
They tencled t h e i r m a s t e r s
t o them t h e r i c e they h a r v e s t e d .
'
gardens and s u r r e n d e r e d
lle was a p a t r i a r c l l ,
had
that
a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e s e a t t r i b u t e s of " r o y a l t y . "
For sl.aves, t h e s u b j e c t s of
Tong lien were n o t t o o b a d l y o f f ; t h e i r l a b o r b r o u g h t them, f i r s t and f o r e most, food and s a l t , b u t a l s o t o o l s , f a b r i c s and ornaments, a l l of whicll
were beyond t h e r e a c h of t h e o t h e r S t i e n g .
G a u t i e r l e f t t h e army,
He tools up
e v e n t s t h a t were d i s r u p t i n g Cochin-China.
On t h e p l a t e a u s , t h e Ta Hoi, Sedang and J a r a i stepped up t h e i r wars,
p i l l a g i n g and r a p e of young g i r l s , a c t s which i n t u r n provided p r e t e x t s f o r
f r e s h wars.
A l l t h i s merely added t o t h e p r o f i t of t h e s l a v e t r a d e r s .
t i e r s w i t h Cochin-China.
b a r r i e r (symbol.ized by t h e t r u o n g
9i n
P e d l a r s and t a x
i n s t r u c t i o n s spearheaded t h e p e n e t r a t i o n ;
l a t e r , m i l i t a r y s e t t l e r s were e s t a b l i s h e d a l o n g t h e d e m a r c a t i o n l i n e .
They
c o u l d b e r e l i e d upon t o e x t e n d t h e i r t e r r i t o r y i n t h e d e s i r e d d i r e c t i o n .
7.
THUAN WNI-I
I n Thuan Khanh, t h e system of don d i e n , o r m i l i t a r y c o l o n i e s , grew
I n 1887, t a k i n g a s h i s
p r e t e x t t h e r e c e n t c o n q u e s t of t h e c o u n t r y and t h e i n s e c u r i t y of t h e
Annamite s u b j e c t s , one of t h e l a t t e r had organized b o d i e s of " s o - c a l l e d
c l e a r e r s of f i e l d s , sworn d e f e n d e r s of t h e empire, and s e l f - s t y l e d
permanent m i l i t i a m e n , "
-82t h e don d i e n .
Unquestionably a d v e n t u r e r s , y e t e n t i r e l y w i t h o u t s c r u p l e s ,
He s e t up camp i n t h e mountainous
As t h e
He began by e x p r o p r i a t i n g t h e land of
I n 1884, a n e p i z o o t i c
The b a n d i t l e a d e r Tuong c o n f i s c a t e d
t h e ~ n i s d o i n g s of Tuong,
t e r r i b l e f a t e of t h e v i l l a g e c h i e f of 1)arui i n 1883.
For f a i l i n g t o s u p p l y
t h e r e were many--
s u p p l y gongs and s l a v e s .
V i s i t i n g t h e a r e a i n 1893, Y e r s i n s t i l l h e a r d
t a l k oT t h e s e g r i e v a n c e s .
The Cham and t h e Koho ( S r e ) wore t h e m s e l v e s o u t s u p p l y i n g t h e f a m i l i e s
Some y e a r s ,
of o f f i c i a l s w i t h r h i n o c e r o s h o r n s , c a t t l e and f o r e s t p r o d u c t s .
bars
t h e mandarins s o l d f o r a s much a s 1,00O/of s i l v e r t h e s u r p l u s t h e y had
e x t o r t e d by t h e methods d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r .
With t h e c h o i c e of b e i n g b e a t e n
or s o l d i n t o s l a v e r y , t h e R o g l a i of Nhao took t h e c o u r s e of l e a v i n g t h e i r
l a n d s and s e e k i n g r e f u g e i n t h e mountains of t h e upper Donnai, of Binh Dinh
and of Phu Yen.
These a r e a s were f e e l i n g t h e e f f e c t s of t h e b l o c k a d e of
1885, NO.
24.
From
8.
QUANG NGAI
9.
SE BANG IilENC
F i n a l l y , i n t h e r e g i o n of t h e Se Rang Hieng r i v e r , the Siamese
I n 1885, t h e So and t h e IZha Lung
c o n t i n u e d t o expand t h e i r i n f l u e n c e .
According t o M a i t r e , they
THE MISSION
I n t h e m i d s t of a l l t h e s e d i f f e r e n t dramas, t h e M i s s i o n a t Kontum
performed t h e m i r a c l e of s u r v i v i n g .
I t was even e n l a r g e d w i t h a n i n f l u x
Isolated i n the
Despite t h i s , t h e y undertook t h e t a s k of t e a c h i n g t h e c h i l d r e n
i n the vicinity.
n a system, d a t e s from
Mr. Navelle, t h e r e s i d e n t i n
On h i s way back,
Mr.
Navelle was a b l e t o s c a t t e r h i s a s s a i l . a n t s , b u t n e i t h e r he n o r h i s s u c c e s s o r s
i n Q u i Nhon were t o r e t u r n t o Kontuin b e f o r e 1889.
I n 1883 t h e ranks of t h e small. group of missionari.es were c o n s i d e r a b l y
s t r e n g t h e n e d by t h e a r r i v a l of F a t h e r Guerlach.
p r i e s t , and h i s s t a t e of h e a l t h o f t e n d e l i c a t e .
tiis c h a r i t y ,
cleric.
We s1~aI.lhave o c c a s i o n t o s e e h i s achi.evernents l a t e r ,
-85CHAPTER X
1885 AND AFTER
The e v e n t s t h a t took p l a c e i n Tonkin and Annam between 1882 and 1885
were sanctioned by t h e t r e a t y of 1884, by which France was charged w i t h
m a i n t a i n i n g Annamite t e r r i t o r y i n t a c t .
I n Annam t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e French p r o t e c t o r a t e l e d f i r s t t o
t h e r e v o l t by t h e S c h o l a r s .
i t a l s o toolc up i s s u e w i t h t h e C a t h o l i c s .
Caches
A cache of r i f l e s from
From
A f t e r b e i n g pursued by Tran Ra
This e n e r g e t i c c h i e f a l s o
&
h i s command, t h e p
Before r e l i n q u i s h i n g
t h e mountain p e o p l e , b u t e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e i r p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e i r
traditional exploiters.
The
o f f i c e r s of t h e Pavie m i s s i o n met w i t h s e v e r a l of t h e s e e m i s s a r i e s .
At
a cannon.
The So d i d
I11
1885, t h e t r i b e s of t h e Se
A Siamese f o r c e was
.
However, i.nimedi.ately f o l l o w i n g t h e c o n f l i c t t h a t had brought i t up
a g a i n s t Annam i n 1885, P r a n c e d e c l a r e d i t s w i l l i n g n e s s t o e n f o r c e t h e
t r e a t y of August 28, 1883, whereby i t had u n d e r t a k e n t o e n s u r e t h a t both
t h e r i g h t s and t h e f r o n t i e r s of Annam were r e s p e c t e d .
C o n s u l a t e was e s t a b l i s h e d i n Luan Prabang i n 1895.
f i r s t h o l d e r of t h i s new p o s i t i o n .
A French Vice-
Auguste P a v i e was t h e
3.
The o f f i . c e r s of t h e
P a v i e m i s s i o n found i t a c e n t e r t h a t formed a c o n v e n i e n t c o u n t e r w e i g h t
f o r Attopeu, which was i.n Siamese hantis.
From t h i s c e n t e r t h e y ol)ta:i.nad
.I,li:ui.
F a t h e r G ~ ~ e r l a c hI.eacli.ng
,
Irlli?
mlssi.onaries.
lie
iieccmbc:~.1885 w i t h t h e r e d o u b t a b l e Sedang.
They t h u s s a f e g u a r d e d themselves
Ln a d d i t i o n , they k e p t open
1:1it, pa 1:li t l i a t l.ed t:o thc: banlcs of t h e B l a , whi.ch was u s e d t o evacua t:e
fJ11i:i:j t. i.iii?:i
Wi.[:ll
A l t l ~ o u g h t h e l a t t e r had r e f u s e d t o l e a d t h e
Mj.ssj.on,
At- or~cc: I?ntller Guerl.ach cal.3.scl t o arms a3.1. t h e Bahrlar who were
nursl:ng gr:i.evanccs a g a i n s t t h e J a r a i ,
Never, i.n
ti
It was
l:cxrm~ed; :[.atel: t h e
011
him.
;I
111essage
"89f i x i n g t h e d a t e f o r a meeting,
t o the a p p o i n t e d p l a c e .
i n c i d e n t s o c c i ~ r r e d t o d i s t u r b it.
No f u r t h e r
was s a f e .
4.
TI312 XA'lNAK-RDN(:AO
COWEDIIIWTLON
On
The
Bahnar of LZont~tm reached a n agrcernerit wi.th t h o Kongao and the I%orrorn. The
obji?ct of t h i s 1.uag11e w a s t o 11ol.tl t h e J a r a i . 1.11 check.
~:acojinizctl t w o yi..a.rs :1,;1te1: by Rr!i.nliilrL:,
I t was ofI:i.ci.al.l.y
t h c govr?rnor-.i;encral i n Huc.
MAYR13NA
L , 1C:i.ng oi: I:lic Sotlilng!
Mal.1.e
.".'
A Illan of
wl1i.ch d i s c r e d i . t c d hi.ii1,
111yst c r i . o u s .
':[:he cpi.sode nc>nethel.ess m e r i t s s e r i o u s s t u d y ,
Mayr6na1s
-90-
To s t a r t w i t h , e v e r y t h i n g went iniracu1ousl.y w e l l .
A t t h e r e q u e s t of
Guerl.ach i n
p a r t i . c u l a r had a g r e e d t o a s s i s t Mayrena i n h i s e f f o r t s , s o t h a t i n t h i s
was he had t h e b e n e f i t of t h e u n d e n i a b l e p r e s t i g e t h a t t h e mi.s:iionacies
enjoyed i.n t h e h i g h l a n d s .
On May 23, Mayrkna was a t Kontxm, where lie was asstired of t h e goodwi.11
of t h e C h r i s t i . a n Bahnar.
1Ie ral.l:ied
t o g e t h e r a number of g r o u p s : t h e
'Che
%'lie k i n g of
A r r i v i n g i n Europe, he
s e t o u t t o d o e v e r y t h i n g i n r o y a l s t y l e , arid t o r a i - s e t h e wherewithal. he
sol.d d e c o r a t i . o n s , t i t l e s of n o b i l i t y and e s t a t e s t o gul.li.ble buyers.
The
Subpoenas were
Pavie Mission,
Cupet's i t i n e r a r y
In
1889, t h e Governor-general R e i n h a r t , who approved of t h e i d e a of t h e f e d e r a t i o n and was a n x i o u s t o s c e .i.t expantled, t?ntrentecl t h e p r i e s t s t o lend
L:liei.r a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e governor i n
than Mr.
Nlion.
The l a t t e r , Inore f o r t u n a t e
The c h i e f s of t h e
A f t e r i t had been
o u t f o r tl~eiiiselves t h a t p r o g r e s s
o r dominati.on.
eastward by S:i.a~ii.
xer,
roi des
P a v i e performed t h e remarliable, f e a t of f o r c i n g r e c o g n i -
Lt
hardened i t s a t t i t u d e t o such a n e x t e n t t h a t t h e t r i b e s i n t h e d i s p u t e d
regi.ons stepper1 up t h e i r r e q u e s t s t o t h e French t o i n t e r v e n e and p r o t e c t
Llhem .Eronr t h e Si.arnese i.ncuraions,
'Che object:i.ves of l ? a v i e ' s second missi.on (1890-93.) were, among o t h e r s ,
e i t h e r t o f o r e s t a l l t h e Siamese by occupying lcey p o s i t i o n s i n t h e i n t e r i o r
o r t o .force t h e Siamese t o e v a c u a t e t h e p o s t s t h e y hacl a l r e a d y taken over..
i t c a n n e v e r be r e p e a t e d o f t e n enough that: t:he g o a l was accomplished w i t h
3.tidi.crotrs:l.y smnall r e s o u r c e s ,
It i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e o c c u p a t i o n of Laos.
activity.
The i n c i d e n t s
7.
CU1'ET
Leavi.ng K3:ati.e
"wllose f a c e w&i
C u p e t ' s r e q u e s t s were
A v i l l a g e c h i e f t a i n , who was a r e l a t i v e
offereti
A t Ban i<haso~n,
111
t h e vil.l.age.
Fortunate1.y f o r Cupet, t h e S a d e t
tal.:Ler t h a n t h e a v e r a g e European.
My pig;. a r e f a r s u p e r i o r . "
JTe pron~p
t l y pul.l.ed our h i s compass, and tlie onl.ookers were . d u l y amazed.
i.r.1
wi.nning h i s confidence.
Ile
Many
News
Without Y,
to rout.
Sanli
400 L a o t i a n s , u n d e r t h e o r d e r s of t h e
These r e i n f o r c e m e n t s would r a i s e
o f r i c e r and h i s Lroops.
s i x men at- h i s disposal.,
Cupet had o n l y
At P l e i R'de a r e q u e s t f o r hel.pagainst t h e
ITIUS t
have been f l e e i n g
Nei t h e r
ill
Cupet d i d n o t s e e t h e S a d e t of
The S a d e t a c c e p t e d i t .
From hi.~n, t h e c a p t a i n r e c e i v e d a
Leaving behind
F i n a l l y , on t h e
iiati b e a t e n
But t h e luong &~~~~
[him
t o it.
f1e
Assured by Cupet t h a t t h e r e
"Cupe~'s
too,
o.f t h e p e o p l e , t h e i r a v e r s i o n t o t h e izroops c o n t r o l l e d
De PLal.glaive,
The i n i t i a t i v e no l o n g e r l a y w i t h
a p p a r e n t l y beet1 sfaved o f f ,
tiowever, now t h a t t h e i r p r a i s e w o r t h y t o u r was a t a n end, t h e o f f i c e r s
of t h e I'avie mi:;sion,
Their
i.11
kI.3 ,?i~Ichet"1:o
1.1:itl
;IS
f a r a s t h e Meltong.
on t h e o r d e r s oC t h e Kha-luo,ng P h r a y o t , d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a t t e r
had j u s t a g r e e d t o e v a c u a t e t h e a r e a .
Si.am d e l i b e r a t e l y del.ayeti t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s de:;ignetl
to establish the
compensation t o be paid t o t:he fami1.i.e~of victi.ms and s e t t l e o t h e r out-standi.ng i s s t i e s , whi.ch pronlpted F r a ~ z c c t o send Le Myre de Vil.ers a s p l e n i . p o t e n t i a r y
t:u 13angltolc,
1.113
-98t h e i r cannons t r a i n e d on t h e r o y a l p a l a c e .
Siam s i g n e d t h e t r e a t y of
8.
"
I t was from t h e s e p o s i t i o n s t h a t t h e
I n t h e b e g i n n i n g t h e Ta Iloi
ossist:ed t h e invncters i n t h e i r e f f o r t s .
'The Siamese t o o k
of Phra
Yot, f o r c e d t h e Siamese t o r e l i n q u i s h t h i s p o s i t i o n , i n a d d i t i o n t o
p u l l i n g o u t oC Nabon and Thuong Khe.
I n t h e meantime, De M a l g l a i v e , a
I n November 1890,
With t h e a i d o f t h e Kontu, he f o r e s t a l l e d h i s
A f t e r t h e s u c c e s s i o n of advances and r e t r e a t s
CHAPTER
IIESLTANCY
X I
CONFLJSlON
RETREA'L'S
or vilified,
I h r l ac.
a realily.
--
S a b a t j e r lrad t h e e x c e p t i o n a l
t h e r e v i v a l of an e n t i r e p e o p l e
--
llow i n t a m o ~ ~ s l11e
y was r e p a i d f o r h i s p a i n s I,y t:hose who
Cuerlaclz, F, Krmlin):
Odkra.
01 tlzose j u s t merit-ioned,
For
Y e r s i n , f o r h i s p a r t , was a s c h o l a r and, a f t e r t h e f l u s h o f
"The p i t y of i t i s
(67)
--
t o survival" (68).
I n d o c h i n e s e p o l i c y r e s t e d w i t h t h e governors.
Le Myre de V i l e r s ,
But g o v e r n o r s o f I n d o c h i n a d i d n o t s t a y p u t f o r long.
Then came t h e d i s s o l u t i o n of t h e
The t e r r i t o r i e s
The s o u t h , i n c l u d i n g t h e
At
when columns o f m i l i t i a m e n p e n e t r a t e d t h e i n t e r i o r t o s u p p r e s s b a n d i t r y
o r q u e l l r e v o l t s , they constructed f o r t i f i e d posts.
To b e g i n w i t h ,
(68)
Gravelle, R.I.,
f a r t h e r i n t o unsubdued a r e a s .
But l a t e r , a t t a c k s on t h e s e s t a t i o n s o r
l.
--
s e t off
--
and massacre
were enough t o s t o p t h e " k i n g o f t h e Moi" d u r i n g t h e n i g h t o f A p r i l 1.41 5 , altl.iough h e and h i s 900-man f o r c e d i d advance t o w i t h i n a lcilometer
of Song Cau.
puni.ti.ve column.
'The r e v o l t of
2.
---
The &u
my %n
were magicians.
They claimed t h a t
L l ~ e ywere ~ricssaiallsof t h e t y p e c x e m p l i f i c d by t h e
& E.
;i
Chu La
&.
CI.
D e s p i t e t h e pronllses m<ttle by t h e
&
When i t
However, i n A p r i l 1902, t h e r e b e l l i o n f l a r e d
up a g a i n a t Savannekhet, f a r t h e r t o t h e n o r t h .
'Fliere
M r , Dauplay), t h e i n s u r g e n t s f i n a l l y s u r r e n d e r e d ,
The &%
9 @ were
al.so rcsponsib1.e f o r i . n s t i g a t i n g t h e a t t a c k
A f t e r a hosti1.e
(69)
The g e n e r a l u n r e s t was eCfe,c"ti.vel.y pro1.onge.d by t h e s p a t e of
m e s s i a h s , who i n c l u d e d , i n 1:hi.s o r d e r :
I n 1880, a French w a r r a n t o f f i . c e r who d e s e r t e d ant1 sett:l.ed i.n
Icon IIer i n g
In 1890, Khan1 and Khun, two L a o t i a n s who claimed t h e y c o u l d f l y .
Out of a d m i r a t i o n f o r such e x t r a o r d i n a r y powers, t h e Moi showered them
w i t h g i f t s of c h i c k e n s and p i g s . When an Annamlte c h a l l e n g e d Iaam t o
f l y j u s t o n t o t h e verandah of a house on p l l e s , Lhe Imposture was unmasked.
In 1901, an Anndmlte creLlrt had a temple b u ~ l tI n h i s honor and
d e d i c a t e d t o him a t Dalc Uang. F a t h e r V i a l l e t o n d e s t r o y e d h i s p r e s t i g e .
I n 1908, a tame c i v e t - c a t from 1 2 a b e r t t s p o s t was p r o ~ l a l n t e da
mess i d h , T h a t same y e a r , t h e Bahnar and J a r a l paid homage t o a s e l f wtio c l a i m e d t o have i n s t gated t h e r e v o l t of t h e s h o r n h'iir
styled
I n t h e p l a ~ n soT C e n t r a l Annam.
I
1
1 1910, t h e p e o p l e w o r s h ~ p p e d d dwarf; i l l 1916,
glatlt.
I n 1924, t h e a i r p l a n e s t h a t flew over Kontu~~i
f o r t h e land survey
were s e e n a s " w h ~ t e - w i n g e d h e r o e s , " d e s i i n e d t o r e s t o r e t h e g o l d e n age
and expel t h e French.
I n 1939, a two-year-old c11.1l d a t t r a c t e d l a ~ t l ~ i cf o~ l ll oweus, <nzd,
i n 1941, a European employee of t h e Water and F o r e s t r y Bodrcl was b e l ~ e v e d
t o be a magician.
M a i t r e , " J u n g l e s Mo?," p. h l 7 , n o t e s .
F. G u i l l e m i n e t , llRecherclles s u r l e s c r o y a n c e s d e s t r i b u s du Iiautpays dtAnnam," B.I.I,E.lI,,
1941, pp. LO-33.
t o b a r t h e r o a d l e a d i n g s o u t h t o t h e t e r r i t o r y of t h e Halang and t h e
J a r a i ; t h i s road was used by t h e Sedang when t h e y s e t o u t t o s e l l a s
s l a v e s t h e Annamites t h e y had managed t o c a p t u r e i n s i d e t h e P r o v i n c e s
of Quang Nam o r Quang Ngai.
The a t t a c k took p l a c e a t a b o u t n i n e o ' c l o c k i n t h e morning, s h o r t l y
a f t e r Robert
--
d u r i n g t h e day
--
watch a l l n i g h t .
The
Thereupon t h e Sedang r e t r e a t e d ,
It was r e b u i l t l a t e r i n 1901.
The a s s a u l t was
With t h e a d v a n t a g e of
Use o f t h e plow s p r e a d s t e a d i l y .
Distri-
--
willingly,
s t e a d i l y (70).
'The Sedang c o n t i n r ~ e d t o t r e a d v e r y w a r i l y a f t c r t h e Mayrbna
incident.
n o r t h and n o r t h e a s t o IConturn.
4,
THE JAlUT,
I n t h e s o u t h t h e 130,000 S a r a i remdined u n r e l i a b l e .
I t was none-
(70)
1913, p, 258 e t s e q ,
5,
ASSASSINATION OF ODEND'HAL
The S a d e t Oi A t was t o commit a f r e s h c r i m e , however, and t h u s
b r i n g a b o u t t h e e f f e c t i v e o c c u p a t i o n of t h e h i g h l a n d s French t r o o p s
o r by m i l i t i a m e n .
n o t e n t i r e l y unconnected w i t h t h e t r a n s f e r t o Annam o f t h e h i n t e r l a n d
of Phu Yen and ~ i n hDinh, which t o b e g i n w i t h had been a t t a c h e d t o
Laos f o l l o w i n g t h e t r e a t y of 1893.
E x p l o r e r , a d n z i n i s t r a t o r , s c h o l a r , and l e c t u r e r a t t h e E c o l e
P r a n f a i s e d4Extr^eme-Orient (French C o l l e g e of Far E a s t e r n S t u d i e s ) ,
Odend'hal had talcen p a r t e a r l i e r i n t h e o p e r a t i o n s of t h e P a v i e mission.
I n 1904, s e t t i n g o u t from Widn Rang, he c r o s s e d t h e Lang Bian and t h e
Darlac Plateau.
t h e s t a t i o n commander.
E n t h u s i a s t i c and f u l l of v i g o r , and o v e r -
c o n f i d e n t s i n c e t h e s u c c e s s of h i s r e c o n n a i s s a n c e s u r v e y s , t h e p r o g r e s s
of which he r e c o r d e d i n a f a s c i n a t i n g r e p o r t , Odend'hal was i n t e n d i n g
t o make t h e S a d e t s u r r e n d e r ,
Every a t t e m p t by t h e l a t t e r t o s e i z e t h e
from h i s p l a n , d i d h i s b e s t t o p e r s u a d e him a t l e a s t t o t a k e a l o n g
A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f A p r i l 1904,
a n e s c o r t of m i l i t i a m e n .
To no a v a i l ,
Odend'hal s e t o f f a g a i n .
I f n o t h i n g e l s e , when he had t o h a l t a w h i l e
Ptit on h i s guard by a g e s t u r e
Tn t h e e v e n i n g t h e e x p l o r e r wrote a n o t e t o i n f o r m and r e a s s u r e
sword,
Stenger.
Three Annamite
fro111 t h e r e g i o n o f Anlthc.
s t a t i o n aL P l e i T u r , v e r y c l o s e t o t h e v i l l a g e of t h e Patau P u i ,
To
The powers o f O i A t
the favorable
d i s p o s i t j o n e x p e c t e d of them by t h e French a u t h o r i t i e s .
6.
(71)
--
F a r t h e r t o t h e n o r t h , i n J a r a i c o u n t r y , t h e P r o v i n c e o f P l e i Ku
was c r e a t e d .
A b o l i s h e d i n 1907, t h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i s t r i c t was
n o t r e - e s t a b l i s h e d u n t i l much l a t e r .
Song Cau.
V i n c i l l i o n i ' s r c l e i n t h e p a c i f i c a t i o n o f Ankhe was a c r u c i a l one,
T h i s i n s p e c t o r managed n o t o n l y t o b r i n g peace and o r d e r b u t a l s o t o
i n s p i r e t r u s t i n t h e mountain people.
From t h e s t a t i o n a t P l e i T u r , which he had founded i n 1905 and
from which f o u r r o a d s soon r a d i a t e d , Bardin brought a r e i g n of peace
t h a t extended a s f a r a s t h e u n r u l y t r i b e of t h e Badrong.
A t a b o u t t h e same time t h e r e n a i s s a n c e o f t h e Rhade o f D a r l a c
began.
S a b a t i e r who t o o k p l u n d e r i n g t r i b e s , c o n t i n u a l l y a t war w i t h e a c h
o t h e r , and made them i n t o t h e most s o p h i s t i c a t e d , i m p o r t a n t and b e s t
organized people i n t h e e n t i r e hinterland.
7.
THE PIONEERS
I n 1899, B o u r g e o i s founded a new Ban Don b e s i d e t h e Ya Limin,
After
Having d i s t i n g u i s h e d hirnse1.f by h i s r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e p i l l a g e s of
Ngeuh d i e d i n 1.903,
When t h e
A s t h e r;oLo rewarii
After
"
B a r e l y had t h e p l a n s f o r t h e l a t t e r s t a t i o n been p r e p a r e d , t h e e x p l o r e r
e n t r u s t e d i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n t o a h a n d f u l of mi-litiamen and
he
set: o f f himself t o s u r v e y t h e C e n t r a l P l a t e a u whichlhad d i s c o v e r e d , i.nclncIing
w l ~ i c lwas
~ awai-decl t 11e
p t i ~ eo r t h e S o c i d ~ 6d e G t i o g r a p h ~ e , i s crani~necl w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n s abouL
the Bill and t h e Prcng, t h e DSp, Ilchorlg, liodrnng, Ma, Fop and S r e , n o t
1 orgeLti ng t h e S a d e t , t h o s e
B u C M J ~t r a was r e a c h i n g t h e c l o s e of h i s amazing c a r e e r ,
Odund'hal
Il.rd d i c d bcl luviiip LllaL Lli(? ]'at-au Pui war4 uboul t o surramdar t o him,
'I'o
t o o , wou1.d c r y q ~ r tjo .
:IS
J.
s t a g ' s head.
O r p e r h a p s t h e B i e t was a f r a i d
p e r t u r b e d by t h e r e l a t i o n s s t r u c k up between M a i t r e and
Nong?
of Bou
ding, a g i a n t
was among t h e a s s a s s i n s ,
found t h e g a t e s o f Eonner Bunor c l o s e d t o hi.m and was o b l i g e d t o camp o u t side the palissade.
v i . l l a g e a t t h e i n v i t a t i o n of h i s enemy's men,
" g r e a t peace s a c r i f i c e , "
!'he
better t o celebrate a
on t h e p i l . e ,
A t t h a t moineut:,
l?ou 'l'ral~g
'L'hc: cl.osi.ng pagc?s of "3uny:l.c:s Moi" art-: satltlel.lecl l,y LIie .i~iill.Cft?rcnce
of tlie autlioril:i.es I:o t h t i I'ati? o f t l ~ cp~!opI.(iof tlic lri.nt:c!;::l.;~iicI , l r i t l by the:
[:lit?
provi.i~cc:; rourstlcd I ~ a v e
8.
ME SAO
Tlte s t o r y of Me Sao i.:Ll.ustrates t:l~e Ic-inil of c11;ios anti danger from
---
ancl rccordcd
-112whom i t was a p p l i e d .
Y i Yene.
1)urirtg l i i s y o u t h Me S a o ' s famil.y, r e l . a t i v e l y poor, fel.1 f o u l of
p i l l . a g c r s and t h e f u t u r e ''Ki11g of t h e Moi" was s o l d i n t o s l a v e r y .
being ransoliied, he e n t e r e d t h e s e r v i - c c 01: a
married.
After
u,
whose d a u g h t e r lie
I'1tt1
Very soon l i i s
g~-;iiiar
i.c:; were overCl.owi.r-ig wit11 r j c e , i v o r y , and fore..; 1: produce,
1,;i.L
, he
Yersin
lle was no
sho h ~ dd c s i g ~ l son, and between them they committed morc tliatz two hundred
iiiurdert;.
B U L what c o n s t i t u t e d a nio.re s e r i o u s prol)len\ f o r tlie p u b l i c a u t i - 1 o r i . t i . e ~
~cnclc,~:1ii.s aut11ori.ty.
137
I n 1905, l ~ o w e v e r , Besnard, Lhe Govcrnor oS D a r l a c , unmasked t h e bandl e a d e r f o r wliat he was, wl~ereuponMe Sao took t o t h e j u ~ l g l e , where he
proclaimed a r e v o l u t i . o n .
----
1893.
9.
rL'l1E: END OF
i11
A l t h o u g l ~ i . t hacl etartc:d
mouni.ai.n pcop1.e under t.l.ie ciil-ec :I c o ~ ~ t r oofl t:lx Pr:etich prov.inci.al. nutliori. :t i e s
On October 1 0 , 1.898 a repol-1: suhmitt:cd by R o t ~ l l o c h ct o tihe
approvcd by t ~ l ~ttillperor.
c
was;
of any
t h e hos t of
m:i.dtl:Le~~ic..r~
l~c:l:weer~t h e Moi ;?ud tlic An~i:~niitc?swho cxp1.o-i.t t:lie gul.li.b.i.l.i.ty
o f the niouni-ai.n people."
o f t h e .royal.tii?:; payable
l3ayablc i n c a s h .
Iio%d:i.ng t h c i s s u e of tlle Sot1 Phong i n abeyance Tor t h e time be:i.llg,
i n view of t:he v e s l:etl r.i.gllts, B a ~ l : l . o c l ~advocated
c
immedi.ate settl.ement of
--tllu
a,
t111,1i! b i e n
L-ni
The
'Chis
Under no c i r c u ~ i ~ s t a n c ewere
s
tlze former middlemen allowed t o speak
I n t h e c a s e of
I t was
'Through
tory.
When t:he a g i t a t i o n grew even worse i n 2902, a d e l e g a t i o n was e s t a b l . i s h e d
a t T r a My and a s t a t i o n s e t up a t Ba To t o k e e p t h e tnountain people under
control.
I.rontrneiit.
..-----.-
"
-1l.5o f r i c e and t h e d e l e g a t i o n s r e s e r v e d t o t h e m s e l v e s t h e t a s k of a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e t r i b e s of t h e h i n t e r l a n d .
i t s f o m e r a t t r i b u t e s , was o f f i c i a l l y a b o l i s h e d ( 7 6 ) .
10,
SABATIEli
L n s p i t e of i t s dran1iiti.c end, S a b a t i e r ' s c a r e e r was a remarkable
success s t o r y ,
'i'.'his peer1e:;s iilan was not. niucli t o 'l.ook a t : he wore a mustache, looked
li.ke a f l o o r w a l k e r , and s p o r t e d a s e v e r e , c u r v i n g pince-nez bel-~i.ndwhich
had s t r i k i n g b l u e eyes.
L:l~ci
11iill
I l h i s I:irt?less inan
'Chere was no q u e s t i o n
Determined t o keep
--( 7 6 ) ibi.d.,
p. 346 e t seq.
Of a l l t h e t h i n g s he
1'oll.owi.ng t h e i r
With
Let
f o r c e of c l l a r a c t e r , t h e r e
G c r b i n i . ~ , and
They
I ra]>l~i.nes!j
:I.l.
A t a b o u t t h e saine t i m e , Odkra,
I L i s t o the undyi.ug
e v e r needed t o f o r t h a t m a t t e r .
-117of Thu Dau Mot, and t h e p o s t s a t Nui Chua Chang (1902), Budop (1906) and
t h e h e i g h t s b o r d e r i n g t h e Cochin-Chinese p l a i n s .
Some of t h e t o t a l l y independent t r i b e s d i d n o t l a y down t h e i r arms.
ltYo t h i r d s of t h e t e r r i t o r y of Rien Hoa remained unsubdued.
The mountain
It i s recorded
I n c i t e d by t h e c h i e f s--8oun
Fifty
CHAPTER XIS
PACmICATION
I n 1925, t h e r u b b e r boom h a s t e n e d renewed p e n e t r a t i c n ,
We s h a l l b e
1.
I f i t i s t o b e made b e n e f i c i a l , t h i s i n f l u x of
e n e r g y and c a p i t a l must be d i r e c t e d g r a d u a l l y i n t o t h e p r o p e r c h a n n e l s .
We have been c a u g h t unawares, e n g r o s s e d a s we a r e w i t h ot:her w o r r i e s .
T h e . i m m e d i a t e r e s u l t of t h e c u p i d i t y of t h e businessmen w i l l be t h e d e s t r u c t i . o n of a l l we have a c c o m l ~ l i s h e d . It i s v e r y doubtful. whether p r o s p e r i t y
f o r t h e m0unta.i.n p e o p l e c a n p o s s i b l y b e s a l v a g e d from t h e s e ru.i.izs,"
At any r a t e , P a s q u i e r s i g n e d t h e c i r c u l a r of J u l y 30, 1923, a b r a i n c h i l d of S a b a t i e r .
L t t u r n e d out t o be t h e s i g n a l f o r t h e i r m~xti.l.ati.on.
Thc a i m was
U n t i l such t i m e a s t h e y were c a p a b l e of d o i n g s o on
For
Lang Bian.
"In some p l a c e s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s f a c e d w i t h p a t r i a r c h y
Legends, f o l l t l o r c and s u p e r s i : i . t i o n s
:lil:ade,
v.i.l.l.ages.
parti.cc13.arl.y t h a t in s a l t , would be p r o t e c t e d from t h e s h a r p
p r a c t i c e s oE t h c Eorei.gn t r a d e r s : "l3y d i n t of t h r e a t s , t h e s e t r a d e r s f o r c e
[.he g u l l i b l e Moi t o a c c e p t o u t r a g e o u s d e a l s which w i l l e v e n t u a l l y b e
s e t t l e d by a n a b d u c t i o n o r by a n i n c u r s i o n i n t o t h e o u t l y i n g v i l l a g e s of
I-lie Annamite r e g i o n .
I*
Their conduct
-.-.
---
("d)
of t h e i r t r i b e s i n t h e i r own l a n g u a g e , i n a d d i t i o n t o s i m p l e a r i t h m e t i c
and t h e rudiments of a g r i c u l t u r e .
a s t h e i r pupils.
t h e c h i l d r e n , s o e a s i l y p u t t o f r i g h t , f e a r n o t h i n g q u i t e a s much a s t h e
s c o r n f u l i r o n y of Eellow p u p i l s o r t e a c h e r s who a r e c o n s c i o u s of b e l o n g i n g
t o a s u p e r i o r race.
2.
p a c e of p e n e t r a t i o n .
T t brooked
Almost t h e e n t i r e b a s i n of t h e R..
administered,
t h e Song Re r i v e r .
P k j o r C a r r i e r 1)uil.t t h e road t o t h e e a s t e r n a p p r o a c h e s
The
t h e d e l e g a t e a t Rudop,
No one succeeded b e t t e r t h a n he i n
b r i n g i n g peace i n t o t h e v e r y h e a r t of t h e S t i e n g .vi.llages.
a n o b j e c t l e s s o n i n t h e ri.glit approach t o adopt.
(78) Mr.
He used t o malce v e r y
B e f o r e approaching a n unsubdued
a c l i s s i d e n t v i l l a g e u n l e s s f i r s t i n v i t e d t o do s o by i t s i n h a b i t a n t s .
Once
b e t t e r a p p r e c i a t e d and b e t t e r u n d e r s t o o d .
On Hay 2 6 , 1.931, G a t i - l l e , t h e d e l e g a t e a t Snoul., who had been charged
wii:lr b~~i.l.cl%ng
trlie road t o [:he upper Chlil.ong val.ley, was sl.a:in by t h e Kong
juii c a s tlie col~s1:ruction work he was d i r e c t i n g was r e a c h i n g t h e upper rim
o f Lrhc? C e n t r a l 1'l;ilrenlt.
Biiril.
ii
Ei-ve-year p e r i o d ,
Tlie
go,
v.i.:i:i.i: t:llern.
Ilirri.
On t h e way !:liere, a3.1. went wel:i., b u t on tile way bnclc a11 ii~>ibusha w a i t e d
f o r c e s , a:Lt:l~oupll t i i i s
t h e i r side,
From
The d i v i s i o n of t h e r e b e l r e g i o n
Kralc e n t i r e {reedom o f a c t i o n , w i t h o u t r e g a r d f o r f r o n t i e r s .
The t r o o p s
C r e d i t f o r t l i c i r c o ~ i s t r u c t i o ni s
'
station.
I n t h e end,
Lt,
A b a r e t w e n t y - f i v e days
o f f e n s i v e s a g a i n s t G a t i l l e s t a t i o n , and on A p r i l 29 i t s d e f e n d e r s s t o o d
i n p e r i l of t h e i r l i v e s .
Unity o f cornn~nd was t h e n r e - e s t a b l i s l ~ e d . Once a g a i n , t h e r e v o l t was
quashed.
The d e a t h of Pou '1:rnng l:,ung, who had been capturecl by Major Nyo,
I'
...
managed t o :lead a p r i m i t i v e l i f e of
Final.l.y,
the t r i b e s
3.
AGITRIC:ION I N IZONTUM
'Cltere i.s no way of r e l a t i n g a l l tl-tese i.ncidents i n d e t a i l , b u t we must
Lt
if;
P. G u i l l e m i n e t , a n e r u d i t e
e t h n o l o g i s t a s w e l l a s a n o u t s t a n d i n g a d m i n i s t r a t o r (79).
Cuil.l.eiminei: informs 1ii.s r e a d e r s t h a t a
Sorm.
"ya" can
r e a p p e a r i n human
t o be c a p a b l e of supcrhunian f e a t s .
-124a s it spreads,
The r e a d e r w i l l n o t
who succeeded e a c h o t h e r on t h e
p l a t e a u s s i n c e t h e time of t h e Ya Pu i n 1.820.
s i g n i . f i e d a n i ~ ~ m ~ i . n cr n
e t u r n t o t h e golden age,
i.u 1.937, procesr;ionc; of Rhe Croln Quang Wgai. and Ilontnil, peace-lo.v.ing i:'armers
w l ~ ol i v e e a s t of IContum, b r o u g h t t h e i r offeri.ri&s t o ltlle vil.l.agc of t h e
pychou. c11.i.l.d; u n a b l e t o o f f e r them a n y t h i n g e l s e i n r e t u r n , Ma Wih gave
them some b o t t l e s of nondescri,pt w a t e r .
LI~J
'Clien a g i t a t o r s
The
The
S e l l i n g a l i t t l e p e r f e c t l y ordinary water
t o e x p l o i t t h e c u r i o s i t y of a n i d l e p u b l i c can h a r d l y b e h e l d a crime.
The j u n g l e m e n t a l i t y , always l a t e n t , had caused a l l t h e t r o u b l e .
Indeed,
4.
THE KFL4 TU
The t r o u b l e t h a t had f l a r e d up i n Kontu~n spread nortliward t o t h e land
'rhougli j . n i t i a t e d
i.11
part:icular
by Sogny , t h e
A t a o u a t was n o t :;ystemat:ical.l.y
Worlc on t h e c o n s t r u c -
Ile
The a d m i n i . s t r a t o r s
---~
WorldWarTI.
The I(ha Tu a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d n o t o n l y by t h e d i v e r s i . t y of t h e e t h n i c
beizefiti.ng frorn c o n d i t i o n s and goods which at: one t:i.me they would n e v e r
h a v e dreamed o f , l e a r n e d f o r t h e C i . r s t tinie a b o u t tlie West and t h e adv:tntages
t h a t i t s p r e s e n c e can b r i n g .
-127-
imywxa
The J a p a n e s e coup of Mixr?rch 9, 1945, was a s d i s a s t r o u s f o r t h e mountain
p e o p l e a s i t was i o r Llic p r e s t i gc of t h e Whites,
Pol: f o u r y e a r s t h e govern-
I I I ~l i . tiomen,
~ . t n r e l u king
n
prol>og;incia
, e~llowc.ic1t:hemsalve:;
t o bt: cli.carrned by t h e J a p a n e s e
'r11o:je F r e ~ i c l ~ l r ~wliom
e n ehc oneniy had i s o l a t e d i r ~a few of
;I
l ' i . 1 7 ~ exp:l.oit::,
and t h e i r ~i~t~riiorieri
Ilolic:l.c:ss batt1.e.
t:lle bu:;ll,
on t h e h e r d s ,
reFrai.net1 from nt:trnclti.ng our nien; a l l (:he sanie, wtien rliey saw them s t a g g e r i n g
i n arLcr
in
13
<I
~ i i ~ ~Lliei
r ~ rl ~
sCrcngLii
,
-128exhausted f u g i t i v e s t o move on a g a i n .
I n Kontum, "throughout t h e J a p a n e s e
o r V i e t Minh o c c u p a t i o n , i n t h e a b s e n c e of t h e French m i s s i o n a r i e s , t h e
Bahnar and Annamite p r i e s t s k e p t t h e faith even i n t h e most remote C a t h o l i c
v i l l a g e s " (83).
From t h e
t i m e t h e y r e - e n t e r e d Ban Me T l ~ u o t , t h e r e f o r e , t h e F r e n c h t r o o p s encounLered
a s t e a d y flow of s h a r p s h o o t e r s and m i l i t i a m e n a n x i o u s t o resume t h e i r
s e r v i c e , w h i l e young Rhade, Mnong and J a r a i demanded r i f l e s w i t h which
t o f i g h t alongside us.
F o r many, t h e i r r e t u r n h e r a l d e d a
r e i u r n t o t h e p o l i c y f o r m e r l y followed by S a b a t i e r .
The f i r s t s t a g e was t o reconquer a l l t h e ground l o s t s i n c e March 9.
The commander of t h e 1 s t F a r E a s t Brigade had o n l y a s m a l l complement of
men l e f t .
t h e t h r e e s e c t o r s r e o c c u p i e d by t h e b u l k of t h e F r e n c h t r o o p s i n Tonkin and
-129C e n t r a l Annam,
p l a t e a u s had t h e p e o p l e n o t s u p p o r t e d t h e t r o o p s i n t h e i r e f f o r t s .
By December 1945 o u r u n i t s had h a l t e d t h e i r advance some f o r t y
lcilometers northeas!- of B~lnMe Thuot, a t Ruon Ho, w h i l e t h e Chukti rnassii
remained i n enemy hands.
To t h e n o r t h w e s t , tlie 5 t h 1 3 a t t a l i o n of "montagnard" r i f l e m e n , advancing
Iron1 Stung Treng, 11dd reactled Uokeo; a s i t was t h e d r y s e a s o n , they were
a b l e t o t a k e t h e t r a i l l e a d i n g Srom Khone through Siem Pang and Veun S a i .
The agreentcnts o f March 6 , 1946 d i d n o t h i n g t o s t o p t h e V i e t Minh from
s e i z i n g promineuL i2hade f i g u r e s , n o r , f o r LhCit inai tcar, irotn " i n t e n s i f y i n g
t h e i r p r e s s u r e on t h e J a r a i L r i b c s .
surprise at~dclt"(86).
;I,.;
T.t was it lie^^, 31: [$an ivlo 'r'lr~rol:, tlrnt; t:l;e 1"rerich lligli Coniruj.ssioner'
I:()
(rlic?.
tlie j:tlnc:raS.
1 s o l i c i . e ~oL 1.923.
LI
iitild t:llt: regi.c)n bountfcd t o tile uortlr by a Li-nc: r u n n i n g Iroin M1i)rnc Huon
IJu l:o P1a j. 'I'u~lg'Vtrng, ant1 l%ok~O.
'I'tlc:
c onvt:rgi.ng,
two-pronged
;111tl
i!i~:jl
I;
t.tacic or
.11~rlc?
I;~~oriI<r.ierig, tlie
Clliritl.j.
Clril
l'ile i : o l u n i ~from
~
1:okeo ~:eachad Than Hinh de:;pi.t:e r e s i s t a n c e
O p e r a t i o n s proceeded i n
t)E
On Juiic 2 6 , b y w11i.cli I:iilr~ [lie t r o o p s Il;~d re;iclted ICo~itum, t-Ire Viet Minli
E n l ' l . bnclc t:oward Quang Ngai v i a lCo11 B r a i anti I<OLI Pl.ong.
---
.----.-.-".--
(84) !:c:ricr;~l J
. Marchand,
1 . o ~ . c.i.i:,
completed t h e r e o c c u p a t i o n of t h e t e r r i t o r y of t h e J a r a i .
F i n a l l y , beyond
A l r e a d y , t o o , t h e p l a n t e r s were
t h e repuLse o E t h e enemy.
The o u t -
The
jn
~rance's
p a i d f o r th,it hope w i t h t h e i r l i v e s .
No Frenchman should e v e r f o r g e t i C .