Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IFRS Study Material
IFRS Study Material
ACCA
DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL REPORTING
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(i)
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(ii)
Technical Editor
Phil Bradbury
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No responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any
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Copyright 2013 DeVry/Becker Educational Development Corp. All rights reserved.
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CONTENTS
Session
Page
Introduction
(vii)
Syllabus
(viii)
Study guide
(xii)
Examinable documents
(xvii)
Introduction
1
0101
0201
0301
0401
IAS 18 Revenue
0501
0601
IAS 2 Inventories
0701
0801
0901
10
1001
11
IAS 17 Leases
1101
12
1201
13
1301
14
IAS 41 Agriculture
1401
15
1501
16
1601
Income
Assets
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(v)
CONTENTS
Session
Page
Liabilities
17
1701
18
1801
19
1901
20
2001
21
Financial Instruments
2101
Group accounts
22
Regulatory framework
2201
23
2301
24
Further adjustments
2401
25
2501
26
2601
27
2701
2801
29
2901
30
3001
31
3101
32
3201
33
3301
34
3401
35
3501
Index
3601
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(vi)
SYLLABUS
Introduction
This Study System is specifically written for the ACCAs Diploma in International Financial
Reporting (DipIFR). This Diploma is designed to develop knowledge of IFRSs providing an
understanding of the concepts and principles which underpin them, and their application in the
international marketplace. Together with the Question Bank, this volume provides
comprehensive coverage of the syllabus and is designed to be used both as a reference text and as
an integral part of your studies to provide you with the knowledge, skill and confidence to
succeed in your Diploma examination.
About the author: Phil Bradbury is ATC Internationals lead tutor in international
financial reporting and has more than 10 years experience in delivering ACCA exambased training.
The body of knowledge which underpins the syllabus. Features of the text
include:
Definitions
Illustrations
Worked examples
Activities
Commentaries
Key points
summary
Focus
A bank of practice questions is contained in the Study Question Bank provided. These
are linked to the topics of each session and should be attempted after studying each
session.
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(vii)
SYLLABUS
Syllabus
Aim
To provide qualified accountants or graduates, possessing relevant country specific
qualifications or work experience with an up to date and relevant conversion course,
providing a practical and detailed knowledge of the key international financial reporting
standards and how they are interpreted and applied.
Objectives
On completion of this syllabus candidates should be able to:
Understand and explain the structure of the international conceptual framework of accounting;
Identify and apply disclosure requirements for companies relating to the presentation of
financial reports and notes;
Prepare group financial statements (excluding group cash flow statements) including
subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures.
from possessing a relevant degree (giving exemptions from F1, F2, F3 and F4 of
the ACCA qualification) and two years accounting experience; or
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SYLLABUS
Syllabus content
A
Revenue recognition
Property, plant and equipment
Impairment of assets
Leases
Intangible assets and goodwill
Inventories and construction contracts
Financial instruments
Liabilities provisions, contingent assets and liabilities
Accounting for employment and post-employment benefits
Taxation in financial statements
The effect of changes in foreign currency and exchange rates
Agriculture
Share-based payment
Exploration and evaluation expenditures.
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(ix)
SYLLABUS
Excluded topics
The following topics are specifically excluded from the syllabus:
Schemes of reorganisation/reconstruction
Company/share valuation
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(x)
SYLLABUS
Examination structure
Marks
40
60
_____
100
_____
For all three hour examination papers, ACCA allows 15 minutes reading and planning time.
This additional time is given at the beginning of each three-hour examination to allow
candidates to read the questions and to begin planning their answers before they start writing in
their answer books. This time should be used to ensure that all the information and exam
requirements are properly read and understood.
During reading and planning time candidates may only annotate their question paper. They
may not write anything in their answer booklets until told to do so by the invigilator.
Additional information
Knowledge of new examinable regulations issued by 30th September will be required in
examination sessions being held in the following calendar year. Documents may be
examinable even if the effective date is in the future.
The documents listed as being examinable (see later) are the latest that were issued
prior to 30th September 2012 and will be examinable in June and December 2013
examination sessions.
The ACCA Study Guide which follows is referenced to the Sessions in this Study
System and should be read in conjunction with the examinable documents.
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(xi)
STUDY GUIDE
Study Guide
A
International sources of
authority
1)
34
2)
30
30
13
13
15
15
15
10
Impairment of assets
3)
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Revenue recognition
Elements of financial
statements
1)
Ref:
Ref:
(xii)
15
STUDY GUIDE
Ref: 6)
4)
Leases
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
&
15
7)
Financial instruments
21
21
21
21
21
8)
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12
16
24
Ref:
11
5)
(xiii)
21
21
17
17
17
STUDY GUIDE
Onerous contracts
Environmental and similar
provisions
17
17
17
27
18
14
14
14
14
19
19
20
20
20
20
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27
27
12) Agriculture
18
18
Ref:
(xiv)
19
19
19
STUDY GUIDE
16
33
2)
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3)
28
28
28
31
4)
30
30
28
Ref:
28
basic EPS
where there has been a bonus issue
of shares/stock split during the
year, and
where there has been a rights
issues of shares during the year
Define earnings
16
16
16
1)
Ref:
5)
32
32
32
28
28
(xv)
STUDY GUIDE
6)
Operating segments
Ref:
29
29
29
35
2)
35
35
22
22
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22
23
22
3)
Business combinations
associates and joint ventures
(xvi)
25
23
&
25
23
25
23
24
24
4)
Ref:
26
26
EXAMINABLE DOCUMENTS
Examinable documents
Session
reference
The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
IAS 2
Inventories
IAS 8
IAS 10
IAS 11
Construction Contracts
IAS 12
Income Taxes
IAS 16
IAS 17
Leases
IAS 18
Revenue
IAS 19
Employee Benefits
IAS 20
IAS 21
27
IAS 23
Borrowing Costs
10
IAS 24
32
IAS 27
22
IAS 28
26
IAS 32
21
IAS 33
28
IAS 34
33
IAS 36
Impairment of Assets
15
IAS 37
17
IAS 38
Intangible Assets
12
IAS 39
21
IAS 40
Investment Property
13
IAS 41
Agriculture
14
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31
6
20
8
11
5
18
(xvii)
EXAMINABLE DOCUMENTS
Session
reference
IFRS 1
34
IFRS 2
Share-based Payment
19
IFRS 3
Business Combinations
IFRS 5
30
IFRS 6
16
IFRS 7
21
IFRS 8
Operating Segments
29
IFRS 9
Financial Instruments
21
22 25
22
26
22 & 26
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(xviii)
35
Overview
Objective
INTRODUCTION
What is GAAP?
Sources of GAAP
Role of statute and standards
Role of the European Union
IASB
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL REPORTING
STANDARDS (IFRSs)
GAAP hierarchy
Scope
Authority
Role in international harmonisation
Possible barriers to development
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0101
Introduction
1.1
What is GAAP?
The term may or may not have legal authority in a given country.
1.2
Sources of GAAP
1.2.1
Regulatory framework
The body of rules and regulations, from whatever source, which an entity
must follow when preparing accounts in a particular country for a particular
purpose, for example:
1.2.2
Other sources
1.3
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Statute
Standards
Some countries have relatively little in the way of statute and rely largely on
standards (e.g. in the USA).
Commentary
Although there is no accounting statute as such in the USA a body of the federal
government called the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversees the
accounting regulations issued by the profession. The SEC can veto accounting
treatments and demand that regulation be enacted in new areas.
1.4
The common industrial policy of the European Union (EU) calls for the
creation of a unified business environment including harmonisation of
financial reporting.
This is pursued through the issue of directives to member states. These are
instructions to enact legislation in specified areas. For example:
Directive
Country
UK
Germany
France
4th
(on form and
content of company
accounts)
7th
(on group accounts)
8th
(on the regulation
of auditors)
Companies Act
1985
Companies Act
1989
Companies Act
1989
Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB)
(The Third Book of The Commercial Code)
Code de
commerce
Acts
Acts
Commentary
These UK Companies Acts were consolidated in the Companies Act 2006.
New member states of the EU (and aspiring applicants) include the provisions of the EU
directives into their own legislation as a preparatory step for membership of the EU.
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0103
Further to the IOSCO endorsement (see later in this session), and as a result of EU
directives, all listed EU companies were required to publish consolidated financial
statements in compliance with IFRS with effect from 1 January 2005.
Commentary
The 2005 deadline was extended to 2007 for companies traded on the US
Stock Exchange and prepared under US GAAP and for companies that had
issued only debt, not equity, in regulated markets.
Additionally member states are allowed to extend the application of IFRSs to:
unlisted companies;
individual accounts of publicly traded companies;
other companies and limited liability partnerships.
Commentary
In the UK unlisted companies have been permitted to use IFRS as an
alternative to UK accounting standards since January 2005.
IASB
2.1
Objectives
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Commentary
Also in the UK, for example, where a new IFRS is issued with no UK equivalent, it is also
exposed and issued as a UK standard (after inconsequential amendments to reflect UK
terminology).
2.2
Governance structure
IFRS Foundation
(22 trustees)
IFRS Advisory
IASB
(16 members)
Council
International Financial
Reporting Standards
Interpretations
Committee (IFRS IC)
Working groups
for major agenda
projects
2.2.1
Monitoring Board
This board oversees the IFRS Foundation trustees, participates in the trustee
nomination process, and approves appointments to the trustees.
2.2.2
IFRS Foundation
The IFRS Foundations trustees are 22 individuals from diverse geographical and
functional backgrounds who appoint:
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2.2.3
IASB
16 members (maximum three part-time) are appointed by the trustees for an initial
term of three to five years. The main qualifications are professional competence and
practical experience.
The IASB has complete responsibilities for all technical matters including:
Commentary
Each IASB member has one vote on technical and other matters. The
approval of 10 members is required for documents to be issued for
discussion, exposure or as the final standard.
2.2.4
IFRS Council
About 40 members:
Objectives:
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2.3
IFRS IC
2.3.1
IFRS IC Interpretations
Responsibilities include:
2.3.2
Approach
applying the definitions, recognition and measurement criteria for assets, liabilities,
income and expenses set out in The Framework (see next session); and
IFRS IC works closely with comparable groups from national standard-setting bodies (NSS)
to reach similar conclusions on issues where underlying standards are substantially the same.
After approval by the Board the interpretations become part of the IASBs authoritative
literature. The pronouncements have the same status as an IFRS (see later).
2.3.3
SICs in issue
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Commentary
Specific IFRICs are NOT EXAMINABLE.
2.4
Standard setting
Due process normally involves the following steps (those in bold are required under
the terms of the IFRS Foundations Constitution):
Identification and review of associated issues and consideration of the
application of the Framework to the issues.
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2.4.1
Discussion papers
IASB may develop and publish discussion documents (usually called discussion papers)
for public comment.
A discussion paper:
sets out the problem, the scope of the project and the financial reporting issues;
discusses research findings and relevant literature; and
presents alternative solutions to the issues under consideration and
the arguments and implications relative to each.
Following the receipt and review of comments, IASB develops and publishes
an Exposure Draft, which is also for public comment.
2.4.2
Exposure Draft
2.4.3
Voting
All other decisions, including the issue of a Discussion Paper require a simple
majority of the IASB members present at a meeting (which must be attended by
at least 60% of the members).
2.4.4
Comment period
Typically this is for 90 or 120 days. The minimum comment period for an
exposure draft is 60 days.
Commentary
A reasonable period must allow, for example, for the translation of documents.
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2.5
2.5.1
The stable platform refers to standards which are mandatory for periods beginning on
or after 1 January 2005. This was finalised in March 2004 following the publication of:
13 revised standards;
IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations; and
Commentary
** This industry standard is not examinable within the Diploma syllabus.
2.5.2
IFRS for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) was published
in July 2009 and became effective immediately.
2.5.3
Work program
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Commentary
The first phase in developing a common conceptual framework was completed in
September 2010.
Current projects relating to the convergence of IFRSs with FASB still include:
2.5.5
financial instruments;
leases; and
revenue recognition.
The IASBs annual improvements project provides the means to make non-urgent but
necessary minor amendments to IFRSs. The fourth collection of minor amendments to
standards issued in May 2012 relate to the following issues:
IFRS 1 also clarifies that borrowing costs capitalised under previous GAAP
before the transition date may be carried forward without adjustment. Any
borrowing costs relating to a qualifying asset incurred after the transition date
must be accounted for in accordance with IAS 23 Borrowing Costs;
IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment clarifies that spare parts and servicing
equipment should be classified as property, plant and equipment if they meet
the IAS 16 definition; if not they should be classified as inventory;
IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting clarifies that total assets and liabilities
for a reportable segment need only be disclosed in interim financial
statements if the amounts are regularly provided to the chief operating
decision maker and there has been a material change from that reported under
the last annual financial statements.
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2.5.6
Public information
The aim of the IASB is to make its deliberations, activities and intentions as transparent
and open as possible.
Extensive information on the IASB and its activities is available on the IASBs website
at www.IASB.org.
Commentary
This includes all discussion documents, exposure drafts, public comments,
current activities and timetables of IASB and IFRS IC meetings.
IASB and IFRS IC meetings are open to the public and may be received as a
webcast through the IASB website.
IASB Update and IFRS IC Update are issued after every IASB and IFRS IC
meeting detailing the issues discussed and conclusions reached.
A quarterly newsletter, Insight, provides regular project updates and timetable, news
on IASB activities, IFRS Advisory Council meetings and articles on current issues.
Issue from time to time, various publications to assist in the understanding of the
work of the IASB and in IFRS.
Commentary
For example, IFRS A Briefing for Chief Executives 2012 provides
summaries of all current IFRSs in non-technical language.
3.1
GAAP hierarchy
Commentary
All Standards and Interpretations issued under the previous constitution (i.e. IASs and
SICs) continue to be applicable unless and until they are amended or withdrawn.
The term IFRSs includes all standards and interpretations approved by the
IASB and IASs and SICs issued by the IASC.
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0112
3.2
Scope
IFRSs apply to all general purpose financial statements (i.e. those aimed at the
common information needs of a wide range of users).
Commentary
Both individual entity and consolidated financial statements.
Any limitation on the applicability of a specific IFRS is made clear in the scope
section to the standard.
An IFRS applies from a date specified in the standard and is not retroactive
unless indicated to the contrary.
Commentary
This is often the case.
3.3
Authority
Within a jurisdiction, regulations may govern the publication of general purpose financial
statements (e.g. statutory reporting requirements and/or national accounting standards).
IFRSs do not override local regulations governing the issue of financial statements
in a particular country.
Neither IASB nor the accountancy profession has the power to require compliance.
3.4
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3.4.1
Adoption
3.4.2
IOSCO
In 1993 IOSCO agreed a list of core standards needed for use in financial
statements for listing purposes.
In 2000 IOSCO endorsed the IASC 2000 standards (published by IASC) for use in
the preparation of financial statements for cross-border offerings and listings.
Commentary
This endorsement meant that IOSCO recommended that its members allow
entities quoted on the stock exchanges of the world to adopt IFRS for filing
purposes. (It was not binding.)
3.4.3
More than 120 countries are reported to be either permitting or requiring the
use of IFRS, for example:
The EU, European Economic Area member states all domestic listed
companies were required to adopt IFRS on or before 1 January 2005;
Russian Federation, Belarus, United Arab Emirates IFRS is required for banks.
In Canada, IFRS is required from 1 January 2011 for all listed entities and
permitted for private sector entities including not-for-profit organisations.
IFRS financial statements are not currently permitted in, for example, China,
Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Indonesia. However, a
convergence project is on-going with Indonesia (compliance is expected in
2012) and China has substantially converged national standards.
Commentary
The above examples are illustrative of the range and extent of us use of IFRS around the
world. Clearly this is constantly changing. For example, the original schedule for
mandatory adoption in Japan in 2015 or 2016 may be put back by up to three years rather
than place an additional burden on entities affected by the 2011 tsunami.
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3.4.4
In February 2002, the SEC issued a Concept Release on IFRS seeking views
on whether IFRS financial statements of foreign investors should be accepted
without reconciliation to US GAAP.
Commentary
Referred to as the Norwalk Agreement.
In February 2006 FASB and IASB issues a Memorandum of Understanding identifying the
short and long-term convergence projects. This was updated in 2008.
In July 2007 the SEC published a Concept Release for public comment on whether to
allow US issuers to prepare their financial statements using IFRSs as published in English
by the IASB. US companies now have the option to prepare their financial statements in
accordance with IFRS.
In 2008 the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) recognised IASB
as a standard-setter under its ethical rules. Also, the SEC proposed a roadmap that
would see all US domestic companies being compliant with IFRS by 2014, thus
eliminating US GAAP.
Since March 2008 the need for the 20F reconciliation was removed for foreign private
issuers filing IFRS compliant financial statements with the SEC.
Commentary
This permission does not extend to financial statements prepared in accordance
with jurisdictional variations of IFRS as this contradicts the development and
use of a single set of high-quality global accounting standards.
In 2010, the SEC indicated that it would make a decision in 2011 about the use of global
standards by US public companies following completion of the SECs IFRS work plan and
the convergence projects agreed to by FASB and the IASB.
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0115
In 2011 FASB and the IASB completed five projects. Inter alia, this resulted in the issue of
IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements. However, this has given rise to new
proposals to define investment entities as a separate type of entity that would be exempt
from the accounting requirements of IFRS 10.
Commentary
The current chair of the SEC, Mary Schapiro, seems to be moving away from
an adoption of IFRS within USA and so harmonisation is again looking
further and further away.
3.5
3.5.1
Common goals
An understanding of the need for international accounting standards and the overriding
objective of financial reporting must be shared between participants.
3.5.2
Key stakeholders
Investors, accountants, standard setters and management do not have the same
incentives for engaging in dialogue to change financial reporting as they know it.
There may also be a lack of trust between these key stakeholder groups which
prevents them from contributing to a meaningful process of change.
Commentary
Consider for example that NSS need to endorse IFRS to give them legal
backing.
3.5.3
Certain transactions and the regulations surrounding them are creating additional
complexities which demand too much change for existing systems to deal with.
Commentary
Standards on financial instruments, impairment of assets, deferred income
tax and employee benefits are most frequently cited as too complicated.
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0116
Not only complexity, but the scale and pace of change are transforming the environment in
which business is operating. This environment has significantly increased the demands on
disclosure requirements. Although many welcome the additional information there is a
suggestion that the increased quantity has led to a reduction in quality of information.
Although the IASB has a clear work program (see above) and its priorities are reviewed and
changed, the growth in new IFRSs and the amendments to existing standards is potentially
hazardous.
Commentary
Consider for example that although IFRS 9 replaces IAS 39, IAS 39 is not yet
withdrawn as it has not been replaced in its entirety.
3.5.4
Cost
As well as the costs incurred by IASB in the development of IFRS, costs are incurred by
NSSs, preparers of financial statements, users of financial statements (e.g. financial
analysts). NSSs may be funded by a professional body and/or government and like most
organisations have limited resources and budgets.
Commentary
According to research published by ACCA in 2010, the take up of IFRS as global
standards does not yet seem to have provided NSSs with cost reductions.
3.6
No amortisation;
Amortisation over a maximum of 20 years;
Amortisation over exactly 20 years;
Any of the above with or without impairment testing.
Commentary
Now, in compliance with IFRS, such goodwill cannot be amortised but must be
tested annually for impairment.
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0117
However, there are still many areas in which diversity exists, particular in relation to
matters of disclosure. The principles-based approach to IFRSs, rather than a rulesbased approach, requires professional judgement which can lead to a lack of
comparability:
IASB does not have the formal authority of a national regulatory system so:
Although some national standard setters (e.g. in the UK) issue new standards which
implement IFRSs, others do not (e.g. permitting opt-out). Also, because IASB does
not have its own compliance mechanism, it relies on national regulatory mechanisms to
ensure enforcement. Therefore, although significant, steady, progress has been made
over many years it will be many years still before IFRS will be enforceable globally.
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IFRS is a principles-based set of accounting standards. They are widely used for the preparation
of financial statements across many jurisdictions.
Recently many countries have adopted IFRS as their accounting framework with local GAAP
either disappearing or only being used for private entities.
The IASB was formed to take over the work of the IASC in April 2001.
Publication of a Standard, Exposure Draft or final IFRIC requires approval by nine of the IASBs
16 members.
Not all organisations primary objectives are to make profit. Not-for-profit and public sector
entities have other functions to perform in the economy.
National governments have amongst their many objectives to provide health, education and
policing to all members of the community.
Many not-for-profit organisations follow a value-for-money approach to how they perform their
services.
Focus
You should now be able to:
discuss the need for international financial reporting standards and possible
barriers to their development;
explain the structure and constitution of the IASB and the standard setting process;
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Overview
Objective
To set out the concepts that underlie the preparation and presentation of financial
statements for external users as set out in the Conceptual Framework for Financial
Reporting.
PURPOSE AND
STATUS
UNDERLYING
ASSUMPTIONS*
Purpose
Scope
Financial statements
Application
Users and their information needs
GENERAL PURPOSE
FINANCIAL
REPORTING
Going concern
QUALITATIVE
CHARACTERISTICS
Economic phenomena
Fundamental
Relevance
Faithful representation
Enhancing
Cost constraint
ELEMENTS OF
FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS*
Definitions
Recognition
Measurement bases
CAPITAL AND
CAPITAL
MAINTENANCE*
FAIR VALUE
Capital
Profit
Background
Terminology
Non-financial assets
Valuation techniques
Input hierarchy
Disclosure
Commentary
In September 2010 the IASB issued the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting.
It supersedes the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial
Statements. It reflects the completion of only the first phase of IASBs updating of its
framework. * These topics have still to be updated by later phases.
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1.1
Purpose
Commentary
For example, IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements no longer allows the proportionate
consolidation method of accounting for joint ventures which was permitted under
IAS 31 Accounting for Interests in Joint Ventures.
To provide interested parties with information about how IFRSs are formulated (published
as a basis for conclusions with each new and revised Standard).
Commentary
The Conceptual Framework is a foundation for the preparation and appraisal of financial
reporting standards. It is not an IFRS and therefore it does not define standards. Nothing in
it overrides any specific IFRS. In a limited number of cases where a conflict between the
framework and an IFRS arises, the IFRS prevails.
1.2
Scope
To explain:
Commentary
The Framework provides answers to a series of fundamental questions:
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1.3
Financial statements
Included
Not included
Reports by directors;
Statements by chairman;
1.4
Application
1.5
Providers of capital
(investors and owners)
and their advisers
NEEDS
Whether loan repayments and interest will be paid when due and
to assess their security.
Customers
Public
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2.1
2.2
Limitations
Financial reports cannot meet all the information needs of primary users. Those users
must therefore consider other sources of information (e.g. economic conditions, political
events and industry outlooks).
IFRSs are developed to meet the information requirements of primary users. Although
other users may find them useful they do not specifically aim to meet their needs.
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2.3
2.3.1
FINANCIAL
POSITION
FINANCIAL
PERFORMANCE
Affected by:
In particular profitability:
economic resources
controlled;
financial structure;
liquidity and
solvency;
capacity to adapt to
changes.
STATEMENT OF
FINANCIAL POSITION
to predict capacity to
generate cash flows from
existing resource base;
to form judgements
about effectiveness with
which additional
resources might be
employed.
STATEMENT OF PROFIT
OR LOSS AND OTHER
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
CHANGES IN
FINANCIAL
POSITION
To evaluate investing,
financing and operating
activities.
To assess ability to
generate cash flows.
Commentary
The statement of financial position provides information about economic resources
and claims against the company. Information about the effects of transactions which
change those resources and claims are provided in the other financial statements (e.g. a
rights issue of shares in the statement of cash flows).
2.3.2
Accrual accounting
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Underlying assumption
3.1
Going concern
This is the assumption that an entity will continue in operation for the foreseeable
future.
Qualitative characteristics
4.1
Economic phenomena
4.2
comparability;
verifiability;
timeliness; and
understandability.
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4.3
Relevance
Commentary
Predictive and confirmatory values are inter-related (e.g. the same information may
confirm a previous prediction and be used for a future prediction).
Its nature
Materiality
Commentary
Azure AG sold a property for $4 million is one piece of information. That it sold it
to another company which is owned by Azures chief executive officer is another
piece of information. (Such related party transactions are the subject of IAS 24.)
4.4
Faithful representation
Commentary
The 2007 framework included substance over form and prudence as aspects of
reliability. Faithful representation has now replaced reliability as a fundamental
characteristic. Substance over form and reliability of measurement is still crucial to the
recognition of elements of financial statements (see later in this session). However,
prudence is no longer mentioned in the framework.
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4.5
Enhancing characteristics
4.5.1
Comparability
4.5.2
Verifiability
Commentary
This characteristic does not relate only to single point estimates but also to
ranges of outcomes and related probabilities.
4.5.3
Timeliness
4.5.4
Understandability
Users are assumed to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and
accounting and a willingness to study information with reasonable diligence (i.e. they are
expected to have a level of financial expertise).
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4.6
Cost constraint
The cost of providing information should not exceed the benefit obtained from it.
This cost, though initially borne by the reporting entity, is ultimately borne by
the users (e.g. through lower returns on their investment).
the better the quality of information, the better decision making should be;
confidence in the efficiency of capital markets lowers the cost of capital.
Elements are the broad classes of the financial effects of transactions grouped
according to their economic characteristics.
5.1
Definitions
An asset:
Commentary
Control means being able to restrict use (e.g. with physical keys or rights enforceable in a
court of law). A skilled workforce is a resource but an entity will not have sufficient control
over the future economic benefits of it to recognise it as an asset.
A liability:
Commentary
So not, for example, a proposed dividend (since there is no legal obligation), nor future
repairs and maintenance costs.
Equity:
Commentary
This is defined in terms of other items in the statement of financial position; it amounts
to the balancing figure.
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Income:
Commentary
Again, this is defined in terms of items in the statement of financial position. Income
includes revenue and gains, even though they may be included in other comprehensive
income or directly in equity rather than profit or loss (e.g. a revaluation gain).
Expenses:
Commentary
Note now the Frameworks very balance sheet view of financial reporting this is
fundamental to understanding IFRSs. Expenses include losses most of which will be
recognised in profit or loss though some may be included in other comprehensive income
(e.g. a revaluation deficit on an asset with a previously reported gain) or directly in equity.
5.2
Recognition
5.2.1
Meaning
Commentary
One factor to consider in assessing whether an item meets a definition is substance
over form (i.e. the underlying substance, not merely legal form). It is for this reason
that assets held under finance leases are treated as assets acquired (see later session).
Recognition involves:
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5.2.2
Criteria
It is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item will
flow to or from the entity; AND
The item has a cost or value that can be measured with reliability.
Commentary
This criterion features time and again throughout the Standards. In IAS 37 Provisions,
Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets probably means more likely than not
(i.e. greater than 50%). However, in the exercise of prudence (e.g. in asset recognition.)
a higher threshold may be considered probable. Items which do not meet the
recognition criteria (e.g. because they cannot be measured) may nevertheless require to
be disclosed (e.g. contingent liabilities).
5.3
Measurement bases
Assets
Historical cost
Liabilities
Current cost
Realisable
(settlement)
value
Present value
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Commentary
As indicated above, each of these may be used under IFRS according to circumstance.
Initial recognition is invariably at historical cost being relatively easy, reliable and
objective. Subsequent measurement at revaluation is permitted (e.g. in IAS 16) because
it provides more useful information, albeit more subjective.
The Framework was first published in 1989, before fair value was recognised as a
measurement basis. This term was therefore defined in all relevant Standards (e.g. IAS
17 Leases and 18 Revenue) though now it is only defined where its meaning is
different to that in IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement.
6.1
Capital
6.1.1
Financial concept
Capital (i.e. money invested) is synonymous with the net assets or equity of the entity.
6.1.2
6.2
6.2.1
Profit is earned only if the financial (or money) amount of the net assets at the end of the
period exceeds the financial (or money) amount of net assets at the beginning of the
period (after excluding any distributions to/contributions from owners during the period).
Commentary
Historical cost accounting uses financial capital maintenance in money terms.
6.2.2
Profit is earned only if the physical productive capacity (or operating capability) of the entity
at the end of the period exceeds the physical productive capacity at the beginning of the
period (after excluding any distributions to/contributions from, owners during the period).
Commentary
Both concepts can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant
purchasing power. Physical capital maintenance requires that current cost be
adopted as the basis of measurement, whereas financial capital maintenance does
not call for any particular measurement basis.
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Fair value
7.1
Background
When the framework document was first issued the concept of fair value was
not widely used in accounting and so was not incorporated into the
framework as a measurement of value.
Over the past 10-15 years the use of fair value in accounting has become far
more widespread, with many international standards now requiring or
allowing the use of fair value.
When the IASB issued new standards that required or allowed the use of fair
value there was no consistency between each standard as to how fair value
should be measured.
In May 2011 the IASB issued IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement which
prescribed that when a particular standard requires an item to be measured at
fair value then IFRS 13 would be the reference point in how to measure fair
value.
Commentary
It is important to note that IFRS 13 does not tell an entity when to use fair value, but
if it is to be used then IFRS 13 says how it is to be used. So if an entity holds
Investment Property, it is IAS 40 that allows the use of fair value but IFRS 13 that
gives the actual fair value.
7.2
Terminology
Definition
Fair value the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a
liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
This definition of fair value is based on an exit price, taking the asset or
liability out of the entity, rather than an entry price, bringing the asset or
liability into the entity.
When measuring fair value all characteristics of the asset or liability that a
market participant would take into account should be reflected in the
valuation. This could include the condition or location of the asset and any
restrictions on the use of the asset.
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Definitions
Active market a market in which the transaction for the asset or liability take place
with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an on-going
basis.
Highest and best market the use of a non-financial asset by market participants that
would maximise the value of the asset or the group of assets and liabilities within
which the asset would be used.
7.3
Non-financial assets
The highest and best use will take into account the use of the asset that is
physically possible, that is legally allowed and that which is financial feasible
when using the asset.
Commentary
The definition will not reflect illegal activities in the use of the asset; it will reflect
what is economically viable taking account of any financial constraints.
Taking account of the highest and best use may require assumptions that the
asset will be combined, or complementary, with other assets or liabilities
available to market participants.
Commentary
If the entity uses the asset on its own, but the best use of the asset by market
participants would be combined with other assets then the valuation would be based
on using the asset in combination with others, irrespective of how the entity is
currently using the asset.
7.4
Valuation techniques
The standard assumes that the transaction will occur in the principal market
for the asset or liability, if one exists. If there is no principal market then the
standard requires the valuation to be based on the most advantageous market.
Unless proven otherwise the market place will be presumed to be the one that
the entity transacts in on a regular basis.
The objective of the standard is to estimate the price at which the asset or
liability could exit the entity in an orderly transaction. Three common
techniques which would give an accurate estimate are considered below.
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7.4.1
Market approach
This approach uses prices and other information generated in a market place
that involve identical or comparable assets or liabilities.
7.4.2
Cost approach
This approach reflects the amount that would be required to replace the
service capacity of the asset (current replacement cost).
7.4.3
Income approach
This approach considers future cash flows and discounts those cash flows to a
current value. Models that follow an income approach include:
Commentary
Option pricing is not examinable.
7.5
Hierarchy of inputs
7.5.1
Level 1 inputs
These are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that
the entity can access at the measurement date.
7.5.2
Level 2 inputs
These are inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or
liability, either directly or indirectly.
These would include prices for similar, but not identical, assets or liabilities
that were then adjusted to reflect the factors specific to the measured asset or
liability.
7.5.3
Level 3 inputs
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7.6
Disclosure
Commentary
The above disclosures are only a small sample of what is required; it is
unlikely that the examiner will require extensive knowledge of the
disclosures.
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0216
Recognition means incorporating in the financial statements an item that meets the
definition of an element and satisfies the recognition criteria:
Focus
You should now be able to:
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0218
Overview
Objective
INTRODUCTION
Objectives
Components
Supplementary
FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS
statements
Disclosure
Identification of financial
statements
Prominently displayed
STATEMENT OF
FINANCIAL
POSITION
GENERAL
FEATURES
STRUCTURE AND
CONTENT
STATEMENT OF
COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME
STATEMENT OF
CHANGES IN
EQUITY
Presentation
Profit or loss
Other comprehensive
Current/non-current
distinction
Current assets
Current liabilities
Overall structure
Line items
Subclassifications
Objective
Scope
Separate
statement
Structure
income
Material items
Analysis of expenses
NOTES TO THE
FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS
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Definition
Structure
Disclosure of accounting policies
Estimation uncertainty
Capital disclosures
Other disclosures
Introduction
1.1
Objective
1.2
Scope
1.2.1
Definition
1.2.2
Application of IAS 1
Commentary
IAS 1 prescribes only minimum content requirements.
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Financial statements
2.1
Objectives
Commentary
See also The Framework in the previous Session.
Commentary
Because each of the primary financial statements presents a different aspect
of the same transactions or events, they are necessarily interrelated. For
example, sales of goods on credit terms may be reflected as:
2.2
Components
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Commentary
A complete set may be for annual or interim periods. Other titles may be used for
financial statements, for example, a balance sheet is a statement of financial position
and statement of comprehensive income can be used instead of statement of profit or
loss and other comprehensive income.
Commentary
Accounting policies may be presented as a separate statement or incorporated within the
notes. The notes are an integral component and as important as the four primary
financial statements. In particular, there are many items of information which may be
presented either in a primary statement or in the notes. The notes also disclose
information required under IFRS that is not presented elsewhere.
2.3
Supplementary statements
environmental reports;
value added statements; and
a review by management ( management commentary) including
financial and other information;.
Commentary
Any such additional statements are outside the scope of IFRSs.
General features
Commentary
The general features of IAS 1 contribute to the qualitative characteristics of The
Framework. For example, comparative information clearly relates to
comparability and materiality is an indicator of relevance.
3.1
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3.1.1
Fair presentation
Commentary
Inappropriate accounting treatments are not rectified by either:
Commentary
Conflicting national requirements do not justify a departure from Standards. Also,
if an accounting matter is not the subject of a specific IFRS management must
consider the appropriateness of any proposed treatment in the light of The
Framework, other accepted practices and other policies adopted.
3.1.2
that management has concluded that the financial statements fairly present the
entitys financial position, performance and cash flows;
that it has complied in all material respects with applicable IFRS s except that
it has departed from a standard in order to achieve a fair presentation;
the financial impact of the departure on the entitys profit or loss, assets,
liabilities, equity and cash flows for each period presented.
Commentary
Such detailed disclosure makes it possible for a user of the financial statements to
determine how the financial statements would have been presented if the Standard
had been applied.
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Commentary
If there is a legitimate need to override a requirement of an IAS, the
financial statements can still be described as complying with IFRS.
3.2
Going concern
disclose material uncertainties which may affect the going concern concept.
Commentary
If a company is not a going concern the financial statements should be
prepared on a break-up basis.
3.3
An entity should prepare its financial statements (except the statement of cash
flows) under the accrual basis of accounting (the matching concept).
This means that assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are:
3.4
Definition
Omissions or misstatements of items are material if they could, singly or together, influence the
economic decisions of users taken on the basis of financial statements. Materiality depends on the size
and nature of the item judged in the particular circumstances of its omission. Both must be considered
together when making a decision about the materiality of an item.
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Commentary
Materiality and aggregation can be thought of as opposite ends of a spectrum
and are related to precision used (e.g. $ millions).
Materiality provides that the specific disclosure requirements of IFRS need
not be met if a transaction is not material.
3.5
Offsetting
Assets and liabilities, also income and expenses, should NOT be offset except
when required or permitted by an IFRS.
Commentary
For example, IAS 12 requires that tax liabilities and assets be offset where there is a
legally enforceable right of offset and settlement is on a net basis. IAS 20 permits offsetting of a capital grant against an asset as an alternative to setting up a deferred credit.
Some netting off of income with related expenses arising on the same
transaction is permitted. For example:
Commentary
For example, where a warranty provision on goods sold will be reimbursed
by the supplier/manufacturer.
Commentary
For example, gains and losses arising on foreign exchange transactions and
financial instruments held for trading. However, such gain or loss should be
reported separately if material.
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3.6
Frequency of reporting
3.7
Comparative information
Commentary
IAS 1 defines a requirement as impracticable when an entity cannot apply
it after making every reasonable effort to do so.
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3.8
Consistency of presentation
is required by an IFRS.
Commentary
Consistency is an aspect of comparability. What is appropriate can be considered
in terms of the qualitative characteristics of relevance and reliability.
4.1
Disclosure
IAS 1 uses the term in a broad sense, encompassing items presented in each
financial statement as well as in the notes to the financial statements.
4.2
IFRSs apply only to the financial statements and not to other information so
users must be able to distinguish information prepared using IFRSs from
other information not subject to accounting requirements.
4.3
Prominently displayed
presentation currency;
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5.1
Current/non-current distinction
Current and non-current assets and current and non-current liabilities are presented as
separate classifications in the statement of financial position, unless a presentation
based on liquidity order provides more relevant and reliable information.
Commentary
This may be the case for financial institutions.
Illustration 1
1. Summary of significant accounting policies (extract)
Presentation. Presentation in the statement of financial position differentiates
between current and non-current assets and liabilities. Assets and liabilities are
classified as current if they mature within one year or within a longer operating
cycle. Deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as assets and provisions for
pensions and similar obligations are presented as non-current items.
The consolidated statement of income/loss is presented using the
cost-of-sales method.
A separate classification:
5.2
Current assets
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Commentary
Only ONE of the above criteria needs to be satisfied.
5.2.1
Liquidity approach
Classification of assets and liabilities into current and non-current is intended to give
an approximate measure of an entitys liquidity (i.e. its ability to carry on its
activities on a day to day basis without encountering financial stringencies).
Commentary
Criterion: Will items be realised/liquidated in the near future?
5.2.2
The same normal operating cycle must be applied to both assets and liabilities.
Commentary
A normal operating cycle is assumed to be 12 months if it is not clearly identifiable.
Illustration 2
22. Trade accounts receivable
Trade accounts receivable less write-downs amounted to 7,061 million (2010: 6,668 million)
on the closing date, including 7,049 million (2010: 6,655 million) maturing within one year
and 12 million (2010: 13 million) maturing in subsequent years.
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5.3
Current liabilities
5.3.1
Classification
5.3.2
Refinancing
Commentary
Refinancing or rescheduling payments after the reporting period is a nonadjusting event that may require separate disclosure in accordance with
IAS 10 Events After the Reporting Period (see later session).
If a lender provides a grace period ending at least 12 months after the reporting period,
within which an entity can rectify a breach, the liability is non-current.
Commentary
A grace period is the period of time before the borrower must begin or resume repaying a
loan or debt. In substance the lender cannot demand immediate repayment.
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5.4
Overall structure
There is no prescribed format although the guidance on implementing IAS 1, that is not
part of the standard, provides examples.
There are two main types of format found in practice, both of which are consistent with
IAS 1. They are expansions of two different expressions of the accounting equation:
Commentary
The example in the implementation guidance applies the current/non-current
distinction in the format Assets = Capital + Liabilities.
5.5
Line items
Certain items must be shown in the statement of financial position. The minimum
requirements for these line items are:
Commentary
Owners are holders of instruments classified as equity. Note that the
order of presentation is not prescribed.
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5.6
Subclassifications
5.6.1
Examples
5.6.2
Capital disclosures
Commentary
The following disclosures may be given either in the statement of financial
position or the statement of changes in equity, or in the notes.
Classes of equity capital and reserves (e.g. paid-in capital, share premium and
other reserves).
the number of shares issued analysed between fully paid and not fully paid;
shares reserved for issue under options, including terms and amounts.
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Illustration 3
Note
Dec. 31,
2010
Dec. 31,
2011
million
million
[17]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[23]
[14]
9,002
11,161
9,835
354
1,164
498
1,174
33,188
9,160
10,295
9,823
319
1,364
425
1,311
32,697
[21]
[22]
[20]
[23]
6,104
6,668
1,008
1,336
362
2,840
18,318
6,368
7,061
2,784
1,628
373
1,770
84
20,068
51,506
52,765
2,117
6,167
10,549
18,833
63
18,896
2,117
6,167
10,928
19,212
59
19,271
[25]
[26]
[27]
[29]
[14]
7,305
1,478
9,944
471
2,577
21,775
7,870
1,649
7,995
474
2,116
20,104
[26]
[27]
[28]
[26.1]
[29]
[6.3]
3,870
1,889
3,497
62
1,517
10,835
4,218
3,684
3,779
76
1,630
3
13,390
51,506
52,765
[6.3]
Total assets
Equity
Capital stock of Bayer AG
Capital reserves of Bayer AG
Other reserves
Equity attributable to Bayer AG stockholders
Equity attributable to non-controlling interest
[24]
Noncurrent liabilities
Provisions for pensions and other post-employment benefits
Other provisions
Financial liabilities
Other liabilities
Deferred taxes
Current liabilities
Other provisions
Financial liabilities
Trade accounts payable
Income tax liabilities
Other liabilities
Provisions directly related to assets held for sale
Commentary
Note that total equity is separately attributed to the owners of the parent and
non-controlling interest.
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6.1
Presentation
All items of income and expense recognised in a period must be presented either:
in two statements:
Commentary
This disclosure is required in the relevant statement(s).
6.2
Profit or loss
The minimum requirement for line items in the statement of profit or loss includes:
Revenue;
Finance costs;
Tax expense;
A single amount for the total of discontinued operations (see IFRS 5).
Profit or loss (i.e. the total of income less expenses, excluding the
items of other comprehensive income (see below).
Commentary
ALL items of income and expense in a period MUST be included in profit or
loss unless an IFRS requires or permits otherwise. Classification of items as
extraordinary is prohibited.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0316
6.3
Other comprehensive income relates to items of income and expense that are not
recognised in profit or loss, they include:
Commentary
The income tax relating to each item must be disclosed in the notes if not in
the statement of other comprehensive income.
Commentary
Reclassification adjustments do not arise on changes in a revaluation surplus (IAS 16
Property, Plant and Equipment), actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit plans
(IAS 19 Employee Benefits) or cumulative gains or losses on financial assets
designated as fair value through other comprehensive income1 (IFRS 9 Financial
Instruments). See later sessions for these topics.
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income in IFRS 9 are referred to
as Investments in equity instruments in IAS 1 (as amended in June 2011).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0317
Illustration 4
Year ended 31 December 2013
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
_____
_____
_____
(X)
(X)
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
(X)
_____
_____
_____
Commentary
Comparative information must be disclosed similarly.
Illustration 5
Year ended 31 December
2013
2012
(X)
X
X
X
(X)
X
X
(X)
X
(X)
_____
_____
(X)
X
X
(X)
(X)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0318
(X)
_____
_____
(X)
_____
_____
Commentary
Using this format the income tax relating to each component must be disclosed in the notes.
6.4
Material items
6.5
Analysis of expenses
nature; or
function.
Commentary
Although this can be performed either in the statement of profit or loss or in
the notes the former is encouraged.
Classifies expenses as
cost of sales
distribution
administrative activities.
Advantages nature
Advantage function
No arbitrary allocations
More objective
Disadvantage function
Commentary
The function of expense method is also called cost of sales method as it
classifies expenses according to their function within cost of sales.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0319
BY FUNCTION
Revenue
Revenue
Other income
Cost of sales
Changes in inventories of
finished goods and work in
progress
Work performed by entity and
capitalised
X/(X)
$
X
(X)
Gross profit/(loss)
Other income
Distribution costs
(X)
Administrative expenses
(X)
(X)
Staff costs
(X)
(X)
Other expenses
(X)
Other expenses
(X)
Finance cost
(X)
Finance cost
(X)
Commentary
Entities classifying expenses by function must disclose additional information on the
nature of expenses, including depreciation and amortisation expense and staff costs.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0320
Illustration 7
Note
[7]
2010
2011
million
million
35,088
36,528
(17,103)
(17,975)
17,985
18,553
Selling expenses
[8]
(8,803)
(8,958)
[9]
(3,053)
(2,932)
(1,647)
(1,713)
[10]
714
859
[11]
(2,466)
(1,660)
2,730
4,149
(56)
(45)
[13.1]
Non-operating income
Non-operating expenses
Non-operating result
[13]
384
586
(1,337)
(1,327)
(1,009)
(786)
1,721
3,363
Income taxes
[14]
(411)
(891)
[15]
1,310
9
1,301
2,472
2
2,470
Commentary
Note the allocation of profit for the period (i.e. income after taxes) between noncontrolling interest and stockholders (i.e. owners of the parent). A separate
statement of other comprehensive income (which starts with Income after taxes)
is also presented in Bayer Groups Annual Report.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0321
7.1
A separate statement
total comprehensive income for the period, showing separately the total
amounts attributable to owners of the parent and to non-controlling interests;
Commentary
Components of equity include, for example, each class of contributed equity, the
accumulated balance of each class of other comprehensive income and retained
earnings. Changes in equity reflect the increase or decrease in net assets. Except for
changes resulting from transactions with owners (including direct transaction costs)
the overall change clearly represents the total amount of income and expense,
including gains and losses, generated by the entitys activities.
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0322
7.2
Structure
The requirements are most easily satisfied in a columnar format with a separate column for
each component of equity. A full years comparative information must also be shown.
Attributable to owners of the parent 2
Share
Share
Revaluation3
Retained
capital premium
surplus
earnings
$
$
$
$
NonTotal
controlling equity
interests
$
(X)
(X)
(X)
Dividends
(X)
(X)
2
3
4
(X)
X
A column showing the sub-total of amounts attributable to equity holders of the parent should also be included.
A translation reserve might similarly be presented as a separate column.
This analysis may alternatively be presented in the notes to the financial statements. (This is a 2010 clarification.)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0323
Illustration 8
365
(8 011)
(11 175)
Total
equity
Non-controlling
interests
Total equity
attributable to
shareholders of
the parent
Retained earnings
and other reserves
Treasury
shares
Share
capital
In millions of CHF
Translation
reserve
Consolidated statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 December 2011
67 736
48 915
4 716
53 631
34 233
34 233
1 151
35 384
(4 619)
233
(4 396)
(210)
(4 606)
(4 619)
34 456
29 837
941
30 778
(5 443)
(5 443)
(11 859)
77
(11 782)
179
181
19
200
(146)
(146)
(4 216)
(4 362)
305
305
(729)
(5 443)
(b)
(729)
(11 782)
305
(18)
8 583
(8 565)
(18)
(3 097)
(13 770)
(16 885)
(4 926)
(21 811)
347
(11 108)
(15 794)
88 422
61 867
731
62 598
9 487
9 487
317
9 804
(1 133)
(1 845)
(2 978)
(33)
(3 011)
(1 133)
7 642
6 509
284
6 793
(5 939)
(5 939)
(5 939)
(226)
(a)
(226)
(4 615)
(355)
(4 970)
(4 970)
175
180
180
(996)
(996)
146
146
146
(c)
688
(308)
(17)
8 826
(8 809)
(17)
4 386
(15 948)
(11 579)
462
(11 117)
330
(6 722)
80 116
56 797
1 477
58 274
(16 927)
(a) Movements reported under retained earnings and other reserves mainly relate to written put options on own shares.
(b) Relates to Venezuela, considered as a hyperinflationary economy.
(c) Movements reported under retained earnings and other reserves include a put option for the acquisition of non-controlling interests.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0324
8.1
Definition
Notes provide:
8.2
Structure
Presentation:
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0325
Illustration 9
11. Other operating expenses (extract)
2010
2011
million
million
(83)
(20)
(85)
(62)
(703)
(260)
(239)
(130)
(1,356)
(1,188)
Total
(2,466)
(1,660)
(1,722)
(1,026)
Commentary
This means that the entity must comply with all applicable rules in all relevant IFRSs.
When an IFRS is adopted before its effective date, that fact should be disclosed.
Illustration 10
Statement of compliance
The principle accounting policies of the company, which are set out below, comply with
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and interpretations adopted by the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the International Financial Reporting
Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) of the IASB.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0326
8.3
8.4
Estimation uncertainty
Illustration 11
Key sources of estimation uncertainty (extract)
The Group makes estimates and assumptions regarding the future. Estimates and judgements
are continually evaluated based on historical experiences and other factors, including
expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. In the
future, actual experience may deviate from these estimates and assumptions. The estimates
and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying
amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are as follows:
Exploration and evaluation costs are capitalised as intangible assets and are assessed for
impairment when circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may exceed the
recoverable value thereof. This assessment involves judgement as to the likely future
commerciality of the asset and when such commerciality should be determined as well as
future revenues and costs pertaining to the utilisation of the mining lease or mineral
production rights to which such capitalised costs relate and the discount rate to be applied to
such future revenues and costs in order to determine a recoverable value
While conducting an impairment review of its assets, the Group exercises judgement in
making assumptions about future commodity prices, mineral reserves/resources and future
development and production costs. By their nature, impairment reviews include significant
estimates regarding future financial resources and commercial and technical feasibility to
enable the successful realisation of the exploration expenditure. Changes in the estimates
used can result in significant charges to the statement of comprehensive income.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0327
8.5
Capital disclosures
An entity is required to disclose the following information to enable users of its financial
statements to evaluate the entitys objectives, policies and processes for managing capital:
8.6
Other disclosures
Concerning dividends:
Focus
You should now be able to:
describe the structure and content of statements of financial position and statements of
profit or loss and other comprehensive income including continuing operations; and
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0328
IAS 1 prescribes the basis for presentation of general purpose financial statements.
A complete set of financial statements includes four statements and notes including a
summary of accounting policies.
Assets and liabilities, and income and expenses may not be offset unless required or
permitted by an IFRS.
Other comprehensive income includes changes in unrealised gains and losses (e.g. on
revaluation).
Allocations to
No item may be presented as extraordinary item but material items may be disclosed
separately.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0329
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0330
Overview
Objective
REPORTING
PERFORMANCE
Information
Disaggregation
Relevant standards on the
reporting of performance
Scope of IAS 8
CHANGES IN
ACCOUNTING
ESTIMATES
ACCOUNTING
POLICIES
Definition
Selection and
application
Consistency of
Definition
Examples
Accounting treatment
Disclosure
accounting policies
CHANGES IN
ACCOUNTING
POLICY
What?
When?
How?
Disclosure
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0401
ERRORS
Definition
Accounting treatment
Disclosures
Reporting performance
1.1
Information
predict the capacity of the entity to generate cash flows from its
existing resource base; and
1.2
Disaggregation
For example:
Disclosure of material and unusual items which are part of ordinary activities;
Information on discontinued operations;
Segment reporting.
Commentary
Users can use such information to make better quality forecasts in respect of the entity.
1.3
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0402
1.4
Scope of IAS 8
Accounting policies
2.1
Definition
Accounting policies are specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices
adopted by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements.
2.2
If there is no applicable IFRS, management uses its judgement to develop and apply an
accounting policy resulting in information with the qualitative characteristics of:
relevance; and
reliability;
faithful representation;
substance over form;
neutrality;
prudence; and
completeness.
the definitions and recognition criteria and measurement concepts set out in
the Framework; also
Commentary
This may be thought of as a GAAP hierarchy. An accepted industry practice that conflicts
with any IASB pronouncement (including the Framework) cannot be judged suitable.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0403
Illustration 1
Kitty has recently purchased a Van Gogh painting to display in their client reception
area, with the hope it will lead to more contracts and that the painting will appreciate in
value.
There is no specific accounting standard that deals with this type of asset, but IAS 40
Investment Property does deal with a particular type of asset that is held for capital
appreciation.
It would therefore seem appropriate to use IAS 40 as justification to value the painting
at fair value at the end of each reporting period.
2.3
Illustration 2
IAS 2 Inventories requires that inventory be valued at lower of cost and net realisable
values. In identifying cost it allows alternative cost formulas; first-in first-out and
weighted average. The same cost formula must be applied to similar items of
inventory, but a different cost formula can be applied to a different classification of
inventory.
3.1
What?
Changing the presentation of profit or loss items from the nature of expenses
method to the function of expense method is a change of accounting policy.
Adopting the revaluation model of IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment where
the cost model has been followed previously is a change of accounting policy.
Commentary
However, it is accounted for as a revaluation under IAS 16 and not as a
change in accounting policy under IAS 8.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0404
Illustration 3
A carpet retail outlet sells and fits carpets to the general public, it recognises revenue
when the carpet is fitted, which on average is six weeks after the purchase of the carpet.
It then decides to sub-contract out the fitting of carpets to self-employed fitters. It now
recognises revenue at the point-of-sale of the carpet.
This is not a change in accounting policy as the carpet retailer has changed the way that
the carpets are fitted. Therefore there would be no need to retrospectively change prior
period figures for revenue recognised.
3.2
When?
The same accounting policies must be applied within each period and from
one period to the next unless a change:
is required by an IFRS; or
Commentary
This is a mandatory change.
Commentary
This is a voluntary change.
3.3
How?
3.3.1
New IFRS
If a new IFRS does not have transitional provisions, or the change in policy is
voluntary, the change is applied retrospectively.
Commentary
Early application of an IFRS is not a voluntary change.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0405
3.3.2
Definition
Although retained earnings are affected, income in the current period is not affected.
Commentary
Although this term is not defined in IFRS it is widely used accounting term.
The most common reasons for making prior period adjustments are changes
to accounting policy (as in this section) and material errors (see later).
3.3.3
Retrospective application
The opening balance of each affected component of equity is adjusted for the earliest prior
period presented and the comparative amounts disclosed as if the new policy had always
been applied.
If it is not practicable to apply the effects of a change in policy to prior periods IAS 8
allows the change to be made from the earliest period for which retrospective
application is practicable.
Commentary
Under IAS 8 impracticable means that the entity cannot apply a requirement
after making every reasonable effort to do so.
3.4
Disclosure
For the current period and each prior period presented the amount of the
adjustment for each line item affected within the financial statements.
New Standard
Voluntary change
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0406
Worked example 1
Jethro changed its accounting policy for inventory in 2012. Prior to the change
inventory had been valued using the weighted average method, but it was felt that in
order to match current practice and to make the financial statements more relevant and
reliable that a first-in first-out (FIFO) valuation model was more appropriate.
The impact of the change on the valuation of inventory was as follow:
Profit or loss under the weighted average valuation model are as follows:
2012
$ million
324
(173)
____
2011
$ million
296
(164)
____
Gross profit
Expenses
151
(83)
____
132
(74)
____
Profit
68
____
58
____
Revenue
Cost of sales
Worked solution 1
Profit or loss under the FIFO valuation model are as follows:
2012
$ million
324
(164)
____
2011
(restated)
$ million
296
(157)
____
Gross profit
Expenses
160
(83)
____
139
(74)
____
Profit
77
____
65
____
Revenue
Cost of sales
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0407
At 1 January 2011
Change in inventory valuation policy
Retained
earnings
(original)
$ million
423
____
435
65
____
58
____
At 31 December 2011
Profit for 2012
500
77
____
481
68
____
At 31 December 2012
577
____
549
____
Commentary
The cumulative impact on the retained earnings balance at 31 December
2012 is $28 million, of this amount $12 million has been adjusted against the
opening retained earnings at 1 January 2011 and the 2011 cost of sales is
reduced by $7 million and for 2012 it is reduced by $9 million.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0408
Activity 1
A, an incorporated entity has previously followed a policy of capitalisation of
development expenditure. It has recently decided to adopt the provisions of IAS 38
Intangible Assets, for the year ended 31 December 2012. A has been advised by their
auditors that the expenditure previously capitalised does not qualify for capitalisation
under the recognition criteria set out in the standard.
The notes to the accounts for the year ended 31 December 2011 in respect of the
deferred development expenditure was as follows:
$000
Balance at 1 January 2011
1,000
Additions
500
Amortisation
(400)
1,100
During the year ended 31 December 2012 the company has expensed all expenditure
in the period on projects, in respect of which, expenditure had previously been
capitalised.
The following are extracts from the draft accounts for the year ended 31 December
2012.
Statement of profit or loss
2012
Revenue
$000
1,200
Expenses
(800)
(680)
400
420
$000
$000
3,000
2,580
400
420
3,400
3,000
2011
(as previously
published)
$000
1,100
Required:
Show how the statement of profit or loss and statement of changes in equity
would appear in the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2012
when the change in accounting policy is applied retrospectively.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0409
Solution
Statement of profit or loss
2012
$000
2011
(As restated)
$000
$000
$000
Revenue
Expenses
Profit for the year
Statement of changes in equity (extract)
Balance as at 1 January 2012
As previously stated
Prior period adjustment
4.1
Definition
if changes occur regarding the circumstances on which the estimate was based;
as a result of new information, more experience or subsequent developments.
Commentary
Such changes are not therefore classed as correction of errors.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0410
4.2
Examples
4.3
Accounting treatment
The other side of the double entry is to the statement of profit or loss and
comprehensive income in the period in which the estimate is changed.
Commentary
Under certain GAAPs reversals of provisions for items of expenditure are
accounted for as income. Under IFRS, reversals MUST be set off against the
relevant expense line item.
4.4
Disclosure
The nature and amount of a change in estimate that has an effect in the
current period or is expected to have an effect in future periods.
If it is not possible to estimate the effects on future periods then that fact must
be disclosed.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0411
Errors
5.1
Definition
Prior period errors are omissions from, and misstatements in, the financial statements
for one or more prior periods arising from the failure to use or, misuse of, reliable
information that:
when those prior period financial statements were authorised for issue.
Examples include:
mathematical mistakes;
mistakes in applying accounting policies;
misinterpretation of facts;
fraud;
oversights.
5.2
Accounting treatment
Material prior period errors are corrected retrospectively in the first set of financial
statements authorised for issue after their discovery by restating comparative
information for the prior period(s) presented in which the error occurred.
Commentary
So the current period financial statements are presented as if the error had
been corrected in the period in which it was originally made. However, an
entity does not reissue the financial statements of prior periods.
If the error occurred before the earliest prior period presented, the opening balances
of assets, liabilities and equity is restated for the earliest prior period presented.
Commentary
If it is not practicable to determine the period-specific effects of an error on
comparative information the opening balances are restated for the earliest
period practicable.
5.3
Disclosures
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0412
adjusting opening balances in equity (e.g. retained earnings) for the earliest prior
period presented; and
Focus
You should now be able to:
define prior period adjustments and errors and account for the correction of
errors and changes in accounting policies.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0413
Activity solution
Solution 1 Change in accounting policy
$000
1,200
2011
(As restated)
$000
1,100
Expenses
(800)
(780)
400
320
$000
$000
3,000
2,580
(1,100)
(1,000)
1,900
1,580
400
320
2,300
1,900
2012
Notes
1
The entity amortised $400,000 in 2011 but spent $500,000. The policy would have
been to write off the amount expenditure directly to profit or loss, therefore the
entity needs to adjust last years figures by an extra $100,000 expense.
The adjustment against last years profit or loss ($100,000) has the effect of
restating it to what it would have been if the company had been following the same
policy last year. This is important because the statements of profit or loss (and
other comprehensive income) as presented should be prepared on a comparable
basis.
The balance left on the deferred expenditure account at the end of the previous year
($1,100,000) is written off against the retained earnings that existed at that time.
This $1,100,000 is made up of an amount that arose last year (the difference
between the amount spent ($500,000) and the amount amortised ($400,000), and the
balance that existed at the beginning of the previous year ($1,000,000).
These amounts are written off against last years profit and the opening balance on
the retained earnings last year, respectively.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0414
Overview
Objective
IAS 18
REVENUE
SALE OF
GOODS
Scope
Definitions
Measurement
Recognition
RENDERING OF
SERVICES
Installation fees
Servicing fees
Advertising commissions
Franchise fees
Development of customised
software
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0501
INTEREST,
ROYALTIES
AND DIVIDENDS
IAS 18 Revenue
1.1
Scope
Sources of revenue which fall within the scope of IAS 18 Revenue are as follows:
Sources
Commentary
Sale of goods
Rendering of services
1.2
Definitions
Fair value the price that would be received to sell an asset (or paid to transfer a
liability) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the
measurement (e.g. reporting) date (IFRS 13).
1.3
Measurement of revenue
When consideration is deferred the difference between the fair value and the
nominal amount of considerations is recognised as interest revenue (see also
instalment sales later in this Session).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0502
Illustration 1
On 1 January 2013 SFD sold furniture for $4,000 with three years interest-free credit.
SFDs cost of capital is 8%.
Revenue recognised in 2013 will be $3,175 ($4,000 1/(1.08)3. Also SFD will
recognise interest income of $254 ($3,175 8%).
In 2014 interest income will be $274 ((3,175 + 254) 8%).
And in 2015 the remaining interest income of $297 will be recognised.
This means that the full $4,000 will be recognised as revenue over the three years.
Illustration 2
1. Accounting policies (extract)
Valuation methods, presentation and definitions
Revenue (extract)
Revenue represents amounts received and receivable from
third parties for goods supplied to the customers and for
services rendered. Revenue from the sales of goods is
recognised in the income statement at the moment when
the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods
have been transferred to the buyer, which is mainly upon
shipment. It is measured at the list price applicable to
a given distribution channel after deduction of all returns,
sales taxes, pricing allowances and similar trade discounts.
Payments made to the customers for commercial services
received are expensed.
Consolidated Financial Statements of the Nestl Group 2011
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0503
Illustration 3
Critical accounting estimates
R e v en u e r e co g n i t io n a n d p r e se n ta t i on ( e x tr a c t)
In revenue arrangements including more than one deliverable, the deliverables are assigned to one or more separate
units of accounting and the arrangement consideration is allocated to each unit of accounting based on its relative
fair value.
Determining the fair value of each deliverable can require complex estimates due to the nature of the goods and
services provided. The Group generally determines the fair value of individual elements based on prices at which the
deliverable is regularly sold on a standalone basis after considering volume discounts where appropriate.
1.4
Revenue recognition
According to the The Framework income is recognised (in the statement of profit or loss)
when there is a probable increase in a future economic benefit which can be measured
reliably.
Commentary
Note that under The Frameworks definition of income there is no distinction between
revenue and gains which arise in the ordinary course of activities. However such gains
(which are often reported net of related expenses) are usually disclosed separately because
the information is useful for decision-making purposes.
1.5
Sale of goods
1.5.1
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0504
It is probable that economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow
to entity; and
Costs (to be) incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.
If legal title passes but risk and rewards are retained, no sale should be recognised. For
example, where:
the receipt of revenue is contingent on the buyer selling the goods on; or
the buyer has the right to rescind and the seller is uncertain about the outcome.
If legal title does not pass but the risks and rewards do then the transaction should be
recognised as a sale.
Commentary
The transfer of risks and rewards is critical to the economic substance of
transactions which is a key determinant for revenue recognition.
1.5.2
Under this approach revenue is recognised when a critical event in the process of
earning it has taken place. For example:
However, when the outcome of a contract is very uncertain (so that it is not
possible to expect earnings in advance of completion), revenue recognition
may be deferred until project completion.
For instalment sales with extended cash collection terms and where the risk of
non-collectability is high, receipt of amounts due may be the critical event.
The critical event in the operating cycle of a business is the point at which most (or all) of
the uncertainty surrounding a transaction is removed. Although usually when goods are
delivered (or services rendered) the critical event could occur at other times.
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Timing of recognition
Criteria
Practical examples
Placing of an order by a
customer, prior to
manufacture.
Long-term contracts.
During production.
On completion of
production (i.e. from
goods in inventory).
On delivery.
Subsequent to delivery.
Franchise fees.
On an apportionment
basis (revenue allocation
approach).
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0506
1.5.3
Cost recognition
Illustration 4
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Revenue recognition (extract)
Majority of the Groups sales are recognized as revenue when the significant risks and rewards of ownership
have transferred to the buyer, continuing managerial involvement usually associated with ownership and effective
control have ceased, the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, it is probable that economic benefits
associated with the transaction will flow to the Group and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the
transaction can be measured reliably. The Group records reductions to revenue for special pricing agreements,
price protection and other volume based discounts. Service revenue is generally recognized on a straight line basis
over the service period unless there is evidence that some other method better represents the stage of completion.
License fees from usage are recognized in the period when they are reliably measurable, which is normally when
the customer reports them to the Group.
The Group enters into transactions involving multiple components consisting of any combination of hardware,
services and software. The commercial effect of each separately identifiable component of the transaction is
evaluated in order to reflect the substance of the transaction. The consideration received from these transactions is
allocated to each separately identifiable component based on the relative fair value of each component. The Group
determines the fair value of each component by taking into consideration factors such as the price when the
component or a similar component is sold separately by the Group or a third party. The consideration allocated to
each component is recognized as revenue when the revenue recognition criteria for that component have been met.
In addition, sales and cost of sales from contracts involving solutions achieved through modification of
complex telecommunications equipment are recognized using the percentage of completion method when the
outcome of the contract can be estimated reliably. A contracts outcome can be estimated reliably when total
contract revenue and the costs to complete the contract can be estimated reliably, it is probable that the economic
benefits associated with the contract will flow to the Group and the stage of contract completion can be measured
reliably. When the Group is not able to meet one or more of the conditions, the policy is to recognize revenues only
equal to costs incurred to date, to the extent that such costs are expected to be recovered.
Progress towards completion is measured by reference to cost incurred to date as a percentage of estimated
total project costs, the cost-to-cost method.
Nokia in 2011
1.6
Rendering of services
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Commentary
There is no single method that must be used.
1.7
Recognition bases:
Interest using the effective interest rate method (see financial instruments
later) ;
1.8
Disclosure
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0508
The law in different countries may determine the point in time at which the entity transfers the
significant risks and rewards of ownership. The examples in this section need to be read in the context
of the laws relating to the sale of goods in the country in which the transaction takes place.
2.1
Delivery is delayed at the buyers request but the buyer takes title and accepts billing.
delivery is probable;
items are available, identified and ready for delivery when the sale is recognised;
the buyer specifically acknowledges the deferred delivery instructions; and
usual payment terms apply.
2.2
2.2.1
Consignment sales
Commentary
Under these contracts the buyer undertakes to sell the goods on behalf of the seller.
This topic is considered further in the inventory session.
Revenue is recognised by the shipper when the goods are sold by the
recipient to a third party.
2.2.2
2.3
Advance payments
Commentary
That is orders when payment (or partial payment) is received in advance of
delivery for goods not presently held in inventory.
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2.4
Under these agreements the two parties enter into an agreement where the
seller may repurchase the goods at some later date. For example:
If the substance of the arrangement is that the seller has transferred the risks
and rewards of ownership to the buyer revenue should be recognised.
If the substance of the arrangement is that the seller retains the risks and
rewards of ownership (even if legal title is transferred) the transaction is a
financing arrangement and does not give rise to revenue.
Worked example 1
Ruby is a Port manufacturer. The company manufactures Port from several grape
harvests. The manufacturing process involves maturing wine in stainless steel for three
years before bottling. The Port is sold at cost plus 200%.
On the first day of its accounting period Ruby sold 100,000 litres of one-year old Port
to Watnest, a bank, on the following terms.
Ruby has the option (a call option) to repurchase the Port at any time over the
next two years at cost plus a mark up.
Watnest has the option (a put option) to sell the Port to Ruby in two years
time at a price based on a similar formula.
Required:
Explain how this transaction should be accounted for in the books of Ruby at:
(a)
(b)
(c)
inception;
the end of the first year; and
on repurchase.
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Worked solution 1
Has there in substance been a sale?
Is the repurchase likely to happen? If so it is not a real sale and the legal form should
be set aside.
Factors to consider:
Sale is unusual being at cost and to a bank which indicates that it is not a real sale.
A mirror image put and call option means that the repurchase is bound to occur.
Watnest will not take possession of the maturing inventory.
Ruby is paying a borrowers return.
Accounting entries
Assuming simple interest of 12% per annum based on the original sum borrowed of $500,000.
(a)
(b)
(c)
On sale
At year end
On repurchase
Dr Cash
Cr Payables
$
500,000
500,000
DrProfit or loss
Cr Payables
60,000
Dr
627,200
Payables
Cr Cash
(assumes repurchase is at the end of the 2 year period and
compound interest)
60,000
627,200
Commentary
If in substance there had been a sale, the accounting entries would be:
On sale
On repurchase
Dr Cash
Cr Revenue
Dr Cost of sales
Cr Cash
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0511
$
500,000
$
500,000
627,200
627,200
Summarising:
Is there in substance a sale?
Yes
No
On sale
On repurchase
Recognise purchase,
including any interest
payable, as cost of sales
Effect
2.5
Effect
Revenue from such sales is generally recognised when the risks and rewards
of ownership have passed.
2.6
Subscriptions to publications
When the items involved are of similar value in each time period, revenue is
recognised on a straight line basis over the period in which the items are despatched.
When the items vary in value from period to period, revenue is recognised on
the basis of the sales value of the item despatched in relation to the total
estimated sales value of all items covered by the subscription.
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Illustration 5
3.1
Installation fees
3.2
Recognised as revenue over the period during which the service is performed.
3.3
Advertising commissions
3.4
Franchise fees
Franchise fees may cover the supply of initial and subsequent services,
equipment and other tangible assets, and know-how.
Franchise fees are recognised as revenue on a basis that reflects the purpose
for which the fees were charged.
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3.4.1
The amount, based on the fair value of the assets sold, is recognised as
revenue when the items are delivered or title passes.
3.4.2
Fees for the provision of continuing services are recognised as revenue as the
services are rendered.
Sufficient fee must be deferred to cover the costs of continuing services and
to provide a reasonable profit on those services. (This means that some of the
fee for the initial service may need to be deferred to satisfy this requirement).
3.4.3
3.5
Activity 1
On 1 April 2013 Zebra entered into a contract to sell 100 computers to a customer for
$1,200 each. The normal selling price of the computers is $1,000 and the cost of
manufacture is $900. The contract includes a service agreement under which Zebra
will carry out all repairs on the computers for the next four years. Zebra has estimated
that the average annual cost of repairs for a computer will be $45.
Required:
Discuss how the transaction should be accounted for in Zebras financial
statements for the year ended 30 September 2013.
4.1
Fees and royalties received are normally recognised in accordance with the
substance of the agreement.
Such fees may be received for the use of an entitys assets e.g:
Trademarks;
Patents;
Software;
Music copyright;
Motion picture films.
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As a practical matter, this may be on a straight line basis over the life of the
agreement, for example, when a licensee has the right to use certain
technology for a specified period of time.
Sales tax
5.1
General principles
Many governments apply a sales tax to the purchase and sale of goods by
entities (e.g. value added tax (VAT) or general sales tax (GST)).
A business liable for this tax must record its effect in the double-entry
bookkeeping system and make a settlement with the government agency of
the net sales tax figure (based on purchases and sales).
5.2
Operation
Worked example 2
On 1 January Oleg, a trader, purchases a flat-packed table-tennis table from Olga for
$300 net (i.e. exclusive of sales tax).
On 31 January Oleg sells the constructed table-tennis table to Pavel for $575 gross (i.e.
inclusive of sales tax).
Sales tax is 15%.
Worked solution 2
Purchase day book (PDB)
Date
Supplier
1 January
Olga
Invoice (gross)
$
Purchases (net)
$
345
300
Sales tax
$
45
Supplier
31 January
Pavel
Invoice (gross)
$
Sales (net)
$
575
500
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Sales tax
$
75
GENERAL LEDGER
Sales tax
$
1.1
31.1
PDB
Balance c/d
45
30
__
$
31.1
SDB
75
__
75
__
75
__
Notes
Oleg has paid $45 sales tax on goods purchased and received $75 sales tax on
goods sold.
Commentary
The difference is the tax on the value added.
Only the end-user (Pavel) suffers the sales tax. Oleg acts as a collecting
agent for the government agency and is liable to pay over $30.
Commentary
Shown as a current liability in the statement of financial position.
If at the end of a period when tax has to be settled, Oleg suffers more sales
tax (on purchases and expenses) than he recoups (on sales), he can reclaim
the shortfall.
Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits arising from ordinary operating
activities.
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when all of the specified criteria are
met. As well as The Framework criteria these include transfer of risks and
rewards and effective control.
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Focus
You should now be able to:
explain the concept of substance over form in relation to recognising sales revenue;
discuss the various points in the production and sales cycle where it may, depending on
circumstances, be appropriate to recognise gains and losses give examples of this;
describe the general principles of government sales taxes (e.g. VAT or GST).
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Activity solution
Solution 1 Income recognition
Spread the deferred income to profit or loss over the four year life of the service
contract. For the year ended 30 September 2013 a credit to profit or loss of $25
(200/4 years 6/12 months) per computer must be made.
Of the $25, $22.50 is the expected servicing cost and $2.50 is a profit element.
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0518
Overview
Objectives
CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACTS
Definitions
Key issue
Revenue
Contract costs
RECOGNITION
AND
MEASUREMENT
PRESENTATION
AND
DISCLOSURE
The rules
Calculations
Recognition
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0601
Construction contracts
1.1
Definitions
an asset; or
closely interrelated; or
interdependent,
A fixed price contract is a construction contract in which the contractor agrees to a fixed
contract price, or a fixed rate per unit of output, which in some cases is subject to cost
escalation clauses.
A cost plus contract is a construction contract in which the contractor is reimbursed for
allowable or otherwise defined costs, plus a percentage of these costs or a fixed fee.
Commentary
Contrast this with speculative building work without a firm sale contract. This is
work-in-progress and is valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value.
1.2
Key issue
1.2.1
Contracts may last several years. Costs are incurred, and the customer is
billed, over the duration of the contract.
Commentary
The completed contract method is dominant under some GAAPS but it is not IFRS.
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revenues and costs should be recognised as they are earned and incurred;
Commentary
Prudence may conflict with accruals.
IAS 11 requires that the costs and revenues associated with a contract should
be recognised in profit or loss as the contract activity progresses.
1.2.2
If costs were to be recognised on an actual basis (in the period incurred) and income
only when recoverable (which might be on completion) there would be huge differences
in reported profits from one period to the next. The reported financial results would not
reflect fairly on the managements stewardship and would not provide information
relevant to users of financial statements (e.g. in predicting future performance).
Although the approach to revenue recognition in IAS 11 has the effect of smoothing
revenue and profit it nevertheless requires the immediate recognition of foreseeable losses.
Commentary
The exercise of prudence does not allow the deliberate understatement of
income revenue should be recognised when it is probable.
1.3
Revenue
to the extent that it is probable that they will result in revenue; and
they are capable of being reliably measured.
Commentary
Variations may arise if, for example, actual inflation is greater than that
assumed when the contract commenced.
Contract revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable.
Commentary
If deferred, fair value should be discounted (i.e. present value of amount receivable).
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0603
Examples
When a fixed price contract involves a fixed price per unit of output, contract
revenue increases as the number of units is increased.
1.4
Contract costs
Costs that are attributable to contract activity in general and can be allocated
to the contract; and
Commentary
These costs may be reduced by any incidental income that is not included in
contract revenue (e.g. income from the sale of surplus materials and the
disposal of plant and equipment at the end of the contract).
2.1
The rules
2.1.1
General
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0604
In certain circumstances:
Commentary
When they are negotiated as a package, closely inter-related and performed
concurrently or in a continuous sequence.
Commentary
When there are separate proposals/negotiations such that segments can be
individually accepted/rejected and separately identifiable costs/revenues.
The impact that a contract will have on the financial statements depends on the
estimate of the future outcome of the contract.
The rules in IAS 11 provide for three possibilities, arising on contract review.
(1)
Commentary
Revenue and cost will be recognised in comprehensive income (in profit or
loss) resulting in some profit being taken.
(2)
A loss is expected.
Commentary
The exercise of prudence requires that this loss be recognised immediately and in full.
(3)
2.1.2
Specific
(1)
When the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably, contract revenue
and associated contract costs should be recognised as revenue and expenses respectively
by reference to the stage of completion of the contract activity at the end of the reporting
period. (Profit will be taken.)
(2)
When it is probable that total contract costs will exceed total contract
revenue, the expected loss must be recognised as an expense immediately.
Commentary
A contract does not need to have started for a loss to be recognised. In a recession an
entity may undertake contracts at a loss in order to retain a skilled workforce.
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(3)
Situation
(1) Profit
How is revenue
measured?
By reference to
stage of
(percentage)
completion.
Commentary
(2) Loss
By reference to
stage of
(percentage)
completion.
(3) Uncertain
Revenue = costs
The usual source of uncertainty
is that the contract is still quite
young. For example, it may
be imprudent to take profit on a
10 year contract which has only
just started.
The accounting should recognise revenue and costs that have arisen in the period. This is
done by calculating the amounts in total that should be recognised by the year end and
then adjusting them for what has been recognised in earlier years.
2.1.3
In the case of a fixed price contract, the outcome can be estimated reliably
when all the following conditions are satisfied:
it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will
flow to the entity;
both the contract costs to completion and the stage of contract completion at
the end of the reporting period can be measured reliably; and
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0606
In the case of a cost plus contract, the outcome can be estimated reliably when
both the following conditions are satisfied:
2.1.4
Stage of completion
Contract revenue is matched with the contract costs incurred in reaching the
stage of completion, resulting in the reporting of revenue, expenses and profit
which can be attributed to the proportion of work completed.
This method provides useful information on the extent of contract activity and
performance during a period. The standard does not specify a single method
for calculating the percentage of completion. Methods include:
Note that:
costs incurred by the year end (and therefore appearing in the cost accounts)
may be an irrelevant figure in determining cost of sales.
Commentary
IAS 11 applies to construction contracts as defined. IAS 18 Revenue requires
a similar approach for contracts for the provision of a service.
Illustration 1
1. ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Revenue recognition (extract)
The percentage of completion method relies on estimates of total expected contract revenue and costs, as
well as the dependable measurement of the progress made towards completing the particular project. Recognized
revenues and profit are subject to revisions during the project in the event that the assumptions regarding the
overall project outcome are revised. The cumulative impact of a revision in estimates is recorded in the period such
revisions become probable and can be estimated reliably. Losses on projects in progress are recognized in the
period they become probable and can be estimated reliably.
Nokia in 2011
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2.2
Calculations
2.2.1
Basics
(a)
Contract price
Less
Costs to date
Estimated future costs
(b)
Sales basis
Cost basis
Costs to date
Total costs
(ii)
(iii)
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0608
Activity 1
Tanner year ended 31 December 2012
Costs to date
Future expected costs
Work certified to date
Expected sales value
$000
1,500
1,000
1,800
3,200
1,200
950
Required:
Calculate the figures to be recognised in the statement of profit or loss in respect
of revenue and costs for the year ended 31 December 2012 on both:
(i)
(ii)
Proforma solution
(a)
(b)
(c)
Cost basis
(2) Prior
period
(1) To date
$000
(2) Prior
period
$000
Revenue
Cost of sales
Profit
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0609
Commentary
(1)
(2)
2.2.2
A complication
In the above example the costs have been measured using the same percentage
as that used to calculate the revenue.
This assumes that both costs and revenues arise evenly over the life of the contract.
This may not be the case. IAS 11 says that the costs that must be measured as
those incurred in reaching the stage of completion of the contract.
For example, the contractor may make a mistake. The costs to correct this are
called rectification costs. They must be written off to profit, as abnormal,
in the period in which they are incurred.
Worked example 1
Tanner year ended 31 December 2012
Costs to date (including a rectification cost of $50,000)
Future expected costs
Work certified to date
Expected sales value
$000
1,500
1,000
1,800
3,200
1,200
950
60%
Required:
Calculate the figures to be recognised in profit or loss in respect of revenue and costs
for the year ended 31 December 2012 on both a sales and a costs basis.
Solution
The total costs that are expected to arise over the life of the contract are $2,500,000.
These are made up of two types of cost:
$000
Rectification costs
50
Other costs (which arise over the life of the contract)
2,450
Revenue
Costs
Rectification
Other costs
To date
60% 3,200
1,920
Prior period
1,200
This period
720
60% 2,450
50
1,470
950
(50)
(520)
150
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0610
Commentary
The % completion could be reworked as
2.3
1,450
59%
1,450 1,000
Recognition
Commentary
The basic double entry for each contract is quite straightforward.
X
X
X
X
To recognise revenue:
Dr Contract account
Cr Revenue
X
X
To recognise costs:
Dr Cost of sales
Cr Contract account
X
X
Commentary
This transfers revenues and costs that have been accumulated in the contract
account to profit or loss over the duration of the contract.
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X
X
0611
Illustration 2
$000
1,250
1,080
1,000
640
Revenue to be recognised
Costs to date
Costs to be recognised
Billings
Contract account
$000
Costs incurred
Revenue recognised
1,080
1,250
$000
Receivables
Costs recognised
Balance c/f
2,330
Balance b/d
640
1,000
690
2,330
690
Commentary
The balance could be negative (a credit balance). This depends on the interaction between
the amount invoiced/actual costs and the amounts recognised as revenue and costs.
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0612
An entity should disclose each of the following for contracts in progress at the
end of the reporting period:
the gross amount due from customers for contract work as an asset; and
The gross amount due to or from customers is the net amount of:
Note that it is also the sum of the balances on the contract account.
Commentary
The note references are to the illustration that follows.
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Illustration 3
Using the figures from Illustration 2:
$000
Contract revenue recognised as revenue in the period:
1,250
1,330
690
WORKING
$000
1,080
250
1,330
W1
(640)
690
W2
Illustration 4
14 Inventories (extract)
September 30,
(in millions of )
2011
2010
7,849
7,538
Cost of goods sold and services rendered include inventories recognized as an expense
amounting to 49,880 million and 46,787 million, respectively, in fiscal 2011 and 2010. Raw
materials and supplies, work in process as well as finished goods and products held for resale
are valued at the lower of acquisition/production cost and net realizable value. The respective
write-downs, as compared to prior year, increased (decreased) by (107) million and 128
million as of September 30, 2011 and 2010.
Item Costs and earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts relates to construction
contracts, with net asset balances where contract costs plus recognized profits less recognized
losses exceed progress billings. Construction contracts, here and as follows, include service
contracts accounted for under the percentage of completion method. Liabilities from contracts
for which progress billings exceed costs and recognized profits less recognized losses are
recognized in line item Other current liabilities; see > Note22Othercurrentliabilities.
The aggregate amount of costs incurred and recognized profits less recognized losses for
construction contracts in progress, as of September 30, 2011 and 2010 amounted to 73,851
million and 67,888 million, respectively. Revenue from construction contracts amounted to
30,291 million and 27,694 million, respectively, for fiscal 2011 and 2010.
Advance payments received on construction contracts in progress were 10,192 million and
9,587 million as of September 30, 2011 and 2010. Retentions in connection with construction
contracts were 290 million and 452 million in fiscal 2011 and 2010.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Annual
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0614
Report 2011
Activity 2
Company X
Contracts as at 31 December 2012:
A
$000
100
B
$000
100
C
$000
80
40
30
2
58
75
25
15.6
67
1 January
1 November
1 January
45%
3%
80%
Contract value
Costs to date
Estimated costs to complete
Billings
Date started
during the year
% completion
Required:
Proforma solution 2
WORKINGS
A
$000
Revenue
Costs of sales
____________
Recognised profit/(loss)
____________
Disclosures
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0615
Revenue includes amounts initially agreed, for alternations, claims and incentive
payments.
Costs include specific costs, costs attributable to the contracting activity and other
costs chargeable under the terms of the contract.
If the outcome can be estimated reliably, revenue and costs are recognised in
proportion to the stage of completion (percentage of completion).
describe the ways in which contract revenue and contract cost may be
recognised;
calculate and disclose the amounts to be shown in the financial statements for
construction contracts.
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0616
Activity solutions
Solution 1
(a)
$000
3,200
(1,500)
(1,000)
700
Revenue
Less Contract costs to date
Future expected costs
(b)
(c)
Pecentage completion
Sales basis
1,800
= 56.25%
3,200
Costs basis
1,500
= 60%
2,500
Revenue
Cost of sales
3,200 0.5625
= 1,800
2,500 0.5625
= 1,406
Prior
period
1,800 1,200 =
$000
600
To date
1,406 950 =
(456)
3,200 0.6
= 1,920
2,500 0.6
= 1,500
Prior
period
1,920 1,200 =
1,500 950 =
144
Profit
Revenue
Cost of sales
W1
45
(31.5)
____
W2
2
(2)
___
W3
64
(84)
___
$000
111
(117.5)
_____
Recognised profit/(loss)
13.5
____
___
(20)
___
(6.5)
_____
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0617
(550)
170
Solution 2
$000
720
111
110.5
39.9
12
WORKINGS
(1)
A
40
13.5
____
B
2
___
C
75
(20)
___
Total
117
(6.5)
_____
53.5
(15.6)
____
Billings
___
55
(67)
___
110.5
(82.6)
_____
37.9
____
2
___
(12)
___
27.9
_____
$000
$000
Costs incurred
Revenue recognised
Billings
Costs recognised
Balance c/f
40
45
85
Balance b/d
15.6
31.5
37.9
85
37.9
$000
$000
Costs incurred
Revenue recognised
2
2
Billings
Costs recognised
Balance c/f
Balance b/d
0
2
2
$000
$000
Costs incurred
Revenue recognised
Balance c/f
75
64
12
151
Billings
Costs recognised
151
Balance b/d
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67
84
0618
12
Overview
Objective
determination of cost;
expense recognition (including any write-down to net realisable value);
cost formulas.
BASICS
Objective
Scope
Definitions
Measurement
NET REALISABLE
VALUE
COST
Meaning
Components
Techniques
Cost formulas
RECOGNITION
DISCLOSURE
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0701
Need for
Considerations
Materials
Timing
As an expense
As an asset
In financial statements
Expense recognition
Basics
1.1
Objective
cost determination;
1.2
Scope
Commentary
These inventories are entirely outside the scope of IAS 2. Some inventories are
within the scope of the Standard with regard to disclosure, but not measurement.
Commentary
When such inventories are measured at net realisable value, changes in that
value are recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change.
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0702
1.3
Definitions
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in ordinary course of business less
the estimated cost of completion, and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset (or paid to transfer a
liability) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement
(e.g. reporting) date.
Commentary
This is specified as a consequential amendment of the issue of IFRS 13 Fair
Value Measurements.
1.4
Measurement
Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.
Cost
2.1
Meaning of cost
Cost includes all costs involved in bringing the inventories to their present
location and condition.
Components of cost:
purchase costs;
costs of conversion;
other costs.
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0703
2.2
Components of cost
Purchase costs
Conversion costs
Other costs
Purchase price;
Transport/handling;
Deduct trade
discounts/rebates.
Commentary
When inventories are bought on deferred settlement terms, the financing element
(e.g. a difference between the purchase price for normal credit terms and the amount
paid) is recognised as interest expense over the period of the financing.
2.3
Two costing methods can be used for convenience if results approximate actual cost:
Standard cost
Retail method
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0704
Commentary
This is a management tool which may
need to be adapted to conform to IAS 2.
Illustration 1
2 Accounting policies (continued)
Inventories
Inventories comprise of goods held for resale and properties held for,
or in the course of, development and are valued on a weighted average
cost basis and carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost
includes all direct expenditure and other appropriate attributable costs
incurred in bringing inventories to their present location and condition.
2.4
Cost formulas
2.4.1
Specific identification
Commentary
This is not practicable in many businesses.
2.4.2
Formulae
Commentary
Last-in, first out (LIFO) does not assign up to date costs to inventory and its
use as a cost formula is prohibited.
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0705
Illustration 2
FIFO formula
Commentary
In practice these formulas are likely to produce similar results when price changes
are small and infrequent and there is a fairly rapid turnover of inventories.
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0706
Activity 1
XYZ sells telephones and is valuing its inventory at FIFO cost price at 31 December. A
record of the transactions is shown below.
Bought
Sold
$
January
10 @ $20 each
200
April
10 @ $24 each
240
May
600
November
October
20 @ $30 each
8 @ $45 each
20 @ $60 each
360
1,200
___
_______
_______
40
1,040
1,560
___
_______
________
Required:
Calculate the value of closing inventory at 31 December.
Solution
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0707
Activity 2
Freya sets up in business on 1 September buying and selling CD players. These were
purchased during the month as follows.
Quantity
Price per unit
5 September
200
$150
16 September
80
$185
On 24 September Freya sold a consignment of 250 CD players for $50,000.
Required:
Calculate (a) gross profit and (b) total value of closing inventory using each of the
following inventory valuation methods:
(i)
(ii)
FIFO; and
weighted average cost.
Solution
(a) Gross profit
(i)
FIFO
$
50,000
(ii)
Weighted
average
$
50,000
Proceeds
Less Cost
Gross profit
2.4.3
Consistency
An entity must use the same cost formula for all inventories having a similar
nature and use within the entity.
Commentary
Different cost formulae may be used for inventories that have different characteristics.
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0708
3.1
Need for
damage;
obsolescence;
decline in selling price; or
an increase in estimated costs to completion/to be incurred.
Any necessary write down to net realisable value is usually on an item by item basis.
Commentary
Assets are not carried in excess of amounts expected to be realised from their
sale or use.
3.2
Considerations
Net realisable value is an entity-specific value whereas fair value is not (as
fair value reflects the price at which the same inventory could be sold into the
principal (or most advantageous) market).
Commentary
Therefore net realisable value may not be the same as fair value less costs to sell.
3.3
Materials
Materials for use in production are not written down to below cost unless cost
of finished products will exceed net realisable value.
3.4
Timing
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0709
Activity 3
Barnes is trying to calculate the year-end inventories figure for inclusion in his
accounts. Details of his three stock lines are as follows.
Product
Alpha
Beta
Omega
Cost
Realisable
value
$
100
50
75
Selling
expenses
$
120
60
85
$
25
5
15
Required:
Calculate the value of closing inventory which Barnes should use for his accounts.
Recognition
4.1
As an expense
Any write-down to net realisable value and all losses are recognised in the
period the write-down/loss occurs.
4.2
As an asset
Commentary
Although mentioned in IAS 18, it is appropriate to consider here the
substance over form issue of consignment inventory.
The IAS 18 issue is whether and when revenue should be recognised in the
accounts of the shipper. An implication of this is which party should record
the inventory as an asset?
Commentary
This is very common in the car industry. Consignment inventory is held by
the dealer but legally owned by the manufacturer.
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0710
This will depend on whether it is the dealer or the manufacturer who bears
the risks and benefits from the rewards of ownership.
Worked example 1
David Wickes, a car dealer buys cars from FMC (a large multi-national car
manufacturer) on the following terms.
Legal title passes on the earlier of sale to the public or six months from
delivery.
The car is paid for when legal title passes. The price to David is determined
at the date of delivery.
David must pay interest at 10% on cost for the period from delivery to
payment.
David has the right to return the cars to FMC. This right has never been
exercised in 10 years of trading.
Worked solution 1
(1)
Factors
Right to return inventory
No
(but it has never been exercised so for all
intents and purposes the risk/reward
actually does pass on delivery)
Yes
(e.g. slow movement risk is transferred)
Conclusion
On balance the risks and rewards of ownership pass to David on delivery. The
transaction should be treated as a purchase of inventory on credit.
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0711
(2)
Journal entries
On receipt of car
Dr
Purchases
Cr
Payables
Interest payable
Cr Payables (accrued interest)
Disclosure
5.1
In financial statements
5.1.1
Carrying amounts
5.1.2
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0712
Illustration 3
1. Accounting policies (extract)
Inventories
Raw materials and purchased finished goods are valued at
purchase cost. Work in progress and manufactured
finished goods are valued at production cost. Production
cost includes direct production costs and an appropriate
proportion of production overheads and factory
depreciation.
Raw material inventories and purchased finished goods
are accounted for using the FIFO (first in, first out)
method. The weighted average cost method is used for
other inventories.
An allowance is established when the net realisable
value of any inventory item is lower than the value
calculated above.
5. Inventories
In millions of CHF
2011
2010
3 904
5 488
(137)
3 243
4 812
(130)
9 255
7 925
Inventories amounting to CHF 227 million (2010: CHF 169 million) are pledged as security for
financial liabilities.
Consolidated Financial Statements of the Nestl Group 2011
5.2
Expense recognition
Commentary
The amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period is
often referred to as cost of sales.
EITHER
OR
measurement of inventory
sold;
unallocated production
overheads;
Commentary
This corresponds to the cost of
sales or by function format of the
statement of profit or loss.
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0713
Illustration 4
21. Inventories (extract)
Write-downs of inventories were reflected in the cost of goods sold.
They were comprised as follows:
2010
2011
million
million
(331)
(374)
(136)
(185)
112
154
Exchange differences
(19)
(374)
(404)
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0714
accounting policy;
carrying amount;
by category;
at fair value;
pledged as security for liabilities;
Focus
You should now be able to:
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0715
Activity solutions
Solution 1 FIFO
Commentary
This is a long-hand solution.
Received
Inventory after
transaction
Issued
January
10 @ $20 each
10 @ $20
April
10 @ $24 each
10 @ $20
200
10
@ $24
___
_____
20
___
_____
May
October
8 @ $20
20 @ $30
November
2 @ $20
200
_____
240
440
2 @ $20
40
10
@ $24
___
_____
12
___
_____
240
280
2 @ $20
40
10 @ $24
240
20
@ $30
___
_____
32
___
_____
12 @ $30
360
600
880
10 @ $24
8 @ $30
___
___
40
___
___
20
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0716
$360
______
Solution 2 Freya
(a)
Gross profit
WORKING
FIFO
Units
Unit
price
200
50
150
185
$
30,000
9,250
Weighted
average
_________
_________
280
44,800
_________
Therefore
1
Therefore 250
160
40,000
30,000
14,800
_____
Gross profit
Alpha
Beta
Omega
150
185
39,250
$
50,000
(39,250)
10,750
FIFO
Weighted
average
200
80
_________
Proceeds
Less Cost (W)
(i)
(iii)
Unit
price
_____
(i)
FIFO
(b)
Units
120 25 =
85 15 =
$
95
50
70
____
215
____
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0717
(ii)
Weighted
average
$
50,000
(40,000)
10,000
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0718
Overview
Objective
SCOPE
RECOGNITION
INITIAL
MEASUREMENT
SUBSEQUENT
COSTS
SUBSEQUENT
MEASUREMENT
Accounting treatment
Part replacement
Major inspection
Accounting policy
Cost model
Revaluation model
Criteria
Components of cost
Exchange of assets
DERECOGNITION
Accounting standards
Depreciable amount
Depreciation methods
Accounting treatment
Derecognition date
IMPAIRMENT
LOSSES
Frequency
Accumulated depreciation
Increase/decrease
Subsequent accounting
Deferred taxation
Impairment
Compensation
DISCLOSURES
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Scope
Exclusions
Definitions
DEPRECIATION
REVALUATIONS
0801
Scope
1.1
Scope
1.2
Exclusions
items classified as held for sale (IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for
Sale and Discontinued Operations);
mineral rights and mineral reserves (e.g. oil, natural gas and similar
non-regenerative resources).
Commentary
However, the standard does apply to items of property, plant and equipment
used to develop or maintain such assets.
1.3
Definitions
Depreciable amount Cost (or amount substituted for cost) less residual value.
Cost Amount of cash/cash equivalents paid and fair value of other consideration
given to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or construction.
Fair value the price that would be received to sell an asset (or paid to transfer a
liability) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the
measurement (e.g. reporting) date (IFRS 13).
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0802
Recoverable amount The higher of an assets fair value less costs of disposal and its
value in use.
Commentary
Value in use is defined in IAS 36.
Entity-specific value The present value of the cash flows expected to arise from
the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life.
Commentary
Or expected to be incurred when settling a liability.
2.1
Criteria
As for all assets (in accordance with The Framework), an item of property,
plant and equipment is recognised if, and only if:
Commentary
This is satisfied when risks and rewards have passed to entity.
Commentary
This is usually readily satisfied because exchange transaction evidencing
purchase identifies cost. For self-constructed asset, a reliable measurement
of cost can be made from transactions with third parties for the acquisition of
materials, labour and other inputs used (see Activity 1).
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0803
2.2
STATEMENT OF
FINANCIAL
POSITION
Expenditure incurred in:
PROFIT OR
LOSS
Expenditure incurred in daily running of the
business, for example:
administration; and
Items of capital expenditure (except for the cost of land) will ultimately be expensed to
the profit or loss (through depreciation) as the asset is consumed through its use.
Illustration 1
(i)
$27,000 spent on acquiring new car for a sales executive is capital expenditure.
(ii)
An annual road (or vehicle) tax of $1,800 included in the purchase price of (i)
should be excluded from the amount capitalised as it is a revenue expense (a
running cost).
(iii)
$10,000 on the purchase of a second hand delivery vehicle will be capital cost
(that it is not a new asset which is purchased is irrelevant).
(iv)
$12,000 spent on the refurbishment (i.e. renovation) of (iii) to bring it into use
will be capital also.
(v)
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0804
3.1
Components of cost
An initial estimate of dismantling and removing (i.e. decommissioning) the asset and
restoring the site on which it is located. The obligation for this may arise either:
Commentary
To include this estimate in initial cost the obligation must meet the criteria for recognition
of a liability under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.
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0805
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0806
Proforma solution
Components of cost
Amount Reason
$000
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0807
3.2
Exchange of assets
Cost is measured at fair value of asset received, which is equal to fair value of
the asset given up (e.g. trade-in or part-exchange) adjusted by the amount of
any cash or cash equivalents transferred. Except when:
Commentary
Whether an exchange transaction has commercial substance depends on the extent
to which the reporting entitys future cash flows are expected to change as a result.
Trade-in allowance
Part of cost of
new asset
Dr Asset cost a/c
Proceeds on sale
of old asset
Cr Disposals a/c
Illustration 2
Tomas buys a BMW, list price $92,500. He pays cash of $80,000 and trades in a VW.
Solution
D/E
$
Dr
80,000
80,000
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0808
Subsequent costs
Commentary
The issue is whether subsequent expenditure is capital expenditure (i.e. to the
statement of financial position) or revenue expenditure (i.e. to profit or loss
in the statement of comprehensive income).
4.1
Accounting treatment
The carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment does not
include the costs of day-to-day servicing of the item.
Servicing costs (e.g. labour and consumables) are recognised in profit or loss
as incurred.
Commentary
Often described as repairs and maintenance this expenditure is made to
restore or maintain future economic benefits.
4.2
Part replacement
Some items (e.g. aircraft, ships, gas turbines, etc) are a series of linked parts
which require regular replacement at different intervals and so have different
useful lives.
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0809
4.3
The amount capitalised will be depreciated over the period to the next major
inspection, when the costs incurred at that point will be capitalised.
Illustration 4
A shipping company is required by law to bring all its ships into dry dock every five
years for a major inspection and overhaul. Overhaul expenditure might at first sight
seem to be a repair to the ships but is actually a cost incurred in getting the ship back
into a seaworthy condition. As such the costs must be capitalised.
A ship that cost $20 million with a 20-year life must have a major overhaul every 5
years. The estimated cost of the first overhaul is $5 million.
The depreciation charge for the first five years of the assets life will be as follows
($ million.):
Overhaul
Capital
Cost
5
15
Years
5
20
__
__
Annual depreciation
0.75
Total annual depreciation for first 5 years will be $1.75 million, and the carrying value
of the ship at the end of year 5 will be $11.25 million.
The actual overhaul costs incurred at end of year 5 are $6 million. This amount will
now be capitalized into the costs of the ship, to give a carrying value of $17.25 million.
The depreciation charge for years 6 to 10 will be as follows ($ million.):
Overhaul
6
5
__
Cost
Years
Depreciation per year
1.2
Capital
11.25
15
__
0.75
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0810
5.1
Accounting policy
An entity may choose between the cost model and the revaluation model. However,
the same policy must be applied to each entire class of property, plant and equipment.
Commentary
Classes include land, land and buildings, factory plant, aircraft, vehicles,
office equipment, fixtures and fittings, etc.
5.2
Cost model
5.3
Revaluation model
Carry at a revalued amount, being fair value at the date of the revaluation less any
subsequent accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.
Revaluations
6.1
Frequency
Fair value is assessed using the fair value hierarchy in IFRS 13 Fair Value
Measurements (see Session 2).
Items within a class may be revalued on a rolling basis within a short period
of time provided revaluations are kept up to date.
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0811
6.2
Accumulated depreciation
(ii)
eliminated against gross carrying amount and the net amount restated
to the revalued amount.
Commentary
The first method is often used when an asset is revalued using an index to determine its
replacement cost. The second method is simpler and most commonly used for buildings.
Illustration 5
A company bought an item of plant for $10,000. The plant has a 10-year life at the end
of which its residual value is expected to be zero. The company follows a policy of
revaluing such items every two years.
The asset was revalued at the end of the second year to $8,800.
Using proportional restatement (i.e. increasing cost base and depreciation by 10%):
Dr
$
1,000
Asset
Cr Accumulated depreciation
Cr Revaluation gain
$
200
800
Accumulated depreciation
Cr Asset
Cr Revaluation gain
2,000
1,200
800
In either case the carrying amount of the asset is now $8,800 and the revaluation
surplus $800. The gain will be included in other comprehensive income for the period
and accumulated in a revaluation reserve.
Activity 2
$000
1,000
(250)
Cost
Accumulated depreciation
______
Carrying amount
750
______
Required:
Determine, using the elimination method (i.e. method (ii)), the accounting entries
required to restate the carrying amount at a revalued amount of:
(a)
(b)
$1,100,000; and
$900,000.
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0812
Proforma solution
(a)
$000
(b)
$000
________
______
________
______
Cost
Accumulated depreciation
Carrying amount
$000
$000
Dr
$000
$000
Dr
Dr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Activity 3
As for Activity 2, determine, using proportional restatement (i.e. method (i)), the
accounting entries required to restate the carrying amount at a revalued amount
of:
(a)
(b)
$1,100,000; and
$900,000.
Proforma solution
(a)
$000
(b)
$000
________
______
________
______
Cost
Accumulated depreciation
Carrying amount
$000
Dr
$000
$000
Dr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
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0813
$000
6.3
Increase/decrease
Increase are recognised as gains in other comprehensive income (in the period in which they
are recognised) and accumulated in equity under the heading revaluation surplus.
Commentary
However a revaluation increase must be recognised in profit or loss to the extent that it
reverses a revaluation decrease of the asset that was previously recognised as an expense.
Illustration 6
An asset was purchased for $100 on 1 January 2010. The entity has adopted the
revaluation model for subsequent measurement of the asset.
Asset
1.1.10
100
20
Revaluation
surplus
20 Cr
31.12.10
120
20 Cr
1.1.11
120
(15)
20 Cr
(15) Dr
31.12.11
105
5 Cr
1.1.12
105
(9)
5 Cr
(5) Dr
31.12.12
96
1.1.13
96
15
11 Cr
111
11 Cr
31.12.13
Profit or
loss
4 Dr
4 Cr
Commentary
For simplicity annual depreciation has been excluded from this illustration. However,
depreciation would be charged each year before the revaluation adjustment is made.
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0814
6.4
Subsequent accounting
6.4.1
IAS 16 allows, but does not require, an entity to make a transfer from the
revaluation surplus to retained earnings as the asset is used.
Commentary
This is a transfer within equity (shown in the statement of changes in equity) and is
not a reclassification adjustment (see statement of other comprehensive income in
Session 3). See Illustration 6.
Share
capital
Share
premium
Revaluation
surplus
Retained
earnings
x
x/(x)
(x)
(x)
x/(x)
x
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
The transfer is the difference between the annual depreciation expense based on the
revalued amount and the annual depreciation expense based on historic cost.
This portion of the revaluation surplus is deemed to be realised (and is now available
for distribution as a dividend to shareholders).
Total
x
(x)
x/(x)
___
x
___
Illustration 8
The asset in Illustration 4, now revalued at $8,800, has a remaining useful life of eight
years. Annual depreciation is $1,100 (until the next revaluation). Depreciation based
on historic cost was $1,000. The annual transfer from revaluation surplus to retained
earnings is therefore $100.
6.4.2
Disposal
The revaluation surplus may be transferred directly to retained earnings when the
surplus is realised (e.g. on disposal).
Commentary
See Illustration 7. Rather than leave the surplus in a separate reserve (consider if there had
been only one revalued asset) IAS 16 permits the realised surplus to be transferred to
retained earnings. However, it is not reclassified (i.e. it is not included in profit or loss).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0815
Worked example 1
An item of equipment acquired on 1 January 2011 for $100,000 has an estimated
useful life of 10 years with a residual value of zero. The asset is being depreciated on a
straight line basis. The asset was revalued to $104,000 on 31 December 2012.
Required:
Calculate the depreciation charge for years 3 to 10 and the amount of the
revaluation surplus that can be transferred to retained earnings annually.
Worked solution 1
Assuming the useful life of the asset remains the same then the annual depreciation
charge for years 3 to 10 will be $13,000 (i.e. $104,000 8).
The amount that can be transferred from revaluation surplus to retained earnings in accordance
with IAS 16 will be the difference between the depreciation expense based on historic cost,
$10,000, and the depreciation expense based on the revalued amount, $13,000. So an annual
transfer of $3,000 can be made from revaluation surplus to retained earnings.
Activity 4
Following on from Activity 2 and assuming that an annual transfer has been made from
revaluation surplus to retained earnings.
At the end of year 4 the asset was surplus to requirements and was sold for:
(i)
(ii)
$7,000;
$5,400.
Required:
Show the accounting entries in respect of the disposal of the asset.
Commentary
As shown in Illustration 8, in years 3 and 4 depreciation is $1,100 per annum with
$100 being transferred from the revaluation surplus to retained earnings.
Solution
In both cases the plant will be removed from the books:
$
Dr
Dr
Cr
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0816
(i)
Proceeds $7,000
Dr
Cr
Dr
Cr
(ii)
Proceeds $5,400
Dr
Cr
Dr
Cr
In both cases the revaluation surplus is no longer required and may be transferred to
retained earnings:
Dr
Cr
6.5
Deferred taxation
Commentary
You should come back to this section after covering this topic in Session 20.
In most cases the tax base of an asset will not change when a company
revalues its assets. Revaluation therefore creates a taxable temporary
difference (assuming an increase in value).
Illustration 9
Brewcast follows a policy of revaluing its buildings. At 31 December 2012 the
revaluation gain was $200,000. The applicable income tax rate is 30%. The
accounting entries are:
Dr Property
Cr Other comprehensive income
(Revaluation gain)
Cr Deferred tax
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$200,000
$140,000
$60,000
0817
Worked example 2
An asset has a carrying value of $500,000 and an estimated useful economic life of 10
years at the start of year 1. The asset is revalued to $600,000 at the start of year 1.
The applicable income tax rate is 30%.
Required:
Show the double entries for the revaluation, annual depreciation and related
transfer to retained earnings.
Worked solution 2
On revaluation
Dr Asset ($600,000 $500,000)
Cr
Deferred tax liability (30% $100,000)
Cr
Revaluation reserve
$100,000
$30,000
$70,000
Annual depreciation
Dr Depreciation expense ($600,000 1/10)
Cr
Asset depreciation
$60,000
$60,000
$7,000
$7,000
Commentary
No adjustment to deferred tax is required as a result of the transfer of excess
depreciation. This is because the deferred tax balance is adjusted as a result
of the depreciation charge ($60,000) which reduces the temporary difference.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0818
Depreciation
7.1
Accounting standards
Useful life and residual value must be reviewed at least at each financial yearend. If expectations differ from previous estimates the change(s) are
accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.
Commentary
In accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates
and Errors (i.e. adjusting depreciation charge for current and future periods).
Depreciation method should reflect the pattern in which the assets economic
benefits are consumed.
Each part of an item of property, plant and equipment that is significant (in
relation to total cost) is separately depreciated.
7.2
Depreciable amount
7.2.1
Useful life
Factors to be considered:
legal or similar limits on the use (e.g. expiry dates of related leases).
Asset management policy may involve disposal of assets after a specified time
therefore useful life may be shorter than economic life.
Repair and maintenance policies may also affect useful life (e.g. by extending
it or increasing residual value) but do not negate the need for depreciation.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0819
Activity 5
An asset which cost $1,000 was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years and residual
value $200. After two years, the useful life was revised to four remaining years.
Required:
Calculate the depreciation charge.
Proforma solution
Cost
Year 1
$
Year 2
$
Year 3
$
1,000
1,000
1,000
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Accumulated depreciation
7.2.2
Residual value
Depreciation is always recognised, even if fair value exceeds carrying amount, except
when residual value is greater than carrying amount (in which case depreciation is zero).
Commentary
Note that the definition of residual amount does not include the effect of inflation.
7.2.3
Depreciation period
Commentary
Depreciation does not cease when an asset is idle or retired from use for sale
(unless it is fully depreciated). However, depreciation may be zero under the
units of production method (see later).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0820
7.2.4
These are separable assets and are separately accounted for, even when they
are acquired together
Land normally has an unlimited useful life and is therefore not depreciated.
Buildings normally have a limited useful life and are depreciable assets.
Commentary
Where land has a limited useful life (e.g. a landfill site, mine, quarry) it is depreciated.
7.3
Depreciation methods
Impairment losses
8.1
Impairment
8.2
Compensation
In certain circumstances a third party will compensate an entity for an impairment loss.
Commentary
For example, insurance for fire damage or compensation for compulsory
purchase of land for a motorway.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0821
Derecognition
9.1
Accounting treatment
Illustration 10
Property, plant and equipment (extract)
When assets are sold, closed down or scrapped, the difference between the net proceeds
and the net carrying amount of the assets is recognized as a gain or loss in other
operating income or expenses, respectively.
Commentary
Note that non-current assets that meet the held for sale classification are
separately accounted for, in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets
Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations.
9.2
Derecognition date
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0822
10
Disclosure
Commentary
Although the examiner has said that he would not envisage examining disclosures in
much detail it is useful to note in this section some of the generalities of the disclosure
requirements. For example, the need to give disclosure for each class, the need for
reconciliation, the disclosures that relate to estimates and assumptions, and that not all
disclosures are mandatory but encouraged.
10.1
Illustration 11
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Property, plant and equipment (extract)
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is
recorded on a straight-line basis over the expected useful lives of the assets as follows:
Buildings and constructions
Production machinery,
measuring and test equipment
Other machinery and equipment
20-33 years
15 years
310 years
Nokia in 2011
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0823
10.2
Others
Compensation from third parties for items impaired, lost or given up that is included in
profit or loss, if not disclosed separately in the statement of comprehensive income.
10.3
Commentary
For example indices may be used to determine replacement cost.
Carrying amount of each class of property, plant and equipment that would
have been included in the financial statements had the assets been carried
under the cost model.
10.4
Encouraged
Gross carrying amount of any fully depreciated property, plant and equipment
that is still in use.
Carrying amount of property, plant and equipment retired from active use and
not classified as held for sale.
When the cost model is used, the fair value of property, plant and equipment
when this is materially different from the carrying amount.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0824
it is probable that future economic benefits will flow from it; and
its cost can be measured reliably.
Long-lived assets (except land) are depreciated on a systematic basis over their useful
lives:
useful life should be reviewed annually (and any change reflected in the current
period and prospectively).
Significant costs to be incurred at the end of an assets useful life are reflected by:
In either case the amount is effectively expensed over the life of the asset.
Reconciliation of movements;
Items pledged as security;
Capital commitments;
If assets are revalued, historical cost amounts;
Change in revaluation surplus.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0825
Focus
You should now be able to:
state and appraise the effects of the IASBs rules for the revaluation of
property, plant and equipment;
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0826
Activity solutions
Solution 1 Determination of cost
Component
Amount Reason
$000
Materials
Employment costs
Production overheads
Administrative overheads
Architects fees
Relocation costs
19,500
Capitalised interest
20,300
Commentary
IAS 23 Borrowing Costs is detailed in Session 10.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0827
Cost
Accumulated depreciation
Carrying amount
(a)
(b)
$000
$000
1,100
900
________
______
1,100
900
________
______
$000 $000
Dr Cost (1,100 1,000)
100
$000 $000
Dr Accumulated depreciation
(250 0)
250
Dr Accumulated depreciation
(250 0)
250
Cr Revaluation gain
(1,100 750)
350
100
Cr Revaluation gain
(900 750)
150
Commentary
Where an asset is revalued to more than its previous carrying amount all accumulated
depreciation is written back. The gain will be included in other comprehensive income.
(b)
$000
$000
(1,000 900/750)
(250 900/750)
________
Carrying amount
1,100
900
________
______
467
Cr Accumulated depreciation
(367 250)
Cr Revaluation gain
(1,100 750)
(300)
______
$000 $000
$000 $000
Dr Cost (1,467 1,000)
1,200
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
200
Cr Accumulated depreciation
(300 250)
Cr Revaluation gain
(900 750)
0828
50
150
Dr Disposals
Dr Accumulated depreciation
Cr Asset
(i)
(ii)
8,800
Proceeds $7,000
Dr Cash
Cr Disposals
Being disposal proceeds
7,000
Dr Disposals
Cr Profit or loss
Being gain on disposal
400
7,000
400
Proceeds $5,400
Dr Cash
Cr Disposals
Being disposal proceeds
5,400
Dr Profit or loss
Cr Disposals
Being loss on disposal
1,200
5,400
1,200
In both cases the revaluation surplus of $600 ($800 (2 $100)) is no longer required
and may under IAS 16 be transferred to retained earnings:
Dr Revaluation surplus
Cr Retained earnings
600
600
Commentary
However, it is not reclassified (i.e. it is not included within profit or loss).
Cost
Accumulated depreciation
Year 1
$
Year 2
$
Year 3
$
1,000
(80)
1,000
(160)
1,000
(320)
_____
_____
_____
920
840
680
_____
_____
_____
1,000 200
10
840 200
4
1,000 200
10
= 80
= 80
Commentary
As you might expect life has halved, so twice the charge.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0829
= 160
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0830
Overview
Objectives
To account for the transfer of resources from government and indicate the extent
to which entities benefit from such assistance during the reporting period.
SCOPE
GOVERNMENT
ASSISTANCE
GOVERNMENT
GRANTS
Definitions
Recognition criteria
Forgivable loans
Possible approaches to
recognition
Accounting standards
Non-monetary grants
Grants related to assets
Grants related to income
Repayment of grants
Application
Matters not dealt with
Definition
Exclusions from definition
Loans at nil or low interest rates
Matters
DISCLOSURE
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0901
Scope
1.1
Application
1.2
Income tax benefits (e.g. income tax holidays, investment tax credits,
accelerated depreciation allowances and reduced income tax rates).
Government grants
2.1
Definitions
Grants related to assets primary condition is that entity qualifying for them
should purchase, construct or otherwise acquire long-term assets. Other
conditions may restrict type or location of assets or periods acquired or held.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0902
2.2
Recognition criteria
2.3
Forgivable loans
2.4
Arguments for
Arguments for
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0903
2.5
Accounting standards
Recognise as income over the periods necessary to match them with related costs which
they are intended to compensate, on a systematic basis. For example, grants related to:
Commentary
Receipts basis does not accord with accruals therefore it is only acceptable if
no other basis exists.
Compensation for expenses or losses already incurred or for immediate financial support
with no future related costs should be recognised as income in period receivable.
Illustration 1
Nova has threatened to close down its factory. As a result the local Development
Agency has committed to paying Nova $5 million per annum for the next three years.
The $5 million will be credited to profit or loss on a time basis (i.e. annually).
2.6
Usually account for both grant and asset at fair value (as defined by IFRS 13).
Illustration 2
Nova is granted the free use of some council property which would cost $50,000 per
annum to rent. Nova charges $50,000 as rent paid and recognises a grant of equal
amount in profit or loss.
Commentary
Alternatively, under IAS 20, both asset and grant could be recorded at a nominal amount.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0904
2.7
Either
Or
Commentary
Although permitted by IAS 20, offsetting may be prohibited in some jurisdictions.
Whichever presentation is used in the statement of financial position, the cash flows
must be disclosed separately in the statement of cash flows.
Worked example 1
Nova receives $15 million from a local council to set up in a particular area. The
money is paid specifically to contribute to the $80 million cost of a new factory. The
factory is to be depreciated over 40 years.
Required:
Show how the items will be dealt with in the statement of profit or loss and
statement of financial position at the end of Year 1 if the grant is to be treated as:
(a)
(b)
deferred income;
a reduction in the carrying amount of the factory.
Worked solution 1
(a)
Deferred income
Statement of profit or loss
$000
Depreciation of factory (assuming no estimated residual value)
Government grant
(2,000)
375
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
78,000
14,250
375
0905
(b)
(1,625)
63,375
Activity 1
Nova receives $10 million to contribute to the creation of 100 new jobs in the area,
which are to be maintained for a four-year period. The grant is meant to cover the
costs of job creation and non-productive time and then the continuing costs of
employment over the four-year period. Both parties have anticipated the following
cost-structure for the employment of one new employee:
Year 1 Job creation
Non-productive time
Annual salary and related costs
Years 24 Annual salary and related costs ($30,000 per annum)
$000
20
12
30
90
_____
152
_____
In Year 1 the 100 employees are recruited and they work for four months of Year 1,
including all the non-productive time.
Required:
Calculate the amounts to be included in profit or loss in Years 1 to 5.
Solution
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0906
2.8
Either
Or
Arguments for
Arguments for
Commentary
When a grant is received for revenue expenditure previously incurred there is
no asset against which to match it so deferral is not appropriate.
Activity 2
Nova is provided with a grant by the Government of Ruritania to set up and maintain a
manufacturing presence in the country. The grant and related costs are as follows:
Grant
$000
30
Cost
$000
80
New jobs
10
40
To maintain a presence
for four years
12
Factory cost
Notes
40 year life
No expected residual value
Full years depreciation charge in
Year 1.
Job creation and non-productive
time: all incurred in Year 1.
Required:
Calculate the amount of the grant to be credited to profit or loss in Years 1 and 2.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0907
Solution
Illustration 3
Nova applied for a grant to cover expenditure on a new venture. It incurred the
expenditure in 2012 and it was charged to profit or loss in that year before any
response was heard from the Government Department.
In 2013 the government responded and contributed to the expenditure. The grant will
be recognised in 2013 (as income in profit or loss).
2.9
Related to income
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
Related to an asset
0908
Government assistance
3.1
Definition
3.2
Examples
Examples
Provision of guarantees.
Significance of benefit may be such that disclosure of nature, extent and duration
of assistance is necessary in order that financial statements may not be misleading.
3.3
Government loans with a below market rate of interest are a form of government
assistance.
The benefit of such loans should be accounted for as a government grant measured as the
difference between the initial carrying amount of the loan (determined in accordance with
IFRS 9) and the proceeds received.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0909
Illustration 4
Drago operates in an area where the government provides interest-free loans to aid
investment subject to certain criteria being met.
On 1 January 2013 Drago received an-interest free loan of $5 million for investment in
new projects. The loan is repayable on 31 December 2016.
The fair value of the loan has been calculated to be $4 million.
The accounting entries on receipt of the loan are:
Dr Cash
Cr Loan
Cr Government grant (deferred income)
$5m
$4m
$1m
Commentary
Drago will charge annual interest to profit or loss (in accordance with IFRS 9)
with a matching credit to profit or loss of the deferred income. Total interest for
the period of the loan will be $1 million.
Disclosure
4.1
Matters
Illustration 5
5.21.7 Government grants
Government grants are recognised initially as deferred income at fair value when there is reasonable
assurance that they will be received and the Group will comply with the conditions associated with the
grant. Grants that compensate the Group (partly) for expenses incurred are recognised in profit or loss on a
systematic basis in the same periods in which the expenses are recognised. Grants that (partly) compensate
the Group for the cost of an asset are recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the useful life
of the asset.
FUGRO N . V. A n n u a l R e p o r t 2011
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0910
IAS 10 applies to all government grants (excluding grants covered by IAS 41) and all
other forms of government assistance including loans at below-market rate of interest
(but excluding income tax benefits).
the entity will comply with any conditions attached to them; and
the grant will be received.
Recognise in profit and loss on a systematic basic to match with related costs.
A grant for costs already incurred or with no future related costs is recognised as income
in the period receivable.
Non-monetary grants (e.g. land) are usually accounted for at fair value (although
nominal amount is permitted).
as deferred income; or
by deducting it from the assets carrying amount.
Other grants may be reported separately, or as other income or deducted from the
related expense.
Focus
You should now be able to:
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0911
Activity solutions
Solution 1 Grant related to income
Year 1
Costs incurred per employee in Year 1:
Creation
Non-productive time
Annual salary (4/12 30)
$000
20
12
10
_____
42
_____
2.76
Years 2 4
1.97
Year 5
1.32
Solution 2
Grant
Proportion
Profit
or loss
$000
2%
100%
25%
750
10,000
3,000
$000
Year 1
Factory
Job creation
Presence
30,000
10,000
12,000
_________
13,750
_________
Year 2
Factory
Job creation
Presence
30,000
10,000
12,000
2%
Nil
25%
750
3,000
_________
3,750
_________
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
0912
Overview
Objective
ISSUE
IAS 23
CAPITALISATION
Recognition
Arguments
Core principle
Scope
Definitions
DISCLOSURE
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1001
Issue
1.1
Recognition
Always as an expense; or
Are there circumstances which justify capitalisation as an asset?
Commentary
This would defer recognition in profit or loss (by way of an increased
depreciation charge) to a later period.
1.2
Capitalisation
Arguments for
Arguments against
Accruals: Benefit is the use of money. Interest should be reflected in profit or loss
for the period for which the entity has the use of the cash.
IAS 23
2.1
Core principle
Borrowing costs form part of the cost of qualifying asset if they are directly
attributable to its:
acquisition;
construction; or
production.
Any borrowing costs that relate to a qualifying asset must be capitalised into
the cost of that asset.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1002
2.2
Scope
2.3
Definitions
Commentary
This will probably include interest expense, amortisation of discounts or
premiums on redemption in respect of borrowings and costs incurred in the
arrangement of borrowings.
manufacturing plant;
power generation facilities;
intangible assets;
investment properties;
inventories that require a substantial period of time to bring them to
a saleable condition (e.g. whisky)
but not
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1003
Capitalisation
3.1
When an entity borrows specifically for the purpose of funding an asset the
identification of the borrowing costs presents no problem.
Commentary
For example, finance lease charges on hire assets used in construction.
The amount capitalised should be the actual borrowing costs net of any
income earned on the temporary investment of those borrowings.
Commentary
Judgement is required.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1004
Activity 1
An entity has three sources of borrowing in the period:
Outstanding liability
$000
8,000
12,000
7 year loan
25 year loan
Bank overdraft
Interest charge
$000
1,000
1,000
4,000 (average )
600
Required:
(a)
Calculate the appropriate capitalisation rate if all of the borrowings are used
to finance the production of qualifying assets but none of the borrowings
relate to a specific qualifying asset.
(b) If the 7 year loan is an amount which can be specifically identified with a
qualifying asset calculate the rate which should be used on the other assets.
Solution
3.2
Commencement of capitalisation
Activities that are necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use
or sale are in progress.
Commentary
That is, spending + borrowing + building.
Payments of cash;
Transfers of other assets; or
The assumption of interest-bearing liabilities.
Expenditures are reduced by any progress payments received (IAS 11) and
grants received (IAS 20) in connection with the asset.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1005
Commentary
The average carrying amount of the asset during a period, including borrowing costs
previously capitalised, is normally a reasonable approximation of the expenditures to
which the capitalisation rate is applied in that period.
The activities necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale include:
3.3
Suspension of capitalisation
Commentary
For example capitalisation continues during the extended period needed for
inventories to mature or the extended period during which high water levels
delay construction of a bridge, if such high water levels are common during
the construction period in the geographic region involved.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1006
3.4
Cessation of capitalisation
This is normally when the physical construction of the asset is complete even though
routine administrative work might still continue or there are minor modifications
(decoration of a property to the purchasers specification) that are outstanding.
Commentary
Interest accruing during the period between completion and resale is charged to
profit or loss. The asset will not be depreciated (but impairment must be considered.)
When the construction of a qualifying asset is completed in parts and each part is
capable of being used while construction continues on other parts, capitalisation of
borrowing costs should cease when substantially all the activities necessary to
prepare that part for its intended use or sale are completed.
Commentary
For example, completion of a hotel by floors or a hospital by wings.
Disclosure
Illustration 1
13.2 Net interest expense (extract)
Interest and similar expenses included interest expense of 44 million (2010: 54 million)
relating to non-financial liabilities. Interest and similar income included interest income of 108
million (2010: 40 million) from non-financial assets.
The increase in interest and similar income to 388 million (2010: 219 million) was partly due
to interest effects in connection with a tax settlement in Brazil and other tax matters, higher
interest rates on the euro money market and longer maturities for term deposits. Compared
with the previous year there was also additional interest income from hedge accounting
transactions, matched by an equal amount of interest expense. This increase in interest
expense was partially offset by a decline associated with the drop in the average gross
financial debt.
The change in the net assets potentially redeemable to non-controlling stockholders and
recognized as a liability is reflected in interest income or expense. In 2011, a related pro-rated
loss of 5 million was recognized as interest income; in 2010, related pro-rated income of 15
million was recognized as interest expense.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1007
A qualifying asset takes a substantial amount of time to be ready for its intended
use or sale. Includes made-to-order inventories.
For specific funds, costs eligible for capitalisation are actual costs incurred less
any income from temporary investment.
For general funds, apply a capitalisation rate (weighted average borrowing cost) to
expenditures.
Capitalisation:
Focus
You should now be able to:
Activity solution
Solution 1
(a)
Capitalisation rate
1,000,000 1,000,000 600,000
8,000,000 12,000,000 4,000,000
(b)
= 10.833%
Capitalisation rate
1,000,000 600,000
12,000,000 4,000,000
= 10%
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1008
Overview
Objective
To describe the accounting for leases from the viewpoint of the lessee and the lessor.
THE ISSUE
TERMINOLOGY
TYPES OF
ARRANGEMENT
LESSOR
ACCOUNTING
LESSEE
ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING FOR
AN OPERATING
LEASE
ACCOUNTING
FOR A FINANCE
LEASE
Principles
Rentals in arrears
Rentals in advance
Disclosures finance
leases
Definitions
Finance leases
Allocation of finance income
Disclosure
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
Background
As a finance lease
As an operating lease
1101
The issue
1.1
1.2
Problem
For all practical purposes the lessee would own the asset but the statement of
financial position would not show:
the asset;
the liability.
1.3
Overview
Leases were the first transactions where an accounting standard specifically applied the
principle of substance over form in order for the accounts to show a true and fair view.
gearing; and
return on capital employed.
Terminology
Lease: an agreement which conveys to the lessee the right to use an asset, for a
specified period of time, in return for payment(s) to the lessor.
Finance lease: a lease which transfers substantially all risks and rewards incident to
ownership of an asset. Title may or may not eventually be transferred.
Lease term: non-cancellable period for which lessee has contracted to lease asset,
together with any further terms for which the lessee has the option to lease the
asset, with or without further payment.
Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability
settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1102
Commentary
This is a different, more appropriate, definition to that in IFRS 13 Fair Value
Measurement because the use of fair value in accounting for leases is more specific.
Minimum lease payments: are the payments over the lease term that the lessee is or can
be required to make (excluding costs for services and taxes to be paid by and be
reimbursable to the lessor) together with:
in the case of the lessor, any residual value guaranteed to the lessor by either:
the lessee;
a party related to the lessee; or
an independent third party.
Commentary
See Worked example 1.
if the lessee enters into a new lease for the same or an equivalent asset
with the same lessor; or
the period over which a depreciable asset is expected to be used by the entity; or
the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from
the asset by the entity.
The interest rate implicit in the lease is the discount rate that, at the inception
of the lease, causes the aggregate present value of:
to be equal to the fair value of the leased asset plus any initial direct costs (of the lessor).
Commentary
Initial direct costs are incremental costs directly attributable to negotiating
and arranging a lease.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1103
The lessees incremental borrowing rate of interest is the rate of interest the
lessee would have to pay on a similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate
that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would incur to borrow over a similar
term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the asset.
Worked example 1
Alpha is a bank. As at 1 January 2013 it signed contracts to lease out an asset
which it owned as follows:
Lessee
Terms
Comments
Beta
5 years in arrears at
$10,000 per annum
A manufacturing company
Gamma
A manufacturing company
which is a subsidiary of Beta
Delta
A manufacturing company
which is completely
unrelated to Beta
Worked solution 1
Time
Lessees minimum
lease payments
Lessors
minimum lease
payments
Interest rate
implicit in the
lease
1-5
10,000
10,000
10,000
6-7
8,000
8,000
8,000
5,000
5,000
9-10
10
2,000
Commentary
The interest rate implicit in the lease is calculated from the lessors perspective. The cash
price of the asset would also be included in the calculation of this interest rate.
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Types of arrangement
3.1
Finance lease:
3.2
3.3
Indicators
IAS 17 lists the following as examples of situations where a lease would normally be
classified as a finance lease:
the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term;
the lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a bargain price and it seems
likely that, at the inception of the lease, that this option will be exercised;
Commentary
Why a bargain? Because the fair value of the asset has been settled
during the primary period of the contract.
the lease term is for the major part of the useful life of the asset; and
at the inception of the lease, the present value of the minimum lease
payments is greater than, or equal to substantially all of, the fair value of the
leased asset (net of grants and tax credits to the lessor at that time);
Commentary
IAS does not put a value of substantially all. If it were to do so, as in some
GAAPS, say 90% it would create the loophole that 89% would be contrived to keep
finance leases off the balance sheet. This is an illustration of the principles-based
approach adopted by IAS (rather than a rules-based approach).
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if the lessee can cancel the lease any losses associated with the cancellation are borne
by the lessee;
gains or losses from the fluctuation in the fair value of the residual fall to the lessee (e.g.
in the form of a rent rebate equalling most of the sales proceeds at the end of the lease);
the lessee has the ability to continue the lease for a secondary period at a rent which is
substantially lower than market rent; and
Commentary
Sometimes called peppercorn rent.
the leased assets are of a specialised nature such that only the lessee can use
them without major modifications being made.
3.4
The lessee has the use of the asset for most of its economic life.
The lessee bears the cost normally associated with ownership (e.g. insurance,
maintenance, idle capacity).
Any amounts accruing to the lessor at the end of the lease are relatively small.
Commentary
The criteria concentrate on the major risk of purchase that of bearing the capital cost.
If the lessee guarantees to bear substantially all the capital cost of the asset (fair value)
then it should be treated as a purchase (i.e. a finance lease). If a lessee bears
substantially all of the cost then he would only do so if he was getting substantially all of
the use of the asset (i.e. if in substance he owned the asset).
3.5
3.5.1
Land
substantially all the risks and rewards are passed to the lessee; and
the present value of the residual value is considered negligible.
Any premium paid for a lease of land classified as operating lease is amortised
over the lease term according to the pattern of economic benefits received.
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3.5.2
Buildings
Useful life will probably extend well beyond the lease term.
If title does not pass at the end of the lease term (so risks and rewards are not passed), the
lease will be classed in the same way as other leased assets (i.e. as an operating lease).
3.5.3
Separation
title passes for both elements at the end of lease (i.e. both elements are
classified as finance leases, whether analysed as one or two leases).
Commentary
Minimum lease payments are allocated in proportion to the relative fair
values of the elements.
If it is not possible to allocate the lease payments between the elements then the lease is
treated as a finance lease unless it is clear that both elements are operating leases.
3.5.4
Investment property
The lessee may treat the asset as an investment property in accordance with
IAS 40 Investment Property (see later session).
Finance leases
4.1
Principles
Record the non-current asset and the finance lease liability at the lower of:
Commentary
This will often be the cash price of the asset.
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If there is no reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership by the
end of the lease term depreciate the asset over:
the shorter of
Lease term
Useful life
Depreciation should be charged on a consistent basis with those assets that are
owned and in accordance with IAS 16.
Over the life of the lease the lessee will pay the total of the capital borrowed and associated
finance charge (interest = minimum lease payments less liability recorded). Each rental is
deemed to be made up of an element of capital and interest and the problem arises as to
how the interest is to be allocated to the statement of profit or loss.
IAS 17 rules that interest should be allocated to profit or loss so as to give a constant
periodic rate of charge on outstanding balance owed, or an approximation thereto.
Use:
Commentary
Straight line allocation is not normally acceptable.
4.2
Rentals in arrears
Commentary
Interest is carried in each of the rentals. Therefore at each period end only capital is due.
Worked example 2
Holly entered into a finance lease on 1 July 2012. The terms of the lease were six
payments of $200 payable annually in arrears. The cash price of the asset was $870.
The interest rate implicit in the lease is 10%.
Required:
(a)
(b)
Show how the lease would be carried in the financial statements of Holly
as at 30 June 2013.
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Worked solution 2
(a)
W1
Interest allocation
Total finance charge
Rentals (6 $200)
$
1,200
(870)
330
W2
Interest @
10%
87
Rental
(200)
757
76
(200)
633
633
63
(200)
496
496
50
(200)
346
346
35
(200)
181
181
19
(200)
330
(b)
Financial statements
Finance lease payable
1.7.12 Non-current assets
30.06.13 Cash
757
870
87
957
957
01.07.13 Bal b/d
757
76
Tutorial note:
30.06.14 Cash
Analysis of payable
Current (200 76 )
124
= 757
Non-current (W2)
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200
182
800
576
1,000
758
$870
= $145
6 years
4.3
Rentals in advance
Interest is not allocated to the final period because the loan was completely repaid
at the beginning of that period.
The interest charged to period 1 will actually be paid on day1 of period 2 and so on
over the life of the contract.
The current liability outstanding at the end of each period is made up of the prior
periods interest expense plus the capital element being repaid in the following period.
Commentary
The first payment is capital only. Interest is carried in each rental except the first.
Worked example 3
Holly entered into a finance lease on 1 July 2012. The terms of the lease were six
payments of $200 payable annually in advance. The cash price of the asset was $870.
The interest rate implicit in the lease is 15%.
Required:
Show the interest allocation using the actuarial method.
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Worked solution 3
(a)
W1
Interest allocation
Total finance charge
Rentals (6 $200)
$
1,200
(870)
330
W2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Amount owed at
the start of the
period
870
771
657
526
375
200
Rental
Interest
@ 15%
(200)
(200)
(200)
(200)
(200)
(200)
=
=
=
=
=
=
670
571
457
326
175
0
101
86
69
49
25
Amount owed at
the end of the
period
771
657
526
375
200
330
4.4
Disclosure should be made of the carrying amount of assets that are the
subject of finance leases at the end of each reporting period.
It is appropriate that the amount of assets used by the lessee that are the
subject of finance leases be separately identified in the financial statements. It
is often useful to have this disclosure presented by each major class of asset.
Best practice is to either:
Illustration 1
18. Property, plant and equipment (extract)
Capitalized property, plant and equipment included assets with a total net value of
463 million (2010: 464 million) held under finance leases. The cost of acquisition and
construction of these assets as of the closing date totaled 1,177 million (2010: 1,128 million).
They comprise plant installations and machinery with a carrying amount of 216 million (2010:
232 million), buildings with a carrying amount of 135 million (2010: 139 million) and other
property, plant and equipment with a carrying amount of 112 million (2010: 93 million). For
information on the liabilities arising from finance leases see Note [27].
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Commentary
See Illustration 2 for Note [27].
Repayment terms and interest rates for loans falling due in more than one year.
Illustration 2
27. Financial liabilities (extract)
As of December 31, 2011 the Group had credit facilities at its disposal totaling 6.3 billion
(2010: 6.6 billion), of which 2.7 billion (2010: 2.3 billion) was used and 3.6 billion
(2010: 4.3 billion) was unused and thus available for borrowing on an unsecured basis.
Lease payments totaling 657 million (2010: 704 million), including 103 million
(2010: 142 million) in interest, are to be made under finance leases to the respective
lessors in future years.
The liabilities under finance leases mature as follows:
Dec. 31, 2010
Maturity
2011
Lease
payments
Interest
component
Liabilities
under
finance
leases
79
29
50
million
Lease
payments
Interest
component
Liabilities
under
finance
leases
2012
77
24
53
million
Maturity
2012
66
25
41
2013
245
19
226
2013
236
20
216
2014
42
11
31
2014
40
12
28
2015
36
11
25
2015
34
11
23
2016
35
10
25
2016 or later
249
45
204
2017 or later
222
28
194
Total
704
142
562
Total
657
103
554
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Operating leases
5.1
Worked example 4
Under a lease agreement Williamson pays a non-returnable deposit of $100,000 and
then three years rental of $100,000 pa on the first day of each year. The asset has a
life of six years.
Required:
Calculate the charge to the statement of profit or loss each year and any balance
in the statement of financial position at the end of the first year.
Worked solution 4
Statement of profit or loss
($100,000) ($300,000)
3 years
= $133,333
$
200,000
(133,333)
66,667
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paid
charged
prepayment
5.2
Disclosures
Lease and sublease payments recognised in income for the period, with separate amounts
for minimum lease payments, contingent rents, and sublease payments.
A general description of the lessees significant leasing arrangements including, but not
limited to, the following:
the existence and terms of renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses; and
Commentary
An example of a contingent rent for a Xerox machine would be the charge per copy over a
specified number of copies. For lease cars the terms of renewal may be a specified mileage.
Lessor accounting
6.1
Definitions
Net investment in the lease is the gross investment in the lease discounted at
the interest rate implicit in the lease.
the minimum lease payments under a finance lease (from the standpoint
of the lessor); and
Commentary
That is, the fair value at the interest rate implicit in the lease.
Unguaranteed residual value is that portion of the residual value (estimated at the
inception of the lease), the realisation of which by the lessor is not assured or is
guaranteed solely by a party related to the lessor.
Unearned finance income is the difference between the gross investment and net investment.
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6.2
Finance leases
There are two situations in which leasing arrangements arise:
(1)
the lessor simply provides the financing for the asset for the lessee (as with a
leasing company); and
(2)
the lessor owns the asset and then leases it to the lessee (as with
car dealers, manufacturers, etc).
In substance the lessor does not own the asset in either case.
Commentary
Operating leases are simply accounted for as owned assets.
6.2.1
The lessor receives rentals. These pay off the capital element of the loan and
provide interest income (earnings).
6.2.2
The lessor derecognises the asset in the usual way (e.g. accounts for a profit
or loss on disposal of a non-current asset or recognise a cost of sales expense
for inventory)
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6.3
6.4
Disclosure
6.4.1
Finance leases
A reconciliation between the total gross investment in the lease at the end of the reporting
period, and the present value of minimum lease payments receivable at that date.
The total gross investment in the lease and the present value of minimum lease payments
receivable at the end of the reporting period, for each of the following periods:
6.4.2
Operating leases
depreciation;
impairment losses recognised in profit or loss for the period (per IAS 36);
Commentary
IAS 17 requires that IAS 16 be applied to lessors for assets provided under
operating leases. (IASs 36, 38, 40 and 41 similarly apply.)
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Illustration 3
18. Property, plant and equipment (extract)
In 2011 rental payments of 239 million (2010: 216 million) were made for assets leased under
operating leases as defined in IAS 17 (Leases).
7.1
Background
The rentals and the sale price are usually interdependent as they are
negotiated as a package and need not represent fair values.
7.2
Any excess of sales proceeds over the carrying amount should not be immediately
recognised as income in the financial statements of a seller-lessee. If such an excess is
recognised, it should be deferred and amortised over the lease term.
Commentary
If the leaseback is a finance lease, the transaction is a means whereby the
lessor provides finance to the lessee, with the asset as security.
The asset and lease creditor are reinstated at the fair value of the asset.
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Worked example 5
Olga disposes of an asset by way of a finance lease. The carrying amount is $70,000,
the sale proceeds are at fair value of $120,000 and the useful life is five years. There
are five annual rentals of $28,000.
Required:
Set out the journal entries on disposal and calculate the total profit effect of the
lease each year, assuming the allocation of finance charges and depreciation on a
straight line basis.
Dr
Dr
$
Cash
120,000
Cr
Non-current asset (NBV)
Deferred profit (120,000 70,000)
Non-current asset
Cr
Lease creditor
120,000
$
24,000
5 28,000) 120,000
Interest
4,000
50,000
Release of deferred profit
(10,000)
18,000
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50,000
120,000
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7.3
If the rentals and the sale price are established at fair value, there has in effect been a
normal sale transaction and any profit or loss is normally recognised immediately.
If the sale price is above fair value, the excess over fair value should be deferred
and amortised over the period for which the asset is expected to be used.
If the sale price is below fair value, any profit or loss should be recognised
immediately unless:
In this case the loss should be deferred and amortised in proportion to the rental
payments over the period for which the asset is expected to be used.
Worked example 6
Friends has an asset with a carrying amount of $70,000. The fair value is $100,000. It
would like to enter into a sale and operating leaseback agreement and it has been
offered the following from three different banks.
Sale price
(a)
$100,000
$28,000
(b)
$120,000
$28,000
(c)
$80,000
(d)
Required:
Record the transaction in each case. Assuming the transaction occurs at the start
of Year 1 show the effect on profit or loss for Year 1 of the transaction in each
case.
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Dr Cash
Cr Asset
Cr Profit or loss
(b)
Profit on disposal
Rental
$
70,000
30,000
$
30,000
(28,000)
2,000
Dr Cash
Cr Asset
Cr Profit or loss
Cr Deferred income
(c)
$
120,000
$
70,000
30,000
20,000
30,000
4,000
(28,000)
6,000
Dr Cash
Cr Asset
Cr Profit or loss
(d)
Profit on disposal
immediate
20,000
deferred
5
Rental
Profit on disposal
Rental
70,000
10,000
$
10,000
(20,000)
(10,000)
Sale < fair value ($80,000) with loss on sale and future rentals at
< market price
Recording of transaction
Dr Cash
Cr Asset
Dr Deferred loss
$
80,000
$
95,000
15,000
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15,000
Deferred loss
(3,000)
5
Rental
(20,000)
(23,000)
Activity 1
Buggiba disposes of an item of plant for $250,000, at a profit of $80,000. The fair
value of the plant on its disposal was determined to be $220,000.
In the same contract Bugibba enters into an operating lease to leaseback the plant,
paying an annual rental of $55,000 each year for the next four years.
Required:
Identify the impact of the transaction on profit or loss for each of the four years
of the contract.
A finance lease transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. All
other leases are operating leases. Classification is at inception of the lease.
There are many indicators of a finance lease (e.g. transfer of ownership at the end
of the lease term).
A finance lease is recognised as an asset and a liability at the lower of the assets
fair value and the present value of the minimum lease payments.
Finance lease payments are apportioned between a finance charge and repayment
of the principal (outstanding liability).
Depreciation policy for assets held under finance leases should be consistent with
other owned assets.
Unless there is reasonable certainty of ownership at the end of the lease the
depreciation period is the shorter of the lease term and useful life.
Operating lease payments are recognised in profit and loss on a straight-line basis
(or a systematic basis representing the pattern of consumption).
Sale and Leaseback Transactions
If the result is a finance lease, any excess of proceeds over the carrying amount is
deferred and amortised over the lease term.
If the result is an operating lease treatment of any gain or loss depends on whether
or not the transactions (sale and leaseback) are at fair value.
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Focus
You should now be able to:
describe and apply the method of determining a lease type (i.e. an operating
or finance lease);
account for operating leases in the financial statements of the lessor and lessee;
account for finance leases in the financial statements of the lessor and lessee;
outline the principles of accounting standards for leases and the main
disclosure requirements.
Commentary
The net cash investment method will not be examined.
Activity solution
Solution 1
Recording of transaction
Dr Cash
Cr Asset
Cr Profit or loss
Cr Deferred income
$
250,000
$
170,000
50,000
30,000
$50,000
Annual rental
($55,000)
$7,500
Year 2-4 will just include the annual rental and the deferred income credit,
giving a net expense of $47,500
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Overview
Objective
INTRODUCTION
TO IAS 38
Scope
Definitions
Definition criteria
General criteria
Goodwill v other intangibles
Initial measurement cost
Subsequent expenditure
MEASUREMENT
AFTER
RECOGNITION
Cost model
Revaluation model
RECOGNITION
AND INITIAL
MEASUREMENT
INTERNALLY
GENERATED
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
IMPAIRMENT
AND
DERECOGNITION
Impairment losses
USEFUL LIFE
Factors
Finite
Indefinite
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DISCLOSURE
Intangible assets
Revaluations
Research and development
Introduction to IAS 38
1.1
Scope
1.2
Definitions
Activity 1
Classify each of the following assets as either tangible or intangible:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
An asset is a resource:
Patents;
Licences;
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1.3
Definition criteria
1.3.1
Identifiability
is separable; or
Commentary
So it is capable of being separated or divided from the entity and sold,
transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged, either individually or together
with a related contract, asset or liability.
Commentary
These rights are regardless of whether they are transferable or separable
from the entity or from other rights and obligations.
These criteria distinguish intangible assets from goodwill acquired in a
business combination (see later).
1.3.2
Control
Control means:
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1.3.3
These are net cash inflows and may include increased revenues and/or cost savings.
Commentary
The use of intellectual property in a production process may reduce future
production costs rather than increase future revenues.
2.1
General criteria
Further, the probability of future economic benefits must be assessed using reasonable
and supportable assumptions, with greater weight being given to external evidence.
Commentary
The criteria for recognition as an intangible asset are therefore, in summary
identifiability, control, probable future economic benefits and reliable cost measurement.
2.2
2.2.1
Nature
It is generated over many years with expenditure on promotion, the creation and
maintenance of good customer and supplier relations, the provision of high quality goods
and services, skilled workforce and experienced management.
It includes the worth of a corporate identity and is enhanced by such things as corporate
image and location. In well-established businesses this worth may be well in excess of
that of its physical assets.
Commentary
When acquiring a business goodwill is commonly valued using an earnings multiple.
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2.2.2
asset; or
expense.
A business does not incur costs specific to the creation of goodwill but for related activities
(e.g. promotion, client services, quality control, etc). Such costs are expensed as incurred.
However, when a business is acquired as a whole, the buyer will (usually) pay a price in
excess of the fair value of all the assets (net of liabilities) that can be separately identified
(including other intangible assets such as intellectual property).
Commentary
The IFRS 13 definition of fair value applies to IAS 38.
This premium represents not only the future economic benefits expected to arise from the
intangible asset that is goodwill in the acquired company but also those that arise from
expected synergies (e.g. cost savings) and other benefits of the acquisition.
Commentary
So the intangible assets recognised as goodwill by the purchaser is not the same as the
goodwill that was inherent in the business acquired.
immediate write-off;
carry at cost (with or without annual impairment review);
carry at cost with annual amortisation;
carry at revalued amount.
Key point
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Arguments for
Arguments against
2.3
separately;
as part of a business combination;
by way of a government grant;
by an exchange of assets.
2.3.1
Separate acquisition
The cost of the intangible asset can usually be measured reliably when it has
been separately acquired (e.g. purchase of computer software).
Commentary
As the price paid will normally reflect expectations of future economic
benefits, the probability recognition criteria is always considered to be
satisfied for separately acquired intangible assets.
Deferred payments are included at the cash price equivalent and the
difference between this amount and the payments made are treated
as interest.
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Worked example 1
Kirk is an incorporated entity. On 31 December it acquired the exclusive rights to a
patent that had been developed by another entity. The amount payable for the rights
was $600,000 immediately and $400,000 in one years time. Kirk has incurred legal
fees of $87,000 in respect of the bid. Kirk operates in a jurisdiction where the
government charges a flat rate fee (a stamp duty) of $1,000 for the registration of
patent rights.
Kirks cost of capital is 10%.
Required:
Calculate the cost of the patent rights on initial recognition.
Worked solution 1
Cash paid
Deferred consideration ($400,000 1/1.1)
Legal fees
Stamp duty
Cost on initial recognition
$
600,000
363,636
87,000
1,000
________
1,051,636
2.3.2
Business combination
The cost of an intangible asset acquired in a business combination is its fair value at the
date of acquisition, irrespective of whether the intangible asset had been recognised by
the acquiree before the business combination. (IFRS 3 Business Combinations)
The fair value of intangible assets acquired in business combinations can normally be
measured with sufficient reliability to be recognised separately from goodwill.
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Commentary
An assembled workforce would not normally meet the recognition criteria, however, the
rights to use an individual, such as a sportsman, may meet the recognition criteria.
Commentary
Using a weighted probability where there is a range of possible outcomes
demonstrates uncertainty rather than inability to measure fair value reliably.
Illustration 1
In acquiring a company, two separable intangible assets are identified a magazines
publishing title and a related subscriber database. Although similar databases are
traded, the fair value of the publishing title cannot be reliably measured as it cannot be
sold without the database. The two intangible assets are therefore recognised as a
single asset and the fair value of both as a single asset established.
Illustration 2
The term brand and brand name are general marketing terms that are often used to
refer to a group of complimentary assets (e.g. a trademark its related trade name,
formulas, recipes and technical expertise). In a business combination, complementary
assets with similar useful lives may be recognised and valued as a single asset if the
fair values of the individual assets comprising the brand cannot be reliably measured.
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Worked example 2
Picard is an incorporated entity. On 31 December it paid $10,000,000 for a 100%
interest in Borg.
At the date of acquisition the net assets of Borg as shown in its statement of financial
position had a fair value of $6,000,000. Borg also held the following rights:
(1)
The brand name Assimilation, a middle of the range fragrance. Borg had
been considering the sale of this brand just prior to its acquisition by Picard.
The brand had been valued at $300,000 by Brand International, a reputable
firm of valuation specialists, who had used a discounted cash flow technique.
(2)
Ignore taxation.
Required:
Calculate goodwill arising on acquisition.
Worked solution 2
Picard will recognise the two intangible assets on consolidation. They are taken into
account when the cost of acquisition is allocated in accordance with IFRS 3 Business
Combinations.
$000
Cost
10,000
Net assets recognised in Borgs
statement of financial position
6,000
Brand acquired
300
Distribution rights (250,000 4.36)
1,090
_____
7,390
_____
Goodwill on acquisition
2,610
Worked example 3
A water extraction company was obtained as part of a business combination for a cost
of $1,000,000. The fair value of the net assets at the date of acquisition was $750,000.
A licence for the extraction of the water had been granted to the company prior to the
acquisition by the local authority for an administration fee of $1,000. Whilst extremely
valuable to the company (as without the licence the business could not operate), the
licence cannot be sold other than as part of the sale of the business as a whole. The fair
value of the licence on acquisition was identified as $20,000.
Required:
Calculate goodwill arising on acquisition.
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Worked solution 3
The water extraction rights were obtained as part of a business combination. Without
these rights, the acquiree cannot extract water and therefore could not operate as a
business.
The rights cannot be sold separately without the business but the licence can be
separately identified and therefore should be included in the consolidated financial
statements at its fair value.
Cost
Net assets recognised in statement of financial position
Licence
Goodwill on acquisition
$
1,000,000
(750,000)
(20,000)
________
230,000
Commentary
IAS 38 was amended in 2008 in respect of the revision of IFRS 3. Previously
the licence would not have been recognised as a separate asset and its value
would have been subsumed within goodwill.
2.3.3
Government grant
Illustration 3
Neelix harvests and produces seafood. On 31 December 2012 it was awarded a fishing
quota of 1,000 tonnes of black cod per annum for five years.
The acquisition of the quota involves regulatory fees amounting to $36,000. The fair
value of the fishing quota is $4,300,000 (net of the registration fee).
Analysis
Fair value
$4,300,000
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Commentary
Note that the credit entry falls to be treated as a grant under IAS 20. It may
be presented in the statement of financial position in one of two ways:
(1)
(2)
As deferred income
As a deduction from the carrying value of intangible asset.
2.2.4
Exchanges of assets
the fair value of neither the asset received nor the asset given up is
reliably measurable.
2.4
Subsequent expenditure
2.4.1
Intangible assets
Most subsequent expenditures maintain the expected future economic benefits embodied
in an existing intangible asset and do not meet the definition of an intangible asset and
IAS 38 recognition criteria.
Therefore, only rarely will subsequent expenditure be recognised in the carrying amount
of an asset. Normally, such expenditure must be written off through profit or loss.
2.4.2
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3.1
Although goodwill may exist in any business its recognition as an asset is precluded because
it is not an identifiable resource (i.e. it is not separable nor does it arise from contractual or
other legal rights) controlled by the entity that can be measured reliably at cost.
Commentary
When goodwill is crystallised by a business acquisition it is recognised as
an asset and accounted for in accordance with IFRS 3.
3.2
Commentary
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish the cost of generating an intangible
asset internally from the cost of maintaining or enhancing the entitys
internally generated goodwill or of running day-to-day operations.
3.3
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Commentary
If the research and development phases of a project cannot be distinguished
they should be regarded as research only and written off as expenditure
through profit or loss.
3.3.1
An entity cannot demonstrate that an intangible asset exists that will generate
probable future economic benefits during the research phase.
3.3.2
its intention to complete the intangible asset and use it or sell it;
how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;
the design of tools, jigs, moulds and dies involving new technology;
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Illustration 4
An entity is developing a new production process. The amount of expenditure in the
year to 31 December 2012 was as follows:
$
1 January to 30 November
1 December to 31 December
2,160
240
_____
2,400
_____
On 1 December the entity was able to demonstrate that the production process met the
criteria for recognition as an intangible asset. The amount estimated to be recoverable
from the process (including future cash outflows to complete the process before it is
available for use) is $1,200.
Analysis
The $2,160 expenditure incurred before 1 December is recognised as an expense because the
recognition criteria were not met until that date. This expenditure will never form part of the
cost of the production process recognised in the statement of financial position.
Illustration 4 continued
Expenditure in 2013 is $4,800. At 31 December 2013, the amount estimated to be
recoverable from the process (including future cash outflows to complete the process
before it is available for use) is $4,500.
Analysis
At 31 December 2013, the cost of the production process is $5,040 (240 + 4,800). The entity
recognises an impairment loss of $540 to adjust the carrying amount before impairment loss
($5,040) to its recoverable amount ($4,500).
This impairment loss will be reversed in a subsequent period if the requirements for the
reversal of an impairment loss in IAS 36 Impairment of Assets are met.
3.3.3
Commentary
The strict recognition criteria are not required to be met.
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3.4
Commentary
Where an intangible item acquired in a business combination cannot be recognised as
an intangible asset, the expenditure (included in the cost of the business combination)
is subsumed within the amount attributed to goodwill at the acquisition date.
Examples include:
training expenditure.
research costs;
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Commentary
This does not preclude recognising a prepayment when payment for goods or services
has been made in advance of the delivery of goods or the rendering of services. In
particular, a prepayment asset may be recognised for advertising or promotional
expenditure (e.g. mail order catalogues) up to the point at which the entity has the right to
access the goods purchased (or the point of receipt of service).
4.1
Cost model
Cost less any accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses.
4.2
Revaluation model
Revalued amount, being fair value at the date of the revaluation less any subsequent
accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses.
the initial recognition of intangible assets at amounts other than their cost.
The revaluation is carried out according to the same principles applied in accounting for
other assets. For example any surplus is recognised in other comprehensive income and
accumulated in equity and all intangible assets in the class must be revalued.
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Useful life
5.1
Factors
Commentary
For example, computer software is susceptible to technological obsolescence
and so has a short useful life.
5.2
5.2.1
The useful life of an intangible asset arising from contractual or other legal
rights should not exceed the period of such rights, but may be shorter.
Illustration 5
An entity has purchased an exclusive right to operate a passenger and car ferry for
thirty years. There are no plans to construct tunnels or bridges to provide an alternative
river crossing in the area served by the ferry. It is expected that this ferry will be in use
for at least thirty years.
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Illustration 6
An entity has purchased an exclusive right to operate a wind farm for 40 years. The
cost of obtaining wind power is much lower than the cost of obtaining power from
alternative sources. It is expected that the surrounding geographical area will demand a
significant amount of power from the wind farm for at least 25 years.
Commentary
The entity amortises the right to generate power over 25 (rather than 40) years.
5.2.2
Amortisation
Amortisation ceases at the earlier of the date that the asset is:
derecognised.
Commentary
It does not cease when an intangible asset is temporarily idle, unless it is
fully depreciated.
The amortisation method used should reflect the pattern in which the assets economic
benefits are consumed by the entity (e.g. unit of production method). If that pattern
cannot be determined reliably, the straight-line method should be adopted.
5.2.3
Residual value
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Activity 2
On 1 April 2012 Brook established a new research and development unit to acquire
scientific knowledge about the use of synthetic chemicals for pain relief. The
following expenses were incurred during the year ended 31 March 2013.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Required:
Calculate the amount of research and development expenditure to be recognised
as an expense in the year ended 31 March 2013.
Proforma solution
The following costs should be written off:
$
Building depreciation Wages and salaries of research staff
Equipment depreciation
________
________
Activity 3
In its first year of trading to 31 July 2013 Eco-chem incurred the following expenditure
on research and development, none of which related to the purchase of property, plant
and equipment.
(1)
(2)
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Solution
5.3
annually; and
whenever there is an indication of impairment.
Commentary
Reassessing a useful life as finite rather than indefinite is an indicator that
the asset may be impaired.
The useful life is reviewed each period to determine whether events and
circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life assessment.
Commentary
If not, the change in accounting estimate is accounted for in accordance with IAS 8.
6.1
Impairment losses
Commentary
The purpose of testing for impairment is to ensure recovery of the carrying
amount. Note that the uncertainty about recovering the cost of an intangible
asset before it is available for use (e.g. development costs) is likely to be
greater than when it is brought into use.
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6.2
on disposal; or
when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal.
Disclosure
Illustration 7
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Research and development
Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred, except for certain development
costs, which are capitalized when it is probable that a development project will generate future
economic benefits, and certain criteria, including commercial and technological feasibility, have been
met. Capitalized development costs, comprising direct labor and related overhead, are amortized on a
systematic basis over their expected useful lives between two and five years.
Nokia in 2011
Commentary
The disclosure requirements of IAS 38 are comparable to, but more extensive
than, those of IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment.
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7.1
Intangible assets
7.1.1
General
The financial statements should disclose the accounting policies adopted for
intangible assets and, in respect of each class of intangible assets:
the line item of the statement of profit or loss in which any amortisation is
included;
a reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period
showing all movements that have arisen in the period analysed by type.
Illustration 8
1. Accounting policies (extract)
Intangible assets (extract)
Finite life intangible assets are those for which there
is an expectation of obsolescence that limits their useful
economic life or where the useful life is limited by
contractual or other terms. They are amortised over the
shorter of their contractual or useful economic lives.
They comprise mainly management information systems,
patents and rights to carry on an activity (e. g. exclusive
rights to sell products or to perform a supply activity).
Finite life intangible assets are amortised on a straight-line
basis assuming a zero residual value: management
information systems over a period ranging from 3 to
5 years; and other finite life intangible assets over 5 to
20 years. Useful lives and residual values are reviewed
annually. Amortisation of intangible assets is allocated to the
appropriate headings of expenses by function in the
income statement.
Consolidated Financial Statements of the Nestl Group 2011
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Illustration 9
13. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
EURm
Capitalized development costs
Acquisition cost January 1
Impairments
Retirements
Accumulated acquisition cost December 31
Accumulated amortization January 1
Retirements
Impairments
Amortization
Accumulated amortization December 31
Net book value January 1
Net book value December 31
2011
2010
1 035
1 035
995
34
1 029
40
6
1 830
11
784
1 035
1 687
784
11
103
995
143
40
Goodwill
Acquisition cost January 1
Translation differences
Acquisitions
Disposals
Accumulated acquisition cost December 31
Accumulated impairments January 1
Impairments
Accumulated impairments December 31
Net book value January 1
Net book value December 31
6 631
17
189
1
6 836
908
1 090
1 998
5 723
4 838
6 079
470
82
6 631
908
908
5 171
5 723
5 437
83
53
366
23
2
37
5 877
3 509
84
21
25
924
4 471
1 928
1 406
5 287
216
58
21
142
3
5 437
2 525
42
125
2
1 069
3 509
2 762
1 928
Nokia in 2011
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7.1.2
Disclose the nature, carrying amount and remaining amortisation period of any
individual intangible asset that is material to the financial statements as a whole.
Commentary
In determining whether or not an individual intangible asset is material consider,
for example:
its cost or carrying value in relation to total intangible assets and total assets;
the amount expensed during the year (in respect of amortisation and/or
impairment) in relation to profit or loss.
Illustration 10
4. Basic principles, methods and critical accounting estimates
(extract)
Other intangible assets
Other intangible assets are recognized at the cost of acquisition or generation. Those with a
determinable useful life are amortized accordingly on a straight-line basis over a period of up to
30 years, except where their actual depletion demands a different amortization pattern.
Determination of the expected useful lives of such assets and the amortization patterns is based
on estimates of the period for which they will generate cash fl ows and the temporal distribution of
the cash fl ows within this period. An impairment test is performed if there is an indication of
possible impairment.
Other intangible assets with an indefi nite life, and intangible assets not yet available for use
(such as research and development projects) are not amortized, but tested annually for
impairment. Details of the annual impairment tests are given under Procedure used in global
impairment testing and its impact.
7.1.3
Disclose the carrying amount and reasons supporting the assessment of an indefinite
useful life (this includes describing the factors that played a significant role in
determining that the asset has an indefinite useful life).
7.1.4
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7.1.5
Other
The existence and carrying amounts of intangible assets whose title is restricted and
the carrying amounts of intangible assets pledged as security for liabilities.
7.2
Revaluations
The following should be disclosed when assets are carried at revalued amounts:
the carrying amount that would have been recognised using the cost
model (by class);
7.3
Disclose the total cost of research and development that has been recognised as
an expense during the period.
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Focus
You should now be able to:
define the criteria for the initial recognition and measurement of intangible assets;
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Activity solutions
Solution 1 Tangible versus intangible assets
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
16,000
2,355,000
30,000
_____________
2,401,000
(2)
Amortisation
Amortise from 1 April 2013 for a period of 5 years.
Charge for 4 months is: 4/60 $60,000 = $4,000
Carrying amount
$60,000 $4,000 = $56,000.
Commentary
This is the maximum carry forward, assuming no impairment.
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Overview
Objective
INVESTMENT
PROPERTIES
Objective
Definitions
Examples
Scope
RECOGNITION
Rule
Initial measurement
Meaning of cost
Subsequent expenditure
MEASUREMENT
SUBSEQUENT TO
INITIAL RECOGNITION
DISCLOSURE
Rule
Fair value model
Cost model
Change in method
Transfers
Disposals
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All circumstances
Fair value model
Cost model
Investment properties
1.1
Objective
1.2
Definitions
to earn rentals; or
for capital appreciation (or both),
not
1.3
Examples
land held for long-term capital appreciation rather than for shortterm sale in the ordinary course of business;
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1.4
Scope
Commentary
When measuring an investment property at fair value an entity should apply
IFRS 13 Fair value measurement.
Recognition
2.1
Rule
the cost or fair value of the investment property can be measured reliably.
Commentary
These are the rules that come from the Framework. Cost is unlikely to be a problem.
2.2
Initial measurement
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2.3
Meaning of cost
The cost of a purchased investment property comprises its purchase price, and any
directly attributable expenditure. Directly attributable expenditure includes, for
example, professional fees for legal services and property transfer taxes.
If a company uses the fair value model (see later) and is self-constructing an investment
property then it should value that property at fair value during construction.
IAS 40 allows that if fair value cannot be measured reliably during construction
then the property can be valued at cost until construction is complete.
When construction is complete the property should be valued at its fair value.
2.4
Subsequent expenditure
3.1
Rule
3.2
3.2.1
IAS 40 prescribes when to use fair value; IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement defines fair
value and how it should be measured.
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset (or paid to
transfer a liability) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the
measurement date. After initial recognition, an entity that chooses the fair value
model should measure all of its investment property at its fair value except in
exceptional circumstances.
A gain or loss arising from a change in the fair value of investment property
should be included in profit or loss for the period in which it arises.
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Commentary
This is known as marking to market.
The fair value should reflect the actual market and circumstances at the end
of the reporting period, not as of either a past or future date.
3.2.2
The fair value of investment property should reflect, for example, rental
income from current leases and other assumptions that market participants
would use to price it, under current market conditions.
3.2.3
Exceptional circumstances
In such cases, the entity measures that investment property using the cost
model in IAS 16 until the disposal of the investment property. The residual
value of the investment property should be assumed to be zero.
Commentary
This is because no market is expected in which to sell it.
The entity measures all its other investment property at fair value.
Commentary
The term revaluation should not be used when discussing the fair value model
under IAS 40. Revaluation is an IAS 16/38 accounting policy and fair value is a
method of valuing investment property under IAS 40.
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Illustration 1
15 INVESTMENT PROPERTIES (extract)
2010
2009
854,841,000
104,623
(51,020,623)
803,925,000
1,007,692,300
462,011
(152,852,014)
(320,000)
(141,297)
854,841,000
It is the Groups policy to carry investment property in accordance with IAS 40 Investment Property.
Investment property was valued at 31 March 2010 by CBRE, external valuer to the Group. CBRE have
consented to the use of its name in these financial statements. These valuations have been incorporated into the
financial statements and have been carried out in accordance with the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
(RICS) Valuation Standards, Sixth Edition.
The valuations have been prepared on the basis of market value which is defined as:
The estimated amount for which a property should exchange on the date of valuation between a willing buyer
and a willing seller in an arms-length transaction after proper marketing wherein the parties had each acted
knowledgeably, prudently and without compulsion.
CBRE has valued the properties individually and no account has been taken of any discount or premium that
may be negotiated in the market if all or part of the portfolio was to be marketed simultaneously, either in lots or
as a whole.
3.3
Cost model
After initial recognition, an entity that chooses the cost model should measure all
of its investment property using the cost model in IAS 16 (that is at cost less any
accumulated depreciation and less any accumulated impairment losses).
Commentary
Note that investment properties meeting the IFRS 5 criteria to be classified as
held for sale are measured in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets
Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations.
An entity that chooses the cost model should disclose the fair value of its
investment property.
3.4
Change in method
A change from one model to the other model should be made only if the change will
result in a more appropriate presentation. IAS 40 states that this is highly unlikely to be
the case for a change from the fair value model to the cost model.
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3.5
Transfers
Transfers to and from investment property should be made when and only
when there is a change in use evidenced by commencement of:
Commentary
The above transfers will be at fair value under IAS 40s fair value model.
Commentary
Any revaluation surplus up to the date of transfer will be recognised in other
comprehensive income and presented in equity.
3.6
Disposals
Worked example 1
A company has four investment properties, A, B, C and D which are accounted for as
follows:
Investment properties are valued on a portfolio basis at the fair value at the end for the
reporting period, with any net gain recognised in the investment property revaluation
surplus. Only net losses on revaluation are recognised in profit or loss.
At 1 January 2012, the carrying amounts of each of the four properties were $100m.
At 31 December 2012, following a professional appraisal of value, the properties were
valued at:
A
B
C
D
$140m
$130m
$95m
$90m
Required:
Explain how applying IAS 40 would change the financial statements of the
company.
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Worked solution 1
Under the companys existing accounting policy, the investment properties in the
statement of financial position at 31 December 2012 would be carried at a total of
$455m, and the net gain would be recorded in the revaluation surplus (455 400 = 55).
Applying IAS 40, the company would still carry the properties at $455m, but the entry
in profit or loss (not revaluation surplus) would be:
Net gain in fair value of investment properties ($70m $15m)
$55m
Activity 1
An investment property company has been constructing a new cinema. At 31
December 2012, the cinema was nearing completion, and the costs incurred to date
were:
$m
14.8
2.5
1.3
It is the companys policy to capitalise interest on specific borrowings raised for the
purpose of financing a construction. The amount of borrowings outstanding at 31
December 2012 in respect of this project is $18m, and the annual interest rate is 9.5%.
During the three months to 31 March 2013 the cinema was completed, with the
following additional costs incurred:
$m
$1.7
$0.3
The company was not able to measure the fair value of the property reliably during the
construction period and so valued it at cost pending completion (as allowed by IAS
40).
On 31 March 2013, the company obtained a professional appraisal of the cinemas fair
value, and the valuer concluded that it was worth $24m. The fee for his appraisal was
$0.1m, and has not been included in the above figures for costs incurred during the
three months.
The cinema was taken by a national multiplex chain on an operating lease as at 1 April
2013, and was immediately welcoming capacity crowds. Following a complete
valuation of the companys investment properties at 31 December 2013, the fair value
of the cinema was established at $28m.
Required:
Set out the accounting entries in respect of the cinema complex for the year ended
31 December 2013.
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Disclosure
4.1
All circumstances
Rental income
Direct operating expenses from rented property
Direct operating expenses from non-rented property
4.2
Any investment property that is not carried at fair value should be similarly
subject to reconciliation separately from other properties, and additional
disclosures made (e.g. including an explanation of why it is an exception).
4.3
Cost model
The fair value of investment property (or an explanation why it cannot be measured).
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includes fair value gains and losses in profit or loss for the period;
reflects actual market circumstances at reporting date;
has rebuttable presumption (continuing reliable fair value);
uses fair value until disposal.
Additional disclosures for cost model include depreciation and fair values (range
of estimates if not reliably measurable).
Focus
You should now be able to:
discuss the way in which the treatment of investment properties differs from other properties;
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Activity solution
Solution 1
Commentary
On 1 January 2013 the property would have been valued at its cost of $18.6m as
the fair value was not measurable during the period of construction.
Dr
Dr
$m
1.7
$m
1.7
0.3
0.43
0.3
0.43
WORKING
Outstanding borrowings
Interest for 3 months
$18m
$18m 3/12 9.5% = 0.43m
________
21.03
________
Dr
$m
2.97
Investment property
Cr
Profit or loss
$m
2.97
Being the increase from cost to fair value on completion of the property.
Commentary
The receipt of the professional valuation at 31 March 2013 has not improved the profit
earning potential of the asset. The property will be valued at fair value once construction is
complete and the gain will be recognised in profit or loss at 31 March 2013.
At 31 December 2013
Dr
Investment property
Cr
Profit or loss
$m
4
(28 24)
$m
4
Being the increase in fair value following the first subsequent re-measurement.
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Overview
Objective
how to account for differences in value between the ends of two reporting
period.
Objective
AGRICULTURAL Scope
ACTIVITY
Definitions
Features
Recognition
RECOGNITION
Measurement
AND
Gains and losses
MEASUREMENT
If fair value cannot
be determined
PRESENTATION
AND
DISCLOSURE
Presentation
Disclosure
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GOVERNMENT
GRANTS
Agricultural activity
1.1
Objective
The standard prescribes the accounting treatment and the presentation and
disclosures related to agricultural activity.
1.2
Scope
biological assets;
Commentary
After the point of harvest such produce falls under IAS 2 Inventories.
Commentary
In summary, these are recognised as income when receivable.
1.3
Definitions
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1.4
Features
Commentary
Harvesting from an unmanaged source (e.g. fish from the sea) is not an
agricultural activity (and is therefore outside the scope of the standard).
2.1
Recognition
Commentary
For example through legal ownership. In the case of livestock, this may be
evidenced by branding.
2.2
Measurement
at its fair value less estimated costs to sell, except where the fair
value cannot be measured reliably.
Commentary
This measure is cost at that date when applying IAS 2 or another applicable IFRS.
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Illustration 1
A farmer owned a dairy herd, of two-year old cows, at 1 January 2012. The number of
cows in the herd was 120. The fair value of the herd at this date was $6,240. The fair
values of two-year and three year old animals at 31 December 2012 are $58 and $76,
respectively.
Separating out the value increases of the herd into those relating to price change and
those relating to physical change gives the following valuation:
$
Fair value at 1 January 2012
Increase due to price change (120 ($58 $52))
Increase due to physical change (120 ($76 $58))
6,240
720
2,160
_______
9,120
_______
2.2.1
Costs to sell
These include:
commissions to brokers/dealers;
levies by regulatory agencies; and
transfer taxes and duties.
They do not include transport and other costs necessary to get the asset to the market.
2.2.2
When applying fair value to biological assets and agricultural produce an the
requirements of IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement should be applied.
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2.3
2.4
There is a presumption that fair value can be measured reliably for biological assets.
Commentary
This presumption can only be rebutted on initial recognition when quoted market
prices are not available and alternative fair value measurements are clearly
unreliable.
Once the fair value of the asset can be reliably determined it is measured at
fair value less estimated costs to sell.
Commentary
For a non-current biological asset that meets IFRS 5 criteria to be classified
as held for sale, reliable measurement of fair value is presumed.
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Illustration 2
11.
PARENT
ACTUAL
ACTUAL
2011
2010
$000
$000
482
405
482
405
315
797
77
482
315
797
77
482
Activity 1
As at 31 December 2011, a plantation consists of 100 Insignis Pine trees that were
planted 10 years earlier. Insignis Pine takes 30 years to mature, and will ultimately be
processed into building material for houses or furniture. The entitys weighted average
cost of capital is 6% per annum.
Only mature trees have established fair values by reference to a quoted price in an
active market. The fair value (inclusive of current transport costs to get 100 felled trees
to market) for a mature tree of the same grade as in the plantation is:
As at 31 December 2011: $171
As at 31 December 2012: $165
Required:
(a)
Assuming immaterial cash flow between now and the point of harvest,
estimate the fair value of the plantation as at:
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Analyse the gain between the ends of the two reporting periods into:
(i)
(ii)
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1406
Solution
(a)
31 December 2011
31 December 2012
(b)
Analysis of gain
The difference in fair value of the plantation between the two reporting
periods is
This will be recognised as follows:
(i)
Price change
$
Gain/(Loss)
________
(ii)
Physical change
$
Gain/Loss
________
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1407
Government grants
If a government grant related to a biological asset measured at its fair value less
estimated costs to sell is conditional (including restrictions on engaging in a specified
agricultural activity), income is recognised when, and only when, the conditions
attaching to the grant are met.
4.1
Presentation
4.2
Disclosure
4.2.1
General
The aggregate gain or loss arising during the current period on initial
recognition of biological assets and agricultural produce and from the change
in the fair value less estimated costs to sell of biological assets.
the nature of its activities involving each group of biological assets; and
The existence and carrying amount of biological assets whose title is restricted, and
the carrying amounts of biological assets pledged as security for liabilities.
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1408
Illustration 3
1.1
Biological Assets
Biological assets consist entirely of tree plantations which are measured at fair
value less any point of sale costs. Gains and losses arising on initial
recognition or change in fair value, less estimated point of sale costs, are
included in profit and loss in the period in which they arise.
The fair value of tree plantations is determined by an independent valuer.
The valuation method for immature trees is the net present value of future net
harvest revenue less estimated costs of owning, protecting, tending and
managing trees. For mature trees fair value is deemed to be the net harvest
revenue value.
NOTES TO AND FORMING PART OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2011
the gain or loss arising from changes in fair value less estimated costs to sell;
increases due to purchases and business combinations;
decreases due to sales and biological assets classified as held for sale;
net exchange differences arising on the translation of financial statements of a
foreign entity.
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1409
Illustration 4
Year
ended
30 June
2011
Rm
53
968
(46)
(866)
(12)
97
(8)
57
303
(297)
(10)
89
46
53
(7)
10.1 The biological assets comprise live breeding chicken birds, live broilers
and sugar cane roots in various phases of growth. The biological assets
are measured at fair value, based on market prices less costs to sell.
4.2.2
If the entity measures biological assets at their cost less any accumulated
depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses:
4.2.3
4.2.4
Government grants
The nature and extent of government grants recognised in the financial statements.
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1410
Initial recognition criteria are control, probability of future benefits and reliable
measurement of fair value or cost.
Focus
You should now be able to:
identify and explain the treatment of government grants, and the presentation
and disclosure of information relating to agriculture;
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1411
Activity solution
Solution 1
(a)
31 December 2011
31 December 2012
(b)
17,100
= $5,332
1.06 20
16,500
= $5,453
1.0619
Analysis of gain
The difference in fair value of the plantation between the two reporting
periods is 121 (5,453 5,332) which will be recognised as a gain in the
statement of profit or loss, analysed as follows:
(i)
Price change
Commentary
Relates to the biological assets state as at the previous end of the reporting period.
$
Value at prices prevailing as at the end of the current reporting period
16,500
=
1.06 20
Less
Value at prices prevailing as at the end of the previous reporting period
5,145
5,332
________
Loss
(187)
________
(ii)
Physical change
Commentary
This is calculated at current prices.
$
Value in its state as at the end of the current reporting period
5,453
Less
Value in its state as at the end of the previous reporting period (as in (i))
5,145
________
Gain
308
________
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1412
Overview
Objective
INTRODUCTION
BASIC RULES
All assets
Intangible assets
MEASURMENT OF
RECOVERABLE
AMOUNT
CASHGENERATING
UNITS
General principles
Fair values less costs to
sell
Value in use
Indications of potential
impairment loss
Basic concept
Allocating shared assets
SUBSEQUENT
REVIEW
DISCLOSURE
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1501
Basic provisions
Reversals of impairment
losses
Introduction
1.1
Several standards (IAS 16, IAS 28 and IFRS 11) include a requirement that states that if
the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying value (impairment), then the
carrying value should be written down immediately to this recoverable amount.
1.2
Definitions
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset (or paid to
transfer a liability) in an orderly transaction between market participants at
the measurement date.
Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be
derived from an asset (or cash-generating unit).
Commentary
The above definitions apply to an asset that is a cash-generating unit.
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1502
Basic rules
2.1
All assets
At the end of each reporting period an entity should assess whether there is any
indication that an asset (or cash-generating unit) may be impaired. If any such
indication exists, the entity should estimate the recoverable amount of the asset.
2.2
Intangible assets
The following intangible assets must be tested annually for impairment regardless
of whether there is any indication of impairment:
The impairment tests for these assets may be performed at any time during an annual period,
provided they are performed at the same time every year. Note that all other assets
(including intangibles that are amortised) are tested at the end of the financial period.
Where an intangible asset with an indefinite life forms part of a cashgenerating unit and cannot be separated, that cash-generating unit must be
tested for impairment at least annually.
Commentary
Or whenever there is an indication that the cash-generating unit may be impaired.
2.3
2.3.1
Observable indications that, during the period, an assets value has declined
significantly more than would be expected as a result of the passage of time
or normal use.
Illustration 1
Meade Inc owns a subsidiary called Lee. Lee is a property development company with
extensive holdings in Malaysia. The Malaysian economy has moved into a deep
recession.
The recession is an indication that the carrying value of Lee in Meades accounts might
be greater than the recoverable amount. Meade must make a formal estimate of the
recoverable amount of its investment in Lee.
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1503
Significant changes with an adverse effect on the enterprise have taken place
during the period, or will take place in the near future, in the technological,
market, economic or legal environment in which the enterprise operates.
Illustration 2
Buford Inc is involved in the manufacture of steel. It owns a steel production facility
constructed in 2005. The facility has ten blast furnaces each of which is being written
off over 30 years from the date of construction.
Recent technological innovations have resulted in a new type of furnace coming onto
the market. This furnace offers efficiency improvements which the manufacturers
claim will reduce the unit cost of a tonne of steel by 15-20%. The company that
supplied the furnaces for Buford has recently introduced a series of price cutting
measures to try to preserve its own market share.
The market for the grade of steel that Buford produces is very price sensitive and price
is often used as a basis of competition in this market. A major competitor has
announced that it is constructing a new plant that will utilise the new technology.
The existence of the new technology and the announcement by the competitor are
indications that Bufords blast furnaces might be impaired. Buford should make a
formal estimate of the recoverable amount of its blast furnaces (or possibly the
production plant as a whole if it is deemed to be a cash-generating unit see later).
Illustration 3
Gibbon Inc owns a 60% holding in Pickett, an unquoted entity. Both entities operate in
a country with a stable economy. The government of the country has recently
announced an increase in interest rates.
The increase in interest rates will cause a fall in value of equity holdings (all other
things being equal). This is due to the fact that risk free investments offer a higher
return making them relatively more attractive. The market value of equity will adjust
downwards to improve the return available on this sort of investment.
The increase in interest rates is an indication that Gibbons holding in Pickett might be
impaired. Gibbon should make a formal estimate of the recoverable amount of its
interest in Pickett.
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1504
The carrying amount of the net assets of the reporting entity is more than its
market capitalisation.
Illustration 4
Sickles Inc is a listed entity. The carrying value of its net assets is $100m. The market
capitalisation of the entity has recently fallen to $80m.
The value of the entity as compared to the carrying value of its net assets indicates that
its assets might be impaired. Sickles should make a formal estimate of the recoverable
amount of its assets.
2.3.2
Illustration 5
Custer Inc manufactures machinery. It makes use of a large number of specialised
machine tools. It capitalises the machine tools as a non-current asset and starts to
depreciate the tools when they are brought into use.
A review of the non-current asset register in respect of machine tools has revealed that
approximately 40% of the value held relates to machine tools purchased more than two
years ago and not yet brought into use.
The age of the machine tools and the fact that they have not yet been brought into use
is an indication that the asset may be impaired. Custer should make a formal estimate
of the recoverable amount of its machine tools.
Significant adverse changes have taken place during the period, or are
expected to take place in the near future, in the extent to which, or manner in
which, an asset is used or is expected to be used.
Illustration 6
Hood is a small airline. It owns a Dash 8 aircraft which it purchased to service a
contract for passenger flights to a small island. The rest of its business is long-haul
freight shipping.
It has been informed that its licence to operate the passenger service will not be
renewed after the end of this current contract which finishes in 6 months time. It is
proposing to use the aircraft in a new business venture offering pleasure flights.
The change in the use of the asset that is expected to take place in the near future is an
indication that the aircraft may be impaired. Hood should make a formal estimate of
the recoverable amount of its Dash 8 aircraft.
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1505
Evidence is available from internal reporting that indicates that the economic
performance of an asset is, or will be, worse than expected. Such evidence
that indicates that an asset may be impaired includes the existence of:
cash flows for acquiring the asset, or subsequent cash needs for
operating or maintaining it, that are significantly higher than those
originally budgeted;
actual net cash flows or operating profit or loss flowing from the
asset that are significantly worse than those budgeted;
operating losses or net cash outflows for the asset, when current
period figures are aggregated with budgeted figures for the future.
Illustration 7
Armistead Inc operates in the professional training sector. It has produced a series of
CD ROM based training products which have been on sale for eight months. The
entity has capitalised certain development costs associated with this product in
accordance with the rules in IAS 38 Intangible Assets. Early sales have been
significantly below forecast.
The failure of the entity to meet sales targets is an indication that the development asset
may be impaired. Armistead should make a formal estimate of the recoverable amount
of the capitalised development cost.
Commentary
The above lists are not exhaustive. Where there is an indication that an asset may be
impaired, this may indicate that the remaining useful life, the depreciation
(amortisation) method or the residual value for the asset needs to be reviewed and
adjusted, even if no impairment loss is recognised for the asset.
3.1
General principles
The recoverable amount is the higher of the assets fair value less costs of disposal
and value in use.
RECOVERABLE
AMOUNT
Higher of
VALUE IN USE
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and
1506
FAIR VALUE
LESS COSTS OF
DISPOSAL
Commentary
Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not
generate cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of those from
other assets or groups of assets. If this is the case, recoverable amount is determined for
the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs (see later).
Illustration 8
Recoverable amount
is the greater of:
Value in
use
Fair
value less
costs of
disposal
Therefore
recoverable
amount is
Carrying
amount
900
1,050
1,050
1,000
No impairment
900
980
980
1,000
960
925
960
1,000
Commentary
It is not always necessary to measure both an assets fair value less costs of
disposal and its value in use to determine the assets recoverable amount if:
either of these amounts exceed the assets carrying amount, the asset is
not impaired, and it is not necessary to estimate the other amount; or
For example when an asset is held for imminent disposal the value in use will consist
mainly of the net amount to be received for the disposal of the asset. Future cash
flows from continuing use of the asset until disposal are likely to be negligible.
Where the asset is an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life, the most
recent detailed calculation of the recoverable amount made in a preceding
period may be used in the impairment test in the current period.
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3.2
3.2.1
Fair value the price would be received to sell an asset (or paid to transfer a liability) in
an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (IFRS 13).
Active market a market in which transactions for the asset (or liability) take place with
sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
3.2.2
Hierarchy
Fair value is assessed using the fair value hierarchy in IFRS 13 Fair Value
Measurement:
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices (in level 1) that
are observable for the asset (or liability), either directly or
indirectly;
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset (or liability).
Legal costs;
Stamp duty;
Costs of removing the asset;
Other direct incremental costs to bring an asset into condition for its sale.
Commentary
Examples of costs that are not costs of disposal include termination benefits
and costs associated with reducing or re-organising a business following the
disposal of an asset.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1508
Illustration 9
X operates in leased premises. It owns a bottling plant which is situated in a single
factory unit. Bottling plants are sold periodically as complete assets.
Professional valuers have estimated that the plant might be sold for $100,000. They
have charged a fee of $1,000 for providing this valuation.
X would need to dismantle the asset and ship it to any buyer. Dismantling and
shipping would cost $5,000. Specialist packaging would cost a further $4,000 and
legal fees $1,500.
Fair value less costs of disposal:
Sales price
$
100,000
(5,000)
Packaging
(4,000)
Legal fees
(1,500)
89,500
Commentary
The professional valuers fee of $1,000 would not be included in the fair value less
costs of disposal as this is not a directly attributable cost of selling the asset.
3.3
Value in use
Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be
derived from an asset. Estimating it involves:
Value in use differs from fair value in that it is more entity specific (whereas
fair value only reflects the assumptions that market participants would use).
tax benefits or burdens that are specific to the current owner of the asset.
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Worked example 1
X holds a patent on a drug. The patent expires in 5 years. During this period the
demand for the drug is forecast to grow at 5% per annum.
Experience shows that competitors flood the market with generic versions of a
profitable drug as soon as it is no longer protected by a patent. As a result X does not
expect the patent to generate significant cash flows after 5 years.
Net revenues from the sale of the drug were $100m last year.
The entity has decided that 15.5% is an appropriate discount rate for the appraisals of
the cash flows associated with this product.
Time
Cash flow
$m
Discount factor
@15.5%
Present
value ($m)
0.86580
91
0.74961
83
0.64901
75
0.56192
68
0.48651
62
Value in use
379
3.3.1
They should be based on the most recent financial budgets/forecasts that have
been approved by management.
Commentary
Projections based on these budgets/forecasts should cover a maximum
period of five years, unless a longer period can be justified.
Beyond the period covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts, the cash flows should be
estimated by extrapolating the projections based on the budgets/forecasts using a steady or
declining growth rate for subsequent years, unless an increasing rate can be justified.
Commentary
This growth rate should not exceed the long-term average growth rate for the
products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for
the market, in which the asset is used, unless a higher rate can be justified.
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1510
cash flows that are expected to arise from a future restructuring that
is not yet committed;
Commentary
Future cash flows are estimated based on the asset in its current condition or in
maintaining its current condition (e.g. maintenance, or the replacement of components of
an asset, to enable the asset as a whole to achieve its estimated current economic benefit).
Commentary
These are already taken account of in discounting.
Commentary
The discount rate is a market-determined rate.
The discount rate(s) should reflect current market assessments of the time value of
money and the risks specific to the asset.
When an asset-specific rate is not available from the market, an entity uses
surrogates to estimate the discount rate. As a starting point, the entity may
take into account the following rates:
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1511
to reflect the way that the market would assess the specific risks
associated with the projected cash flows; and
to exclude risks that are not relevant to the projected cash flows.
Commentary
They do not include adjustments for risks that the estimated cash flows have
already taken into account (e.g. bad debts).
Consideration is given to risks such as country risk, currency risk, price risk
and cash flow risk.
Commentary
Where value-in-use is sensitive to a difference in risks for different future
periods or to the term structure of interest rates, separate discount rates for
each period should be used.
Illustration 10
3Criticalaccountingestimates(extract)
Impairment Siemens tests at least annually whether goodwill has incurred any impairment, in accordance with its
accounting policy. The determination of the recoverable amount of a cash-generating unit to which goodwill is
allocated involves the use of estimates by management. The outcome predicted by these estimates is influenced e.g.
by the successful integration of acquired entities, volatility of capital markets, interest rate developments, foreign
exchange rate fluctuations and the outlook on economic trends. The recoverable amount is the higher of the cashgenerating units fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. The Company generally uses discounted cash flow
based methods to determine these values. These discounted cash flow calculations use five-year projections that are
based on financial plannings. Cash flow projections take into account past experience and represent managements
best estimate about future developments.
Cash flows after the planning period are extrapolated using individual growth rates. Key assumptions on which
management has based its determination of fair value less costs to sell and value in use include estimated growth
rates, weighted average cost of capital and tax rates. These estimates, including the methodology used, can have a
material impact on the respective values and ultimately the amount of any goodwill impairment. In fiscal 2011, the
company assessed the current commercial feasibility of its solar and hydro business, the level at which goodwill is
monitored from the group perspective, as part of the Renewable Energy Division of the Energy Sector and recorded
a goodwill impairment loss of 128 million.
In fiscal 2010, a goodwill impairment of 1,145 million was recognized in the Diagnostics Division of the
Healthcare Sector. See > Note 16 Goodwill for further information.
ANNUAL REPORT 2011
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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Activity 1
Sumter is testing a machine, which makes a product called a union, for impairment. It
has compiled the following information in respect of the machine.
$
100
70
10
1
Volume growth is expected to be 4% per annum. 1,000 units were sold last year. This
is in excess of the long term rate of growth in the industry. The management of Sumter
have valid reasons for projecting this level of growth.
The machine originally cost $400,000 and was supplied on credit terms from a fellow
group entity. Sumter is charged $15,000 per annum for this loan.
Future expenditure:
In 2 years time the machine will be subject to major servicing to maintain its
operating capacity. This will cost $10,000.
In 3 years time the machine will be modified to improve its efficiency. This
improvement will cost $20,000 and will reduce unit variable cost by 15%.
The asset will be sold in 8 years time. Currently the scrap value of machines
of a similar type is $10,000.
All values are given in real terms (to exclude inflation).
Required:
Identify the cash flows that should be included in Sumters estimate of the value
in use of the machine. Explain the rationale of the inclusion or exclusion of each
amount.
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1513
Solution
Time
Narrative
Cash flow
Comment
Net revenue
Per unit
Volume
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Other flows
2
8
Cash-generating units
4.1
Basic concept
its value in use cannot be estimated to be close to its fair value less
costs of disposal (e.g. when the future cash flows from continuing
use of the asset cannot be estimated to be negligible); and
In this case the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the
asset belongs (the assets cash-generating unit) must be determined.
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1514
Illustration 11
An entity owns a dry dock with a large crane to support its activities. The crane could
only be sold for scrap value and cash inflows from its use cannot be identified
separately from all of the operations directly connected with the dry dock.
It is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of the crane because its value in
use cannot be measured. Therefore, the entity estimates the recoverable amount of the
cash-generating unit to which the crane belongs (i.e. the dry dock as a whole).
Sometimes it is possible to identify cash flows that stem from a specific asset
but these cannot be earned independently from other assets. In such cases the
asset cannot be reviewed independently and must be reviewed as part of the
cash-generating unit.
Illustration 12
An entity operates an airport that provides services under contract with a government
that requires a minimum level of service on domestic routes in return for licence to
operate the international routes. Assets devoted to each route and the cash flows from
each route can be identified separately. The domestic service operates at a significant
loss.
Because the entity does not have the option to curtail the domestic service, the lowest
level of identifiable cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from
other assets or groups of assets are cash inflows generated by the airport as a whole.
This is therefore the cash-generating unit.
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1515
4.2
4.2.1
If the initial allocation of goodwill cannot be completed before the end of the
financial year in which the business combination is effected, the allocation
must be completed by the end of the following financial year.
Each unit (or group of units) to which the goodwill is so allocated must:
represent the lowest level within the entity at which the goodwill is
monitored for internal management purposes; and
Commentary
This aims to match the testing of impairment of goodwill with the monitoring
level of goodwill within the entity. As a minimum, this is considered to be
based on segmental reporting requirements such that listed companies will
not be able to net-off and shield goodwill impairment at the entity level.
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1516
Once goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating unit, that unit must be
tested for impairment:
at least annually; or
goodwill; or
the cash-generating unit.
4.2.2
Corporate assets
Corporate assets are assets, other than goodwill, that contribute to the future cash
flows of both the cash-generating unit under review and other cash-generating units.
The distinctive characteristics of corporate assets are that they do not generate cash
inflows independently of other assets or groups of assets and their carrying amount
cannot be fully attributed to the cash-generating unit under review.
Commentary
Examples could include head office or divisional buildings, central
information system or a research centre.
The carrying amount of the unit or group of units (including the portion of
corporate assets) is then compared to its recoverable amount. Any impairment loss
is dealt with in the same way as dealing with an impairment loss for goodwill.
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1517
5.1
Basics
If, and only if, the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying
amount, the carrying amount of the asset should be reduced to its recoverable
amount. That reduction is an impairment loss.
Illustration 13
Carrying
value 1
Recoverable
amount
Profit or
loss
Other
comprehensive
income
100
80
20 Dr
150
125
25 Dr
150
95
5 Dr
50 Dr
Situation 1
IAS 36 gives no guidance on how the adjustment to the carrying value should be
achieved. The credit entry would usually be taken to an impairment account (much like
the accumulated depreciation account). This is then set against the cost of the asset for
presentational purposes. For Situation 1 above the impairment double entry is:
Dr
Cr
Profit or loss
Impairment account
20
20
After impairment the carrying value of the asset less any residual value is
depreciated (amortised) over its remaining expected useful life.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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5.2
The impairment loss should be allocated between all assets of the cashgenerating unit in the following order:
Commentary
However, where an individual asset within the CGU has become impaired,
the impairment will firstly be taken against that asset, any further impairment
being shared against the remaining assets within the CGU.
Commentary
The amount of the impairment loss that would otherwise have been allocated to
the asset should be allocated to the other assets of the unit on a pro-rata basis.
Worked example 2
At 1 January, an entity paid $2,800 for a company whose main activity consists of
refuse collection. The acquired company owns four refuse collection vehicles and a
local government licence without which it could not operate.
At 1 January, the fair value less costs of disposal of each lorry and of the licence is
$500. The company has no insurance cover.
At 1 February, one lorry crashed. Because of its reduced capacity, the entity estimates
the value in use of the business at $2,220.
The impairment loss would be allocated to the assets of the business as follows:
1
January
Impairment
loss
1
February
Goodwill
300
(80)
220
Intangible asset
500
500
2,000
(500)
1,500
2,800
(580)
2,220
Lorries
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1519
Commentary
An impairment loss of 500 is recognised first for the lorry that crashed
because its recoverable amount can be assessed individually. (It no longer
forms part of the cash-generating unit that was formed by the four lorries and
the licence.) The remaining impairment loss (80) is attributed to goodwill.
Activity 2
Following on from Worked example 2.
At 22 May, the government increased the interest rates. The entity re-measured the
value in use of the business as $1,860. The fair value less costs of disposal of the
licence had decreased to $480 (as a result of a market reaction to the increased interest
rates). The demand for lorries was hit hard by the increase in rates and the selling
prices were adversely affected.
Required:
Show how the above information would be reflected in the asset values of the
business.
Solution
1 February
Impairment
loss
22
May
Goodwill
Intangible asset
Lorries
If an individual asset within the cash-generating unit is impaired, but the cashgenerating unit as a whole is not, no impairment loss is recognised even if the
assets fair value less costs of disposal is less than its carrying amount.
Illustration 14
Two machines within a production line (the cash-generating unit) have suffered
physical damage, but are still able to work albeit at reduced capacities. The fair value
less costs of disposal of both machines are below their carrying amount. As the
machines do not generate independent cash flows and management intend to keep the
machines in operation, their value in use cannot be estimated. They are considered to
be part of the cash-generating unit, the production line.
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Analysis
If an assessment of the recoverable amount of the production line (as a whole) shows
that there has been no impairment of the cash-generating unit there will be no
impairment loss to be recognised in respect of the machines.
However, because of the damage to the machines, the estimated useful life and
residual values of the machines may need to be reassessed.
If the assessment of the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit shows that it is
impaired, clearly a loss will need to be accounted for.
If, because of the damage, management decided to replace the machines and sell the
damaged ones in the near future, the value in use of the damaged machines could be
estimated (as the expected sale proceeds less costs of disposal). If this is less than their
carrying amount, an impairment loss must be recognised for the individual machines.
Commentary
Note that in the event of replacement of the machines there will be no
impairment of the production line.
Activity 3
Shiplake owns a company called Klassic Kars. Extracts from Shiplakes consolidated
statement of financial position relating to Klassic Kars are:
$000
80,000
50,000
90,000
100,000
50,000
_______
Goodwill
Franchise costs
Restored vehicles (at cost)
Plant
Other net assets
370,000
_______
The restored vehicles have an estimated realisable value of $115 million. The
franchise agreement contains a sell back clause, which allows Klassic Kars to
relinquish the franchise and gain a repayment of $30 million from the franchisor. An
impairment review at 31 March 2013 has estimated that the value of Klassic Kars as a
going concern is only $240 million.
Required:
Explain how the information above would affect the preparation of Shiplakes
consolidated financial statements to 31 March 2013.
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Subsequent review
6.1
Basic provisions
Once an entity has recognised an impairment loss for an asset other than
goodwill, it should carry out a further review in later years if there is an
indication:
6.1.1
Significant favourable changes during the period, or taking place in the near
future, in the technological, market, economic or legal environment in which
the entity operates or in the market to which the asset is dedicated.
6.1.2
6.2
6.2.1
The increased carrying amount of the asset should not exceed the carrying
amount that would have been determined (net of amortisation or depreciation)
had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years.
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Commentary
Any increase in the carrying amount of an asset above the carrying amount
that would have been determined (net of amortisation or depreciation) had
no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years is a
revaluation and should be treated accordingly.
Illustration 15
Xantia purchased a machine for $10,000 on 1 January 2011 and determined that it will
have a useful life of 5 years and no residual value. The entity prepares financial
statements to 31 December and uses the cost model to account for property, plant and
equipment. Machinery is depreciated using the straight line method. On 31 December
2011 depreciation of $2,000 was charged; the carrying amount of the machine was then
$8,000.
However, actual performance of the machine during 2011 was below budgeted. On
testing it for impairment at 31 December 2011 the recoverable amount of the machine
was found to be $7,200. Hence, an impairment loss of $800 was recognized.
At 31 December 2012, after charging depreciation ($7,200 4 = $1,800), the carrying
amount was $5,600. The accountant then learned that the market value of a similar 2
year old machine is $7,500.
To reverse the impairment loss the accountant calculates what the carrying amount of
the machine would have been had no impairment loss ever occurred:
$10,000 less depreciation of $2,000 for two years = $6,000
The double entry for the reversal is then:
Dr Machine
Cr Profit or loss
$400
$400
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6.2.2
Commentary
Equivalent to the ceiling for the reversal of an impairment loss for an individual asset.
6.2.3
Disclosure
Commentary
Extensive disclosure is required by IAS 36 especially for the key assumptions
and estimates used to measure the recoverable amount of cash-generating
units containing goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite useful lives.
7.1
Impairment losses (and reversals of losses) recognised during the period and the
line item(s) of the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income in
which they are included.
7.2
Segment reporting
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7.3
7.3.1
The events and circumstances that led to the recognition or reversal of the
impairment loss.
Whether the recoverable amount of the asset (cash-generating unit) is its fair
value less costs of disposal or its value in use.
7.3.2
Individual asset
7.3.3
The amount of the impairment loss recognised or reversed by class of assets and
by reportable segment (if applicable).
7.3.4
Material aggregate
Commentary
This is only required to be disclosed if no information is otherwise disclosed (i.e.
under the provisions for individual assets and CGUs as individually not material).
7.3.5
Non-allocation of goodwill
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Accounting estimates (useful life, depreciation method and/or residual value) may
also need to be reviewed and adjusted.
If either fair value less costs of disposal or value in use exceed carrying amount
there is no impairment.
For assets to be disposed recoverable amount is fair value less costs of disposal. If
binding sale agreement, use price agreement less costs.
If an active market exists use current bid price or most recent transaction. If no
active market, then best estimate.
Value in use reflects amount/timing of cash flows and time value of money (using
pre-tax discount rate).
Cash flow projections based on supportable assumptions and the assets current
condition exclude cash flows from financing activities or taxation.
Carrying amount cannot be less than the higher of fair value less costs of disposal,
value in use, and zero.
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Focus
You should now be able to:
give examples of, and be able to identify, circumstances that may indicate
that an impairment of an asset has occurred;
state the basis on which impairment losses should be allocated, and allocate a
given impairment loss to the assets of a cash-generating unit; and
Activity solutions
Solution 1 Cash flows
Time
Narrative
Cash flow
Commentary
Net revenue
Per unit
Volume
29.87 (W1)
1,040 (W1)
31,065
30.77
1,082
33,293
31.69
1,125
35,651
32.64
1,170
38,189
33.62
1,217
40,916
34.63
1,217
42,145
35.67
1,217
43,410
36.74
1,217
44,713
10,609
12,668
WORKING
(1)
1527
Impairment
loss
22
May
Goodwill
220
(220)
Intangible asset
500
(20)
480
Note 1
1,500
(120)
1,380
Note 2
2,220
(360)
1,860
Lorries
Note 1
220 is charged to the goodwill to reduce it to zero. The balance of 140 must be pro
rated between the remaining assets in proportion to their carrying value.
The ratio that the remaining assets bear to each other is 500:1,500. This implies that 25%
140 = 35 should be allocated to the intangible asset. However this would reduce its carrying
value to below its fair value less costs of disposal and this is not allowed. The maximum that
may be allocated is 20 and the remaining 15 must be allocated to the lorries.
Note 2
The amount that is allocated to the lorries is 75% 140 = 105 + 15 =120.
Goodwill
Franchise costs
Restored vehicles
Plant
Other net assets
Cost
Impairment
$000
80,000
50,000
90,000
100,000
50,000
370,000
$000
(80,000)
(12,500)
nil
(25,000)
(12,500)
(130,000)
Restated
value
$000
nil
37,500
90,000
75,000
37,500
240,000
Commentary
The franchise cost has a fair value less costs of disposal of $30m, but there is no information
about its value in use (which it must have), therefore there is no need to write down the value
of the franchise to $30m. The asset will share in any additional impairment after the writeoff of goodwill. The restored vehicles have a realisable value higher than their cost and
should not be written down at all.
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Overview
Objective
INTRODUCTION
EXPLORATION
AND EVALUATION
ASSETS
Recognition
Measurement
Measurement after initial recognition
Changes in accounting policy
Classification
DISCLOSURE
IMPAIRMENT
When to test
How to test
Impairment loss
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Information
Introduction
1.1
Therefore, different accounting treatments have been established in the industry (e.g.
in the UK there is a Statement of Recommended Practice, SORP).
1.2
Main features
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1.3
Objective
1.4
Scope
1.4.1
IFRS 6
Commentary
The scope of IFRS 6 is, therefore, very narrow.
1.4.2
Overview of phases
Pre Expense
(usually)
Exploration &
evaluation
IFRS 6
Post IAS 38
Commentary
The post-exploration and evaluation phase is also called the construction phase.
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1.4.3
Implications
Entities must develop separate accounting policies for costs incurred in each
of the phases. They must therefore be able to identify them separately.
IFRS 6 does not give any examples of pre-exploration and evaluation costs.
However, these would include:
Commentary
Such costs are expensed as research costs.
Commentary
Because the scope of IFRS 6 is intentionally narrow, the terms in the
standard are tightly defined, as follows.
1.5
Definitions
Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources the search for mineral
resources (oil, gas) after the entity has obtained legal rights to explore in a
specific area, including the determination of the technical feasibility and
commercial viability of extracting mineral resource.
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2.1
Recognition
The policy specifying which expenditures are assets must be applied consistently.
Commentary
There is nothing new in this principle. However, it is likely to change current practices.
For example, an oil company may currently classify a cost as asset or expense depending
on the probability of a successful outcome (e.g. a cost incurred in Middle East may be
classified as asset if the probability of success is 50% or more; the same cost classified
as expense where incurred in a region with probability of success being less than 50%).
Under IFRS 6 costs must be capitalised or expensed consistently, regardless of where they
are incurred. However, if the probability of success is less than 50% then this may give
rise to an impairment test on those assets.
2.2
Measurement
Initially at cost.
Commentary
This list is not exhaustive. For example, administrative and other general overheads
(e.g. payroll-related costs) should be included if considered to be directly
attributable and included in inventory or intangible assets (under IAS 2 or IAS 38
respectively). Where exploration and evaluation assets are qualifying assets
borrowing costs may also be capitalised (IAS 23).
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Obligations for removal and restoration must also be recognised (IAS 37), but
only where incurred as a consequence of having undertaken the exploration
and evaluation. (IFRIC 1 also applies.)
Commentary
This is likely to be a change to current practice where such costs are
expensed when paid or accrued on a unit of production basis.
2.3
Apply either:
cost model; or
revaluation model.
2.3.1
Cost model
Exploration and evaluation assets are depreciated when available for use. For example, a
licence may be amortised on a straight-line or unit of production basis.
2.3.2
Revaluation model
Commentary
The distinction is important. Remember that there must be an active market
to revalue an intangible asset.
Activity 1
Suggest three reasons why it is unlikely that an entity would apply a revaluation
model to exploration and evaluation assets.
Solution
(1)
(2)
(3)
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2.4
Commentary
Under IFRS 6, an entity can change its accounting policy for the better, without
achieving full compliance with IAS 8 criteria. So, for example, an entity that currently
capitalises exploration and evaluation expenditure can change to expense all such
costs. However, an entity should not change to a capitalisation model from an
expense model (because expensing these costs provides more reliable information and
is more consistent with The Framework definitions).
2.5
Classification
Exploration and evaluation assets must be tested for impairment and any loss
recognised as an expense, before reclassification.
Commentary
Assessment is required even if there are no impairment indicators. However,
impairment at this stage is likely to be rare if the decision to move to the
construction phase has been taken.
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Impairment
3.1
When to test
Commentary
Apart from expiry of rights these indicators are all based on management information
and decisions that are capable of being monitored. The list is not exhaustive. Other
external indicators might include a fall in commodity price or changes in tax or other
regulations (e.g. the introduction of environmental legislation).
There is no requirement to test for impairment at the end of every reporting period.
3.2
How to test
An entity must have a policy for allocating exploration and evaluation assets
to one or more cash-generating units (CGUs).
Commentary
Where possible assets should be tested separately, otherwise by consideration of a CGU.
Aggregation of CGUs is permitted, however the level of aggregation must be specified.
Impairment is most likely to be assessed on value in use. (Cash flow projections in the
industry are usually longer than five-year budgets approved by management (IAS 36).)
Commentary
Only if value in use is less than carrying value is it then necessary to consider
fair value less costs to sell.
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3.3
Impairment loss
Disclosure
4.1
Information
An entity must disclose information that explains the amounts recognised in the financial
statements arising from the exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources.
Illustration 1
Exploration, evaluation and development expenditure (extract)
In line with IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources, exploration and evaluation
expenditure has been capitalised as an intangible asset in respect of each area of interest. This
expenditure includes:
Acquisition of rights to explore;
Topographical, geological, geochemical and geophysical studies;
Exploratory drilling;
Trenching;
Sampling; and
Activities in relation to evaluating the technical feasibility
and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource.
Capitalisation of exploration and evaluation expenditure commences on the acquisition of a right to
explore a specific area or evaluate a mineral resource, either by means of the acquisition of an exploration
licence or an option to a mineral right and ceases either on the acquisition of a mining lease or mineral
production right in respect of that specific area or mineral resource or the making of a decision by
management of the Group as to the technical feasibility or economic viability of conducting mining
operations in that specific area or extracting the mineral resource being evaluated.
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Assets are assessed for impairment when facts and circumstances suggest that
impairment may arise.
describe the method of accounting specified by the IASB for the exploration
for and evaluation of mineral resources.
Activity solution
Solution 1 Revaluation model
Solution
(1)
(2)
The revaluation model has to be applied to all assets in the same class. This
will be particularly difficult as the class of exploration and evaluation
assets will not be made up of homogeneous items.
(3)
The lack of market values will make it difficult to determine fair value.
(4)
(5)
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Overview
Objectives
To explain the accounting rules for the recognition and measurement of provisions.
INTRODUCTION
RECOGNITION
MEASUREMENT
Background
Objective
Scope
Terminology
Provisions vs contingent liabilities
Provisions
Recognition issues
Contingent assets and liabilities
General rules
Specific points
APPLICATION OF THE
RULES TO SPECIFIC
CIRCUMSTANCES
DOUBLE ENTRY
IAS 37 guidance
Changes in provisions
DISCLOSURES
DECOMMISSIONING
COSTS
Provisions
Contingent liabilities
Contingent assets
Prejudicial information
Background
Recognition
Measurement
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REPAIRS AND
MAINTENANCE
Refurbishment No
legislative
requirement
Refurbishments
legislative
requirement
Introduction
1.1
Background
Provisions were created with a debit to expense and credit to the statement of
financial position. Such credits could increase liabilities (e.g. a provision for repairs
and renewals) or decrease assets (e.g. a provision for bad and doubtful debts).
Because of the lack of prescription in this area provisions could be made, not made, or
unmade to suit managements needs based largely on intent. Provisions were created in a
good year and later released to smooth profits. These big bath or rainy day
provisions were so called because they could be used for any and every purpose.
Commentary
Provisions were often made for one purpose and used for another.
Illustration 1
In 1999 an investor considered an investment in one of two comparable companies:
Company A
Results
Company B
1996
1997
1998
1996
1997
1998
$000
$000
$000
$000
$000
$000
2,500
3,200
3,700
6,500
1,100
7,500
Results
The higher profits in 1998 in Company B look more attractive but a risk averse
investor would be influenced by the possible repetition of poor performance in 1997.
The trend of rising profits in Company A gives an impression of quality earnings that
may contribute to supporting a higher share price.
Suppose now that, instead of publishing its results as above, Company B decided, in
1996, to restructure its operations and provide for potential costs of $3m and, in 1997,
decided that restructuring was no longer necessary. Its result would be reported as:
Original
Provision
1996
1997
1998
$000
$000
$000
6,500
1,100
7,500
(3,000)
Release of provision
Revised results
3,000
3,500
4,100
7,500
Now company B shows the investor the steadily increasing profits he is looking for.
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Diverse approaches to the recognition and measurement of provisions were found in the
absence of regulation. This reduced the comparability of financial statements and
affected, in particular, earnings per share, as a stock market indicator.
Illustration 2
On closure of its surface mines, a mining company reinstated the soil excavated and
restores the surface with topsoil replacement and landscaping. In the absence of an
accounting standard the company could:
(i)
(ii)
make some disclosure about the likelihood of future costs for restoration;
(iii)
(iv)
The most commonly used and accepted accounting practice was (ii) on the grounds that
it was consistent with the concepts of accruals and prudence.
Defining a provision as a liability (in accordance with The Framework) made a further
standard necessary to prescribe the accounting treatment for the loss in value
(impairment) of assets that was not otherwise dealt with.
Commentary
IAS 36 Impairment of Assets was issued simultaneously with IAS 37.
1.2
Objective
To ensure that appropriate recognition criteria and measurement bases are applied to:
provisions;
contingent assets; and
contingent liabilities.
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1.3
Scope
The rules apply to all provisions and contingencies except for those covered
by more specific requirements in other IFRSs, for example:
The standard addresses only provisions that are liabilities (i.e. not provisions
for depreciation, doubtful debts, etc).
Commentary
Such provisions which write-down the carrying amounts of assets are allowances.
1.4
Terminology
A liability is a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of
which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying
economic benefits.
An obligating event is an event that creates a legal or constructive obligation that results
in an entity having no realistic alternative to settling that obligation.
Commentary
This is a key concept in the IAS 37 approach to the recognition of provisions.
a contract;
legislation; or
other operation of law (e.g. in a court of law).
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the entity has indicated to other parties that it will accept certain
responsibilities by:
as a result of the above the entity has created a valid expectation on the
part of those other parties that it will discharge those responsibilities.
Commentary
The definitions of legal and constructive obligations reinforce the strict interpretation
which IAS 37 now requires in order for an entity to recognise a provision.
A contingent liability is
A possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will
be confirmed only on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more
uncertain future events that are not wholly within the control of the entity; or
A present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognised because:
Commentary
IAS 37 stresses that an entity will be unable to measure an obligation with
sufficient reliability only on very rare occasions.
A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence
will be confirmed only on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain
future events not wholly within the control of the entity.
An onerous contract is one in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations
exceed the economic benefits expected to be received from it.
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1.5
In a general sense all provisions are contingent because they are uncertain in
timing or amount.
IAS 37 distinguishes between the two by using the term contingent for
assets and liabilities that are not recognised because their existence will be
confirmed only on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain
future events not wholly within the control of the entity.
Contingent liabilities which are not recognised because they are either:
possible obligations; or
present obligations, which cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.
Commentary
The introduction of IAS 37 no longer allows provisions to be set up for future
events and hence helps stop the abuse of provisions in creative accounting
for the smoothing of reported profits.
Recognition
2.1
Provisions
If these conditions are not met a provision should not be recognised. (The
liability is then disclosed as a contingent liability.)
Commentary
IAS 37 specifically notes that it does not deal with the classification of the
debit balance, which arises on the recognition of a provision. It goes on to
say that it neither prohibits nor requires capitalisation of the costs
recognised when a provision is made. (IFRIC Interpretation 1 provides
guidance on how to account for the effect of changes in the measurement of
existing decommissioning, restoration and similar liabilities however, this
is not examinable.)
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Illustration 3
Provisions
Provisions are recognised when the Group has a present legal or constructive
obligation as a result of past events, and it is probable that the Group will be
required to settle that obligation. Provisions are measured at managements
best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the reporting
date, and are discounted to present value where the effect is material.
Annual report 2012
2.2
Recognition issues
A present obligation exists when the entity has no realistic alternative but to make
the transfer of economic benefits because of a past event, (the obligating event).
Illustration 4 Warranties
A manufacturer gives warranties at the time of sale to purchasers of its product. Under
the terms of the contract for sale the manufacturer undertakes to make good, by repair
or replacement, manufacturing defects that become apparent within three years from
the date of sale. Based on past experience, it is probable (i.e. more likely than not) that
there will be some claims under the warranties.
Present obligation Yes, the sale of the product with a warranty gives rise to a legal
obligation.
Probable settlement Yes, for the warranties as a whole.
Conclusion A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the costs of making
good under the warranty products sold before the end of the reporting period.
(Measurement is considered later.)
Commentary
Unless otherwise stated, the Illustrations in this session assume that a reliable estimate can be
made. So, for these warranties, all three of the recognition criteria have been met and
therefore a provision is recognised in the financial statements. The estimate of the provision is
based on past experience and on evidence from events occurring after the reporting period.
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In rare cases it is not clear whether there is a present obligation. In these cases a
past event should be deemed to give rise to a present obligation when it is more
likely than not that a present obligation exists at the end of the reporting period.
Commentary
Clearly this is a matter for judgement after taking into account all available evidence.
Illustration 5
Nine people die after a banquet in July 2011, possibly as a result of food poisoning.
Legal proceedings are started seeking damages from the catering company which
disputes liability. Up to the date of approval of the financial statements for the year to
31 December 2011, the caterers lawyers advise that it is probable that the caterers will
not be found liable. However, when preparing the financial statements for the year
ended 31 December 2012, the lawyers advise that, owing to the development of the
case, it is probable that the caterers will be found liable.
At 31 December 2011
Present obligation No, on the basis of the evidence available when the financial
statements were approved, there is no obligation as a result of past events.
Conclusion No provision is recognised. The matter is disclosed as a contingent
liability unless the probability of any settlement is regarded as remote.
At 31 December 2012
Present obligation Yes, on the basis of the evidence available, there is a present
obligation.
Probable settlement Yes
Conclusion A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the amount needed to
settle the present obligation.
Commentary
Year ended 31 December 2011: Based on the advice of experts, there was not considered
to be a present obligation as the chances of the entity being successfully sued was unlikely.
The first recognition criterion was not met, so no provision could be made
Year ended 31 December 2012: New evidence has come to light which resulted in the
experts advising that it is likely that the entity will be found liable. Now all three criteria
have been met and a provision must be recognised in the financial statements.
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An obligating event exists when the entity has no realistic alternative but to
make the transfer of economic benefits. This may be due to:
legal obligations; or
constructive obligations.
Commentary
An example of a constructive obligation is a retail store that habitually refunds purchases
made by dissatisfied customers even though it is under no legal obligation to do so, but
could not change its policy without incurring unacceptable damage to its reputation.
Provisions are not made for general business risks since they do not give rise
to obligations that exist at the end of the reporting period.
It is not necessary to know the identity of the party to whom the obligation is
owed in order for an obligation to exist.
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2.3
These should not be recognised. They are dependent on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an uncertain future event not wholly within the control of the entity.
Commentary
It follows that they are not obligations which exists at the end of the reporting period.
Measurement
3.1
General rules
The amount provided should be the best estimate at the end of the reporting period of
the expenditure required to settle the obligation. The amount is often expressed as:
The best estimate may derive from the judgement of management supplemented by:
the use of the most likely outcome in situations where a single obligation
is being measured (as long as there is no evidence to indicate that the
liability will be materially higher or lower than this amount).
Factors to be taken into account when deciding on the size of the obligation
include:
the time value of money (the amount provided should be the present
value of the expected cash flows using a pre-tax discount rate);
change in legislation;
improvements in technology;
prudence.
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Worked example 1
Alfa sells goods with a warranty under which customers are covered for the cost of
repairing any manufacturing defects discovered within the first 12 months after
purchase. If minor defects were detected in all products sold, repair costs of $100,000
would result. If major defects were detected in all products sold, repair costs of
$400,000 would result. Alfas past experience and future expectations indicate that, for
the coming year, of the goods sold:
75% will have no defects;
20% will have minor defects; and
5% will have major defects.
Required:
Calculated the amount to be provided in the financial statements in respect of the
warranty claims.
Worked solution 1
The expected value of the cost of repairs is:
(75% 0) + (20% 100,000) + (5% 400,000) = $40,000
Commentary
An entity should assess the probability of the outflow for the warranty obligations as a whole.
Activity 1
Jallopy, a car manufacturer, makes and sells vehicles with warranty contracts that
provide for the replacement or repair of manufacturing defects discovered within the
first year after manufacture. It estimates that 5% of vehicles sold will require a minor
repair, costing $50 per vehicle; 10% of vehicles sold will require an average repair
costing $80 per vehicle; 3% will require a major repair costing $140 per vehicle. The
remaining vehicles are not expected to require any warranty repairs.
During the last year, 140,000 vehicles were sold under warranty.
Required:
Calculated the amount to be provided in the financial statements in respect of the
warranty claims.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1711
Proforma solution
Expected number of vehicles
Repair cost
Expected cost
________
Worked example 2
Beeta has an obligation to restore the seabed for the damage it has caused in the past.
It has $1 million cash to pay on 31 December 2014 relating to this liability. Beetas
management consider that 15% is an appropriate discount rate. The time value of
money is considered to be material.
Required:
Calculate the amount to be provided at 31 December 2012 for the costs of
restoring the seabed.
Worked solution 2
The present value of the provision is
1 million
= $756,144
1.15 1.15
3.2
Specific points
Gains from the expected disposal should not be taken into account when
measuring a provision.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1712
Activity 2
Cee has an obligation to restore environmental damage in the area surrounding its
factory. Expert advice indicates that the restoration will be carried out in two distinct
phases; the first phase requiring expenditure of $2 million to remove the contaminated
soil from the area and the second phase, commencing three years later, to replant the
area with suitable trees and vegetation. The estimated cost of replanting is $3.5
million. Cee uses a cost of capital (before taxation) of 10% and the expenditure, when
incurred, will attract tax relief at the companys marginal tax rate of 30%. Cee has not
recognised any provision for such costs in the past and todays date is 31 December
2012. The first phase of the clean up will commence in a few months time and will be
completed on 31 December 2013 when the first payment of $2 million will be made.
Phase 2 costs will be paid three years later.
Required:
Calculate the amount to be provided at 31 December 2012 for the restoration
costs.
Solution
Year
Cash flow
10% discount
factor
Present
value
_______
Provision required at 31 December 2012
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1713
Double entry
4.1
IAS 37 guidance
IAS 37 gives detailed guidance on the recognition and measurement of provisions but
it does not give guidance on the treatment of the debit entries on initial recognition
(nor on the other side of the entry on subsequent measurement).
Commentary
The debit entry arising on initial recognition of a provision may be an expense or
an asset depending on circumstance. In order for the transaction to be treated as
an asset it would have to give rise to future economic benefits.
4.2
Changes in provisions
IAS 37 requires that provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and
adjusted to reflect current best estimates. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of
resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the
provision should be reversed.
Commentary
A provision can be used only for expenditures that relate to the matter for which
the provision was initially recognised.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1714
4,631,935
4,631,935
31 December 2012
Measurement of the provision
1
$10m
= 5,002,490
9
(1 0.08)
Presented as follows:
5,002,490
Carried forward
Provision
Dr Expense
Cr Provision
370,555
370,555
31 December 2013
Measurement of the provision
1
$10m
= 5,402,689
8
(1 0.08)
Presented as follows:
Balance brought forward
Borrowing cost (unwinding of the discount)
(8% 5,002,490)
$
5,002,490
400,199
5,402,689
Carried forward
Provision
Dr Expense
Cr Provision
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
$
4,631,935
370,555
400,199
400,199
1715
Decommissioning costs
5.1
Background
Such costs are described as decommissioning costs or removal and restoration costs.
5.2
Recognition
A provision for these costs should be recognised as soon as an obligating event occurs.
This might be at the start of the contract.
Illustration 7
Eta-oil operates an offshore oilfield where its licensing agreement requires it to remove
the oil rig at the end of production and restore the seabed. Ninety percent of the
eventual costs relate to the removal of the oil rig and restoration of damage caused by
building it, and ten per cent arise through the extraction of oil. At the end of the
reporting period, the rig has been constructed but no oil has been extracted.
Present obligation Yes. The construction of the oil rig creates a legal obligation
under the terms of the licence to remove the rig and restore the seabed and is thus an
obligating event. At the end of the reporting period, however, there is no obligation to
rectify the damage that will be caused by extraction of the oil.
Probable settlement Yes
Conclusion A provision is recognised for the best estimate of 90% of the eventual
costs that relate to the removal of the oil rig and restoration of damage caused by
building it. These costs are included as part of the cost of the oil rig. The 10% that
arise through the extraction of oil are recognised as a liability when the oil is extracted.
Commentary
Note that IAS 16 specifically includes the estimated cost of dismantling and
removing an asset and restoring the site, to the extent that it is recognised as
a provision under IAS 37 as a component of cost.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1716
5.3
Measurement
4,631,935
4,631,935
31 December 2012
Measurement of the provision
1
$10m
= 5,002,490
9
(1 0.08)
Presented as follows:
$
4,631,935
370,555
Carried forward
5,002,490
Profit or
loss
Provision
Dr Expense
Cr Provision
370,555
Asset
Dr Expense
Cr Accumulated depreciation
463,193
370,555
370,555
463,193
463,193
4,631,935 1/10
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
833,748
1717
$
5,002,490
400,199
Carried forward
5,402,689
Profit or
loss
Provision
Dr Expense
Cr Provision
400,199
Asset
Dr Depreciation expense
Cr Accumulated depreciation
463,193
400,199
400,199
463,193
463,193
863,392
Commentary
Accounting for changes in accounting estimates associated with existing decommissioning
(and similar) costs (e.g. the timing of the future expense, its amount, the appropriate
discount factor) is prescribed by IFRIC Interpretation 1 and is not examinable.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1718
6.1
An expectation of future losses is an indication that the assets of the entity may
be impaired. Assets should be tested for impairment according to IAS 36.
Commentary
However, to the extent that a loss is not avoidable because it amounts to an
onerous contract, provision should be made (see next).
6.2
Onerous contracts
If an entity has a contract that is onerous the present obligation under that
contract should be recognised as a provision.
Commentary
A lump sum provision is required for the entire remaining lease payments,
discounted appropriately.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1719
6.3
6.3.1 Examples
A provision for a liability to restructure can only be recognised when the general
recognition criteria are met. These are applied as follows.
Commentary
If there is a long delay before the plan will be implemented then it is unlikely that the
plan will raise a valid expectation that the entity is committed to the restructuring.
has raised a valid expectation that it will carry out the restructuring by starting
to implement the plan or by announcing its main features to those effected by it.
No obligation arises for the sale of an operation until there is a binding sales agreement.
Provisions for restructuring should include only those expenditures that are both:
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1720
Commentary
No obligation arises for the closure of a division until there is a detailed plan for
closure. For this to happen, a commitment to the closure must have been made
and have been communicated to those who this decision will affect. After this point
the decision cannot be reversed and the closure will go ahead.
The assets of the operation must be reviewed for impairment, under IAS 36.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1721
7.1
Illustration 11
A lime kiln has a lining that needs to be replaced every ten years for technical reasons.
At the end of the reporting period, the lining has been used for seven years.
Present obligation There is no present obligation.
Conclusion No provision is recognised.
Commentary
The replacement of the lime kiln lining is a future event which needs consideration, but
there is no past event which results in a present obligation. The cost of replacing the
lining can be avoided by the entitys future actions (e.g. deciding not to continue to
operate the kiln). In this case, the first recognition criterion is not met and therefore no
provision can be recognised.
IAS 16 offers an alternative treatment to entities with this kind of problem, (see Session 8,
section 4.3). In this Illustration the cost of the lining is capitalised separately from the cost
of the furnace and then depreciated over ten years. This results in the cost of the lining
being spread over its useful economic life rather the costs being charged to profit or loss in
a single accounting period. This applies the matching concept in a way which meets the
IASBs Framework recognition criteria (as the costs have already been incurred).
7.2
Illustration 12
A national rail network is required by law to overhaul its locomotives once every four
years.
Present obligation There is no present obligation
Conclusion No provision is recognised.
Commentary
The costs of overhauls are not recognised as a provision for the same reasons as the cost
of replacing the lining is not recognised as a provision in the previous illustration. Even
a legal requirement to overhaul does not make the costs of overhaul a liability, because
no obligation exists to overhaul the asset independently of the entitys future actions the
entity could avoid the future expenditure by its future actions, for example by selling the
locomotives.
Instead of a provision being recognised, the depreciation of the asset takes account of the
future incidence of maintenance costs, i.e. an amount equivalent to the expected
maintenance costs is depreciated over four years.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1722
Disclosures
8.1
The carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period with movements
by type including:
A brief description of the nature of the obligation and expected timing of the expenditure.
An indication of the nature of the uncertainties about the amount or timing of the outflows;
Illustration 13
Restructuring
Traderelated
commitments
Litiga
tions
Personnel
commitments
Miscellaneous
Total
million
million
million
million
million
million
million
281
129
1,028
907
1,729
371
5,348
Taxes
Environmental
protection
million
903
2
(1)
(29)
(28)
Additions
553
54
357
1,051
540
1,328
164
4,047
Utilization
(359)
(33)
(57)
(829)
(731)
(1,077)
(162)
(3,248)
Reversal
(97)
(16)
(11)
(58)
(56)
(67)
(43)
(348)
Interest cost
23
27
Exchange differences
(3)
12
25
27
11
(3)
69
1,002
287
430
1,217
687
1,946
298
5,867
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1723
8.2
Contingent liabilities
For each class of contingent liability, unless the contingency is remote, disclose:
Illustration 14
The company is being sued in the USA for damages of $5
million in respect of the sale of allegedly faulty goods.
The directors do not expect to lose the case and therefore
no provision has been recognised, for these costs, in the
financial statements.
8.3
Contingent assets
For each class of contingent asset, when the inflow of economic benefits is
probable, disclose:
8.4
Prejudicial information
recognise a provision;
explain the general nature of the provision; and
explain the fact, and reason why, that information has not been disclosed.
Illustration 15
Litigation is in progress against the company relating to a dispute with a competitor who
alleges that the company has infringed patents and is seeking damages of 70 million. The
information usually required by IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets is
not disclosed on the grounds that it can be expected to prejudice seriously the outcome of
the litigation. The directors are of the opinion that the claim can be successfully resisted
by the company.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1724
Restructuring provisions can include only directly related expenses (must exclude
ongoing costs).
The debit entry for a provision is usually an expense but may be part of the cost of
an asset.
A provision can only be used for the purpose for which it was recognised.
If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the
obligation, the provision should be reversed.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1725
Focus
You should now be able to:
define provisions, legal and constructive obligations, past events and the transfer of
economic benefits;
state when provisions may and may not be made, and how they should be accounted for;
define contingent assets and liabilities give examples and describe their accounting
treatment;
onerous contracts;
environmental and similar provisions;
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1726
Activity solutions
Solution 1 Expected value calculation
Expected number of vehicles
Repair cost
5% 140,000 = 7,000
10% 140,000 = 14,000
3% 140,000 = 4,200
50
80
140
Expected cost
350,000
1,120,000
588,000
________
2,058,000
Commentary
An expected value is a long-run average so would not be suitable for
single obligations where a most likely outcome should be determined.
2013
2016
Cash flow
10% discount
factor
2,000,000
3,500,000
0.909
0.683
Present
value
1,818,000
2,390,500
________
Provision required at 31 December 2012
4,208,500
Commentary
The provision is calculated using the pre-tax costs and a pre-tax cost of
capital. The fact that the eventual payment will attract tax relief will be
reflected in the recognition of a deferred tax asset for the deductible
temporary difference (assuming that the recognition criteria for deferred tax
assets are met).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1727
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1728
Overview
Objectives
To prescribe the accounting treatment in respect of employment and postemployment benefit costs and the disclosures that should be made.
EMPLOYEE
BENEFITS
POSTEMPLOYMENT
BENEFITS
DEFINED
CONTRIBUTION
PLANS
Introduction
Recognition and
measurement
Disclosure
Key problem
Objective
Scope
Terminology
Short-term benefits
Long-term benefits
Termination benefits
Arrangements
Terminology
DEFINED
BENEFIT PLANS
PRESENTATION
AND
DISCLOSURE
Presentation
Disclosure
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
Definitions
Role of an actuary
Accounting principles
Recognition and
measurement
SUNDRY
GUIDANCE
1801
Employee benefits
1.1
Key problem
Cost to employer needs to be matched with benefits derived from employees services.
1.2
Objective
an expense when the entity consumes the economic benefit arising from
service provided by an employee in exchange for employee benefits.
Commentary
Accounting for retirement benefit costs causes particular problems because
payments made by a company into a pension plan fluctuate significantly from
one year to the next. However, accounting is relatively straightforward
where pension plans are unfunded (i.e. financed by provisions).
1.3
Scope
IAS 19 applies to all employee benefits except share-based payments (to which IFRS 2
applies).
post-employment benefits (e.g. pensions, other retirement benefits, postemployment life insurance and post-employment medical care);
termination benefits.
The standard does not deal with reporting by employee benefit plans.
Commentary
And IAS 26 is outside the scope of the Diploma syllabus.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1802
1.4
Terminology
Short-term employee benefits those which are expected to be settled within twelve
months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service
(other than termination benefits).
Other long-term employee benefits are all employee benefits other than shortterm employee benefits, post-employment benefits and termination benefits.
pool the assets contributed by various entities that are not under
common control; and
use those assets to provide benefits to employees of more than one entity.
Commentary
Contribution and benefit levels are determined without regard to the identity
of the entity that employs the employees concerned. Multi-employer benefit
schemes are excluded from the syllabus.
1.5
Short-term benefits
1.5.1
Types
The following are examples if expected to be settled wholly within twelve months
after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service:
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1803
1.5.2
a liability (accrued expense), after deducting any amount already paid; and
an expense (unless another IAS requires or permits the inclusion of
the benefits in the cost of an asset).
Commentary
Tthe entity must account for the expense on an accruals basis.
1.6
Long-term benefits
1.6.1
Types
1.6.2
Illustration 1
A company provides senior executives with long-term disability benefits. The amount
of benefit depends on the length of service. The companys obligation arises when the
service is rendered. This is measured based on the probability that payment will be
made and the length of time for which payment is expected to be made.
The same company provides all other employees with disability benefits regardless of
length of service. The expected cost of those benefits is recognised only when an event
occurs that causes a long-term disability.
1.7
Termination benefits
Commentary
This term does not cover any benefits if the employee terminates their
employment other than in response to an offer of termination.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1804
1.7.1
Types
Salary to the end of a notice period during which the employee renders no
service (e.g. gardening leave).
1.7.2
when the entity cannot withdraw the offer of benefits (e.g. because
it is accepted by the employee); or
on recognizing a restructuring (under IAS 37) involving termination
payments, if earlier.
Post-employment benefits
2.1
Arrangements
Arrangements whereby an entity provides post-employment benefits are postemployment benefit plans.
An entity may or may not establish a separate entity to receive contributions and to
pay benefits, though it is convenient to think of the plan as a separate entity.
THE ENTITY
Transfer of
cash (funding)
THE PLAN
Payment of post
retirement benefits
EMPLOYEE
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1805
2.2
Classification
Commentary
It is the employee who is exposed to the risk of losses.
Defined benefit plans are those other than defined contribution plans.
Commentary
The risk of further obligations is to the employer. Defined benefit plans are
managed by fiduciaries (i.e. trustees) and underwritten by the sponsoring employer.
3.1
Introduction
The entity must make a contribution into a separate fund. If there is no such
contribution an arrangement is classified as a defined benefit plan.
The entitys obligation is limited to the amount that it agrees to contribute to the plan.
In consequence any risks with regard to the size of the pension paid fall on the employee.
Accounting for defined contribution plans is straightforward because the reporting entitys
obligation for each period is determined by the amounts to be contributed for that period.
3.2
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1806
3.3
Disclosure
4.1
Definitions
4.1.1
The net defined benefit liability (asset) is the deficit (or surplus) adjusted for
any effect of limiting a net defined benefit asset to the asset ceiling.
The asset ceiling is the present value of available refunds from the plan or
reductions in future contributions to the plan.
The present value of a defined benefit obligation is the present value, without
deducting any plan assets, of expected future payments required to settle the
obligation resulting from employee service in the current and prior periods.
Commentary
In brief, such assets are held by a separate legal entity and are not available
to the reporting entitys own creditors (even in bankruptcy).
4.1.2
Current service cost is the increase in the present value of the defined benefit
obligation resulting from employee service in the current period.
Past service cost is the change in the present value of a defined benefit obligation for
employee service in prior periods resulting from a plan amendment or curtailment.
Commentary
Total service cost is the sum of current and past service cost and any settlement gain or loss.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1807
Net interest on the net defined liability (asset) (see later) is the change during
a period in the net defined liability (asset) that arises from the passage of time
(i.e. because the benefits are one period closer to settlement).
Commentary
This will be referred to as net interest throughout the remainder of this session.
Actuarial gains and losses are changes in the present value of the defined
benefit obligation resulting from:
Return on plan assets includes interest, dividends, gains, etc net of losses,
management fees and taxes (if any).
4.2
Role of an actuary
The entitys obligation is to provide the agreed benefits to current employees. There is a
risk that the plan will be insufficient to pay the agreed pension to the employee (and
therefore the entity) will have to provide for any shortfall (e.g. where an employee is
guaranteed a specified return).
The entity will set cash aside which is then invested to earn a return and this will then grow,
hopefully, to enable the entity to meet its future obligations.
The estimation of the amount to set aside is very difficult. Usually companies will use the
services of an actuary (an expert in post-retirement benefits). The actuary performs
calculations using estimates (actuarial assumptions) of all the variables which will affect
the growth of assets and liabilities. These include financial assumptions and demographic
assumptions:
The actuary then advises how much needs to set aside, the current service cost in order to
meet the obligation. This is usually stated as a percentage of salary and is usually paid to
the plan on a monthly basis.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1808
The actuary does not guarantee his estimates. This means that the value of the plan assets
and liabilities at the end of each reporting period will be different to that forecast at the last
actuarial valuation. IAS 19 prescribes how to account for such differences.
Balance at beginning
Contributions
Improvements to benefits
Actual less expected return on assets *
Changes in assumptions underlying
present value *
Experience losses *
Expected return on assets
Interest on liabilities
Benefits paid
Current service cost
Balance at end
Assets
Liabilities
Surplus
$
962
25
480
$
(758)
(12)
$
204
25
(12)
480
73
(52)
(146)
(58)
(53)
52
(34)
(146)
(58)
73
(53)
(34)
_______
_______
1,488
(1,009)
_______
_______
_______
479
_______
Commentary
The above would be done by an actuary. Components of actuarial gains/losses
include the asterisked (*) items (i.e. actual less expected return on assets, changes
in assumptions and experience losses). Experience losses would include, for
example, the decline in value of the plans securities. The current service cost
would be given to you in an examination question.
4.3
Accounting principles
At the end of each reporting period the assets and liabilities are valued and
the entity recognises the net liability (or, more rarely, the net asset) in the
statement of financial position.
Commentary
This seems a little strange at first. The entity is recognising a net liability of a separate
legal entity. But remember that the ultimate obligation to the employees is owed by the
entity. The plan is merely a vehicle which allows the entity to meet this obligation. In
substance the assets and liabilities of the plan are a special area of the entitys own
statement of financial position even though they are held by a separate entity.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1809
Illustration 3
The following information relates to the assets and liabilities of the retirement benefit
plan of entity X. (This is not a summary of Xs statement of financial position but that
of the plan.)
2012
2013
$m
100
$m
110
(120)
(135)
(20)
(25)
$20m
$25m
If X had made a payment of $1m to the plan in 2013 the full journal would be:
Dr Profit or loss
5
1
4.4
(b)
the amount of the net defined benefit liability (asset) being (a) as
adjusted for any effect of the asset ceiling (see later);
(c)
(d)
Commentary
IAS 19 (amended 2012) now prescribes only one method of accounting for a net
defined benefit liability (or asset) and any actuarial gains or losses.
4.4.1
If the net amount is an asset, the amount to be recognised is limited to the lower of:
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1810
4.4.2
Profit or loss
The following costs are included in profit or loss (unless another standard
requires them to be included in the cost of an asset):
Past service cost (i.e. the change in the present value of the defined benefit
liability caused by an amendment to the plan or a curtailment) is recognised
as an expense at the earlier of:
Commentary
An amendment is when benefits payable are changed and a curtailment is when
the number of employees covered by a plan is significantly reduced.
4.4.3
4.4.4
In a funded scheme the trustees invest contributions into various assets (e.g.
property, shares, debt assets and cash).
IFRS 13 applies to the measurement of the fair value of the plan assets. If no
market price is available fair value should be estimated (e.g. by discounting
expected future cash flows).
The fair value of the plan assets is deducted from the defined benefit liability
to identify the net deficit or surplus.
Commentary
One of the issues of the Enron accounting disaster was that its pension fund
included Enron equity shares as an asset. This helped prop up Enrons share
price.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1811
Illustration 4
Amicable has a defined benefit plan and a 31 December financial year end. The table
below provides information about the plan. No contributions were made to the plan or
benefits paid in 2012.
Present value of defined benefit obligation
Fair value of plan assets
Net defined benefit liability
1 January 2012
$80
$60
$20
Service cost
Discount rate (high quality corporate bond yield)
Expected rate of return on plan assets
31 December 2012
$120
$70
$50
$20
3%
5%
50
20
0.6
______
Profit or loss
Other comprehensive income:
Remeasurements (W2)
20.6
9.4
______
30
______
WORKINGS
(1)
3% $20 net defined benefit liability at 1 January 2012 (i.e. $60 $80).
(2)
80
20
2.4
17.6 to balance
_____
Closing liability
120
_____
60
10
to balance
____
Closing asset
70
____
Net interest on opening plan asset is $1.8 ($60 3%) and so increase in plan
assets due to remeasurement is $8.2 ($10 $1.8).
Net remeasurement is $9.4 ($17.6 - $8.2).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1812
Commentary
Remember that the plan assets and liabilities are not included in the reporting entitys
books. Therefore entries will need to be made to record the movement in the net
defined benefit liability (asset) and account for any contribution which can be
summarised as follows:
Dr
Dr
Profit or loss
Other comprehensive income
Cr Cash (contribution)
Cr Net defined benefit liability (50 20)
20.6
9.4
30
Activity 1
Daktari provides a defined benefit pension scheme for its employees. The following
information relates to the balances on the funds assets and liabilities at the beginning
and end of the year and the year ending 31 December 2012:
1 Jan
1,270
1,025
31 Dec
1,450
1,130
70
100
3%
5%
Required:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solution
(a)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1813
(b)
Profit or loss
Other comprehensive income:
Remeasurements (W2)
WORKINGS
(1)
(2)
Remeasurements:
Actuarial gain or loss on defined benefit liability:
Opening liability
Current service cost
Interest on opening liability
Actuarial loss
Closing liability
Closing asset
(c)
Journal entries
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1814
Other guidance
5.1
Under this method each period of service gives rise to an additional unit of benefit
entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.
Illustration 5
4. Basic principles, methods and critical accounting estimates
(extract)
Provisions for pensions and other post-employment benefits (extract)
The present value of provisions for defined benefit plans and the resulting expense are
calculated in accordance with IAS 19 (Employee Benefits) by the projected unit credit method.
The future benefit obligations are valued by actuarial methods on the basis of specific
assumptions regarding beneficiary structure and the economic environment. These relate
mainly to the discount rate, the expected return on plan assets, the rate of future compensation
increases, variations in health care costs, and attrition and mortality rates.
5.2
Discount rate
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1815
5.3
Regularity
Valuations should be carried out with sufficient regularity that the amounts
recognised in the financial statements do not differ materially from the
amounts that would be determined at the end of the reporting period.
5.4
Asset ceiling
This ceiling is the present value (discounted at the rate in 5.2 above) of future
economic benefits available in the form of:
The asset may arise in circumstances where a plan has been overfunded.
5.5
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1816
6.1
Presentation
has a legal right of offset (i.e. to use a surplus in one plan to settle
obligations in another); and
6.2
Disclosure
The characteristics of the defined benefit plan and any risks associated with
them. For example:
A description of how the defined benefit plan may affect the timing and
uncertainty of the entitys future cash flows.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1817
Illustration 6
25. Provisions for pensions and other post-employment benefits (extract)
The unfunded and funded defined benefit obligations developed as follows:
Total
Pension
obligations
million
Other post-employment
benefit obligations
2010
2011
2010
2011
15,110
16,833
821
866
(2)
(23)
193
229
33
57
Interest cost
850
831
57
45
Employee contributions
Past service cost
Plan settlements
39
38
(26)
(2)
1,169
1,218
(48)
52
Benefits paid
(809)
(859)
(62)
(57)
(5)
Plan curtailments
Exchange differences
Defined benefit obligation as of December 31
Fair value of plan assets as of January 1
281
96
63
14
16,833
18,332
866
978
9,229
10,147
304
339
(16)
553
544
26
24
139
38
15
(9)
Plan settlements
Employer contributions
Employee contributions
Benefits paid
Exchange differences
(2)
786
1,205
32
30
39
38
(809)
(859)
(62)
(57)
212
94
24
10,147
11,191
339
336
(6,686)
(7,141)
(527)
(642)
(3)
(4)
(15)
(16)
(6,699)
(7,152)
(530)
(646)
76
72
(6,775)
(7,224)
(530)
(646)
(6,699)
(7,152)
(530)
(646)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1818
Commentary
Although the above disclosures are based on IAS 19 before the 2011
amendments they are indicative of what is required.
Defined benefit: all other plans. Net defined benefit liability (asset) is the deficit
or surplus (as adjusted for the asset ceiling).
Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in full in the period in which they occur
in other comprehensive income.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1819
Focus
You should now be able to:
describe the nature of defined contribution, multi-employers and defined benefits schemes;
account for defined benefit plans including the amounts shown in the financial statements (and
notes to the accounts).
Commentary
Note that it is accounting for multi-employer benefit schemes that is excluded
from the syllabus.
Activity solution
Solution 1
(a)
(b)
320
70
7
77
Profit or loss
Other comprehensive income:
Remeasurements (W2)
98
175
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1820
WORKINGS
(1)
(2)
Remeasurements:
Actuarial gain or loss on defined benefit liability:
Opening liability
Current service cost
Interest on opening liability (1,270 3%)
Actuarial loss
to balance
1,270
70
38
72
Closing liability
1,450
1,025
100
5
1,130
Closing asset
Net interest on opening plan asset is 31 (1,025 3%) and so decrease in plan
assets due to remeasurement is 26 (5 31).
Net remeasurement is 98 (72 loss on liability + 26 loss on return).
(c)
Journal entries
Dr
Dr
Profit or loss
Other comprehensive income
Cr Cash (contribution)
Cr Net defined benefit liability (W)
77
98
100
75
WORKING
Opening net liability (1,270 1,025)
Closing net liability (as (a))
245
320
75
Increase in liability
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1821
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1822
Overview
Objective
To explain how to account for the granting of shares and share options to
executives, employees and other parties.
SHARE-BASED
PAYMENTS
TERMINOLOGY
RECOGNITION
AND
MEASUREMENT
Initial recognition
Fair value
Equity-settled transactions
Granting of equity instruments
Indirect measurement
Valuation technique
Cash-settled transactions
Share appreciation rights
DEFERRED
TAXATION
Issue
Accounting
DISCLOSURES
Purpose
Nature and extent of schemes in place
How fair value was determined
Effect of expenses arising
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1901
Share-based payments
1.1
Share plans and share option plans have become a common feature of remuneration
packages for directors, senior executives and other employees in many countries.
Commentary
Shares and share options may also be used to pay suppliers (e.g. for
professional services).
1.2
Key issues
1.3
Objective of IFRS 2
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1902
1.4
Scope
There are no exceptions, other than for transactions to which more specific
standards apply, for example:
Commentary
There are no exceptions for employee share purchase plans.
Terminology
2.1
cash (or other assets) for amounts based on the price (or value) of
equity instruments of the entity (or another group entity),
Commentary
As many entities mostly receive services (e.g. from their executives and employees)
references to goods or services are simplified to services in this session.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1903
Share option: A contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to
subscribe to shares at a fixed (or determinable) price for a specified period of time.
Vesting conditions: The conditions that must be satisfied for a person to be entitled to
receive cash, other assets or equity instruments under a share-based payment arrangement.
Commentary
Examples of vesting conditions include completion of a service period and
meeting performance targets (e.g. an increase in revenue over a period of time).
2.2
Types of transactions
Commentary
Share-based payment transactions with cash alternatives are outside the
scope of the syllabus and will not therefore be referred to again.
2.2.1
Equity-settled
2.2.2
Cash-settled
The entity acquires services by incurring liabilities for amounts that are based on
the price (or value) of equity instruments of the entity or another group entity.
3.1
Initial recognition
Commentary
Or debit an asset account.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1904
Equity
3.2
3.3
Equity-settled transactions
The fair value of the services received (and the corresponding increase in
equity) is measured either:
Direct measurement is at the date the entity receives the services (or obtains the goods).
3.3.1
Employees remuneration
Also, it may not be possible to measure the fair value of a total remuneration
package, without measuring directly the fair value of the equity instruments
granted.
Commentary
Measurement will be further complicated where equity instruments are
granted as part of a bonus arrangement (e.g. a loyalty bonus to stay with the
entity) rather than as a part of basic remuneration.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1905
3.3.2
For transactions with parties other than employees, there is a rebuttable presumption
that the fair value of the goods or services received can be estimated reliably.
That fair value is measured at the date the goods are obtained or the supplier
renders the service.
Commentary
In rare cases, if the presumption is rebutted, measurement will be indirect, at
the date the entity obtains the goods or service (rather than at the grant date).
3.3.3
If the identifiable consideration received (if any) appears to be less than the fair value
of the equity instruments granted or liability incurred, this suggests that other
consideration (i.e. unidentifiable services) has been (or will be) received.
Any unidentifiable services are measured on the grant date as the difference between
the fair values of the share-based payment and the identifiable services.
3.4
3.4.1
Unless there is evidence to the contrary, the entity presumes that services rendered by
the employee have been received. So, on grant date the entity recognises:
Commentary
Recognition is immediate when equity instruments are granted for past performance.
3.4.2
Services must then be accounted for as they are rendered by the employee
during the vesting period, with a corresponding increase in equity.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1906
Illustration 1
An employee is granted share options conditional upon completing three years of
service.
The entity presumes that the services to be rendered by the employee as consideration
for the share options will be received in the future, over that three-year vesting period.
Illustration 2
An employee is granted share options conditional upon:
Thus the length of the vesting period varies depending on when that performance
condition is satisfied. The entity therefore presumes that the services to be rendered for
the share options will be received over an expected vesting period.
3.4.3
The expected vesting period at grant date is estimated based on the most
likely outcome of the performance condition.
If the performance condition is not a market condition, the entity revises its
estimate of the length of the vesting period, if necessary.
Commentary
If subsequent information indicates that the length of the vesting period
differs from previous estimates.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1907
Worked example 1
Omega grants 120 share options to each of its 460 employees. Each grant is
conditional on the employee working for Omega over the next three years. Omega has
estimated that the fair value of each share option is $12.
Omega estimates that 25% of employees will leave during the three-year period and so
forfeit their rights to the share options.
Everything turns out exactly as expected.
Required:
Calculate the amounts to be recognised for services received as consideration for
the share options during the vesting period.
Commentary
Estimates of leavers could be made on the basis of a weighted average probability
applied to a historic pattern of leavers as adjusted for expected changes in that pattern.
Worked solution 1
Year
Calculation
1
2
3
Remuneration
expense for
period
$
Cumulative
remuneration
expense
$
165,600
165,600
165,600
331,200
165,600
496,800
Activity 1
As for Worked Example 1 except that everything does not turn out as expected.
Year 1: 25 employees leave. Omega revises its estimate of total leavers over the threeyear period from 25% (115 employees) to 20% (92 employees).
Year 2: Another 22 employees leave. Omega revises its estimate of total leavers over
the three-year period from 20% to 15% (69 employees).
Year 3: A further 13 employees leave.
Required:
Calculate the amounts to be recognised for services received as consideration for
the share options during the vesting period.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1908
Proforma solution
Year
Calculation
Remuneration
expense for
period
$
Cumulative
remuneration
expense
$
1
2
3
Worked example 2
On 1 January 2011, Kappa granted 1,000 options to an executive, conditional on his
remaining in Kappas employment for three years. The exercise price is $35, but falls
to $25 if earnings increase by 12% on average over the three-year period.
On grant date the estimated fair value of an option is:
2011 earnings increase by 14%. This increase is expected over the next two years,
giving expected exercise price of $25.
2012 earnings increase by 13%. The earnings target is still expected to be achieved.
2013 earnings increase by only 7%. The earnings target is not achieved.
On 31 December 2013 the executive completes three years service. Rights to the
1,000 options are now vested at an exercise price of $35.
Required:
Calculate the remuneration expense arising from the share options over the three
year period.
Commentary
The exercise price is the price at which the executive can buy the shares
under the option contract.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1909
Worked solution 2
Year
Calculation
Remuneration expense
Period
Cumulative
$
$
4,000
4,000
4,000
8,000
1,000
9,000
Commentary
The performance condition is not a market condition. As the condition was
not actually met in year three the exercise price will become $35 resulting in
the fair value of the option at grant date being $9.
3.5
Indirect measurement
Commentary
The measurement date is the grant date for employees and other providing
similar services. For transactions with parties other than employees it is the
date the goods are received (or the services rendered).
Vesting conditions other than market conditions are not taken into account
when estimating fair value.
Commentary
Instead, they are reflected in the estimate of the likely outcome of these conditions (i.e.
the number of instruments expected to vest. Market conditions are taken into account.
Services received measured at the grant date fair value of equity instruments granted is
the minimum amount recognised (unless the instruments do not vest due to forfeit).
Commentary
This is irrespective of any modifications to the terms and conditions on which
the equity instruments were granted, including cancellations and settlement.
3.6
Valuation technique
It is highly unlikely that market prices will be available for employee share options
because the grant terms and conditions do not apply to options that are actively traded.
Where similar traded options do not exist the fair value of options granted is
estimated by applying an options pricing model.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1910
Commentary
IFRS 2 suggests possible option-pricing models (e.g. Black-Scholes-Merton)
but does not prescribe their use.
Commentary
Option-pricing models are outside the scope of ACCAs Diploma in International
Financial Reporting Standards. If relevant, the fair value of an option will be given.
3.7
Cash-settled transactions
For cash-settled transactions, the goods or services acquired and the liability
incurred are measured at the fair value of the liability.
The liability is remeasured to fair value at the end of each reporting period, with
any changes in value recognised in profit or loss, until it is settled.
Commentary
In contrast with equity-settled where there is no remeasurement.
Where either the entity or the supplier may choose whether the entity settles
the transaction in cash or by issuing equity instruments, it is accounted for as:
3.8
The right means that the entity will be required to make a cash payment and will
therefore be required to recognise a liability based upon its estimated value.
When the rights are exercised the difference between the liability and the
cash payment will also be expensed to profit or loss.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1911
Worked example 3
On 1 January 2010 Pepco granted 60 share appreciation rights to each of its 200
employees, on condition that the employees work for Pepco until 31 December 2011.
During 2010 12 employees leave and Pepco estimates that a further 15 will leave
during 2011.
During 2011 a further 14 employees leave.
Employees exercise their rights as follows:
31 December 2011
31 December 2012
31 December 2013
Number of employees
61
77
36
The fair value of the rights at the year ends in which Pepco has a liability and the
intrinsic value of the rights are:
Fair
Intrinsic
value
value
$
$
2010
16.20
2011
18.10
15.70
2012
20.50
19.80
2013
22.00
Required:
For each of the four years calculate:
(a)
(b)
Commentary
The fair value of the share appreciation rights would be identified from using an option
pricing model. The intrinsic value is the cash value of the rights at a specific point in
time. Both these values would be provided in an examination question.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1912
Worked solution 3
Year
Calculation
2010
2011
Liability
$
Expense
$
84,078
84,078
122,718
38,640
2012
57,462
96,102
44,280
(78,348)
91,476
13,128
2013
(44,280)
47,520
3,240
Commentary
The liability is de-recognised at 31 December 2013 as the exercise period of
the rights has now lapsed. All SARS in this example were exercised.
Deferred Taxation
Commentary
This section should be left until the study of deferred tax (Session 20) has been completed.
4.1
Issue
In many jurisdictions the legislation allows for the recovery of tax for the
share option expense.
In many cases the amount of benefit will be based upon the intrinsic value of
the share and will only be available once the options have been exercised.
The intrinsic value of a share option is the difference between the exercise
price of the option and the market price of the share.
The timing difference and difference in value will give rise a deductible
temporary difference in the financial statements leading to the recognition of
a deferred tax asset in the statement of financial position, provided the IAS 12
Income Taxes recognition requirements are met.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1913
4.2
Accounting
The tax expense within the profit or loss will be credited with the double
entry to the recognition of the deferred tax asset.
The amount that can be credited within profit or loss is set as a maximum,
being the cumulative share option expense tax rate. Any additional benefit
will be credited through other comprehensive income.
Worked example 4
On 1 January 2012, Robinson granted 10,000 share options to an employee vesting two
years later on 31 December 2013. The fair value of each option measured at the grant
date was $4.
Tax legislation in the country in which the entity operates allows a tax deduction of the
intrinsic value of the options on when they are exercised. The intrinsic value of the
share options was $2.20 at December 2012 and $4.40 at 31 December 2013, at which
point the options were exercised.
Assume a tax rate of 30%.
Required:
Show the deferred tax accounting treatment of the share options in the financial
statements for the years ending 31 December 2012 and 31 December 2013.
Worked solution 4
Deferred tax asset
31 December
2012
$
0
31 December
2013
$
0
(11,000)
(11,000)
3,300
Temporary difference
Deferred tax asset @ 30%
(44,000)
(44,000)
13,200
Credit entries
Deferred tax 31 Dec 2012
Profit or loss
Other comprehensive income
3,300
0
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1914
8,700
1,200
The maximum benefit that can be credited to profit or loss is the cumulative expense charged
against profits of $40,000 (10,000 options $4) by the tax rate of 30% which is $12,000. Any
benefit above the $12,000 must be credited to other comprehensive income.
On exercise
On exercise, the deferred tax asset is replaced by a current tax one. The double entry is:
Dr Profit or loss (deferred tax expense)
Dr Other comprehensive income
Cr
Deferred tax asset
12,000
1,200
13,200
13,200
12,000
1,200
WORKING
Accounting expense recognized
Tax deduction
(10,000 $4
(10,000 $4)
(10,000 $2.20 )
(10,000 $4.40)
20,000
40,000
(11,000)
Disclosures
5.1
Purpose
(44,000)
(4,000)
1,200
how the fair value of the goods or services received, or the fair value of
the equity instruments granted, during the period was determined; and
Commentary
If the following disclosures do not satisfy these principles an entity is required to
disclose such additional information as is necessary to satisfy them.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1915
5.2
A description of each type of scheme that existed at any time during the
period.
For share options exercised during the period, the weighted average share
price at the date of exercise.
Commentary
If options were exercised on a regular basis throughout the period, the
weighted average share price during the period may be disclosed instead.
For share options outstanding at the end of the period, the range of exercise
prices and weighted average remaining contractual life.
Commentary
A wide range of exercise prices should be sub-divided meaningfully for
assessing the number and timing of additional shares that may be issued and
the cash that may be received in future.
5.3
5.3.1
Share options
The weighted average fair value of share options granted during the period at
the measurement date and information on how that fair value was measured.
5.3.2
The number and weighted average fair value of other equity instruments at
the measurement date, and information on how that fair value was measured.
5.3.3
Modifications
5.3.4
Direct measurement
Where the fair value of goods or services received during the period has been
measured directly, disclose how that fair value was determined (e.g. whether
at a market price).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1916
5.4
The total expense recognised for the period where the goods or services
received did not qualify for recognition as assets.
Separate disclosure of that portion of the total expense that arises from
equity-settled transactions.
Commentary
That is where another partys right to cash or other assets has vested by the
end of the period.
The fair value of share-based payments with a vesting period is expensed over the
vesting period.
Goods or services received for equity instruments are measured at their fair value
when received (otherwise fair value of the equity instruments).
Transactions with employees, etc are measured at the fair value of the equity
instruments granted.
(Use a model if no
market value.) Vesting conditions other than market conditions are ignored in
estimating fair value.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1917
Focus
You should now be able to:
discuss the key issue that measurement of the transaction should be based on fair value;
Activity solution
Solution 1 Description
Year
Calculation
176,640
176,640
198,720
375,360
200,640
576,000
Remuneration
expense for
period
$
Cumulative
remuneration
expense
$
Commentary
A total of 60 employees (25 + 22 + 13) forfeited their rights to the share options
during the three-year period. Therefore a total of 48,000 share options (400
employees 120 options per employee) vested at the end of year 3.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1918
Overview
Objective
INTRODUCTION
Objective
Scope
Terminology
CURRENT
TAX
RECOGNITION OF
DEFERRED TAX
LIABILITIES
The rule
Discussion
DEFERRED
TAXATION AN
INTRODUCTION
MEASUREMENT
ISSUES
Rates
Change in tax rates
Deferred tax balance
movement
Summary of approach
RECOGNITION OF
DEFERRED TAX
ASSETS
Introduction
Goodwill
Inter-company transactions
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2001
The rule
Discussion
PRESENTATION
AND
DISCLOSURE
Deferred taxation
presentation
Deferred taxation
disclosure
Introduction
1.1
Objective
The main issues addressed in IAS 12 is the accounting for the current and
future tax consequences of:
1.2
Scope
IAS 12 Income Taxes must be applied in accounting for all income taxes.
Commentary
Most of IAS 12 concerns accounting for deferred taxation.
1.3
Terminology
Accounting profit is profit or loss for a period before deducting tax expense.
Tax profit (tax loss) is the profit (loss) for a period on which income taxes are
payable (recoverable).
Commentary
As determined in accordance with the rules established by the taxation authorities.
Deferred tax liabilities are the amounts of income taxes payable in future
periods in respect of taxable temporary differences.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2002
Deferred tax assets are the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future
periods in respect of:
The tax base of an asset or liability is the amount attributed to that asset or
liability for tax purposes.
Commentary
For an asset it is the amount that will be deductible for tax purposes against
any taxable economic benefit that will flow to an entity when it recovers the
carrying amount of the asset.
For a liability it is its carrying amount, less any amount that will be
deductible for tax purposes in respect of that liability in future periods.
As a rule, if the carrying value of an asset is greater than its tax base the
resulting taxable temporary difference gives rise to a deferred tax liability.
Current tax
Commentary
The recognition of current tax liabilities and assets is quite straightforward.
The tax payable to (or receivable from) the tax authorities in the
jurisdiction(s) in which an entity operates is accounted for according to the
basic principles of accounting for liabilities and assets.
Current tax (for current and prior periods) should, to the extent unpaid, be
recognised as a liability.
If the amount already paid in respect of current and prior periods exceeds the
amount due for those periods, the excess should be recognised as an asset.
The benefit relating to a tax loss that can be carried back to recover current
tax of a previous period should be recognised as an asset.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2003
3.1
In most jurisdictions accounting profit and taxable profit differ, meaning that
the tax charge may bear little relation to profits in a period.
Differences arise due to the fact that tax authorities follow rules that differ
from IFRS rules in arriving at taxable profit.
Illustration 1
Most non-current assets are depreciated.
Most tax systems allow companies to deduct the cost of purchasing non-current assets
from their profit for tax purposes according to provisions specified in tax legislation. If
such tax depreciation differs from the accounting depreciation then the asset will be
written down by the tax authority and by the entity but by different amounts.
Thus the tax effect of the transaction (which is based on the tax laws) will arise in a
different period to the accounting effect.
Commentary
Of course there is not really a full set of tax accounts but there could be. Tax
files in reality merely note those areas of difference between the two systems.
The differences between the two sets of rules will result in different numbers
in the financial statements and in the tax computations. These differences
may be viewed from the perspective of:
Commentary
In theory it makes no difference which approach is adopted but in keeping with
The Framework, IAS 12 takes a balance sheet approach (i.e. performance is
viewed as a change in net assets from one period to the next and this change is
explained through the statement of comprehensive income or the statement of
changes in equity).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2004
The current tax charge for the period will be based on the tax authoritys view
of the profit, not the accounting view. This will mean that the relationship
between the accounting profit before tax and the tax charge will be
distorted. It will not be the tax rate applied to the accounting profit figure but
the tax rate applied to a tax computation figure.
3.2
Worked example 1
X Inc bought a non-current asset on 1 January 2011 for $9,000. This asset is to be
depreciated on a straight line basis over three years. Accounting depreciation is not
allowed as a taxable deduction in the jurisdiction in which the company operates.
Instead tax allowable depreciation (capital allowances), under the tax regime in the
country of operation is available as follows.
2011
2012
2013
$4,000
$3,000
$2,000
Required:
Accounting profit for each of the years 2011 to 2013 is budgeted to be $20,000
(before accounting for depreciation) and income tax is to be charged at 30%.
Worked solution 1
Differences arising
Difference in the
Carrying
amount
Tax base
9,000
9,000
(3,000)
(4,000)
6,000
5,000
(3,000)
(3,000)
3,000
2,000
(3,000)
(2,000)
Statement
of
financial
position
(1,000)
1,000
1,000
1,000
At the end of each reporting period the deferred tax liability might be
identified from the perspective of financial position or profit or loss.
Commentary
The difference in the statement of financial position is the sum of the
differences that have gone through profit or loss. A difference originates
in 2011, is carried forward in 2012 and reverses in 2013.
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Profit or
loss
IAS 12 takes the first approach called valuation adjustment approach to full
provisioning.
Analysis
The financial position approach calculates the liability (or more rarely the
asset) that an entity would need to set up in its statement of financial position.
Carrying
amount
Tax base
Differences in financial
position (the temporary
difference)
Tax @
30%
31 December 2011
6,000
5,000
1,000
300
31 December 2012
3,000
2,000
1,000
300
31 December 2013
Application of the tax rate to the difference in financial position will give
the deferred tax balance that should be recognised in the statement of
financial position.
In 2011 the entity will recognise a deferred tax liability of $300 in its
statement of financial position. This will be released to profit or loss in later
years.
The $300 is a liability that exists at the end of the reporting period which will
be paid in the future.
Commentary
In years to come (i.e. looking forward from the end of 2011) the company will earn
profits against which it will charge $6,000 depreciation but will only be allowed
$5,000 capital allowances. Therefore taxable profit will be $1,000 bigger than
accounting profit in the future. This means that the current tax charge in the future
will be $300 (30% $1,000) bigger than would be expected from looking at the
financial statements. This is because of events that have occurred and been
recognised at the end of the reporting period. This satisfies the definition and
recognition criteria for a liability as at that date.
The charge to profit or loss is found by looking at the movement on the liability:
Liability required
2011
300
Dr 300
2012
300
NIL
2013
NIL
Cr 300
In summary, the process involves a comparison of the accounting balance to the tax
authoritys version of the same transaction and applying the tax rate to the difference.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2006
2012
$
2013
$
300
300
2011
$
2012
$
2013
$
17,000
17,000
17,000
4,800
5,100
5,400
300
(300)
(5,100)
(5,100)
(5,100)
11,900
11,900
11,900
Deferred tax
Accounting for the tax on the differences through profit or loss restores the
relationship that should exist between the accounting profit and the tax
charge. It does this by taking a debit or a credit to the statement of
comprehensive income. This then interacts with the current tax expense to
give an overall figure that is the accounting profit multiplied by the tax rate.
As can be seen from this example, the effect of creating a liability in 2011
and then releasing it in 2013 is that profit after tax ($11,900 for all three
years) is not distorted by temporary differences. A user of the financial
statements now has better information about the relationship between profit
before tax and profit after tax.
Accruals and provisions for taxation will impact on earnings per share, net
assets per share and gearing.
WORKING
2012
$
2013
$
17,000
17,000
17,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
(4,000)
(3,000)
(2,000)
(1,000)
Taxable profit
Tax @ 30%
1,000
16,000
17,000
18,000
4,800
5,100
5,400
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2007
3.3
Tax bases
The tax base of an asset or liability is defined as the amount attributed to that
asset or liability for tax purposes.
Illustration 2
An entity buys a machine at a cost of $1,000. Tax depreciation will be allowed on the
total cost of this machine at a rate of 20% per annum on a reducing balance basis. At
the end of the first year this asset will have a tax base of $800 ($1,000 (20% of
1,000)).
At the end of the second year this asset will have a tax base of $640 ($800 (20% of
$800)).
These amounts both represent the future deductible tax expenses.
Illustration 3
Development expenditure of $200 has been capitalized in accordance with IAS 38
Intangible Assets. The local tax rules deduct all research and development as they are
incurred. At the year end the development asset has a tax base of $nil. This is because
there is no future benefit to the entity for tax purposes the entity has deducted these
costs in the current income tax.
Illustration 4
Shares with a cost of $50 were acquired during the year and are treated as at fair value
through other comprehensive income financial assets. At the end of the reporting
period they are included in the statement of financial position at their market value of
$75. The tax authorities only tax the profit on the shares when they are sold.
Therefore, at the end of the reporting period the tax base of the shares is $50.
Commentary
Accounting for available-for-sale financial assets is dealt with in the next session.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2008
Illustration 5
An item of property, plant and equipment is acquired under a lease. The asset has a
fair value of $200, a lease term of 5 years, annual payments of $50 in arrears, and a
rate implicit in the lease of 8%. For accounting purposes the lease qualifies under
IAS 17 Leases as a finance lease. However, for tax purposes, the lease is classified as
an operating lease and lease rentals are deductible for tax purposes when they fall due.
The following entries have been made in the financial statements:
Dr Property, plant and equipment
Cr Lease liability
200
200
40
40
Being straight line depreciation of the asset over its lease term.
NOTE: The asset has a carrying amount of $160.
Dr Profit or loss interest
Cr Lease liability
16
16
50
50
Commentary
If the annual repayment was made after the reporting period (i.e. the liability at
the end of the reporting period was $216) the tax base of the liability would be
$50 if the tax authority allows the expense when it is accrued but $nil if the
lease rental were allowed only when paid.
Illustration 6
A provision of $50 for restructuring is recognised in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. The local tax rules deduct
restructuring costs ONLY when the costs are actually incurred. The tax base of the
provision is nil.
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Illustration 7
A statement of financial position shows an interest accrual of $25.
If the tax laws deduct interest on a cash basis then the tax base of this item will be nil.
However, if the tax laws deduct interest on an accruals basis then the tax base of this
item will be $25.
3.4
Temporary differences
3.4.1
Definition
Commentary
This section considers the temporary differences the amount of the deferred
tax liability/asset is covered later.
3.4.2
items which are taxed on a cash basis but which will be accounted
for on an accruals basis.
Illustration 8
A statement of financial position shows interest receivable of $10,000. No cash has yet
been received and interest is taxed on a cash basis. The interest receivable has a tax
base of nil. Deferred tax will be provided on the temporary difference of $10,000.
Revaluation of assets where the tax authorities do not amend the tax base
when the asset is revalued.
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2010
The tax base of an item differs from its initial carrying amounts. For example
when an entity receives a non-taxable government grant relating to assets.
Cost of a business combination where the net assets are recognised at their
fair values but the tax authorities do not allow adjustment.
3.4.3
These will normally result in deferred tax liabilities (unless excluded see later).
Illustration 9
An entity buys a machine at a cost of $1,000. Tax depreciation will be allowed on the
total cost of this machine at a rate of 20% per annum on a reducing balance basis. For
accounting purposes this asset is being depreciated straight line over six years.
At the end of the first year the asset will have:
a tax base of $800 ($1,000 (20% of 1,000)). This means that in the future
the entity will be able to deduct tax depreciation of $800.
Commentary
Another way to consider this is that the future benefits included in the statement
of financial position for this asset are $833 but the tax authorities will only
allow the deduction of $800 depreciation in the future. So there is net taxable
income of $33 based on what has been included in the statement of financial
position to date.
The entity would have deducted $200 for depreciation when calculating this
years current income tax.
3.4.4
These will normally result in deferred tax assets (unless excluded see later).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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Illustration 11
An entity buys a machine at a cost of $1,000. Tax depreciation will be allowed on the
total cost of this machine at a rate of 20% per annum on a reducing balance basis. For
accounting purposes this asset is being depreciated straight line over FOUR years.
At the end of the first year the asset will have:
a tax base of $800 ($1,000 (20% of 1,000)). This means that in the future
the entity will be able to deduct tax depreciation of $800.
Commentary
Another way to consider this is that the future benefits included in the statement
of financial position for this asset are $750 but the tax authority will allow the
deduction of $800 depreciation in the future. So there is a net tax deductible
expense of $50 based on what has been included in the statement of financial
position to date.
Again the entity would have deducted $200 for depreciation when calculating
this years current income tax.
Illustration 12
A provision of $50 for restructuring recognized in accordance with IAS 37 Provisions,
Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. The local tax rules deduct restructuring
costs only when the costs are actually incurred. The tax base of the provision is nil.
There is a deductible temporary difference of $50. There is a credit in the statement of
financial position compared to the tax authoritys perspective.
Commentary
The tax authorities will not allow the deduction of any costs until they have actually
been incurred so they are not recognized as a provision in the tax books.
3.4.5
IAS 12 includes provisions to exclude such items. The wording of one such
provision is as follows:
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If those economic benefits will not be taxable, the tax base of the asset is
equal to its carrying amount.
The wording seems a little strange but the effect is to exclude such items
from the deferred taxation calculations.
Illustration 13
Entity X provided a loan of $250,000 to Entity Y. At 31 December 2012 Entity Ys
accounts show a loan creditor of $200,000. The repayment of the loan has no tax
consequences. Therefore the loan creditor has a tax base of $200,000.
No temporary taxable difference arises.
4.1
The rule
4.2
Discussion
4.2.1
4.2.2
If the initial recognition is a business combination deferred tax may arise (see later).
4.2.3
No deferred tax liability would be recognised if the item will not affect
profits it is irrelevant for tax purposes, as no tax will arise on this item.
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Illustration 14
An asset is acquired at a cost of $300. The entity intends to use the asset throughout its
useful life of 3 years and then scrap the asset (i.e. at a residual value of nil).
Depreciation is not tax deductible, but any economic benefits flowing from the asset
are taxable. No tax will be charged/credited on the difference between the cost and the
proceeds on the disposal of the asset.
The asset has a tax base of zero on initial recognition no depreciation is deductible
but the economic benefits that flow are taxable so the asset is not a non-taxable item.
A deferred tax liability on the difference of $300 is not recognised, as no tax will be
paid on that difference.
Commentary
The rule here is an application of the idea that if an item is not taxable it
should be excluded from the calculations.
5.1
The rule
A deferred tax asset will also be recognised for the carry forward of tax losses
and tax credits to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will
be available against which these losses and credits can be used.
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5.2
Discussion
5.2.1
General issues
Most of the comments made about deferred tax liabilities also apply to deferred tax assets.
Major difference between the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities is in
the use of the phrase to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be
available against which the deductible temporary difference can be utilised.
Commentary
IAS 12 therefore has a different standard for the recognition of deferred tax assets than it
does for deferred tax liabilities. In short, liabilities will always be provided in full (subject
to the specified exemptions) but assets may not be provided in full or, in some cases at all.
This is an application of the concept of prudence.
An asset should only be recognised when the entity expects to receive a benefit
from its existence. The existence of deferred tax liability (to the same jurisdiction)
is strong evidence that the asset will be recoverable.
5.2.2
Illustration 15
An asset is acquired at a cost of $300. The entity also receives a non-taxable
government grant of $50.
On initial recognition the carrying amount of the asset may be $250 (or an asset of
$300 and deferred income of $50).
The tax base on initial recognition is $300 (or the tax base of the asset is $300 and the
tax base of the deferred income is nil).
This gives a temporary difference of $50. But a deferred tax asset should not be
recognised as no tax benefit will be received.
5.2.3
A deferred tax asset will be recognised only if the credits or losses can be used.
Illustration 16
An entity has losses carried forward of $100. These losses can be carried forward and
offset against future current tax liabilities for the next three years only.
If it is probable that the entity will make sufficient taxable profits in the next three
years then it would recognise the deferred tax asset on these losses.
However, if it is not probable that the entity will make profits then it will not recognise
a deferred tax asset on these losses.
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2015
Measurement issues
6.1
Rates
The tax rate that should be used is the rate that is expected to apply to
the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on
tax rates that have been enacted by the end of the reporting period.
Worked example 2
The following information relates to Boniek as at 31 December 2012:
Note
Non-current assets
Plant and equipment
Receivables
Trade receivables
Interest receivable
Payables
Fine
Interest payable
Carrying
value
$
200,000
Tax
base
$
175,000
50,000
1,000
10,000
2,000
Note 1
The trade receivables balance in the accounts is made up of the following amounts:
Balances
Doubtful debt provision
$
55,000
(5,000)
50,000
Further information:
1.
2.
3.
Allowances for doubtful debts are not deductible for tax purposes. Amounts
in respect of receivables are only deductible on application of a court order to
a specific amount.
4.
5.
The tax rate is 30% for 2012. The government has not announced the tax
rate for 2013 but it is expected to rise to 31%
Required:
Calculate the deferred tax provision which is required at 31 December 2012 and
the charge to profit or loss for the period.
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Worked solution 2
Carrying
value
$
200,000
Tax
base
$
175,000
Temporary
difference
Receivables
Trade receivables
Interest receivable
50,000
1,000
55,000
(5,000)
1,000
Payables
Fine
Interest payable
10,000
2,000
10,000
(2,000)
Non-current assets
Plant and equipment
25,000
Temporary
differences
Deferred tax liabilities
Deferred tax assets
26,000
(7,000)
Balancing figure
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Deferred
tax @
30%
7,800
(2,100)
5,700
Deferred
tax @
30%
$
1,200
4,500
5,700
Worked example 3
The following information relates to Tomaszewski at 31 December 2012:
Carrying
value
$
460,000
90,000
Non-current assets
Tax losses
Tax base
$
320,000
Further information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
2013
34%
2014
32%
2015
31%
The loss above is the tax loss incurred in 2012. The company is very
confident about the trading prospects in 2013.
The temporary difference in respect of non-current assets is expected to grow
each year until beyond 2015.
Losses may be carried forward for offset, one third into each of the next three
years
Required:
Calculate the deferred tax provision that is required at 31 December 2012.
Worked solution 3
Temporary
difference
$
140,000
(90,000)
43,400
(10,200)
(9,600)
(9,300)
14,300
Deferred tax
The tax rate used should reflect the tax consequences of the manner in which the
entity expects to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
Illustration 17
Entity X has an asset with a carrying amount of $5,000 and a tax base of $3,000. A tax
rate of 25% would apply if the asset was sold and a tax rate of 33% would apply to
other income.
The entity would recognize a deferred tax liability of $500 ($2,000 @ 25%) if it
expects to sell the asset without further use and a deferred tax liability of $660 ($2,000
@33%) if it expects to retain the asset and recover its carrying value through use.
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6.2
Companies are required to disclose the amount of deferred taxation in the tax
expense that relates to change in the tax rates.
Worked example 4
Non-current assets
Accrued interest:
Receivable
Payable
Carrying
value
$
460,000
Tax base
18,000
(15,000)
$
320,000
The balance on the deferred tax account on 1 January 2013 was $10,000. This was
calculated at a tax rate of 30%. During 2013 the government announced an unexpected
increase in the level of corporate income tax up to 35%.
Required:
Set out the note showing the movement on the deferred tax account showing the
charge to profit or loss and clearly identify that part of the charge that is due to an
increase in the rate of taxation.
Worked solution 4
Deferred
tax
$
10,000
1,667
11,667
(Balancing figure)
(W)
WORKING
Non-current assets
Accrued interest:
Receivable
Payable
Deferred tax liability (35% 158,000)
Deferred tax asset (35% 15,000)
Carrying
value
$
460,000
Tax base
Temporary
difference
$
320,000
140,000
18,000
(15,000)
18,000
(15,000)
55,300
(5,250)
50,050
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
38,383
50,050
2019
6.3
Deferred tax is recognised as tax income or expense and included in the profit or
loss for the period, except to the extent that the tax arises from:
Deferred tax should be recognised outside profit or loss (i.e. charged or credited to
other comprehensive income or directly to equity) if the tax relates to items that are
recognised outside profit or loss, in the same or different period.
Commentary
Revaluation of an asset does not (normally) change its tax base. The revaluation
will be credited to other comprehensive income and the related deferred tax
debited to other comprehensive income.
Worked example 5
At 1 January 2012
Depreciation
31 December 2012
Carrying
value
$
1,000
(100)
900
Tax base
$
800
(150)
650
At the year end the company revalued the asset to $1,250. The tax base is not affected
by this revaluation.
Carrying
Tax base
Temporary
value
difference
$
$
1,250
650
600
Deferred tax at 30%
180
Required:
Assuming that the only temporary difference that the company has relates to this
asset construct a note showing the movement on the deferred taxation and
identify the charge to profit or loss in respect of deferred taxation for the year
ended 31 December 2012.
Worked solution 5
Deferred tax as at 1 January 2012
Other comprehensive income
Profit or loss
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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Deferred
tax @ 30%
$
60
105
15
180
6.4
Summary of approach
Calculate the temporary difference by deducting the tax base from the
carrying amount using the following proforma:
Asset/Liability
Carrying
Amount
$
Tax
Base
$
Temporary
Difference
$
Calculate the net deferred tax liability or asset by summing the deferred tax
liability and deferred tax asset.
Commentary
This will be the asset or liability carried in the statement of financial position.
If it is not appropriate to offset the asset and liability they should be shown
separately.
Deduct the opening deferred tax liability or asset to give the profit or loss
charge/credit.
Where there has been a change in the tax rate it is necessary to calculate the
effect of this change on the opening deferred tax provision. Follow the same
procedures as above, calculating the required closing deferred tax liability or
asset and the charge/credit to profit or loss.
The amount that relates to the change in tax rate will equal the
amount of the temporary difference in the previous period the
change in the tax rate.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2021
Activity 1
Gorgon Inc operates in country where the tax regime is as follows:
Transactions are only deductible for tax purposes when they are booked
(i.e. double entered into statutory accounting records). This means that there
is often little difference between accounting profit under local GAAP and the
taxable profit. However, it is common practice for large companies to
maintain a parallel set of records and accounts for reporting according to
IFRS rules. These are notably different to the rules in the domestic tax code
and as a result the accounting profit under IFRS can be very different from
the taxable profit.
The tax code allows for the general application of the accounting principles
of prudence and accruals, but states the following:
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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Activity 1 continued
The following balances and information are relevant as at 31 December 2012:
Carrying
value
Non-current assets
$
Assets subject to investment relief
63,000
Land
200,000
Plant and equipment
100,000
Tax
base
$
Notes
1
2
3
90,000
Receivables
Trade receivables
Interest receivable
73,000
1,000
Payables
Fine
Interest payable
10,000
3,300
Note 1
This asset cost the company $70,000 at the start of the year. It is being depreciated on
a 10% straight line basis for accounting purposes. The companys tax advisers have
said that the company can claim $42,000 as a taxable expense in this years tax
computation.
Note 2
The land has been revalued during the year in accordance with IAS 16 Property, Plant
and Equipment. It originally cost $150,000. Land is not subject to depreciation under
IFRS nor under local tax rules.
Note 3
The balances in respect of plant and equipment are after allowing for accounting
depreciation of $12,000 and tax allowable depreciation of $10,000 respectively.
Note 4
The trade receivables balance in the accounts is made up of the following amounts:
$
80,000
(7,000)
______
73,000
______
Balances
Allowance
Note 5
The balance on the deferred taxation account on 1 January 2012 was $3,600.
Note 6
The applicable tax rate is 30%.
Required:
(i)
Identify the tax base of each item listed and then identify the temporary
difference.
(ii)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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Proforma solution
Carrying
value
Tax
base
(i)
Temporary
difference
(i)
Temporary
differences
(ii) Deferred
tax @ 30%
(ii) Deferred
tax @ 30%
$
Deferred tax as at 1 January 2012
3,600
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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Business combinations
Commentary
This section should be left until the study of business combinations in the
sessions that follow has been completed.
7.1
Introduction
7.1.1
Background
Each involves the replacement of cost with a share of net assets and goodwill arising on
acquisition, the subsequent impairment of the goodwill and the crediting of postacquisition growth in equity balances to the equivalent equity balances of the group.
7.1.2
The calculation of goodwill requires a fair valuation exercise. This exercise may
change the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities but not their tax bases. The
resulting deferred tax amounts will affect the value of goodwill but IAS 12 prohibits the
recognition of the deferred tax arising.
7.2
The cost of the acquisition is allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities
acquired by reference to their fair values at the date of the exchange transaction.
Temporary differences arise when the tax bases of the identifiable assets and liabilities
acquired are not affected by the business combination or are affected differently.
Deferred tax must be recognised in respect of the temporary differences. This will
affect the share of net assets and thus the goodwill (one of the identifiable liabilities
of the subsidiary is the deferred tax balance).
The goodwill itself is also a temporary difference but IAS 12 prohibits the
recognition of deferred tax on this item.
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Illustration 18
Parent paid $600 for 100% of Subsidiary on 1 January 2012. Subsidiary had not
accounted for deferred taxation up to the date of its acquisition. The tax rate is 40%.
The following information is relevant in respect of Subsidiary:
Fair value at the
date of
acquisition
Property plant and equipment
270
Accounts receivable
210
Inventory
174
Retirement benefit obligations
(30)
Accounts payable
(120)
504
Goodwill arising
Cost of investment
Fair value of net assets acquired
Per Subsidiarys statement of
financial position
Deferred tax liability arising in the
fair valuation exercise (40% 135)
Tax base
Temporary
differences
155
210
124
(120)
115
50
(30)
135
$
600
504
(54)
(450)
150
Goodwill
7.3
Inter-company transactions
IFRS 10 requires that unrealised profits and losses arising on inter company trading must be
eliminated on consolidation. Such adjustments may give rise to temporary differences. In
many tax jurisdictions it is the individual members of the group that are the taxable entities.
As far as the tax authorities are concerned the tax base of an asset purchased from another
member of the group will be the cost that the buying company has paid for it. Also the
selling company will be taxed on the sale of an asset even if it is still held within the group.
Commentary
Deferred tax is provided for at the buyers tax rate.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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Illustration 19
S has sold inventory to Parent for $700. The inventory cost Subsidiary $600
originally. Subsidiary has therefore made a profit of $100 on the transaction.
Subsidiary will be liable to tax on this amount at say 30%. Thus Subsidiary will
reflect a profit of $100 and a tax expense of $30 in its own financial statements.
If Parent has not sold the inventory at the year-end it will include it in its closing
inventory figure at a cost (to itself) of $700.
On consolidation the unrealised profit must be removed by
Dr Profit or loss
Cr Inventory (asset)
$100
$100
In the consolidated financial statements the inventory will be measured at $600 (700100) but its tax base is still $700. There is a deductible temporary difference of $100.
This requires the recognition of a deferred tax asset of $30 (30% 100).
The other side of the entry to set this up will be a credit to profit or loss. This will
remove the effect of the tax on the transaction. (However if Parent operated in a
different tax environment s and was taxed at 40% the deferred tax asset would be $40
(40% 100).
8.1
Tax assets and tax liabilities should be presented separately from other
assets and liabilities in the statement of financial position.
An entity should offset current tax assets and current tax liabilities if,
and only if, the entity:
has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts; and
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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An entity should offset deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if, and
only if:
the entity has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets
against current tax liabilities; and
the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to
income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either:
8.2
Illustration 20
4. Basic principles, methods and critical accounting estimates (extract)
Income taxes (extract)
In compliance with IAS 12 (Income Taxes), deferred taxes are recognized for temporary differences
between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the statement of financial position prepared
according to IFRS and their tax bases. Deferred taxes are also recognized for consolidation measures
and for tax loss carryforwards and tax credits that are likely to be usable.
Deferred tax assets relating to deductible temporary differences, tax credits and tax loss carryforwards
are recognized where it is suffi ciently probable that taxable income will be available in the future to
enable them to be used. Deferred tax liabilities are recognized on temporary differences taxable in the
future. Deferred taxes are calculated at the rates which on the basis of the statutory regulations in
force, or already enacted in relation to future periods, as of the closing date are expected to apply in
the individual countries at the time of realization. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are
offset if they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority.
The aggregate current and deferred tax relating to items that are charged or
credited to equity.
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2028
the average effective tax rate and the applicable tax rate, disclosing
also the basis on which the applicable tax rate is computed.
Illustration 21
14. Income taxes (extract)
The reconciliation of expected to reported income tax expense and of the expected to the
effective tax rate for the Group was as follows:
2010
2011
million
million
443
25.7
998
29.7
(41)
(2.4)
(100)
(3.0)
(10)
(0.6)
(16)
(0.5)
(27)
(1.6)
(9)
(0.3)
(13)
(0.8)
(1)
82
4.8
111
3.3
0.1
16
0.5
43
2.5
36
1.1
0.2
39
1.2
0.2
(74)
(2.2)
(2)
(0.1)
(23)
(0.7)
(72)
(4.1)
(86)
(2.6)
411
23.9
891
26.5
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For each type of temporary difference, and each type of unused tax
losses and unused tax credits:
An entity should disclose the amount of a deferred tax asset and the
nature of the evidence supporting its recognition, when:
Focus
You should now be able to:
account for current tax liabilities and assets in accordance with international
accounting standards;
explain the effect of taxable temporary differences on accounting and taxable profit;
identify and account for the IASB requirements relating to deferred tax assets and
liabilities;
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Current tax (for current and prior periods) is a liability to the extent that it has not
yet been settled, and an asset to the extent that amounts paid exceed the amount
due.
The benefit of a tax loss which can be carried back to recover current tax of a
prior period should be recognised as an asset.
Current tax assets and liabilities are measured using the rates/laws that have been
enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.
A deferred tax asset is recognised for unused tax losses/credits carried forward to
the extent that sufficient future taxable profits are probable.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at tax rates expected to apply
(enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period).
a business combination.
Current tax assets and liabilities should only be offset if there is a legal right to
offset and intention to settle on a net basis. Similarly for deferred tax where
levied by the same tax authority.
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Activity solution
Solution 1
Carrying
value
Tax
base
63,000
28,000
35,000
Land
200,000
150,000
50,000
100,000
90,000
10,000
Trade receivables
73,000
80,000
(7,000)
Interest receivable
1,000
1,000
(10,000)
(3,300)
(10,000)
(3,300)
85,700
(i)
Temporary
difference
Receivables:
Payables
Fine
Interest payable
(i)
Temporary
differences
(ii) Deferred
tax @ 30%
96,000
(10,300)
28,800
(3,090)
25,710
(ii) Deferred
tax @ 30%
$
3,600
30% 50,000
Balancing figure
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15,000
7,110
25,710
Overview
Objective
BACKGROUND
APPLICATION
AND SCOPE
Traditional accounting
Financial instruments
History of development
Key areas
IAS 32
IAS 39
TERMINOLOGY
PRESENTATION
(IAS 32)
RECOGNITION
Initial
Examples
Rules
Assets and liabilities
Gains and losses
Hedge accounting
Fair value
Nature and extent of risks
Illustrative notes Nokia
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Financial asset
Financial liability
FINANCIAL
ASSETS (IFRS 9)
DISCLOSURE
(IFRS 7)
DERECOGNITION
Initial recognition
Classification
Subsequent measurement Initial
Categories
recognition
Embedded derivatives
Subsequent
measurement
Reclassification
Impairment
HEDGING
2101
FINANCIAL
LIABLITIES (IFRS 9)
Terminology
Hedging instruments
Hedged items
Hedge accounting
Background
1.1
Traditional accounting
The global market for financial instruments has expended rapidly over the last twenty
years, not only in the sheer volume of such instruments but also in their complexity.
Entities have moved from using traditional instruments (e.g. cash, trade receivables,
long-term debt and investments) to highly sophisticated risk management strategies
based around derivatives and complex combinations of instruments.
The traditional cost-based concepts are not adequate to deal with the recognition and
measurement of financial assets and liabilities. Specifically:
Commentary
If a transaction has no cost it cannot be accounted for; there is no DR and CR.
Further the historical cost of financial assets and liabilities has little relevance to
risk management activities.
1.2
Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset
of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Instruments include:
1.3
History of development
IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation was first issued in 1995.
IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement was first issued in 1998.
IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosure was issued in 2005 to replace IAS 30:
Disclosures for Banks and the disclosure requirements of IAS 32. IAS 32 now
only deals with presentation issues.
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Commentary
The time lag, between the initial issue of IAS 32 and IAS 39, reflects the complexity of the
recognition and measurement issues. The first exposure draft on financial instruments had
sought to address disclosure, presentation, recognition and measurement in one standard.
Subsequent revisions reflect the learning process of dealing with financial instruments
and new issues that have been raised since the standards were first issued.
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments was issued in 2009. It deals with the recognition and
measurement of financial assets and replaces corresponding sections of IAS 39.
IFRS 9 was revised in 2010 to include the recognition and measurement issues
relating to financial liabilities.
Completion of IASBs work program for IFRS 9 was originally planned for June 2011
with an effective date of 2013.
Commentary
Financial assets and financial liabilities are accounted for in accordance with IFRS 9
to the extent that this standard was in issue as at 30 September 2011. For other
elements deemed as examinable (according to the study guide) IAS 39 is relevant.
1.4
Key areas
Ever since IAS 32 was first issued in the 1990s the IASB (formerly IASC) has
been trying to ensure that the accounting profession has a manageable standard on
accounting for financial instruments. The main areas on which the IASB has
sought consensus include:
The IASB has not obtained consensus for the adoption of IFRS 9. The first
part of the standard was issued in 2009 but as at November 2012 the final and
full version of the standard has still to be completed. The European Union is
unwilling to adopt IFRS 9 until the standard has been completed.
Commentary
Companies under EU jurisdiction cannot therefore apply IFRS 9 whereas companies
outside of the EU can apply it as it currently stands. This hinders comparison of
financial statements prepared under IFRS in EU and non-EU jurisdictions.
The IASB is struggling to complete the project on IFRS 9. It has still to issue sections on
impairment of assets and hedging (which is being split into macro and micro hedging).
One of the reasons why it is taking so long to finish the project is that the IASB is
finding it difficult to reach consensus with FASB, with whom it is working, on the
final aspects of the standard. These bodies seem to have opposing opinions on
how and when to recognise an impairment loss.
Inability to reach a consensus means that the new standard is not going to be
effective until 1 January 2015, at the earliest; this is two years later than the
originally planned effective date.
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2.1
2.1.1
Application
financial assets;
financial liabilities; and
equity instruments.
2.1.2
Scope
employers rights and obligations under employee benefit plans (IAS 19 applies);
2.2
2.2.1
Application
2.2.2
Scope
2.3
2.3.1
Application
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2.3.2 Scope
2.4
IFRS 9 applies to all financial assets and financial liabilities within the scope
of IAS 39.
Commentary
In practice an entity may still use IAS 39 in its entirety as IFRS 9 will not be
compulsory until 1 January 2015 at the earliest.
Terminology
3.1
From IAS 32
cash;
certain contracts that will (or may) be settled in the entitys own equity
instruments.
Commentary
For this purpose an entitys own equity instruments do not include instruments that are
themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entitys equity instruments.
certain contracts that will (or may) be settled in the entitys own
equity instruments.
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Commentary
Physical assets (e.g. prepayments), liabilities that are not contractual in
nature (e.g. taxes), operating leases, and contractual rights and obligations
relating to non-financial assets that are not settled in the same manner as a
financial instrument are not financial instruments.
Preferred shares that provide for mandatory redemption by the issuer, or that
give the holder the right to redeem the share, meet the definition of liabilities
and are classified as such even though, legally, they may be equity.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a
liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement
date. (IFRS 13).
3.2
From IAS 39
3.2.1
Derivatives
3.2.2
principal repayments;
plus or minus
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The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future
cash payments or receipts over the expected useful life of the financial
instrument to the net carrying amount of the financial asset (or financial
liability). The computation includes all cash flows (e.g. fees, transaction
costs, premiums or discounts) between the parties to the contract.
Commentary
The effective interest rate is sometimes called the level yield-to-maturity and is
the internal rate of return of the financial asset (or liability) for that period.
Transaction costs are incremental costs that are directly attributable to the
acquisition, issue or disposal of a financial asset (or financial liability).
Commentary
An incremental cost is one that would not have been incurred if the entity had not
acquired, issued or disposed of the financial instrument (e.g. fees and commissions
paid to agents). Transaction costs do not include debt premiums or discounts,
financing costs or internal administrative or holding costs.
Opening balance
Interest @
8.45%
Closing
balance
100,000
8,450
108,450
108,450
9,164
117,614
117,614
9,938
127,552
127,552
10,778
138,330
138,330
11,689
150,019
This should be 150,000.
The difference of 19 is
due to rounding
Commentary
Definitions relating to hedging are given later in this session.
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4.1
Some financial instruments may take the legal form of equity, but are in
substance liabilities.
4.2
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A company enters into a contract to deliver 1,000 of its own ordinary shares
to a third party in settlement of an obligation.
As the number of shares is fixed in the contract to meet the obligation, it is an
equity instrument. There is no obligation to transfer cash, another financial
asset or an equivalent value.
(b)
The same company enters into another contract that requires it to settle a
contractual obligation using its own shares in an amount that equals the
contractual obligation.
In this case the number of shares to be issued will vary depending on, for
example, the market price of the shares at the date of the contract or
settlement. If the contract was agreed at a different date, a different number
of shares may be issued. Although cash will not be paid, the equivalent
value in shares will be transferred. The contract is a financial liability.
(c)
4.3
Offset
intends to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the
liability simultaneously.
Commentary
Offset might be of trade receivables and payables, or of accounts in debit and
credit at a bank.
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4.4
Interest, dividends, losses and gains relating to a financial instrument (or a component)
that is classified as a liability, are recognised in profit or loss as income or expense.
Transaction costs relating to the issue of a compound financial instrument are allocated
to the liability and equity components in proportion to the allocation of proceeds.
Commentary
Basically, such items follow the classification of the underlying component.
4.5
Compound instruments
4.5.1
Presentation
Financial instruments that contain both a liability and an equity element are
classified into separate component parts.
As an example, convertible bonds are primary financial liabilities of the issuer which
grant an option to the holder to convert them into equity instruments in the future.
Such bonds consist of:
the obligation to repay the bonds, which should be presented as a liability; and
the option to convert, which should be presented in equity.
Commentary
The economic effect of issuing such an instrument is substantially the same as
issuing simultaneously a debt instrument with an early settlement provision
and warrants to purchase ordinary shares.
4.5.2
Carrying amounts
The equity component is the residual amount after deduction of the more easily
measurable debt component from the value of the instrument as a whole.
Commentary
The liability is measured by discounting the stream of future payments at the
prevailing market rate for a similar liability without the associated equity component.
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Worked example 1
An entity issues 2,000 convertible, $1,000 bonds at par on 1 January 2013.
Interest is payable annually in arrears at a nominal interest rate of 6%.
The prevailing market rate of interest at the date of issue of the bond was 9%.
The bond is redeemable 31 December 2015.
Required:
Calculate the values at which the bond will be included in the financial statements
at initial recognition, and the value of the liability at 31 December 2013.
Worked solution 1
$
Present value of the principle repayable in 3 years time
$2,000,000 0.772 (3 year, 9% discount factor)
Present value of the interest stream
$120,000 2.531 (3 year, cumulative, 9% discount factor)
1,544,000
303,720
_____________
1,847,720
152,280
_____________
2,000,000
_____________
$
1,847,720
166,295
(120,000)
_____________
1,894,015
_____________
Commentary
1
where r is the discount rate.
r
A cumulative discount factor is the sum of simple discount factors.
On 31 December 2015 the value of the liability will be $2,000,000, the redemption amount.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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Activity 1
On 1 April 2012 Deltoid issued a $3 million 6% convertible loan note at par. The loan
note is redeemable at a premium of 10% on 31 March 2016 or it may be converted into
ordinary shares on the basis of 50 shares for each $100 of loan note at the option of the
holder. The interest (coupon) rate for an equivalent loan note without the conversion
rights would have been 10%. In the draft financial statements Deltoid has paid and
charged interest of $180,000 and shown the loan note at $3 million in the statement of
financial position.
The present value of $1 receivable at the end of each year, based on discount rates of
6% and 10% can be taken as:
6%
10%
End of year 1
094
091
2
089
083
3
084
075
4
079
068
Required:
Calculate the values at which the bond will be included in the financial statements
of the entity at 31 March 2013.
Solution
$
Present value of the principle repayable in 4 years time
Present value of the interest stream
_____________
$
Liability at 1 April 2012
Interest @ 10% on initial liability
Cash paid
_____________
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4.6
Treasury shares
Treasury shares may be acquired and held by the entity or by other members
of the consolidated group.
Recognition
5.1
Initial recognition
An entity recognises a financial asset (or liability) in its statement of financial position
when, and only when, it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Commentary
As a consequence of this rule, an entity must recognise all of its contractual rights or
obligations under derivatives in its statement of financial position as assets or liabilities.
5.2
Examples
Financial options are recognised as assets or liabilities when the holder or writer becomes
a party to the contract.
Planned future transactions, no matter how likely, are not assets and liabilities of an
entity since the entity, as of the financial reporting date, has not become a party to a
contract requiring future receipt or delivery of assets arising out of the future transactions.
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6.1
Initial recognition
For any asset that is not measured at fair value through profit or loss the initial value will
include transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition.
6.2
Subsequent measurement
fair value; or
amortised cost.
6.3
6.3.1
Amortised cost
A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if the following conditions are met:
the contractual terms of the asset give rise to cash flows that are
solely payments of principal and interest on the principal.
This means that all debt instrument assets, unless designated at fair value
through profit or loss, are measured at amortised cost.
6.3.2
Any changes in fair value are recognised in profit or loss as well as any profit
or loss on derecognition.
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6.3.3
All changes in fair value are recognised in other comprehensive income. On disposal
of the asset any cumulative gain or loss is not reclassified through profit or loss.
Commentary
This is in contrast to the cumulative gain or loss on an available for sale asset
which is reclassified through profit or loss on disposal under IAS 39.
Any dividends received from the equity investment are included in profit or loss.
6.3.4
No
Yes **
Yes
Is the equity investment
held for trading?
No
No
Yes
No
No
Has the entity irrevocably
designated the investment
as at fair value through
other comprehensive
income?
Yes
Are the contractual cash
flows solely payments of
principal and interest
thereon?
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Fair value through other
comprehensive income*
***
Amortised cost
*
Dividend income that represents a return on investment is presented in profit or loss.
** Hedge accounting provisions (IAS 39) still apply to derivatives designated in effective hedge relationships.
*** Reclassification is required only when an entity changes its business model for managing financial assets.
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6.4
Embedded derivatives
An embedded derivative is a component of a combined instrument that includes a nonderivative host contract.
The effect will be that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument will vary in a
manner that is similar to that of a stand-alone derivative.
If the instrument contains a host contract that is a financial instrument (within the scope
of IFRS 9) then the whole contract is accounted for in accordance with IFRS 9, it does
not need to be separated.
Commentary
A purchased convertible instrument would be an embedded derivative that is
not separated because the host instrument (the debt asset) falls within the
scope of IFRS 9.
If the host contract is not a financial instrument the embedded contract is accounted for
separately.
6.5
Reclassification
If an entity changes its business model then all affected financial assets must
be reclassified.
If an asset is reclassified and measured at fair value, the fair value is determined at
the reclassification date. Any difference between the previous carrying value and
fair value is included in profit or loss.
If an asset is reclassified and measured at amortised cost, the fair value at the
reclassification date becomes the assets new carrying amount.
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6.6
Impairment
At the end of the reporting period, an entity assesses whether any objective
evidence that any financial asset measured at amortised cost has become
impaired.
Financial assets designated at fair value are not tested for impairment as they
are measured at fair value and changes in fair value are immediately
recognised. Any impairment is therefore taken account of through the
measurement process.
Commentary
Impairment only arises if an event after initial recognition affects the future
estimated cash flows arising from it.
6.6.1
Worked example 2
On 1 January 2010 Soprano made a loan of $20,000, repayable in 4 years, to Joey. The
loan has an interest rate of 8%, this also being the effective rate of interest. Interest has
been paid on the due dates up to 31 December 2012.
On 31 December 2012, Joey is declared bankrupt and the administrators issue a
statement that creditors of Joey can expect to receive 40% of outstanding balances on
31 December 2013. The market rate of interest fell during 2012 to 6%.
Required:
(a)
(b)
Give the journal entry for the receipt of cash on 31 December 2013,
assuming that 40% of outstanding balances are paid.
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Worked solution 2
(a)
Value of receivable
$
(b)
7,407
Journal entry
The loan will be impaired to the value of $7,407 and an impairment loss of $12,593 will be expensed to
profit or loss in 2012.
Dr Cash
Cr Receivable
Cr Interest income
8,000
7,407
593
Commentary
The present value calculation is based on the effective interest rate of the original instrument
and does not reflect the changes in interest rate since the instrument was issued.
7.1
Classification
7.1.1
General rule
7.1.2
Exceptions
Commentary
The designation of a financial liability at fair value through profit or loss on
initial recognition is irrevocable.
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7.2
Initial recognition
If classified at fair value through profit or loss any relevant transaction costs
are charged immediately to profit or loss.
7.3
Subsequent measurement
Groups of financial liabilities that are not measured at amortised cost include:
Derecognition
8.1
Financial assets
8.1.1
An entity should derecognise a financial asset (or a part of it) when, and only when:
the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire; or
it transfers the financial asset and the transfer qualifies for derecognition.
Commentary
In many cases derecognition of a financial asset is straight forward if there are no longer
any contractual rights, the asset is derecognised. If contractual rights remain, IAS 39
requires three further steps to be considered, i.e. transfer, risks and rewards, control.
8.1.2
gives the contractual rights to receive the cash flows to a third party; or
retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows, but assumes
a contractual obligation to pay the cash to a third party.
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8.1.3
When the entity establishes that a transfer has taken place, it must then
consider risks and rewards of ownership.
If substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset
have been transferred, the financial asset is derecognised.
However, if the entity neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and
rewards of ownership, the entity determines whether it has retained control.
8.1.4
Control
If the third party is able to use the asset as if it owned it (e.g. sell the asset without
attaching conditions such as a repurchase option) the entity has not retained control.
Illustration 5 Control
(a)
(b)
The same situation, except that the shares transferred are rare collectors
items of shares issued by a Russian railroad entity in the late 1800s.
In this situation, the shares are not freely available on an active market and if
sold, could not be re-purchased (without attaching a repurchase option).
Control has not been passed and the financial asset would not be
derecognised.
Where a financial asset is transferred to another entity but control has not been
lost, the transferor accounts for the transaction as a collateralised borrowing.
If control passes the asset may be treated as sold.
Dr Cash
Cr Disposals
If control does not pass then the asset has not been sold but rather it has
been used as collateral (security) for borrowing.
Dr Cash
Cr Loan
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8.1.5
On derecognition, the gain or loss included in profit or loss for the period is
the difference between:
the consideration received, adjusted for any new asset received (or
new liability assumed)
8.2
Financial liabilities
Commentary
The fact that the debtor may have given a guarantee does not necessarily
mean that this condition is not met.
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Hedging
9.1
Terminology
Hedge effectiveness is the degree to which changes in the fair value or cash flows
of the hedge item that are attributable to a hedged risk are offset by changes in the
fair value or cash flows of the hedging instrument.
9.2
Hedging instruments
All derivatives (except written options, since the writer has accepted risk rather than
reducing risk) may be designated as hedging instruments.
Commentary
To write is to sell an option. The investor who sells is called the writer.
9.3
Hedged items
Commentary
For hedge accounting purposes (see next) only items involving a party external to the
reporting entity can be designated as hedged items. Hedge accounting is not applied to
transactions between entities or segments in the same group (neither in consolidated
financial statements nor separate financial statements).
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9.4
Hedge accounting
9.4.1
Background
9.4.2
(1)
Fair value hedge: a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognised
asset (or liability or an identified portion of such an asset or liability) that:
(2)
(3)
Cash flow hedge: a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that:
9.4.3
A hedging relationship qualifies for hedge accounting if, and only if, ALL of
the following conditions are met:
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9.4.4
The gain or loss from remeasuring the hedging instrument at fair value should
be recognised immediately in profit or loss.
The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk should
adjust the carrying amount of the hedged item and be recognised immediately
in profit or loss.
$2,000
$2,000
The gain on the futures contract is recognised immediately in profit or loss but no loss
would be recognised on the value of inventory, causing a mis-match.
If hedge accounting is used then the futures contract will still be recognised as a
derivative asset of $2,000 but the value of inventory will now be measured at fair value
of $48,000, so matching the gain and loss in the profit or loss in the same period. The
accounting entries would be:
Dr Derivative asset
Cr Profit or loss
$2,000
Dr Profit or loss
Cr Inventory
$2,000
$2,000
$2,000
This time both the gain and the loss affect profit or loss in the same period; hedge
accounting has facilitated matching the upside with the downside.
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9.4.5
The portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be
an effective hedge is recognised in other comprehensive income.
$600
$600
The sale proceeds will be $600 lower (or more) when the inventory is sold, presumed
to be in the following period in this illustration. Therefore there is a mis-match in
profit.
The accounting entries, if hedge accounting is used would be;
Dr Derivative asset
Cr Other comprehensive income (then equity)
600
600
The $600 gain, which was included as other comprehensive income, will be
reclassified through profit or loss when the cash flow impact of the inventory affects
profit or loss (i.e. when the inventory is sold). Using hedge accounting has allowed the
gain to be matched with the loss.
Commentary
An amendment to IAS 39 clarifies that, in respect of forecast transactions, gains
or losses should be reclassified from equity to profit or loss in the period in
which the hedged forecast cash flow affects profit or loss.
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Activity 2
On 30 September X contracted to buy a plane for 1 million Swiss Francs (CHF). The
spot rate on this date was 2.5 CHF = $1.
Being concerned about possible changes in the rate X enters into a forward exchange
contract, on the same date, to buy SwFr/sell $ at a rate of 2.5 CHF = $1.
At the reporting date, 31 December, the spot rate was 2.4 CHF = $1.
The plane was purchased on 31 March when the spot rate was 2.3 CHF = $1.
Required:
Show the accounting entries to reflect these transactions, including the cash flow
hedge.
Solution
Forward
Reserve
Cash
Plane Asset
9.4.6
Hedging instruments may be held by any entity or entities within the group.
This includes a foreign operation that itself is being hedged.
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10
Disclosure (IFRS 7)
10.1
Rules
assist in assessing the factors affecting the amount, timing and certainty
of future cash flows associated with those instruments; and
10.2
If a financial asset is measured at fair value that would otherwise have been
measured at amortised cost, detailed disclosures about credit risk must be made.
Commentary
Such detail is beyond the scope of the syllabus.
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Disclose includes:
Where an asset has been reclassified to amortised cost since the last reporting
date disclosure includes:
the fair value gain or loss that would have been recognised in profit or loss if
the asset had not been reclassified.
Derecognition
For transfers of financial assets that do not meet the derecognition criteria,
disclosure includes:
the carrying amount of the asset and any associated liability that
remains wholly or partially recognised; and
for those assets that are partially derecognised, the carrying amount
of the original asset.
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Collateral disclosures
10.3
Commentary
Analysed between items initially designated and those held for trading.
10.4
Hedge accounting
Commentary
Additional IFRS 7 disclosures for cash flow hedges are not examinable.
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gains and losses on fair value hedges (on the hedging instrument;
and the hedged item);
10.5
Fair value
Subject to certain exceptions, the fair value of each class of financial asset
and liability must be disclosed, to allow comparison with the instruments
carrying value.
Disclosure includes:
10.6
An entity discloses information about the nature and extent of risks arising
from financial instruments.
Credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk should be disclosed as a minimum.
Commentary
This should be based on information provided internally to key management
personnel. If the data at the reporting date is unrepresentative of an entitys
normal exposure further disclosure of a representative nature is required.
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Accounting for financial instruments is covered by IAS 32, IAS 39, IFRS 7 and
IFRS 9.
Financial assets and liabilities at amortised cost are measured using the
instruments effective interest rate based on market rates.
Financial assets at amortised cost are tested for impairment if there is objective
evidence that impairment has occurred.
Disclosure requirements are very extensive and related mostly to related risks.
Focus
You should now be able to:
account for:
debt instruments;
equity instruments;
the allocation of the finance cost; and
fixed interest rate and convertible bonds;
explain the measurement requirements for financial instruments including the use
of current values, hedging and the treatment of gains and losses;
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2131
Activity solutions
Solution 1
$
Present value of the principle repayable in 4 years time
$3,000,000 1.10 0.68 (4 year, 10% discount factor)
Present value of the interest stream
$180,000 3.17 (4 year, cumulative, 10% discount factor)
2,244,000
570,600
_____________
2,814,600
185,400
_____________
3,000,000
_____________
$
2,814,600
281,460
(180,000)
_____________
2,916,060
_____________
Commentary
On 31 March 2016 the value of the liability will be approximately $3,300,000, the
redemption amount. The interest rate used in the example is not exact; there is a
rounding difference (as may be the case in an examination question).
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Solution 2
30 September
Note
(1)
31 December
(2)
16,667
31 March
(3)
(5)
(6)
18,116
Reserve
Forward
16,667
18,116
34,783
34,783
Cash
Plane Asset
30 September
31 December
31 March
(4)
(5)
(6)
434,783
434,783
34,783
34,783
Bal c/f
400,000
434,783
Bal b/f
434,783
400,000
Notes
(1)
The spot rate (2.5) is the same as the forward so the fair value of the of forward is zero.
(2)
The fair value of forward is the difference between the spot and contracted rate, $16,667
((1 million 2.4) (1 million 2.5)). This is a gain (because the exchange contract gives
more CHF to the $ than the spot rate).
(3)
When the asset is purchased the value of the forward is $34,783 ((1 million 2.3) (1
million 2.5)). There is an increase of $18,116 on the gain already accounted for.
(4)
The purchase of the plane is recorded at the spot rate (1 million 2.3).
(5)
(6)
This basis adjustment recognises that the assets real cost was actually $400,000.
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2134
Overview
Objectives
INTRODUCTION
SUNDRY
PROVISIONS OF
IFRS 10
PARENT AND
CONTROL
Inclusions
Exclusions
Power
Variable returns
Transition from IAS 27
Acquisition method
Terminology
Separate financial statements
Truth and fairness
DISCLOSURE
IAS 27 disclosures
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EXEMPTION
Rule
Rationale
Introduction
1.1
Terminology
Acquisition date the date on the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree.
Separate financial statements are those presented by a parent (or an investor with
joint control of, or significant influence over, an investee) in which the investments
are accounted for at cost or in accordance with IFRS 9 Financial Instruments.
Goodwill an asset which represents the future economic benefits arising from
other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified
and separately recognised.
1.2
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cost; or
fair value in accordance with IFRS 9.
Commentary
If an investment is classified as held for sale then it is accounted for under IFRS 5
Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations (see Session 30).
Any dividends received from the investment are included in profit or loss when the
investors right to receive the dividend is established (i.e. when they are declared).
1.3
Group accounts aim to give a true and fair view to the owners of a parent of what
their investments represents (i.e. control and ownership of the net assets of
subsidiary companies).
Rules are needed to ensure that the consolidation includes all entities controlled by
the parent the definition of subsidiaries attempts to do this (see next section).
2.1
A parent which issues consolidated financial statements must consolidate all subsidiaries, foreign
and domestic, other than those excluded for the reasons specified in IFRS 10 (see later).
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2.2
Power
In many situations power is obtained by holding more than 50% of the voting rights
in an investee (subsidiary). However, power can also arise through contractual
arrangements, without holding a majority of voting rights.
over more than half of the voting rights by virtue of an agreement with
other investors;
to govern the financial and operating policies of the entity under a statute
or an agreement;
When assessing whether control exists, the existence and effect of currently exercisable
potential ordinary shares (i.e. options or convertibles) should be considered.
Illustration 1
Entity A holds 40% of the voting right in entity B. It also holds share options which if
it were to exercise them would take its share-holding in entity B to 80%.
Ignoring any other issues, it would be probable that entity A had control over entity B
through both its current share-holding and its potential future shares. Entity B should
be recognised as a subsidiary of entity A.
Illustration 2
4. Basic principles, methods and critical accounting estimates
(extract)
Consolidation
Subsidiaries are companies over which Bayer AG is able to exercise control generally because
Bayer AG directly or indirectly has a majority of the voting rights, which in turn usually derives
from an ownership interest of more than 50%. Special purpose entities (SPEs) in which the Bayer
Group holds 50% or less of the voting rights or shares are consolidated if the Bayer Group can
derive the greater part of the economic benefi t from the entity and / or bears the greater part of
the risk. Inclusion of an entitys accounts in the consolidated fi nancial statements begins when
the Bayer Group starts to exercise control over the entity and ceases when it is no longer able to
do so.
Commentary
This disclosure was made based on the previous definition of control. For most entities
the new definition will not affect what was previously, and is now, a subsidiary.
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Activity 1
Identify the entities to be included in the group as defined by IFRS 10, in each of the
following situations:
(a)
A holds 10% of the shares in C and controls
it through a contract with Cs owners
(b)
A
60%
B
45%
C
(c)
A
60%
60%
B
30%
30%
(d)
Shareholders in common
100%
100%
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2.3
Variable returns
An investor is exposed to variable returns from the investee when there is potential
for variable performance by the investee.
That is, the returns, dividends and profits, from the investee will depend on the
performance of the subsidiary. There will be no fixed right to a specific return.
Clearly there is a relationship between power and returns. To have control, the
investor must have the ability to use its power to affect the returns from the investee.
Commentary
So an investor with decision-making rights must determine if it is acting as a
principal or an agent. It will only have control if acting as a principal. An agent
would need powers delegated to it by a controlling body.
2.4
A subsidiary that has been acquired exclusively with the intention to resell it is not
consolidated provided that it meets the IFRS 5 criteria of a disposal group on acquisition.
In this case it is carried at fair value less costs to sell and disclosed separately.
Previously, and still in some countries, grounds for excluding individual subsidiaries from
consolidation have included:
Clearly management might want to exclude any subsidiary which reflects poorly on the
economic performance and financial position of the group (e.g. a loss-making subsidiary).
The IASB was gradually removed all exclusions.
Under IFRS 10 there are no exclusions from consolidation of individual subsidiaries which
meet the control criteria.
2.5
As a result of the issue of IFRS 10 some companies might be consolidated that were not
consolidated under IAS 27.
IFRS 10 clarifies that assets, liabilities and non-controlling interest should be measured as if
IFRS 3 had been applied at the date when the investor gained control in accordance with the
requirements of IFRS 10.
If the date of control, under IFRS 10, was prior to the preceding period any difference
between carrying values of assets, liabilities and non-controlling interest would be
recognised directly in equity.
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2.6
This involves:
identifying an acquirer;
Illustration 3
6.2 Business combinations and other acquisitions (extract)
Acquisitions are accounted for by the purchase method, the results of the acquired businesses therefore
being included in the consolidated fi nancial statements as from the respective dates of acquisition. The
purchase prices of acquired companies domiciled outside the eurozone were translated at the exchange
rates in effect at the respective dates of acquisition.
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
The financial statements of the parent and its subsidiaries used in the preparation of the
consolidated financial statements are usually drawn up to the same date.
3.2.2
Either the subsidiary must prepare special statements as at the same date as the group.
adjustments are made for the effects of significant transactions or events that
occur between those dates and the date of the parents financial statements.
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3.3
Accounting policies
3.4
3.5
Non-controlling interests
4.1
Rule
the parents debt or equity instruments are not traded on a public market;
the parent has not filed its financial statements with a recognised stock market;
Commentary
National rules may specify exemptions subject to conditions being met. For example,
under the UK Companies Act 2006, a parent that is subject to the small companys
regime is not obliged to prepare group accounts.
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4.2
Rationale
Users of the financial statements of a parent are usually concerned with, and need to be
informed about, the financial position, results of operations and changes in financial
position of the group as a whole.
A parent that is wholly owned by another entity may not always present consolidated
financial statements since such statements may not be required by its parent and the needs
of other users may be best served by the consolidated financial statements of its parent.
Disclosure
5.1
IFRS 12 disclosures
the nature of, and risks associated with, its interests; and
the effects of those interests on its financial position, financial
performance and cash flows.
Requirements encompass:
An entity should state, for example, that although it holds less than 50% of voting
rights it nevertheless controls it through other factors (described). Also whether it
is acting as agent or principal.
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Illustration 4
Group accounting
Subsidiaries (extract)
The financial results of subsidiaries (including special purpose entities, at this stage limited to
the share trusts) are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the
Group and are no longer consolidated from the date that control ceases.
The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for the acquisition of subsidiaries by
the Group. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the fair value of the assets given, equity
instruments issued and liabilities incurred or assumed at the date of exchange. Identifiable
assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are
measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any
non-controlling interest. The excess of the cost of acquisition over the fair value of the Groups
share of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of the
acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference
is recognised directly in the statement of comprehensive income.
Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for at cost less any accumulated impairment losses
in the separate Annual Financial Statements of Aspen Pharmacare Holdings Ltd. None of the
investments in subsidiaries are listed.
When the end date of the reporting period of the parent is different to that of the subsidiary, the
subsidiary prepares, for consolidation purposes, additional Annual Financial Statements as of
the same date as the Annual Financial Statements of the parent.
Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure
consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.
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In the financial statements of a separate entity investments are accounted for at cost or in
accordance with IFRS 9.
Group accounts should truthfully reflect the assets and liabilities under the control of the
parent.
Control exists if an investor has the ability to exercise power to control variable returns
from the investee.
Control can be achieved through voting rights or other power (e.g. of the board of
directors).
A parent which is part of a larger group may be excluded from presenting group
accounts.
explain the concept of a group and the purpose of preparing consolidated financial
statements;
explain the need for using co-terminous year-ends and uniform accounting policies when
preparing consolidated financial statements and describe how it is achieved in practice.
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Activity solution
Solution 1 Entities in the group
(a)
Even though A only holds 10% of the equity in C it is highly likely that C will be a
subsidiary due to the fact that A has contractual arrangements with the owners of C to
control the entity.
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Overview
Objectives
THE ISSUE
Background
Rule
CONCEPTUAL
BACKGROUND
Substance
Goodwill
OVERVIEW OF
THE TECHNIQUE
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENT OF
FINANCIAL
POSITION
ADJUSTMENTS
COMPLICATIONS
Mid-year acquisitions
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
Basic principles
Goodwill
Post-acquisition growth in reserves
Non-controlling interest
Exam technique
Other accounting models
2301
Inter-company balances
Unrealised profit
Inventory
Non-current asset transfers
Dividends
The issue
1.1
Background
Many companies carry on part of their business through the ownership of other
companies which they control. Such companies are known as subsidiaries.
Separate financial statements of the parent cannot provide the shareholders of the parent with
a true and fair view of what their investment actually represents.
Commentary
The substance of the relationship is not reflected in the accounts.
Illustration 1
Parent
$
100
Subsidiary
$
1.2
900
1,800
1,000
1,800
Rule
A company with a subsidiary on the last day of its reporting period (i.e. a parent must
prepare consolidated financial statements in addition to its own individual accounts.
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Conceptual background
2.1
Substance
Parents share of the net assets of the subsidiary as at the end of the
reporting period;
AND
any remaining element of the goodwill which the parent paid for at the
date of acquistion.
In addition to this, the reserves of the parent must be credited with the parents
share of the subsidiarys post-acquisition reserves (representing the portion of
profit or loss accruing to the parent since acquisition).
Commentary
The remainder of this session will build up to an understanding of this.
2.2
Goodwill
Goodwill is the difference between the value of the business taken as a whole and
the fair value of its separate net assets.
Commentary
The idea is that when a company buys an interest in another it will pay a price that
reflects both the assets it buys and the goodwill.
It can be calculated as:
Fair value of consideration
Fair value of non-controlling interest
Less: Fair value of net assets at acquisition
Goodwill at acquisition
X
X
(X)
The fair value of consideration is the cost of the investment which will be shown in
the financial statements of the parent as Investment in subsidiary. Goodwill is
dealt with in greater depth in the next session for the time being it is sufficient to
consider the relationship above.
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Illustration 2
Parents own
accounts
COST
At the date of
acquisition
Group accounts
NET ASSETS + GOODWILL
1,000
800
200
1,000
1,200
200
Commentary
Any impairment of the goodwill over its life would reduce the 200.
Parent
Subsidiary
Net assets
X
__
Issued capital
Reserves
X
X
__
X
X
__
X
__
X
__
Consolidated statement
of financial position
X
__
+
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X
__
+ CONSOLIDATION
ADJUSTMENTS =
X
X
__
X
__
2304
3.1
There is no such thing as a separate set of consolidated accounts; the group does not
maintain a double entry accounting system.
The individual members of the group maintain their own financial statements and at the
period end, after year-end adjustments, the individual accounts of the members of the
group are combined together to form the basis of the consolidated financial statements.
3.2
Consolidation adjustments
Two
types
Major
adjustments
Inter-company
adjustments
*Goodwill
*Non-controlling interests
*Consolidated reserves
4.1
Basic principles
Commentary
This section builds to an understanding of consolidation through a series of
examples which will increase in complexity. In each case it is assumed that any
individual company adjustments have already been made.
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Worked example 1
As at 31 December 2012
Parent
Subsidiary
Non-current assets:
Tangible assets
Investment in Subsidiary
Net current assets
2,000
1,000
2,000
5,000
500
4,500
5,000
Issued capital
Retained earnings
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
Further information:
Parent bought 100% of Subsidiary on 31 December 2012.
Features to note:
The issued capital of the group is the issued capital of Parent. This is always the case.
The cost of investment is to disappear. It is replaced.
The assets and liabilities of the group are simply a line-by-line cross cast of those of
Parent and Subsidiary. Parent controls 100% of Subsidiarys net assets. This is always
the case.
Worked solution 1
Consolidated statement
of financial position
$
Non-current assets:
Tangible assets (2,000 + 500)
2,500
Cost of investment has disappeared
Issued capital
Retained earnings
2,500
5,000
500
4,500
5,000
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WORKINGS
(1)
1,000
Issued capital
Retained earnings
(2)
$
1,000
(1,000)
Retained earnings
$
4,500
4,500
$
1,000
1,000
Goodwill
Cost
Non-controlling interest
Less:Net assets
(3)
Acquisition
Commentary
The session will now proceed to relax these simplifications to build towards a
realistic example.
4.2
Goodwill
An asset that represents the future economic benefits that arise from other assets acquired in a
business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognised.
It is the excess of the cost (i.e. fair value) of an acquisition over the acquirers interest in the
fair value of the identifiable net assets and liabilities acquired at the date of the exchange
transaction.
Once recognised, goodwill must be tested annually for impairment and any fall in value
will be recognised as an expense in the consolidated profit or loss.
Commentary
There is a lot more to the subject of goodwill (see next session).
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Worked example 2
At 31 December 2012
Parent
Subsidiary
$
$
Non-current assets
Tangible assets
Investment in Subsidiary
Net current assets
1,000
1,200
400
2,600
100
2,500
2,600
Issued capital
Retained earnings
800
200
1,000
900
100
1,000
Further information:
1.
Parent bought 100% of Subsidiary on the 31 December 2012.
2.
Subsidiarys reserves are $100 at the date of acquisition.
Features to note:
1. to 3. As before.
4.
Part of the cost is goodwill. This must be separately identified as a debit (in this
case) to help replace the cost of investment.
5.
Worked solution 2
Consolidated statement
of financial position
$
Non-current assets:
Goodwill (W2)
Tangible assets
Net current assets
Issued capital
Retained earnings (W3)
200
1,800
600
2,600
100
2,500
2,600
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2308
WORKINGS
(1)
Issued capital
Retained earnings
(2)
End of reporting
period
$
900
100
1,000
$
900
100
1,000
Goodwill
$
1,200
(1,000)
200
Cost
Non-controlling interest
Less: Net assets acquired (W1)
(3)
Acquisition
Retained earnings
$
2,500
2,500
4.3
In the period after acquisition (post acquisition) the subsidiary will either make
profits or losses.
The group will include its share of those post-acquisition profits or losses in the
consolidated retained earnings.
It is therefore necessary to identify the profits or losses of the subsidiary in the post
acquisition period. This can be achieved using the net assets schedule.
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2309
Worked example 3
At 31 December 2012
Parent
Subsidiary
$
$
Non-current assets
Tangible assets
Investment in Subsidiary
Net current assets
1,400
1,200
700
3,300
100
3,200
3,300
Issued capital
Retained earnings
1,000
600
1,600
900
700
1,600
Further information:
1.
Parent bought 100% of Subsidiary two years ago.
2.
Subsidiarys reserves were $100 at the date of acquisition.
3.
Goodwill has been impaired by $80 since the date of acquisition.
Features:
1. to 3. As before.
4
Worked solution 3
Consolidated statement
of financial position
$
Non-current assets:
Goodwill (W2)
Tangible assets
120
2,400
1,300
3,820
Issued capital
Retained earnings (W3)
100
3,720
3,820
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WORKING
(1)
Issued capital
Retained earnings
(2)
End of reporting
period
$
900
700
1,600
$
900
100
1,000
Goodwill
Cost
Non-controlling interest
Less:Net assets (100% 1,000)
Impaired
As an asset
(3)
Acquisition
$
1,200
(1,000)
200
80
120
Retained earnings
$
3,200
600
(80)
3,720
4.4
Non-controlling interest
Non-controlling interest represents the proportion of the subsidiarys net assets that
are not owned by the parent.
IFRS 3 allows for the non-controlling interest to be valued in one of two ways at
the date of acquisition:
The difference between the two methods is that if non-controlling interest is valued at fair
value then that value will include the non-controlling interests share of goodwill.
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2311
Worked example 4
Parent
$
Subsidiary
$
Non-current assets
Tangible assets
1,000
600
Investment in Subsidiary
1,200
500
2,700
100
600
1,200
50
2,600
2,700
1,150
1,200
Issued capital
Retained earnings
Further information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Features:
1. and 2. As before.
3.
As before, the assets and liabilities of the group are simply a cross cast of
those of Parent and Subsidiary. Parents share of Subsidiarys net assets is
100% on a line by line basis.
That part that does not belong to the parent is called non-controlling
interest. It is shown as a credit balance, within equity, in the statement of
financial position.
4.
5.
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Worked solution 4
Consolidated statement
of financial position
$
Non-current assets:
Goodwill (W2)
Tangible assets
Net current assets
840
1,600
1,100
3,540
3,300
Non-controlling interest (W3)
240
3,540
WORKINGS
(1)
Issued capital
Retained earnings
End of reporting
period
$
50
1,150
1,200
(2)
Goodwill
Cost
Non-controlling interest (200 20%)
Less:Net assets (100%)
Non-controlling interest
Retained earnings
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
$
240
$
2,600
800
(200)
3,200
2313
Acquisition
$
50
150
200
$
1,200
40
(200)
1,040
200
840
Worked example 5
Non-current assets
Tangible assets
Investment in Subsidiary
Net current assets
Issued capital
Retained earnings
Parent
$
Subsidiary
$
1,000
1,200
500
2,700
100
2,600
2,700
600
600
1,200
50
1,150
1,200
Further information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Features:
1. and 2. As before.
3.
As before, the assets and liabilities of the group are simply a cross cast of
those of Parent and Subsidiary. Parents share of Subsidiarys net assets is
100% on a line by line basis.
That part that does not belong to the parent is called non-controlling
interest. It is shown as a credit balance, within equity, in the statement of
financial position. This example measures non-controlling interest at fair
value and so includes its share of goodwill. Fair value, in this example, is
calculated using the market price of the subsidiarys share and applying it to
the number of shares owned by non-controlling interest.
4.
5.
Under this method non-controlling interest is valued based on the fair value
on acquisition, plus its share of any post-acquisition profits, less its share of
goodwill written off.
6.
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Worked solution 5
Consolidated statement
of financial position
$
Non-current assets:
Goodwill (W2)
Tangible assets
Net current assets
Issued capital
Retained earnings (W4)
Non-controlling interest (W3)
1,096
1,600
1,100
3,796
100
3,240
456
3,796
WORKINGS
(1)
Issued capital
Retained earnings
(2)
Reporting date
$
50
1,150
1,200
Acquisition
$
50
150
200
Goodwill
Cost
Add: Fair value of non-controlling interest (10 shares $29.60)
Less: Net assets on acquisition (100%)
Impaired
Goodwill recognised
$
1,200
296
(200)
1,296
200
1,096
Of the goodwill impaired, 80% is debited to consolidated retained earnings and 20% is
debited to non-controlling interest.
(3)
Non-controlling interest
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2315
$
296
200
(40)
456
(4)
Retained earnings
2,600
Share of Subsidiary
80% (1,150 150) (W1)
800
4.5
(160)
3,240
Exam technique
4.6
(1)
(2)
1,200
240
_____
Overall effect
960
_____
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2316
Another accounting model which would achieve a replacement more easily is equity
accounting. Under this method cost of $1,200 is replaced by $960 as a single figure.
The reason for the two-stage method being used for subsidiaries is that it provides more
information to users, as it gives information about control and ownership.
Complications
5.1
Mid-year acquisitions
A parent may not acquire a subsidiary at the start or end of a year. If a subsidiary
is acquired mid-year, it is necessary to calculate the net assets at date of
acquisition.
Commentary
The subsidiarys profit after tax is assumed to accrue evenly over time unless
indicated to the contrary.
Worked example 6
Parent acquired 80% of Subsidiary on 31 May 2012 for $20,000.
Subsidiarys net assets at 31 December 2011 were:
Issued capital
Retained earnings
$
1,000
15,000
16,000
During the year to 31 December 2012, Subsidiary made a profit after tax of $600.
Non-controlling interest is valued at the proportionate share of the identifiable net
assets on acquisition.
Required:
(a)
(b)
(c)
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2317
Worked solution 6
(a)
(b)
15,000
250
15,250
16,250
Goodwill on acquisition
$
20,000
Cost of investment
Less: Share of net assets acquired
80% 16,250 (W1)
(c)
$
1,000
(13,000)
(7,000)
280
Adjustments
6.1
Inter-company balances
If the group companies trade with each other (as is likely) a receivable in one set of
accounts will be balanced out by a payable in another. When statements of
financial position are consolidated these amounts are cancelled out against each
other.
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Illustration 3
Parent owns 80% of Subsidiary. Parent sells goods to Subsidiary. At the end of the
reporting period the accounts of the two entities include the following inter-company
balances.
Parent
Receivables
Amount receivable
from Subsidiary
Subsidiary
1,000
Payables
Amount payable
to Parent
1,000
Usually the assets and the liabilities of the group are a straightforward summation of the
individual items in the accounts of the parent and its subsidiaries. If these include of intercompany balances the financial statements of the group would show cash owed from and
to itself. This would clearly be misleading.
To avoid this, the inter-company amounts are cancelled on consolidation:
Parent
Receivables
Amount receivable
from Subsidiary
Payables
Amount payable
to Parent
Subsidiary
Adjustments on
consolidation
Dr
1,000
Cr
1,000
1,000
1,000
Consolidated
statement of
financial position
Commentary
All inter-company amounts in the statement of financial position (loans,
receivables and payables) and the statement of comprehensive income (income and
expenses) are cancelled on consolidation. The direction of sale (Parent to
Subsidiary or vice versa) is irrelevant.
Commentary
At the end of the reporting period inter-company trading may result in a group
company owning inventory which it purchased from another group company. This is a
separate issue.
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6.2
Unrealised profit
Inter-company balances are cancelled on consolidation. The main reason for these
arising is inter-company (or intra-group) trading.
Commentary
Another example is inter-company transfers of non-current assets (see later).
If a member of a group sells inventory to another member of the group and that inventory is
still held by the buying company at the end of the reporting period:
The company that made the sale will show profit in its own accounts. This is
correct from the individual companys viewpoint. However, this profit will not have
been realised from the groups perspective.
The company that made the purchase will record the inventory at cost to itself. This
is also correct from the individual company view. However, consolidation of this
value will result in the inclusion in the financial statements of an amount which is
not at cost to the group.
Key point
This implies that the unrealised profit is eliminated from the inventory value. However, the
Standard does not rule on the other side of the entry.
Two possibilities
(1)
Commentary
The reduction of closing inventory in the consolidated statement of comprehensive
income would reduce the profit for the year and hence the retained earnings figure
in the statement of financial position.
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(2)
Share the adjustment between the parents shareholders and the non-controlling interest:
6.3
Inventory
If inventory is still held by the group at the end of the reporting period,
the profit made by the selling company must be eliminated to the extent
that it has not yet been realised by the group.
Applying the single entity concept, the group has bought and is holding
inventory.
There are two ways in which the unrealised profit can be eliminated from the
consolidated financial statements:
6.3.1
Parent adjustment
Worked example 7
Parent owns 80% of Subsidiary. During the current accounting period, Parent
transferred goods to Subsidiary for $4,000, which gave Parent a profit of $1,000.
These goods were included in Subsidiarys inventory at the end of the reporting period.
Required:
Calculate the adjustment in the consolidated statement of financial position.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2321
Worked solution 7
Dr
Retained earnings
Cr
$1,000
Inventory
$1,000
Worked example 8
Parent owns 80% of Subsidiary. During the current accounting period, Subsidiary
sold goods to Parent for $18,000 which gave Subsidiary a profit of $6,000. At the end
of the reporting period, half of these goods are included in Parents inventory.
At the end of the reporting period, Parents accounts showed retained profits of
$100,000, and Subsidiarys accounts showed net assets of $75,000, including retained
profits of $65,000. Subsidiary had retained profits of $20,000 at acquisition.
Required:
Show the adjustment to eliminate unrealised profits in the consolidation
workings for Parent.
Worked solution 8
Dr
$3,000
Inventory
$3,000
WORKINGS
(1)
Issued capital
Retained earnings
(2)
75,000
30,000
Non-controlling interest
$15,000
Retained earnings
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
$
100,000
36,000
(3,000)
133,000
2322
6.3.2
Seller adjustment
Worked example 9
As for Worked example 7.
Required:
Calculate the adjustment in the consolidated statement of financial position.
Worked solution 9
Dr
Retained earnings
Cr
$1,000
Inventory
$1,000
Worked example 10
Parent owns 80% of Subsidiary. During the current accounting period, Subsidiary
sold goods to Parent for $18,000 which gave Subsidiary a profit of $6,000. At the end
of the reporting period, half of these goods are included in Parents inventory.
At the end of the reporting period, Parents accounts showed retained profits of
$100,000, and Subsidiarys accounts showed net assets of $75,000, including retained
profits of $65,000. Subsidiary had retained profits of $20,000 at acquisition.
Required:
Show the adjustment to eliminate unrealised profits in the consolidation
workings.
Worked solution 10
Dr
$3,000
Inventory
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$3,000
2323
WORKING
(1)
Issued capital
Retained earnings
Per the question
Unrealised profit
65,000
(3,000)
Reporting
date
Acquisition
date
$
10,000
$
10,000
20,000
62,000
72,000
(2)
30,000
Non-controlling interest
(3)
Retained earnings
$
100,000
133,600
Commentary
Retained earnings has increased and non-controlling interest decreased by $600.
In this example the subsidiary has sold the goods and the adjustment is made in
the subsidiarys net asset schedule working.
If the parent had sold the goods then the adjustment would be made in the
consolidated retained earnings working.
From this point on the adjustment for unrealised profit should be made against
the profits of the selling company as has been required in every exam question to
date. The examples above show the impact that the adjustment can have if it is
always treated as an adjustment against the parent as opposed to adjusting the
sellers accounts.
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6.4
In accordance with the single entity concept the group accounts should reflect the
non-current assets at the amount at which they would have been stated had the
transfer not been made.
The buying company will include the asset at its cost (which is different to the cost
to the group) and depreciate it. The expense for the year will be different to what
it would have been if no transfer had occurred.
Commentary
Once made, the two adjustments will re-establish cost to the group.
The unrealised profit will be in the accounts of the selling company and the
depreciation adjustment will be made in the accounts of the buying company.
Approach
Construct a working, which shows the figures in the accounts (with transfer),
and what would have been in the accounts if no transfer had been made (without
transfer).
Worked example 11
Parent owns 80% of Subsidiary. Parent transferred an asset to Subsidiary at a value
of $15,000 on 1 January 2012. The original cost to Parent was $20,000 and the
accumulated depreciation at the date of transfer was $8,000. The asset had a useful
life of 5 years when originally acquired, with a residual value of zero. The useful life
at the date of transfer remains at 3 years. Full allowance is made for depreciation in
the year of purchase and none in the year of sale.
Required:
Calculate the adjustment for the consolidated statement of financial position at 31
December 2012.
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Worked solution 11
Cost
Accumulated depreciation
(15,000/3 years)
With
transfer
$
Without
transfer
$
15,000
20,000
(5,000)
10,000
5,000
*(12,000)
8,000
4,000
Adjustment
$
2,000
1,000
15,000
(12,000)
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
and
Dr Non-current assets
Cr Subsidiary profit or loss depreciation
1,000
1,000
6.5
Dividends
6.5.1
Dividends payable
If the draft statements of financial position of group companies have not yet
recognised dividends declared before the year-end adjustments will need to be
made before consolidation. Adjustments, in the individual company financial
statements are as follows:
X
X
If a subsidiary is declaring a dividend, the parent is due its share. This dividend now represents
reserves-in-transit. The parent must record its dividend receivable:
Dr Dividend receivable
Cr Profit or loss
X
X
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The dividend receivable and liability are inter-company balances and must be eliminated.
6.5.2
If it states the company has declared a dividend at the year end but has not yet
recorded it, no entries have yet been made.
If it states that the parent does not record dividends until received, the parents
financial statements must be adjusted for any dividends receivable.
6.5.3
Any dividends that are paid out of a subsidiarys pre-acquisition profits are
included in the parents profit or loss, they are not credited to cost of investment.
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2327
Activity 1
The summarised statements of financial position of Close and Steele as at 31 December
2012 were as follows:
Close
Steele
$
$
Assets
Non-current assets
Tangible assets
84,000
58,200
Investments
80,000
Current assets
Current account Close
3,200
Cash at bank
10,000
3,000
Investments
2,500
Trade receivables
62,700
21,100
Inventory
18,000
12,000
254,700
100,000
254,700
100,000
(2)
The inventory of Close includes $4,000 goods from Steele invoiced to Close
at cost plus 25%.
(3)
A payment for $500 by Close to Steele, sent before 31 December 2012, was
not received by Steele until January 2013.
(4)
Goodwill has been impaired by $7,800 since the acquisition took place.
(5)
Required:
Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position of Close and its
subsidiary Steele as at 31 December 2012.
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2328
The cost of an investment in a subsidiary does not reflect the true substance of the
transaction.
Consolidation replaces the equity of the subsidiary with the cost of the investment,
creating goodwill as a balancing amount.
100% of the net assets of the subsidiary are added to the net assets of the parent.
Any holding of less than 100% is reflected in the calculation of non-controlling interest.
This can be valued at either:
fair value; or
a proportion of the fair value of the identifiable net assets.
The difference between these two valuations affects the amount of goodwill identified.
Post-acquisition profits of the subsidiary are shared between the parent and noncontrolling interest.
Goodwill is tested annually for impairment and any loss allocated to retained earnings
and non-controlling interest (depending on the method used to value it).
prepare a consolidated statement of financial position for a simple group dealing with pre and
post-acquisition profits, non-controlling interests and goodwill;
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Activity solution
Consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 December 2012
$
Assets
Non-current assets
Tangible assets
142,200
5,000
Current assets
Cash at bank and in hand
Investments
Receivables
Inventory
13,500
2,500
83,800
29,200
129,000
276,200
212,560
17,640
230,200
Current liabilities
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
120,000
18,000
23,000
51,560
46,000
276,200
2330
WORKINGS
(1)
Group structure
Close
80%
Steele
(2)
Acquisition
Postreporting period
$
Share capital
Revaluation surplus
Retained earnings Per question (8,000 + 5,000)
Provision for unrealised profit
(3)
60,000
16,000
13,000
(800)
88,200
$
60,000
16,000
8,000
84,000
acquisition
$
5,000
(800)
4,200
Goodwill
$
Cost of shares
Non-controlling interest (20% 84,000 (W2))
Less
Net assets acquired
Goodwill
(4)
Non-controlling interest
Share of net assets (20% 88,200 (W2))
(5)
80,000
16,800
(84,000)
12,800
17,640
Retained earnings
$
56,000
3,360
(7,800)
51,560
Close
(40,000 + 16,000)
Steele
(80% 4,200 (W2))
Goodwill impaired
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Overview
Objectives
To explain the accounting adjustments which must be made before consolidation can
proceed.
ADJUSTMENTS
GROUP ACCOUNTING
POLICY
ADJUSTMENTS
GOODWILL
IFRS 10
ACCOUNTING FOR
THE FAIR VALUE
ADJUSTMENT
ACCOUNTING
FOR GOODWILL
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Definition
Cost of acquisition
Recognition
Measurement
Exception
Measuring fair values
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Goodwill
Bargain purchases
Initial accounting determined
provisionally
Impairment of goodwill
Adjustments
This session examines the adjustments which are necessary before consolidation can
proceed. Once these adjustments are processed consolidations are rarely more complex
than the examples in the previous session.
2.1
IFRS 10
IFR 10 requires that a subsidiarys financial statements be drawn up using the same accounting
policies as the parent. If this is not the case those accounts may have to be restated in line with
the group policy.
It might be necessary:
in the case of a mid-year acquisition where the parent has not yet
imposed its policies on the subsidiary; or
Goodwill
3.1
Definition
IFRS 3 defines goodwill as an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other
assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately
recognised.
the cost of the acquisition plus the value of non-controlling interest; and
the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed
(including contingent liabilities) as at the date of the exchange transaction.
As a result of revisions to IFRS 3 in 2008, the non-controlling interests share of goodwill may
be recognised as part of the acquisition process. The option to measure non-controlling interest
is allowed on a transaction-by-transaction basis.
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$
X
(X)
____
Goodwill
X
____
Commentary
For exam purposes the examiner will indicate how non-controlling interest, and therefore
goodwill, is to be measured. Whichever method is indicated goodwill should be measured
using the method above.
Illustration 1
Parent acquires 80% of Subsidiary for $120,000. The fair value of the non-controlling
interests share in subsidiary is $28,000, whilst the value of non-controlling interest
based upon the proportionate share of identifiable net assets acquired would give a
value of $25,000. The fair value of the subsidiarys net assets on acquisition has been
measured as $125,000.
Goodwill can be calculated as either:
(a)
$
120,000
28,000
148,000
(125,000)
23,000
Cost of investment
Non-controlling interest
(b)
$
120,000
25,000
145,000
(125,000)
20,000
If non-controlling interest is valued at fair value (a), then the value of goodwill and
non-controlling interest will be higher to the extent of the non-controlling interests
share of the fair value of the subsidiary.
If the subsidiary has not reflected fair values in its accounts, this must be done before
consolidating.
Commentary
There are several issues to address:
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3.2
The purchase consideration must faithfully represent the fair value of all elements of the
consideration paid in order to identify the value of goodwill paid to acquire the subsidiary.
Any costs directly associated with the acquisition of the subsidiary are expensed
through profit or loss as a period costs.
Commentary
This is a change from the previous version of IFRS 3 which required directly
attributable costs to be included in the cost of investment. As a result of this change,
the amount of goodwill recognised will be smaller.
3.2.1
Deferred consideration
The cost of the acquisition is the present value of the consideration, taking into
account any premium or discount likely to be incurred in settlement (and not the
nominal value of the payable).
Worked example 1
Parent acquired 60% of Subsidiary on 1 January 2012 for $100,000 cash payable
immediately and $121,000 after two years. The fair value of Subsidiarys net assets
at acquisition amounted to $300,000. Parents cost of capital is 10%. The deferred
consideration was completely ignored when preparing group accounts as at 31
December 2012.
Non-controlling interest is not credited with goodwill.
Required:
Calculate the goodwill arising on acquisition and show how the deferred
consideration should be accounted for in Parents consolidated financial
statements.
Worked solution 1
Cost of investment in Subsidiary at acquisition: $100,000 + $121,000/1.21 = $200,000
Goodwill
Cost
Non-controlling interest (40% 300,000)
Less: Net assets acquired
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$000
200
120
(300)
20
Deferred consideration
Double entry at 1 January:
Dr Cost of Investment in Subsidiary
Cr Deferred consideration
$100,000
$100,000
$10,000
$10,000
In the consolidated statement of financial position, the cost of investment in Subsidiary will be
replaced by the goodwill of $20,000; the deferred consideration will equal $110,000.
3.2.2
Contingent consideration
When a business combination agreement provides for an adjustment to the cost, contingent
on future events, the acquirer includes the acquisition date fair value of the contingent
consideration in the calculation of the consideration paid.
3.3
Recognition
3.3.1
Introduction
The identifiable assets and liabilities acquired are recognised separately as at the date of
acquisition (and therefore feature in the calculation of goodwill).
This may mean that some assets, especially intangible assets, will be recognised in the
consolidated statement of financial position that were not recognised in the subsidiarys
single entity statement of financial position.
Any future costs that the acquirer expects to incur in respect of plans to restructure the
subsidiary must not be recognised as a provision at the acquisition date. They will be
treated as a post-acquisition cost.
Commentary
Such liabilities are not liabilities of the acquiree at the date of acquisition. Therefore they
are not relevant in allocating the cost of acquisition.
Historically companies recognised large provisions on acquisition, which had the effect of
reducing net assets and thereby increasing goodwill. Goodwill was then charged against
profits (through amortisation) over a much longer period than through immediate recognition
as an expense. IFRS 3 and IAS 37 have virtually eliminated these so called big bath
provisions.
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3.3.2
IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets does not require contingent
liabilities to be recognised in the financial statements.
However, if a contingent liability of the subsidiary has arisen due to a present obligation that
has not been recognised (because an outflow of economic benefits is not probable) IFRS 3
requires this present obligation to be recognised in the consolidated financial statements as
long as its fair value can be measured reliably.
This will mean that some contingent liabilities will be recognised in the consolidated
statement of financial position that were not recognised in the single entitys statement of
financial position.
3.4
Measurement
All assets and liabilities of the subsidiary that are recognised in the consolidated statement of
financial position are measured at their acquisition date fair values.
This reflects the amount that would have been paid to acquire the individual assets and
liabilities at the acquisition date and correctly identify the value of goodwill acquired.
fair value; or
the non-controlling interests proportionate share of the subsidiarys
identifiable net assets.
Commentary
The choice can be made for each acquisition, so a company does not have to be consistent in its
measurement of non-controlling interests relating to separate acquisitions.
In examination questions
If non-controlling interest is valued at fair value, at the reporting date the noncontrolling interest will be measured in the following way:
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3.5
3.5.1
Deferred taxes are recognised and measured in accordance with IAS 12.
Employee benefits are recognised and measured in accordance with IAS 19.
Any indemnification assets (e.g. a guarantee given by the seller against a future event or
contingency) are recognised and measured using the same principles of recognition and
measurement as for the item that is being indemnified.
3.5.2
A reacquired right (i.e. a right to use an asset of the parent granted previously to the
subsidiary) is recognised as an intangible asset and measured according to the
remaining contractual term of the related contract.
Commentary
For example, a right to use the trade name of the parent under a franchise agreement, or the right to
use the parents technology under a technology licensing agreement.
Any share based payment awards of the subsidiary that are to be replaced with share based
payment awards of the parent are measured in accordance with IFRS 2.
Any non-current assets classed as held for sale are measured in accordance with IFRS 5.
3.6
3.6.1
Land and buildings and other non-financial assets fair value considers the economic
benefits of:
Commentary
Highest and best use takes account of physical characteristics (e.g. location of property),
any legal restrictions (e.g. on planning permission) and financial feasibility. It is considered
from a market perspective even if the entity intends a different use.
Some intangible assets fair value may be measured using an income approach.
IFRS 13 specifies but does not explain the multi-period excess earnings method
(MPEEM).
Commentary
The key principle of this methodology is that the intangible asset (e.g. a customer list or licence)
does not generate cash flows in a vacuum but is supported by other assets.
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3.6.2
Other IFRSs
Long-term loans and receivables at the present values of the amounts to be paid or received,
discounted at using a prevailing market interest rate (IFRS 9).
Commentary
Discounting is not required for short-term monetary assets and liabilities when the
difference between the nominal amount of the receivable and the discounted amount is not
material.
costs to complete;
costs of disposal; and
a reasonable profit allowance for the completing and selling effort (based on
profit for similar finished goods; and
4.1
The fair value adjustment will not normally have been reflected in the financial statements of the subsidiary
at the date of acquisition.
If the subsidiary has not reflected fair values in its accounts, this must be done before
consolidating.
This is not a revaluation exercise under IAS 16 but a fair value exercise in accordance
with IFRS 3.
An increase from carrying value to fair value of an asset will have the impact of reducing the
value of goodwill as value has now been attached to an identifiable asset. A decrease will have
the impact of increasing the amount of goodwill.
At the acquisition date identify the difference between fair value and carrying value of the
asset, or liability, and include this difference in the schedule of net assets.
Then consider the impact of this fair value difference in the post-acquisition period.
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2408
Depreciating assets
Allow for any additional (or reduced) depreciation based upon the fair value
difference and then show the reporting date figure as a balancing item.
Illustration 2
On acquisition of a subsidiary the carrying value of its buildings was $25 million and
their fair value $30 million. The buildings had a remaining useful life at the date of
acquisition of 20 years. Two years have passed since the acquisition took place.
The fair value difference on the acquisition date is $5 million.
The post-acquisition adjustment for depreciation is $500,000 ($5 million 2/20 years)
The fair value difference remaining at the reporting date is $4.5 million.
Reporting
date
4.5
Acquisition
date
5
Postacquisition
(0.5)
Non-depreciating assets
Since there will be no depreciation in the post-acquisition period the fair value difference at
the reporting date will be the same as at the acquisition date.
Illustration 3
As for Illustration 2 with an asset of land (rather than buildings).
The fair value difference remaining at the reporting date is $5 million.
Reporting
date
5
Acquisition
date
5
Postacquisition
0
Inventory
If the inventory has been sold there will be no fair value difference remaining at the reporting date
and so the post-acquisition amount will be the balancing figure.
If the inventory has not been sold then the fair value difference will be the same at the
reporting date as it was on acquisition.
Illustration 4
As for Illustration 2 with an asset of inventory that has now been sold. The fair value
difference remaining at the reporting date is $0.
Reporting
date
0
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2409
Acquisition
date
5
Postacquisition
(5)
Contingent liabilities
Again, any change in the fair value of the contingent liability between the reporting date and
the acquisition date is a post-acquisition adjustment to net asset.
4.2
IFRS 3 requires the entire fair value difference to be reflected in the consolidated group
accounts. The non-controlling interests balance will reflect its share of the adjusted value.
Commentary
The non-controlling interests shares in both the fair value difference and any
consequential depreciation adjustment.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2410
Worked example 2
Parent acquires 60% of Subsidiary on 31 December 2010 for $80,000. The carrying
amount of Subsidiarys net assets on this date is as follows:
$
Land and buildings (market value $30,000)
20,000
Goodwill arising on the acquisition of a sole trader
5,000
Sundry net assets (at fair value)
80,000
105,000
Issued capital
Retained earnings
10,000
95,000
105,000
Issued capital
10,000
Retained earnings
120,000
130,000
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2411
Worked solution 2
WORKINGS
Net assets summary
$
Issued capital
Retained earnings
As per the question
goodwill
120,000
(3,000)
At consolidation
$
10,000
117,000
127,000
10,000
Net assets
137,000
Goodwill
Cost
Non-controlling interest
40% 110,000
Less: Net assets acquired
Non-controlling interest
40% 137,000
$
80,000
(44,000)
(110,000)
14,000
$54,800
$16,200
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2412
At acquisition
$
10,000
95,000
(5,000)
90,000
10,000
110,000
Activity 1
As at 31 December 2012
Parent
Subsidiary
$
$
Non-current assets:
Tangibles
Cost of investment in Subsidiary
Current assets
Issued capital
Retained earnings
Current liabilities
1,800
1,000
400
3,200
1,000
300
1,300
100
2,900
200
3,200
100
1,000
200
1,300
Further information:
Parent bought 80% of Subsidiary on the 31 December 2010.
At the date of acquisition Subsidiarys retained earnings stood at $600 and the fair
value of its net assets were $1,000. The revaluation was due to an asset that had a
remaining useful economic life of 10 years as at the date of acquisition.
Goodwill has been impaired by $40 since acquisition. Non-controlling interest is to be
valued at its proportionate share of the identifiable net assets.
Required:
Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position of Parent as at 31
December 2012.
Proforma solution
$
Non-current assets:
Goodwill
Tangibles
Current assets
_____
_____
Issued capital
Retained earnings
Non-controlling interest
Current liabilities
_____
_____
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2413
5.1
Goodwill
Goodwill reflects the future economic benefits arising from assets that are not capable
of being identified individually or recognised separately.
It is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the cost of the acquisition over the
acquirers interest in the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired as at
the date of the acquisition. It is recognised as an asset.
Goodwill is tested annually for impairment; any loss is expensed to profit or loss. If noncontrolling interest is valued at fair value then its value will be reduced to the extent of the
impairment loss relating to its percentage shareholding.
5.2
Bargain purchases
If on initial measurement the fair value of the acquirees net assets exceeds the cost of
acquisition , then the acquirer reassesses:
If there still remains an excess after the reassessment then that excess is recognised immediately
in profit or loss. This excess (gain) could have arisen due to:
bargain purchase.
Commentary
At the time of writing the ACCAs Study Guide still refers to this excess as negative
goodwill a term that is no longer used in IFRS 3.
5.3
5.3.1
Provisional accounting
Any new information that becomes available, relating to acquisition date assets and liabilities,
is retrospectively adjusted against the initial provisional amounts recognised as long as the
information is known within the measurement period.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2414
5.3.2
Measurement period
The measurement period is the period after the acquisition date during which the
parent may adjust the provisional amounts recognised in respect of the acquisition of a
subsidiary.
The measurement period cannot exceed one year after the acquisition date.
5.3.3
Subsequent adjustments
Any other adjustments are treated in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies,
Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.
Illustration 5
Parent acquires 80% of Subsidiary for $60,000. The subsidiarys net assets at date of
acquisition were $62,500. At the end of the first year goodwill has been impaired by
$1,000. Non-controlling interest is not credited with goodwill.
In the year following acquisition, but within 12 months of the acquisition date, it was
identified that the value of land was $2,500 greater than that recognised on acquisition.
The value of goodwill at the end of year 2 was valued at $7,400.
Year 1:
$
Cost of investment
Non-controlling interest (62,500 20%)
Less :Net assets on acquisition
60,000
12,500
(62,500)
______
Goodwill
10,000
______
1,000
Year 2:
$
Cost of investment
Non-controlling interest (65,000 20%)
60,000
13,000
65,000
______
Goodwill on acquisition
Goodwill at year end
8,000
7,400
______
600
______
Journal
Dr Land
2,500
Dr Profit or loss (goodwill)
600
Cr Goodwill (9,000 7,400)
Cr Non-controlling interest (2,500 20%)
Cr Opening retained earnings
(prior year charge for goodwill reversed)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2415
1,600
500
1,000
5.4
Impairment of goodwill
5.4.1
General
Goodwill on acquisition must be allocated to a cash generating unit (CGU) that benefits from
the acquisition. A CGU need not necessarily be a unit of the subsidiary acquired; it could be a
unit of the parent or another subsidiary in the group.
The unit must be at least that of an operating segment (as defined under IFRS 8 Operating
Segments), that is, a distinguishable component.
Each CGU must be tested annually for impairment. The test must be carried out at the
same time each year, but does not have to be carried out at the year end.
5.4.2
Partially-owned subsidiary
Any impairment in excess of this grossed up goodwill is then allocated against the
remaining assets of the CGU on a pro-rata basis.
Worked example 3
Parent acquires 75% of Subsidiary. The carrying value of the subsidiarys net assets on
30 June 2013 was $1,800, this included $300 of goodwill. The recoverable amount of
the subsidiary on the same day was $1,640.
Worked solution 3
$
400
1,500
________
1,900
1,640
Recoverable amount
________
Impairment
260
________
Of this amount 75% ($195) will be allocated against the goodwill recognised in the group
financial statements, leaving goodwill included in the consolidated statement of financial
position of $105. The carrying value of the subsidiarys net assets, including goodwill, will
now be $1,605.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2416
(1)
(2)
(3)
W1
do the double entry on the face of the question (as far as possible).
W2
the aim is to show the net assets position at two points in time.
At reporting
date
X
Issued capital
Retained earnings
per Q
Adjustments
X
(X)
______
Fair value
reserve
At
acquisition
X
X
(X)
______
X
X
______
X
______
X
______
X
______
NON-CONTROLLING
INTEREST
GOODWILL
Cost
+ NCI
Net assets at
acquisition
X
X
(X)
_____
X
_____
X
(X)
_____
x%
X
Subsidiary share of postacquisition profits
Goodwill adjustment
(X)
_____
X
_____
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2417
Goodwill is the difference between the fair value of the consideration given and the fair
value of the net assets acquired.
Purchase consideration is valued at fair value; any transactions costs are expensed to
profit or loss when incurred.
Deferred consideration is calculated as the present value of the future cash flows; the
unwinding of the discount is charged to profit or loss.
Contingent consideration is valued at fair value and credited to equity (if settled in
shares) or to liabilities (if settled in cash_. Any post-acquisition change in fair value is
only accounted for if settlement is in cash, and taken to profit or loss.
The subsidiarys net assets are valued at fair value on acquisition; any fair value
difference is reflected in the net asset working schedule.
Goodwill is tested annually for impairment. Any fall in value is shared between parent
and non-controlling interest.
Focus
You should now be able to:
explain why it is necessary for both the consideration paid for a subsidiary and the
subsidiarys identifiable assets and liabilities to be accounted for at their fair values
when preparing consolidated financial statements;
identify the circumstances in which an acquirers interest exceeds cost, and the
subsequent accounting treatment of the excess.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2418
Activity solution
Solution 1
As at 31 December 2012
$
Non-current assets:
Goodwill
Tangibles (1,800 + (1,000 + 300 [2/10 300]))
Current assets (400 + 300)
160
3,040
700
3,900
Issued capital
Retained earnings
Non-controlling interest
Current liabilities (200 + 200)
100
3,132
268
400
3,900
WORKINGS
(1)
$
Issued capital
Retained earnings
As given
Extra depreciation
1,000
(60)
______
At consolidation
$
100
At acquisition
$
100
600
940
300
______
300
______
Net assets
1,340
______
1,000
______
(2)
Goodwill
Cost
Non-controlling interest
20% 1,000
Less: Net assets acquired
$
1,000
200
(1,000)
______
200
______
160
40
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2419
(3)
Non-controlling interest
20% 1,340
(4)
$268
Parent
Share of Subsidiary
80% (940 600)
Goodwill
$
2,900
272
(40)
3,132
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2420
Overview
Objectives
GROUP INCOME
INTER-COMPANY
TRANSACTIONS AND
UNREALISED PROFIT
Income generation
Control and ownership
NON-CONTROLLING
INTEREST
Dividends
Inter-company
items
Recognition
Treatment of
goodwill
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENT OF
CHANGES IN EQUITY
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
MID-YEAR
ACQUISITIONS
2501
IAS 1
Inclusion of subsidiarys
results
Group income
1.1
Income generation
1.2
OWNERSHIP
Owners (equity holders) of the parent
Non-controlling interest
( % subsidiarys profit after tax)
X
X
This reflects the profit or loss section of the statement of comprehensive income; any other
gains or losses for the period will be included in other comprehensive income. This session
focuses on the profit or loss component of the statement of comprehensive income.
The profit or loss shows the income generated from net assets under parents control.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2502
2.1
Dividends
2.2
Inter-company items
2.2.1
Trading
Commentary
This adjustment has no effect on profit and hence will have no effect on the
non-controlling interests share of profit.
2.2.2
If any items sold by one group company to another are included in inventory (i.e. have not
been sold outside the group by the year end), their value must be adjusted to the lower of cost
and net realisable value to group.
The adjustment will be made as a consolidation adjustment either against the profits of
the selling company or the profits of the parent, irrespective of the direction of sale.
Commentary
Worked example 1 below looks at the impact of making the adjustment always against the
parent or always against the selling company. The example is provided for comparison
purposes; after this example all adjustments for unrealised profits will be made against
the selling company unless the question states otherwise.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2503
Worked example 1
Whale owns 75% of Porpoise. The trading account for each company for the year
ended 31 March 2013 is as follows:
Whale
$
120,000
(80,000)
40,000
Revenue
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Porpoise
$
70,000
(50,000)
20,000
During the year Porpoise made sales to Whale amounting to $30,000. $15,000 of these
sales were in inventory at the year end. Profit made on the year-end inventory items
amounted to $2,000.
Required:
Calculate group revenue, cost of sales and gross profit.
Worked solution 1
Parent adjustment
Revenue
Cost of sales per question
Unrealised profit
Gross profit
Whale
$
120,000
(80,000)
40,000
Porpoise Adjustment
$
$
70,000
(30,000)
(50,000)
30,000
(2,000)
20,000
(2,000)
Consolidated
$
160,000
(102,000)
58,000
(5,000)
Seller adjustment
Revenue
Cost of sales per question
unrealised profit
Gross profit
Whale
$
120,000
(80,000)
40,000
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
18,000
58,000
(4,500)
2504
Commentary
This example considers the different impact that the adjustment could have on the
calculation of non-controlling interest. From this point on all adjustments should be
made against the selling entitys profits unless the question states otherwise.
Any unrealised profit in opening inventory will be deducted from cost of sales of the
original selling company, thereby reversing the originating adjustment made against
the previous years closing inventory.
Commentary
The adjustment for unrealised profit is merely a timing adjustment. The period of recognition
of profit by the group is moved to a later period than that recognised by the single entity.
2.2.3
Last years closing inventory will become this years opening inventory, and so any
adjustments made in the previous year in terms of the unrealised profit will be reversed in
the current year, on the presumption that the inventory has been sold on in the current period.
Therefore any unrealised profit in the opening inventory will be deducted from the costs
of the original selling company, thereby increasing the profits for the current year.
All we are doing with unrealised profit is shifting the period in which the profit is
recognised, delaying the recognition of the profit by the group until the goods have
been sold outside of the group.
This adjustment only ever impacts on the gross profit calculation, never the
statement of financial position.
Illustration 1
In year 1 Parent sells goods to Subsidiary for $100, the cost of these goods was $80.
At the end of the year the goods are still held by the subsidiary.
In year 2 the Subsidiary sells the goods on for $110:
Year 1 Profit
P
$20
Year 2 Profit
$10
Group
0
$30
The profit recognised by the Parent and Subsidiary over the two years is $30 and the
group also recognises profit of $30. The adjustment for unrealised profit merely
changes the period of recognition of profit; in this example moving, by one year, the
recognition of the initial $20 profit.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2505
2.2.4
Worked example 2
Parent owns 80% of subsidiary. Parent transferred a non-current asset to subsidiary
on 1 January 2012 at a value of $15,000. The asset originally cost Parent $20,000
and depreciation to the date of transfer was $8,000. The asset had a useful life of 5
years when originally acquired, with a residual value of zero. The useful life at the
date of transfer remains at 3 years. A full years depreciation charge is made in the
year of acquisition and none in the year of disposal. Total depreciation for 2012 was
$700,000 for parent and $500,000 for subsidiary.
Required:
Show the adjustments required for the above transaction in the consolidated
statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 2012.
Per question
Asset unrealised profit
[15,000 (20,000 8,000)]
Depreciation adjustment
(15,000/3 years) 4,000
3,000
3,000
(1,000)
(1,000)
1,202,000
2.2.5
Where a group company lends money to another group company the loan asset is
cancelled against the loan liability in the consolidated accounts.
Where the loan carries interest payments there will be interest income in one company
and interest expense in the other, this interest will also need to be eliminated.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2506
Illustration 2
Parent has made an 8% $100,000 loan to its subsidiary. The Parents single entity
accounts include interest income of $8,000. The Subsidiarys single entity accounts
show interest expense of $8,000. These two figures will be cancelled against each
other in the consolidated accounts and no interest income or interest expense will be
recognised.
Many companies also make a form of management charge against other group
companies, normally from the parent to the subsidiary. The parent will reflect other
income in its profit or loss whilst the subsidiary will include the charge as part of its
operating expenses. On consolidation these inter-company charges must also be
cancelled against each other.
Non-controlling interest
3.1
Recognition
3.2
Treatment of goodwill
IFRS 3 rules that goodwill arising on acquisition must be capitalised and tested
annually for impairment. Any impairment is recognised as an expense and charged to
profit or loss in the period.
If non-controlling interest is valued at fair value (i.e. credited with its share of
goodwill) any impairment loss relating to goodwill must be allocated between the
parent and non-controlling interest in the proportion of their respective share
ownerships.
Any excess of the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired over the cost of the
acquisition is credited to profit or loss immediately.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2507
Activity 1
Pathfinder owns 75% of Sultan . Statements of comprehensive income for the two
companies for the year ending 30 September 2012 are as follows:
Revenue
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Expenses
Profit for the period
Pathfinder
$
100,000
(60,000)
40,000
(20,000)
20,000
Sultan
$
50,000
(30,000)
20,000
(10,000)
10,000
During the year, Pathfinder sold goods to Sultan for $20,000, at a gross profit margin
of 40%. Half of the goods remained in inventory at the year end. Non-controlling
interest is valued at fair value and goodwill is to be impaired by $2,000 for the
current year.
Required:
Prepare the consolidated statement of comprehensive income of Pathfinder for
the year ended 30 September 2012.
Proforma solution
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 30 September 2012
$
Revenue
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Expenses
Profit
Attributable to:
Owners of the parent
Non-controlling interest (W3)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2508
WORKINGS
(1)
Group structure
(2)
Consolidation schedule
Pathfinder
$
Sultan
$
Adjustment
$
Consolidated
$
Revenue
Cost of sales
Expenses
Profit
(3)
Non-controlling interest
$
(4)
Unrealised profit
%
Selling price
Cost
Gross profit
Mid-year acquisitions
4.1
Group accounts only include a subsidiarys results from the date of acquisition
(i.e. when control is gained). If subsidiary is acquired during a year:
Assume revenue and expenses accrue evenly over the year (unless
contrary is indicated). Therefore time-apportion totals for revenue
and costs, then deduct inter-company items.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2509
Worked example 3
Parent acquired 75% of subsidiary on 1 April 2012. Extracts from the companies
statements of comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 2012 are:
Parent
Subsidiary
$
$
Revenue
100,000
75,000
Cost of sales
(70,000)
(60,000)
Gross profit
30,000
15,000
Since acquisition, parent has made sales to subsidiary of $15,000. None of these
goods remain in inventory at the year end.
Required:
Calculate revenue, cost of sales and gross profit for the group for the year
ending 31 December 2012.
Worked solution 3
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
9
/12
Parent Subsidiary Adjustment Consolidated
$
$
$
$
Revenue
Cost of sales
Gross profit
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
100,000 56,250
(70,000) (45,000)
30,000 11,250
2510
(15,000) 141,250
15,000 (100,000)
41,250
5.1
IAS 1
The statement will reconcile how the equity position has changed during the period.
The consolidated statement will look at the movements from the point of the group,
but will include a reconciliation in respect the movement of the non-controlling
interests share of group equity. The statement may include some of the following:
Opening balances;
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting policy and prior period errors;
Profit for the year;
Ordinary dividends (only in respect of parent company);
Issue of shares;
Equity component of convertible bond;
Deferred tax implications (if any) to above items.
Illustration 3
Consolidated statement of changes in equity
for the year ended 31 March 2010
Issued
cap ital
Distributable
rese rve
Treasury
shares
Retained
earni ngs
Tota l
2,500,000
236, 646,430
(69, 908,357)
169,238,073
(200,248,991)
(200,248, 991)
(3,074, 889)
Comprehensive income
Total comprehensive loss
for the year attributable to
equity holders of the Company
Other comprehensive income
Acquisition of treasury shares
(3,074,889)
Share-bas ed payment
(637,389)
3,074, 889
2,437,500
2,500,000
236, 009,041
(270,157,348)
(31,648, 307)
Issued
capital
Distributable
res erve
Treasury
shares
Retained
earni ngs
Total
2,500,000
236, 009,041
(270,157,348)
(31,648, 307)
(32,630,149)
(32,630,149)
2,500,000
236,009,041
(302,787,497)
(64,278,456)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2511
Worked example 4
The draft accounts of two companies at 31 March 2013 were as follows:
Statements of financial position
Hamble Group
$
3,440
36,450
39,890
20,000
19,890
39,890
Jemima
$
6,500
6,500
3,000
3,500
6,500
Hamble Group
$
12,950
(5,400)
7,550
12,340
19,890
Jemima
$
3,800
(2,150)
1,650
1,850
3,500
Worked solution 4
(1)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
12,340
1,035
(22)
13,353
2512
(2)
19,890
2,520
(44)
22,366
66
42,950
43,016
Share capital
Retained earnings
Non-controlling interest (6,500 10%)
20,000
22,366
650
43,016
Hamble
$
12,950
Jemima
$
3,800
(5,400)
7,550
(2,150)
1,650
Attributable to:
Non-controlling interest (1,650 10%)
Owners of the parent
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
Consolidated
$
16,750
(22)
(7,550)
9,178
165
9,013
9,178
2513
At 1 April 2012
Profit for year
At 31 March 2013
20,000
Retained
earnings
$
13,353
9,013
22,366
Total
$
33,353
9,013
42,366
Non-controlling
Total
interest
Equity
$
$
485
33,838
165
9,178
650
43,016
Commentary
Opening non-controlling interest is calculated as 10% of the share capital and the
retained earnings at 1 April 2012 (3,000 + 1,850).
The profit or loss of the parent as a single entity will reflect the dividends received from
its subsidiary, whereas the consolidated profit or loss will reflect the parents share of
the subsidiarys profit (or loss).
Consolidated profit or loss will include 100% of the subsidiarys profits with the noncontrolling interests share shown as an allocation of the profit after tax.
The same principles are followed for items of other comprehensive income.
All inter-company revenue (and expenses) are cancelled on consolidation.
Unrealised profit in closing inventory is added to the costs of the selling company.
Unrealised profit in opening inventory is deducted from the costs of the original selling
company.
Consolidated profit or loss must reflect any adjustments for depreciation in respect of
fair value differences or inter-company sales treated as non-current assets by the buyer.
If the subsidiary is acquired part way through the year only the post-acquisition period
income and expenses of the subsidiary are consolidated.
Only dividends of the parent are reflected in the movement in retained earnings.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2514
Focus
You should be able to:
prepare a consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and
statement of changes in equity for a simple group, including where an acquisition
occurs during the year and where there is a non-controlling interest;
Activity solution
Solution 1
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 30 September 2012
$
130,000
(74,000)
56,000
(32,000)
24,000
Revenue
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Expenses
Profit
Attributable to:
Owners of the parent (balance)
Non-controlling interest (W3)
22,000
2,000
24,000
WORKINGS
(a)
(1)
Group structure
Pathfinder
75%
Sultan
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2515
(2)
Consolidation schedule
Revenue
Pathfinder
$
100,000
Sultan Adjustment
$
$
50,000
(20,000)
(30,000)
20,000
(4,000)
(10,000)
(2,000)
Profit
(3)
Consolidated
$
130,000
(74,000)
(30,000)
(2,000)
24,000
Non-controlling interest
$
2,000
Commentary
If the non-controlling interest was valued at its proportionate share of the identifiable
net assets the goodwill impairment would be shown against the adjustment column
and non-controlling interest would have been calculated at 25% of 10,000.
(4)
Unrealised profit
Selling price
Cost
Gross profit
(5)
%
$
100
20,000
(60) (12,000)
$
40
8,000 = 4,000
Revenue
Pathfinder
Sultan
Inter-company sales
(6)
$
100,000
50,000
(20,000)
130,000
Gross profit
Pathfinder
Sultan
Unrealised profit
Profit
$
40,000
20,000
(4,000)
56,000
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2516
Overview
Objectives
BACKGROUND
ASSOCIATES AND
JOINT VENTURES
ADJUSTMENTS
JOINT
OPERATIONS
(IFRS 11)
Relationship to a group
Basic rule
Equity accounting
Treatment in a consolidated
statement of financial position
Treatment in a consolidated
statement of comprehensive
income
Recognition of losses
Accounting policies and year ends
Impairment
Exemptions to equity accounting
INTER-COMPANY
ITEMS
DISCLOSURE
(IFRS 12)
Inter-company trading
Dividends
Unrealised profit
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
Equity accounting
Related standards
Terminology
Significant influence
Separate financial statements
2601
Scope
Information
Relationship
Accounting
Background
1.1
Equity accounting
An investing company that can exert significant influence over the financial and operating
policies of the investee company will have an active interest in its net assets and results.
The nature of the relationship differs from that of a simple investment, i.e. it is not
a passive interest.
Commentary
Including the investment at cost in the company's accounts would not fairly present
the investing interest.
So that the investing entity (which may be a single company or a group) fairly reflects
the nature of the interest in its accounts, the entitys interest in the net assets and results
of the company, the associate, needs to be reflected in the entitys accounts. This is
achieved through the use of equity accounting.
A different relationship exists where an entity shares control with one or more other
entities. This shared or joint control, does not give any one party dominant or significant
influence. All parties sharing control must agree how the shared entity is to be run.
Joint ventures are also accounted for using the equity method.
Commentary
IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures permitted the use of proportionate consolidation as
an alternative. However, this choice has been removed as IAS 31 has been withdrawn
on the introduction of IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements.
1.2
Related standards
1.2.1
It explains when significant influence exists and the procedures used in applying the
equity method (many of which are similar to consolidation procedures).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2602
1.2.2
a joint operation; or
a joint venture.
This classification depends on the rights and obligations of the parties to the arrangement:
1.2.3
the nature of, and risks associated with, interests in other entities; and
the effects of those interests on the financial statements.
1.3
Terminology
Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy
decisions of the investee but is not control or joint control over those policies.
A joint venture is a joint arrangement under which the parties having joint
control have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2603
Commentary
These parties are joint venturers.
Illustration 1
An entity may commence a business in a foreign country in conjunction with the
government or other agency in that country, by establishing a separate entity which is
jointly controlled by the entity and the government or agency.
Commentary
A joint venture maintains its own accounting records and prepares and presents
financial statements (e.g. under IFRS) in the same way as other entities.
A joint operation is a joint arrangement under which the parties having joint control
have rights to the assets, and obligations for the liabilities, of the arrangement.
Commentary
These parties are joint operators.
Illustration 2
Many activities in the oil, gas and mineral extraction industries involve jointly
controlled assets. For example, a number of oil production companies may jointly
control and operate an oil pipeline. Each venturer uses the pipeline to transport its own
product in return for which it bears an agreed proportion of the expenses of operating
the pipeline.
Illustration 3
Two or more venturers combine their operations, resources and expertise in order to
manufacture, market and distribute jointly a particular product, such as an aircraft.
Different parts of the manufacturing process are carried out by each of the venturers.
Each venturer bears its own costs and takes a share of the revenue from the sale of the
aircraft, as determined in the contractual arrangement.
1.4
Significant influence
The term significant influence means that an investor is involved, or has the right
to be involved, in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2604
A holding of 20% or more of the voting rights of the investee indicates significant
influence, unless it can be demonstrated otherwise.
Commentary
Conversely, a holding of less than 20% presumes that the holder does not have
significant influence, unless such influence can be clearly demonstrated (e.g.
representation on the board).
The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or
convertible by the investor should be considered.
Commentary
Such potential voting rights may occur through holding share warrants,
share call options, debt or equity instruments (or other similar instruments)
that are convertible into ordinary shares.
1.5
Commentary
The emphasis is on the performance of the assets as investments.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2605
2.1
Relationship to a group
A group is defined as being a parent and all of its subsidiaries. An associate is not
part of a group as it is not a subsidiary (i.e. it is not controlled by the group).
2.2
Basic rule
Illustration 4
2Summaryofsignificantaccountingpolicies
Associated companies and jointly controlled entities Companies in which Siemens has the ability to exercise
significant influence over operating and financial policies (generally through direct or indirect ownership of 20% to
50% of the voting rights) and jointly controlled entities are recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements using
the equity method of accounting and are initially recognized at cost. The following policies equally apply to
associated companies and jointly controlled entities. Where necessary, adjustments are made to bring the
accounting policies in line with those of Siemens. The excess of Siemens initial investment in associated
companies over Siemens ownership percentage in the underlying net assets of those companies is attributed to
certain fair value adjustments with the remaining portion recognized as goodwill. Goodwill relating to the
acquisition of associated companies is included in the carrying amount of the investment and is not amortized but is
tested for impairment as part of the overall investment in the associated company.
Siemens share of its associated companies post-acquisition profits or losses is recognized in the Consolidated
Statements of Income, and its share of post-acquisition movements in equity that have not been recognized in the
associates profit or loss is recognized directly in equity. The cumulative post-acquisition movements are adjusted
against the carrying amount of the investment in the associated company. When Siemens share of losses in an
associated company equals or exceeds its interest in the associate, Siemens does not recognize further losses, unless
it incurs obligations or makes payments on behalf of the associate. The interest in an associate is the carrying
amount of the investment in the associate together with any long-term interests that, in substance, form part of
Siemens net investment in the associate. Intercompany results arising from transactions between Siemens and its
associated companies are eliminated to the extent of Siemens interest in the associated company. Siemens
determines at each reporting date whether there is any objective evidence that the investment in the associate is
impaired. If this is the case, Siemens calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable
amount of the associate and its carrying value. Upon loss of significant influence over the associate, Siemens
measures and recognises any retaining investment at its fair value. Any difference between the carrying amount of
the associate upon loss of significant influence and the fair value of the retaining investment and proceeds from
disposal is recognised in profit or loss.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Annual Report 2011
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2606
2.3
Equity accounting
Distributions received from the associate reduce the carrying amount of the investment.
Adjustments to the carrying amount may also be necessary for changes in the
investors proportionate interest in the associate arising from changes in the
associates equity that have not been recognised in the profit or loss.
Such changes include those arising from the revaluation of property, plant
and equipment and from foreign exchange translation differences.
Commentary
The logical way of recognising these changes in equity would be to show the
investors share of the changes in other comprehensive income.
The investors share of the current years profit or loss of the associate is
recognised in the investors profit or loss.
The associate is not consolidated line-by-line. Instead, the groups share of the
associates net assets is included in the consolidated statement of financial
position in one line, and share of profits (after tax) in the consolidated statement
of comprehensive income in one line.
2.4
The methods described below apply equally to the financial statements of a nongroup company that has an investment in an associate as they do to group accounts.
the groups share of the associates net assets at the end of the
reporting period; plus
Commentary
As for business combinations under IFRS 3, IAS 28 does not permit the
amortisation of goodwill.
Do not consolidate line-by-line the associates net assets. The associate is not a
subsidiary, therefore the net assets are not controlled as they are for a subsidiary.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2607
Cancel the investment in associate in the individual companys books against the
share of the associates net assets and contingent liabilities acquired at fair value.
The difference is goodwill.
Commentary
The fair values of the associates assets and liabilities must be used in calculating
goodwill. Any change in reserves, depreciation charges, etc due to fair value
revaluations must be taken into account (as they are when dealing with subsidiaries).
Where the share of the associates net assets acquired at fair value is in excess
of the cost of investment, the difference is included as income in determining
the investors share of the associates profit or loss.
$
X
X
(X)
___
X
___
Commentary
If the examiner states that there is no impairment of the investment in the
associate then there is no need to calculate goodwill.
Worked example 1
Parent acquired, during the current year, a 40% holding in Associate for $18,600.
Goodwill on acquisition was calculated as $1,000 and there has been no impairment of
goodwill during the year. The fair value of Associates net assets at the year end is
$48,000.
Required:
Calculate the investment in Associate to be included in the consolidated statement
of financial position and state the amount of Associates profits to be included in
the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the current year.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2608
Worked solution 1
Net assets on acquisition
Cost of investment
Less: Goodwill
40% of Associates net assets on acquisition
Gross up to 100%
Investment in Associate
Cost of investment
Plus: 40% of post-acquisition profits (48,000 44,000)
Less: Goodwill impaired
$
18,600
(1,000)
17,600
100/40
44,000
18,600
1,600
()
20,200
OR
40% of Associates net asset at year end (48,000 40%)
Plus: Goodwill not yet impaired
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2609
19,200
1,000
20,200
1,600
Activity 1
P owns 80% of S and 40% of A. Statements of financial position of the three
companies at 31 December 2012 are:
P
S
A
$
$
$
Investment: shares in S
800
Investment: shares in A
600
5,200
4,100
4,650
5,200
4,100
4,650
P acquired its shares in S seven years ago when Ss retained earnings were $520 and
its shares in A on the 1 January 2012 when As retained earnings were $400.
Non-controlling interest is not credited with goodwill, which was fully written off
prior to 1 January 2012. There were no indications during the year that the
investment in A was impaired.
Required:
Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position at 31 December 2012.
Proforma solution
P: Consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 December 2012
$
Investment in associate
Non-current assets
Current assets
Issued capital
Retained earnings
Non-controlling interests
Liabilities
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2610
WORKINGS
(1)
Group structure
(2)
Reporting
date
$
Acquisition
Reporting
date
$
Acquisition
Issued capital
Retained earnings
Issued capital
Retained earnings
(3)
Goodwill
S
Cost of investment
Non-controlling interest
Net assets acquired
A
Cost of investment
Net assets acquired
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2611
(4)
Non-controlling interests
$
S only
(5)
Retained earnings
$
P from question
Share of S
Share of A
Less: Goodwill
(6)
Investment in associate
$
Share of net assets
Unimpaired goodwill
2.5
Commentary
Note that the associate statement of financial position is NOT time
apportioned as the statement of financial position reflects the net assets at the
end of the reporting period to be equity accounted.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2612
Activity 2
P has owned 80% of S and 40% of A for several years. Statements of
comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 2012 are:
Revenue
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Administrative expenses
P
$
14,000
(9,000)
5,000
(2,000)
3,000
400
3,400
(1,000)
2,400
S
$
12,000
(4,000)
8,000
(6,000)
2,000
2,000
(1,200)
800
1,000
A
$
10,000
(3,000)
7,000
(3,000)
4,000
4,000
(2,000)
2,000
1,000
Proforma solution
$
Revenue
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Administrative expenses
Income from associate
Attributable to:
Owners of P
Non-controlling interests
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2613
(1)
Group structure
(2)
Consolidation schedule
P
$
S
$
40%
A Adjustment Consolidation
$
$
$
Revenue
Cost of sales
Administration expenses
Income from assocociate
Tax
(3)
Non-controlling interests
S only
2.6
Recognition of losses
The interest in the associate is its value under the equity method plus any
long-term interest that forms part of the investors net investment.
Commentary
Such interests may include preference shares and long-term receivables or
loans but do not include trade receivables, trade payables or any long-term
receivables for which adequate collateral exists, such as secured loans.
After the investors interest is reduced to zero, additional losses are provided
for, and a liability is recognised, only to the extent that the investor has incurred
legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the associate.
If the associate subsequently reports profits, the investor resumes recognising its share of
those profits only after its share of the profits equals the share of losses not recognised.
Commentary
The investment in the associate can be reduced to nil but no further (i.e. the investment in
associate will not be negative, even if there are post-acquisition losses of the associate).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2614
Illustration 5
A parent company has a 40% associate, which was acquired a number of years ago for
$1m. A long-term loan was also made to the associate of $250,000
Since the acquisition the associate has made losses totalling $5m.
The parents share of those losses would be $2m.
The parent would only be required to recognise the losses to the extent of the
investment of $1m plus $250,000, the remaining share of losses ($750,000) would not
be recognised unless the parent had a present obligation to make good those losses.
If the associate then became profitable, the parent would not be able to recognise those
profits until its share of unrecognised losses had been eliminated.
However the investor should continue to recognise losses to the extent of any
guarantees made to satisfy the obligation of the associate. This may require
recognition of a provision in accordance with IAS 37.
2.7
2.7.1
Accounting policies
2.7.2
Year ends
The most recent available financial statements of the associate are used by the investor.
When the ends of the reporting periods of the investor and the associate are
different, the associate prepares, for the use of the investor, financial
statements as at the same date as the financial statements of the investor.
Commentary
Unless it is impracticable to do so.
In any case, the difference between the end of the reporting period of the
associate and that of the investor must not be more than three months.
The length of the reporting periods and any difference in the end of the
reporting periods must be the same from period to period.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2615
2.8
Impairment
After application of the equity method, including recognising the associates losses,
the investor applies the requirements of IAS 39 to determine whether it is necessary to
recognise any additional impairment loss.
The entire carrying amount of the investment is tested for impairment by comparing it
with its recoverable amount.
its share of the present value of the estimated future cash flows expected to
be generated by the associate, including the cash flows from the operations of
the associate and the proceeds on the ultimate disposal of the investment; or
the present value of the estimated future cash flows expected to arise from
dividends to be received from the investment and from its ultimate disposal.
Commentary
Using appropriate assumptions, both methods give the same result.
2.9
An associate that is classified as held for sale is accounted for under IFRS 5
Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations.
Commentary
Under IFRS 5, if an associate is acquired and held with a view to disposal
within twelve months, it will be measured at the lower of its carrying value
(e.g. cost) and fair value less costs to sell.
If the investor is also a parent company that has elected not to present
consolidated financial statements the investment in the associate will be
measured at cost or in accordance with IFRS 9.
The investment in the associate will be measured at cost or in accordance with IFRS 9 if
all of the following apply:
the investors debt or equity instruments are not traded in a public market; and
the investor does not file its financial statements with a securities regulator; and
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2616
Commentary
This allows investors who do not have investments in a subsidiary, but only
have an investment in an associate, to be exempt from the requirement to
equity account on the same basis as parents under IFRS 10.
Inter-company items
Commentary
The methods described below apply equally to the financial statements of a nongroup company that has an investment in an associate as they do to group accounts.
All references to associates in this section apply also to joint ventures.
3.1
Inter-company trading
Members of the group can sell to or make purchases from an associate. This
trading will result in the recognition of receivables and payables in the
individual company accounts.
3.2
Dividends
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2617
3.3
Unrealised profit
If a parent sells goods to an associate (downstream) and the associate still holds
them in inventory at the year end, their carrying value will include the profit made
by parent and recorded in its books. Hence, profit is included in the inventory value
in the associates net assets (profit is unrealised) and parents profit or loss.
If an associate sells to its parent (upstream), a similar situation arises, with the
profit being included in associates profit or loss and parents inventory.
To avoid double counting under the equity method, this unrealised profit needs to
be eliminated.
Unrealised profits are eliminated to the extent of the investors interest in the associate.
Worked example 2
Parent has a 40% associate.
Parent sells goods to associate for $150 which originally cost parent $100. The goods
are still in associates inventory at the year end.
Required:
State how the unrealised profit will be dealt with in the consolidated accounts.
Worked solution 2
To eliminate unrealised profit:
Deduct $50 from retained earnings at end of the reporting period in net assets
working for associate, thus dealing with the impact on financial position.
Share of net assets and post-acquisition profits included under equity accounting will
then be $20 (50 40%) lower.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2618
Commentary
The simple rule to follow is that the unrealised profit will only be Parents %, $20
in this example.
Double entry for $20
Dr
Cr
20
20
Be aware that there is more than one way of making the adjustment; this is
just one of the possible methods.
4.1
Relationship
A joint operation exists when an entity only has a share in the individual assets or
liabilities of the joint arrangement (e.g. an oil company sharing control of a pipeline).
It is the rights to individual assets and obligations for liabilities that drive the
relationship (rather than rights to the net asset position).
4.2
Accounting
The accounting for any assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses will be in
accordance with the relevant standard (e.g. IAS 16 for property).
Commentary
IFRS 11 also applies to an entity that participates in a joint operation but
does not have joint control, as long as that entity has rights to the assets or
obligations for the liabilities of the joint operation.
4.2.1
If a joint operator sells goods to the joint operation at a profit or loss then it
recognises the profit or loss only to the extent of the other parties interests in
the joint operation.
Illustration 6
Entities A, B, C and D each hold a 25% stake in the joint operation of Z. Entity A sells
goods to Z making a profit of $1,000. Entity A recognises only $750 (75%) profit in
its financial statements.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2619
4.2.2
5.1
Scope
5.2
Information
the nature and effects of any contractual relationship with other investors having
joint control or significant influence over associates or joint arrangements;
the nature of, and changes in, the risks associated with such interests.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2620
Use of the equity method ceases from the date when significant influence ceases.
The carrying amount at that date is the new cost.
On loss of significant influence, any difference between carrying amount and the
fair value of any retained investment and disposal proceeds is recognised in profit
or loss.
Joint arrangements that are joint ventures are accounted for as for
associates (IAS 28).
Joint arrangements that are joint operations are accounted for in accordance
with IFRS 11.
Focus
You should now be able to:
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2621
Activity solutions
Solution 1
P Consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 December 2012
$
1,880
2,400
5,500
9,780
1,000
7,520
8,520
760
500
9,780
Investment in associate
Non-current assets (1,600 + 800)
Current assets (2,200 + 3,300)
Issued capital
Retained earnings (W5)
WORKINGS
(1)
Group structure
P
80%
GROUP
40%
A
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2622
(2)
Issued capital
Retained earnings
Issued capital
Retained earnings
(3)
Reporting
date
$
400
3,400
3,800
Acquisition
Reporting
date
$
800
3,600
4,400
Acquisition
Cost of investment
Non-controlling interest (20% 920 (W2))
Net assets acquired
(920)
800
184
64
Cost of investment
Net assets acquired (40% 1,200 (W2))
600
(480)
120
Non-controlling interests
$
760
(5)
$
800
400
1,200
Goodwill
(4)
$
400
520
920
Retained earnings
P from question
Share of S [80% (3,400 520) (W2)]
Share of A [40% (3,600 400) (W2)]
Less Goodwill impaired (W3 per Activity)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2623
$
4,000
2,304
1,280
(64)
7,520
(6)
Investment in associate
$
1,760
120
1,880
Proof
Cost
Share of post-acquisition profits
600
1,280
1,880
Solution 2
P Consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the year ending 31 December 2012
$
26,000
(13,000)
13,000
(8,000)
800
5,800
(2,200)
3,600
Revenue
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Administrative expenses
Income from associate
Profit before taxation
Income taxes
Profit after taxation
Attributable to:
Owners of P
Non-controlling interests
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3,440
160
3,600
2624
WORKINGS
(1)
Group structure
40%
80%
(2)
Consolidation schedule
Revenue
Cost of sales
Administration expenses
Income from associate
40% 2,000
Tax group
P
$
14,000
(9,000)
(2,000)
(1,000)
(1,200)
800
Non-controlling interests
S only
40%
A Adjustment Consolidation
$
$
$
26,000
(13,000)
(8,000)
800
(3)
S
$
12,000
(4,000)
(6,000)
20% 800
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
$160
2625
800
(2,200)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2626
Overview
Objectives
ACCOUNTING
ISSUES
FUNCTIONAL AND
PRESENTATION
CURRENCY
Introduction
Key issues
Objectives
Terminology
INDIVIDUAL
ENTITIES
Exchange differences
DISCLOSURE
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2701
Accounting issues
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Key issues
Which exchange rate should be used for translation of the transaction or balance?
How to treat any exchange differences that arise should they be recognised in:
profit or loss; or
other comprehensive income (and accumulated in equity)?
1.3
Objectives
1.4
Terminology
Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the
entity operates.
Presentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented.
Closing rate is the spot exchange rate at the date of the statement of financial position.
Foreign currency is a currency other than the functional currency of the entity.
Net investment in a foreign entity is the amount of the reporting entitys interest in the
net assets of that operation.
Monetary items are money held and assets and liabilities to be received or paid in
fixed or determinable number of units of currency.
Monetary items include trade receivables, cash, trade payables and loans.
Non-monetary items comprise non current assets, investments and inventory.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2702
2.1
Functional currency
whether cash flows of the foreign operation impact directly on the cash
flows of the reporting entity and whether cash available for remittance
to the reporting entity.
If the functional currency is not obvious management must use their judgement in
identifying the currency that most faithfully represents the economic effects of
the underlying transactions.
Once a functional currency has been identified it should only be changed if there
is a change to the economic climate in which it was initially identified.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2703
2.2
Presentation currency
Assets and liabilities are translated, at the end of each reporting period, at the
closing exchange rate.
Income and expenses are translated using exchange rates when the
transaction occurred.
Commentary
An average exchange rate that approximates to actual exchange rates may be
used.
Individual entities
3.1
3.1.1
Initial recognition
3.1.2
Subsequent recognition
At the end of each reporting period, any foreign currency monetary item is
re-translated using the closing exchange rate.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2704
Overview IAS 21
Transactions
during the year
Actual rate at date the transaction took place (i.e. historic rate)
Monetary items
Retranslate at the
date of the
statement of
financial position
using the closing
rate
Transactions
settled during the
reporting period
Non-monetary
items
No retranslation
(therefore no
exchange
difference arises)
Exchange
differences will
arise during the
reporting period
Exchange
differences will
arise at the end of
the reporting
period
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2705
Worked example 1
Aston has a financial year end of 31 December 2012. On 25 October 2012 Aston buys
goods from a Mexican supplier for Peso 286,000.
On 16 November 2012 Aston pays the Mexican supplier in full. The goods remain in
inventory at 31 December 2012.
Exchange rates 2012
25 October
16 November
31 December
$1:Peso 11.16
$1:Peso 10.87
$1:Peso 11.02
Required:
Show the accounting entries for the transactions in each of the following
situations:
(a)
(b)
Supplier paid
$
25 October
Dr Purchases (W1)
25,627
Cr Trade payables
16 November
Dr Trade payables
25,627
25,627
684
26,311
The goods will remain in inventory at end of the reporting period at $25,627.
WORKINGS
(1)
(2)
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2706
(b)
25 October
Dr Purchases (W1)
25,627
Cr Trade payables
31 December
$
25,627
326
326
The goods will remain in inventory at the end of the reporting period at $25,627.
WORKING
(1)
(2)
25,627
25,953
_________
326
_________
Worked example 2
Warrior has a reporting period ending 31 December 2012. On 29 November 2012
Warrior received a loan from an Australian bank of AUD 1,520,000.
The proceeds are used to finance in part the purchase of a new office block. The loan
remains unsettled at 31 December 2012.
Exchange rates 2012
29 November USD 1 = AUD 1.52
31 December USD 1 = AUD 1.66
Required:
Show the accounting entries for these transactions.
Dr Cash
1,000
Cr Loan
31 December
1,000
Dr Loan
84
US $000
1,000
916
_________
84
_________
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2707
84
3.2
3.2.1
Such monetary items, where settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in
the foreseeable future, are in substance part of a net investment in the
operation.
Commentary
These items do not include trade receivables and trade payables.
Activity 1
On 30 October Barney, a company with the $ as its functional currency, buys goods
from Rubble for 60,000. The contract requires Barney to pay for the goods in
sterling, in three equal instalments on 30 November, 31 December and 31 January
Barneys end of reporting period is 31 December.
Exchange rates
30 October
30 November
31 December
31 January
$1.90 = 1
$1.98 = 1
$2.03 = 1
$1.95 = 1
Required:
Prepare the journal entries that would appear in Barneys books in respect of the
purchase of the goods and the settlement made.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2708
Disclosure
4.1
Exchange differences
The amount of exchange differences included in profit or loss for the period.
Illustration 1
Foreign currencies (extract)
Foreign currency transactions are accounted for at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of
the transactions. Gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from
the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are
recognized in the subsidiarys income statements in the corresponding period. The aggregate
transaction loss included in other financial income (expense), net in 2011 and 2010 amounts to
CHF 8 million and CHF 34.1 million, respectively.
Any changes in functional currency, and the reasons for the change.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2709
Disclosure includes:
Focus
You should now be able to:
discuss the recording of transactions and retranslation of monetary and nonmonetary items at the reporting date for individual entities in accordance
with relevant accounting standards;
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2710
Activity solution
Solution 1 Purchase of goods on credit
US $000
30 October
Dr Purchases
US $000
114,000
Cr Payables
114,000
Dr Payables
38,000
Dr Profit or loss
1,600
Cr Cash
39,600
Dr Payables
38,000
Dr Profit or loss
2,600
Cr Cash
40,600
Dr Profit or loss
2,600
Cr Payables
2,600
Dr Payables
40,600
Cr Cash
39,000
Cr Profit or loss
1,600
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2711
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2712
Overview
Objective
INTRODUCTION
Basic EPS
Which earnings?
Preference shares
Earnings performance
Scope
Terminology
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE NUMBER
OF SHARES
EARNINGS PER
SHARE (EPS)
FULLY
DILUTED EPS
Basic rule
Issues of shares no consideration
Multiple capital changes
Issuable shares
SIGNIFICANCE
OF EPS
PRESENTATION
AND
DISCLOSURE
Presentation
Disclosure
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2801
Purpose
Convertibles
Options
Contingently
issuable shares
EPS vs earnings
Performance measure
Problems with EPS
Introduction
1.1
Earnings performance
Earnings per share (EPS) show the trend of earnings performance for a
company over the years.
It is felt to be more useful than an absolute profit figure, which will not contain
information about the increase in investment that has been made in the period.
1.2
Scope
IAS 33 applies to the separate financial statements of entities whose debt or equity
instruments are publicly traded (or are in the process of being issued in a public market).
It also applies to the consolidated financial statements of a group whose parent is required
to apply IAS 33 to its separate financial statements.
An entity that discloses EPS must calculate and present it in accordance with IAS 33.
1.3
Terminology
convertible instruments;
share options and warrants;
share purchase plans;
shares which will be issued subject to certain conditions being met.
Options, warrants and their equivalents are financial instruments that give
the holder the right to purchase ordinary shares.
Dilution is the reduction in EPS (or an increase in loss per share) resulting from the
assumption that convertible instruments are converted, that warrants/options are
exercised, or that ordinary shares are issued upon the satisfaction of specified conditions.
Anti-dilution is the increase in EPS (or a reduction in loss per share) resulting from
the same assumption.
Contingently issuable ordinary shares are ordinary shares issuable for little or
no cash or other consideration upon the satisfaction of specified conditions.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2802
2.1
Basic EPS
The basic EPS calculation is made by dividing the profit (or loss) relating to
the ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares
outstanding in the period.
2.2
Which earnings?
Adjusted for:
non-controlling interests.
2.3
Preference dividends
Commentary
They have a right to be paid the dividend in the future.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2803
3.1
Basic rule
The number in existence at the beginning of the period should be adjusted for
shares that have been issued for consideration during the period.
In each case earnings will be boosted from the date of issue. To ensure
consistency between the numerator and denominator of the basic EPS
calculation the shares are also included from the date of issue.
Number after
3
12
12
____
X
____
3.2
Bonus issues;
Bonus elements in another issue (e.g. a rights issue);
Share splits (issue of new shares with proportionate reduction in par
value);
Reverse share splits (reduction in number of shares with
proportionate increase in par value).
Commentary
Par value is the stated or face value (also called nominal value).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2804
3.2.1
Bonus issues
These are treated as if the new shares have been in issue for the whole of the
period.
Illustration 1
Bonus issue of 1 for 10.
Bonus fraction:
10 1 11
10
10
The EPS will fall (all other things being equal) because the earnings are being
spread over a larger number of shares. This would mislead users when they
compare this years figure to those from previous periods.
The comparative figure and any other figures from earlier periods that are
being used in an analysis must be adjusted. This is done by multiplying the
comparative by the inverse of the bonus fraction.
Illustration 2
Last years EPS
10
11
3.2.2
Rights issues
A rights issue has features in common with a bonus issue and with an issue at
fair value. A rights issue gives a shareholder the right to buy shares from the
company at a price set below the fair value. Thus:
The method of calculating the number of shares in periods when there has
been a rights issue reflects the above.
A bonus fraction is applied to the number of shares in issue before the date of
the rights issue and the new shares issued are pro-rated as for issues for
consideration.
The bonus fraction is the cum-rights price per share divided by the theoretical
ex-rights price per share. See Worked Example 1.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2805
Worked example 1
X Inc
1 January
31 March
Required:
Calculate the number of shares for use in the EPS calculation.
Worked solution 1
Number
1 January 31 March
3
1,000,000
12
254,237
.9833
1 April 31 December
9
1,200,000
900,000
12
________
1,154,237
________
Rights issue bonus fraction
Cum-rights
Rights
Shares
5
1
___
Ex-rights
@$
1
0.9
$
5.0
0.9
____
5.9
___
____
5.9
0.9833
Bonus fraction =
1
.9833
Commentary
For presentational purposes, in order to ensure consistency, the comparative
figure for EPS must be restated to account for the bonus element of the issue.
This is achieved by multiplying last years EPS by the inverse of the bonus
fraction.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2806
3.3
Method
Look forward through the year and write down the total number of shares
after each capital change.
Multiply each number by the fraction of the year that it was in existence.
If the capital change has a bonus element multiply all preceding slices by the
bonus fraction.
Worked example 2
X Inc
1 January
28 February
31 August
30 November
1,000,000 in issue
Issued 200,000 at fair value
Bonus issue 1 for 3
Issued 250,000 at fair value
Required:
Calculate the number of shares which would be used in the basic EPS calculation.
Worked solution 2
1 January 28 February
1,000,000
12
222,222
800,000
1 March 31 August
1,200,000
6
12
4
3
1 September 30 November
1,600,000
= 400,000
12
1 December 31 December
1,850,000
= 154,167
12
________
1,576,389
________
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2807
1,000,000 in issue
Issue at fair value 400,000
Bonus issue 1 for 2
Issue at fair value 900,000
22
Required:
Calculate the number of shares which would be used in the basic EPS
calculation.
Proforma solution
Number
1 January 28 February
1 March 31 March
1 April 31 July
1 August 30 September
1 October 31 December
________
________
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2808
3.4
Issuable shares
3.4.1
Shares that will be issued on the conversion of such instruments will be included in the
weighted average number of shares from the date that the contract is entered into.
Commentary
These will be classified as equity instruments and therefore it is appropriate to
include in the EPS calculation.
3.4.2
These will be included in the weighted average number of ordinary shares from the date
all necessary conditions and events have occurred to allow the issue of the shares.
Commentary
These will be included in liabilities (unless the likelihood of settlement in cash is
remote). On conversion they will be included in equity and also in the EPS
calculation.
3.4.3
4.1
Purpose
Potential ordinary shares may exist whose owners may become shareholders
in the future.
If these parties become ordinary shareholders the earnings will be spread over
a larger number of shares (i.e. they will become diluted).
Commentary
Diluted EPS is calculated as a warning to existing shareholders that this may
happen. It is a conservative measure of the earnings accruing to each share.
Potential ordinary shares are treated as dilutive only if their conversion to ordinary
shares would decrease earnings per share from continuing operations.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2809
Commentary
Potential ordinary shares are anti-dilutive if they would not reduce the share
value. This will be the case where the issuer is increasing earnings per share
by a proportionate amount. For example, the issue of shares through the
conversion of a convertible bond would increase the number of shares
(lowering EPS) but also save interest expense (increasing earnings).
4.2
Convertible instruments
First calculate basic EPS this is the benchmark against which each
conversion or exercise will be determined to be dilutive or anti-dilutive.
4.2.1
Dilutive or anti-dilutive?
Options (and warrants) are dilutive if the exercise price is less than the fair
value (market price) of the ordinary shares as demonstrated by the treasury
method (see Illustration 3).
4.2.2
This is the weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the basic EPS
calculation plus the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued
on the conversion of all the dilutive potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares.
IAS 33 presumes that the maximum number of shares will be issued on conversion.
Dilutive potential ordinary shares are deemed to have been converted into ordinary
shares at the beginning of the period or, if later, the date of the issue of the shares.
X
__
X
__
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2810
4.2.3
Any other changes in income or expense that would result from the
conversion of the dilutive potential ordinary shares.
Shares in issue
Profit for the year ended 31 December
31 March
1,000,000
$200,000
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2811
Worked solution 3
Number of
shares
Basic
1,000,000
Profit
$
200,000
Dilution
200,000
Shares:
110
100
Interest:
$200,000 6%
165,000
12
9
0.67
6,030
12
________
______
1,165,000
206,030
EPS
17.68 cents
When there has been an actual conversion of the dilutive potential ordinary
shares into ordinary shares in the period, a further adjustment has to be made.
The new shares will have been included in the basic EPS from the date of
conversion. These shares must then be included in the diluted EPS
calculation up to the date of conversion.
31 March
Shares in issue
5% Convertible bonds
(terms of conversion 120 ordinary shares for $100)
Profit for the year ended 31 December
Holders of $25,000 debentures converted to ordinary shares.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2812
1,000,000
$100,000
$200,000
Worked solution 4
Basic
New shares on conversion
$25,000
9
/12
120
100
Number of
shares
1,000,000
Profit
$
200,000
22,500
1,022,500
200,000
$75,000
120
100
90,000
2,625
/12
$25,000
120
100
7,500
219
1,120,000
Diluted EPS is
202,844
$202,844
= 18.1c
1,120,000
4.3
Options
An entity should assume the exercise of dilutive options and other dilutive
potential ordinary shares of the entity.
The difference between the number of shares issued and the number
of shares that would have been issued at fair value are treated as an
issue of ordinary shares for no consideration.
Options will be dilutive only when they result in the entity issuing shares at
below fair value, this will usually be when the exercise price is lower than
the market price of the share.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2813
if the market price is $20 a share (i.e. issue at $10 is below fair value) the
company can purchase only 50 shares;
(ii)
if the market price is $5 a share the company could purchase 200 shares.
Commentary
The options would not be exercised in (ii) so the effect would not be
calculated.
Commentary
These are non-dilutive.
Commentary
These are dilutive.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2814
Shares in issue
Profit for the year ended 31 December
Average fair value
1,000,000
$100,000
$8
Required:
Calculate the diluted EPS for the period.
Worked solution 5
Diluted EPS
Number of
shares
Basic
1,000,000
Dilution (W)
Profit
$
EPS
100,000
10c
50,000
1,050,000
WORKING
Proceeds of issue
200,000 $6
100,000
9.5c
1,200,000
$8
150,000
200,000
50,000
4.4
If the conditions have not been met, the amount of contingently issuable shares
included in the diluted EPS calculation will be the number of shares that would
be issuable if the end of the period was the end of the contingency period.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2815
Significance of EPS
5.1
EPS vs earnings
Prior to 1960, the decision to report EPS, the manner in which it was
calculated, and where it was reported was left solely to the discretion of
company management.
5.2
Performance measure
5.3
customer satisfaction;
cash flow;
manufacturing effectiveness, and
innovation.
EPS ignore the amount of capital from which earning are generated. This can affect
comparisons between companies and analysis of a company over time. A company
can, for example, improve earning by the repurchase of ordinary shares.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2816
6.1
Presentation
Basic and diluted earnings per share (or loss per share if negative) should be
presented in the statement of comprehensive income for:
profit or loss for each class of ordinary shares that has a different
right to share in the profit for the period.
Basic and diluted earnings per share should be presented with equal
prominence for all periods presented.
Illustration 4
Consolidated income statement for year ended 31 December 2011 (extract)
Earnings per share (in CHF)
Notes
2011
2010
16
2.97
10.16
16
2.96
10.12
6.2
Disclosure
6.2.1
General
The amounts used as the numerators in calculating basic and diluted earnings
per share, and a reconciliation of those amounts to the profit or loss for the
period.
Instruments that could potentially dilute basic EPS in the future but have not been
included in the diluted EPS because they are anti-dilutive for the period
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2817
Illustration 5
16. Earnings per share (extract)
Basic earnings per share (in CHF)
Net profit (in millions of CHF)
2011
2010
2.97
10.16
9 487
34 233
3 196
3 371
2.96
10.12
9 487
34 233
3 205
3 382
6.2.2
Additional EPS
If a profit figure is used which is not a reported line item in the statement of
comprehensive income, a reconciliation should be provided between the figure and
a line item which is reported in the statement of comprehensive income.
6.2.3
Retrospective adjustments
The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for all periods
presented should be adjusted retrospectively.
For changes after the reporting period but before issue of the financial
statements, the per share calculations for those and any prior period financial
statements presented should be based on the new number of shares.
Basic and diluted EPS of all periods presented should be adjusted for the effects of
errors, and adjustments resulting from changes in accounting policies.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2818
IAS 33 applies to entities whose securities are or will be publicly traded. Other
entities that choose to present EPS information must also comply.
If both parent and consolidated statements are presented in a single report, EPS is
required only for the consolidated statements.
Basic and diluted EPS must be presented, with equal prominence for all periods,
in the statement of comprehensive income, even if negative. For discontinued
operations as well as continuing.
Diluted EPS is calculated by adjusting earnings and number of shares for the
effects of dilutive options and other dilutive potential ordinary shares. Antidilutive effects are ignored.
Convertible securities: adjust for the after-tax effects of dividends and interest
charged relating to dilutive potential ordinary shares. Include all shares that
would be issued on conversion.
Assume the exercise of outstanding dilutive options and warrants and that
proceeds are used to repurchase ordinary shares at the average market price for the
period. Any difference between the number of ordinary shares assumed issued on
exercise and the number repurchased is treated as an issue of ordinary shares for
no consideration.
Diluted EPS for prior periods is not adjusted for changes in assumptions used or
conversions of potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares.
Disclosures required:
profit or loss used in calculating basic and diluted EPS with a reconciliation
to profit or loss attributable to the parent;
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2819
Focus
You should now be able to:
define earnings;
basic EPS;
where there has been a bonus issue of shares/stock split during the year; and
where there has been a rights issues of shares during the year;
Activity solution
Solution 1 Multiple capital change
1 January 28 February
1,000,000
12
22
= 261,905
21
1 March 31 March
1,400,000
1
12
22
= 183,333
21
1 April 31 July
2,100,000
12
22
= 733,333
21
1 August 30 September
3,000,000
12
22
= 523,810
21
1 January 31 December
4,000,000
= 1,000,000
12
________
2,702,381
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2820
Overview
Objective
To provide users of financial statements with information about the nature and
financial effects of the business activities in which an entity engages and the
economic environment in which it operates.
OPERATING
SEGMENTS
Scope
Definitions
Reportable segments
DISCLOSURE
Core principle
General information
Information about profit or loss,
assets and liabilities
Basis of measurement
Reconciliations
Restatement of previously
reported information
Entity-wide disclosures
Usefulness
Benefits
Associated problems
SEGMENT
INFORMATION
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2901
Operating segments
1.1
Scope
Where an entity is not required to apply IFRS 8, but chooses to do so, it must
not describe information about segments as segment information unless it
complies with IFRS 8.
1.2
Definitions
1.2.1
Operating segment
Commentary
Thus a start-up operation not yet earning revenues may be an operating
segment, as revenues would be expected in the future.
(2)
(3)
Commentary
A component, by definition, should meet this last criterion (see IFRS 5).
Corporate headquarters or other departments that may not earn revenues (or
only incidental revenues) are not operating segments.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2902
1.2.2
1.3
Reportable segments
1.3.1
Separate information
1.3.2
Aggregation criteria
Commentary
An operating segment that does not meet a qualitative threshold may be
aggregated with another segment that does only if the operating segments
have similar economic characteristics and share a majority of the above
aggregation criteria.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2903
1.3.3
Quantitative thresholds
Separate information must be reported for an operating segment that meets any
of the following quantitative thresholds:
(i)
(ii)
assets are 10% or more of the combined assets of all operating segments.
Commentary
IFRS 8 is the only International Financial Reporting Standard with a
materiality rule.
Information about other business activities and operating segments that are not
reportable are combined and disclosed in an all other segments category.
Activity 1
Fireball group has three significant business lines which make up about 70% of
combined revenue and five small business lines, each of them contributing about 6% to
the combined revenue.
Required:
Explain how many segments Fireball group should report.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2904
Disclosure
2.1
Core principle
This includes:
general information;
reconciliations.
Commentary
This information must be disclosed for every period for which a statement of
profit or loss is presented. Reconciliations of amounts in the statements of
financial position are required for each date at which a statement of financial
position is presented.
2.2
General information
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2905
2.3
profit or loss;
total assets*.
liabilities*.
2.3.1
Profit or loss
The following must also be disclosed if the specified amounts are regularly
provided to the chief operating decision maker (even if not included in the
measure of segment profit or loss):
intersegment revenues;
interest revenue;
Commentary
Interest revenue may be reported net of its interest expense if the majority of
the segments revenues are from interest and the chief operating decision
maker relies primarily on reporting of net interest revenue.
interest expense;
Commentary
Impairment losses also have to be disclosed (but as an IAS 36 requirement).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2906
2.3.2
Assets
The following must also be disclosed if the specified amounts are regularly
provided to the chief operating decision maker (even if not included in the
measure of segment assets):
Lazer
Prototyping
$
Waterjet
$
Finance
$
$
Revenues from
external customers
7,200 12,000 22,800 28,800 12,000
Intersegment revenues
7,200 3,600
Interest revenue
1,080 1,920 2,400 3,600
Interest expense
840 1,440 1,680 2,640
2,400
Depreciation and
amortisation
480
240
120 3,600 2,640
Reportable segment profit 480
168 2,160 5,520 1,200
Other material non-cash items:
Impairment of assets
480
Reportable segment
assets
4,800 12,000
Expenditures for reportable
segment non-current
assets
720 1,680
Reportable segment
liabilities
2,520 7,200
1,200
1,920
All
other
$
Totals
$
2,400(a) 85,200
10,800
9,000
6,600
2,400
240
7,080
9,768
480
4,800 194,400
1,440
6,960
105,240
(a)
Revenues from segments below the quantitative thresholds are attributable to three operating
segments of Eparts. Those segments include a small warehouse leasing business, a car rental
business and a design consulting practice. None of those segments has ever met any of the
quantitative thresholds for determining reportable segments.
(b)
The finance segment derives a majority of its revenue from interest. Management primarily relies on
net interest revenue, not the gross revenue and expense amounts, in managing that segment.
Therefore only the net amount is disclosed.
Commentary
This company does not allocate tax expense or no-recurring gains or losses to
reportable segments. Also, not all reportable segments have material non-cash
items other than depreciation and amortisation.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2907
2.4
Basis of measurement
The amount of each segment item reported is the measure reported to the chief
operating decision maker.
Commentary
Segment information is no longer required to conform to the accounting
policies adopted for preparing and presenting the consolidated financial
statements.
If the chief operating decision maker uses more than one measure of an
operating segments profit or loss, the segments assets or the segments
liabilities, the reported measures should be those that are most consistent with
those used in the entitys financial statements.
Illustration 4 Measurement
The accounting policies of the operating segments are the same as those described in
the summary of significant accounting policies except that pension expense for each
operating segment is recognised and measured on the basis of cash payments to the
pension plan. Eparts evaluates performance on the basis of profit or loss from
operations before tax expense not including non-recurring gains and losses and foreign
exchange gains and losses.
Eparts accounts for intersegment sales and transfers at current market prices, i.e. as if
the sales or transfers were to third parties.
Commentary
Differences could include accounting policies and policies for allocation of
centrally incurred costs, jointly used assets or jointly utilised liabilities.
Commentary
For example, the allocation of depreciation expense with the related
depreciable assets.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2908
2.5
Reconciliations
Reconciliations of the total of the reportable segments with the entity are
required for all of the following:
revenue;
profit or loss (before tax and discontinued operations);
assets;
liabilities (if applicable);
every other material item.
All material reconciling items must be separately identified and described (e.g.
arising from different accounting policies).
85,200
1,200
(1,800)
(600)
7,368
Illustration 7 Assets
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
2909
$
189,600
4,800
(2,400)
3,600
195,600
Illustration 8 Liabilities
$
105,240
60,000
165,240
Illustration 9
Other material items
2,400
Expenditures for assets
6,960
2,400
9,360
Depreciation and amortisation
7,080
7,080
Impairment of assets
480
480
The reconciling item is the amount incurred for the company head office building
which is not included in segment information.
2.6
If not restated, the entity must disclose the current period segment information
on both the old and new bases of segmentation, unless the necessary
information is not available and the cost to develop it would be excessive.
2.7
Entity-wide disclosures
All entities subject to this IFRS are required to disclose information about the
following, if it is not provided as part of the required reportable segment
information:
Commentary
Including those entities that have only a single reportable segment.
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2910
The only exemption for not providing information about products and services
and geographical areas is if the necessary information is not available and the
cost to develop it would be excessive, in which case that fact must be
disclosed.
2.7.1
Revenues from external customers for each product and service (or each group
of similar products and service) based on the financial information used to
produce the entitys financial statements.
Restated
2010
US$m
2009
US$m
29,909 24,024
12,159 11,313
7,634
7,797
7,327
5,652
3,220
3,035
8,246 10,151
68,495 61,972
(2,817) (2,758)
65,678 59,214
(56)
65,622 59,214
12,598
8,701
6,220
4,869
2,618
9,897
44,903
(2,169)
42,734
42,734
(5,085) (4,043)
60,537 55,171
(2,472)
40,262
2011
US$m
Iron Ore
Aluminium (c)
Copper
Energy
Diamonds & Minerals
Other Operations (c)
Reportable segments total
Inter-segment transactions
Product Group Total
Interms excluded from underlying earnings
Gross sales revenue
Share of equity accounted units and adjustments for
intra-subsidiary/equity accounted units sales
Consolidated sales revenue per income statement
2.7.2
By geographical area
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Illustration 11
Revenues(a)
Geographical information
$
45,600
10,080
8,160
6,960
14,400
85,200
United States
Canada
China
Japan
Other countries
Total
(a)
Non-current
assets
$
26,400
15,600
8,400
7,200
57,600
2.7.3
Major customers
An entity need not disclose the identity of a major customer or the amount of
revenues that each segment reports from that customer.
Commentary
For the purposes of this IFRS, a group of entities known to be under
common control (including entities under the control of a government) is a
single customer.
Illustration 12
Revenues from one customer of Eparts Cos prototyping and waterjet segments
represent approximately $12,000 of the companys total revenues.
Activity 2
Silver is applying IFRS 8 for the first time in financial statements for the financial year
ended 31 December 2011. This will cause changes in the identification of Silvers
reportable segments and require additional disclosures.
Required:
Comment on whether Silver should restate the comparative information.
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2912
Segment information
3.1
Usefulness
When businesses diversify and enter into overseas markets their operations
become too complex for their financial performance to be analysed from the
statement of comprehensive income and statement of position alone and there
is a huge loss of detail in the amalgamation of financial information from many
companies into consolidated financial statements.
activities that are making money and those which are losing money;
profit potential in specific segments;
cash flows and their associated risks; and
factors which influence areas of industry or geographic segments that
affect cash flows.
3.2
Benefits
Stock market studies have shown that the disclosure of segment data decreases
the market assessments of risk for the disclosing entity.
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3.3
Associated problems
Commentary
Arguably this should not be significant (since the information should be
disaggregated for internal purposes and therefore available). However, it may
be less easy for globally integrated companies.
There may be a lot of information on revenues and gross margins (e.g. in the
retail industry) but systems for the assignment of costs and allocation of assets,
liabilities and capital expenditure may not provide reliable information, For
example, in the assignment of costs:
The greater the disaggregation the greater the sensitivity of the information.
Competitors can see more precisely where profits are generated. Also, the
greater the need to allocate costs (which can distort segment profits).
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2914
that engages in business activities from which it earns revenues and incurs
expenses;
the amount of profit or loss is 10% or more of the greater of the combined:
(i)
(ii)
If the total external revenue reported by operating segments is less than 75% of
the entitys revenue, additional operating segments must be identified as
reportable segments.
segment profit or loss, revenues and expenses, assets and liabilities, and the
basis of measurement;
Focus
You should now be able to:
discuss the usefulness and problems associated with the provision of segment
information.
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Activity solutions
Solution 1 Reportable segments
Commentary
The issue is whether or not it is acceptable to report the three major business
lines separately and to include the rest for reconciliation purposes as all
other segments.
Since the reported revenues attributable to the three business lines that meet the separate
reporting criteria constitute less than 75% of the combined revenue, additional segments
must be identified as reportable, even though they are below the 10% threshold, until at
least 75% of the combined revenue is included in reportable segments.
If at least one of the small segments meets the aggregation criteria to be aggregated with
one of the three reportable segments, there will be four reportable segments (including
all other segments).
Alternatively, two or more of the smaller segments may be aggregated, if they meet the
aggregation criteria. In this case there will be five reportable segments.
If none of the small segments meet the criteria to be aggregated with any of the other
business lines one of them must be identified as reportable, though it does not meet the
10% threshold. In this case there will be five reportable segments also.
If the necessary information is not available and the cost to develop it would be
excessive, this fact should be disclosed.
Commentary
In this case there appears to be no requirement to disclose current period
segment information on both the old and new bases of segmentation (as there
is when there is a change in composition of reportable segments). The
difference, perhaps, being that adoption of IFRS 8 is a mandatory change for
those complying with IFRS, whereas an internal reorganisation is voluntary.
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Overview
Objective
To explain the need for IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued
Operations.
DEFINITIONS
Component
Disposal group
Discontinued operation
PRESENTATION
AND
DISCLOSURE
Definitions
Held for sale non-current assets
Abandoned non-current assets
Measurement
Changes to a plan of sale
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Purpose
Discontinued operations
Continuing operations
Held for sale non-current assets
3001
Introduction
1.1
To establish principles for the classification, measurement and presentation of held-forsale non-current assets.
The information provided enhances the ability of users of financial statements to make
projections of an entitys cash flows, earnings-generating capacity, and financial position
by segregating information about discontinued assets and operations from the information
about continuing operations.
Commentary
As part of a short-term convergence project with the Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB) in the United States, IFRS 5 was issued to achieve substantial
convergence with FASB Statement 144 Accounting for the Impairment and Disposal
of Long-Lived Assets.
Definitions
2.1
Component of an entity
Operations and cash flows that are clearly distinguishable from the remainder of the entity
both operationally and for financial reporting purposes.
Commentary
So a component will have been a cash-generating unit (or a group of cash-generating
units) when held for use.
2.1.1
distinguishable
Commentary
Elements are directly attributable to a component if they would be eliminated when the
component is discontinued.
2.2
Disposal group
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3002
The assets include goodwill acquired in a business combination if the group is:
Activity 1
Identify which of the following is a disposal group at 31 December 2012:
(1)
(2)
DEF has entered into a contract to sell the entire delivery fleet of vehicles
operated from its warehouse in Milton Keynes (in UK) to a competitor,
WheelsRUS, on 14 December 2012. The assets will be transferred on 28
January 2013 from which date the Group will outsource its delivery activities
to another company, Safe & Sound.
(3)
(4)
2.3
Discontinued operation
and
Commentary
Discontinued operations may qualify as restructurings as defined by IAS 37 Provisions,
Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets but not all restructurings will be treated as
discontinued operations.
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2.3.1
separate
Business entities frequently close facilities, abandon products or product lines and change the size of their
work force in response to market forces. These changes are not usually discontinued operations but they can
occur in connection with a discontinued operation. For example:
2.3.2
A discontinued operation may be disposed of in its entirety or piecemeal, but always pursuant
to an overall co-ordinated plan to discontinue the entire component.
Illustration 1
8. Discontinued operations (extract)
On 1 June 2011, the group completed the sale of its UK offshore trust, fund
administration, asset management and banking business, which was a part of the Asset
Management division, to Kleinwort Benson Channel Islands Holdings Limited for cash
consideration of 26.2 million. The loss on disposal was 25.8 million
On 1 June 2011, the group completed the sale of its Cayman Islands trust, fiduciary
services, fund administration and banking business, which was a part of the Asset
Management division, to Intertrust Group Holding SA for cash consideration of US$30.0
million (approximately 18.3 million). The profit on disposal was 0.9 million.
The UK offshore business and the Cayman Islands business fulfilled the requirements
of IFRS 5 to be classified as Discontinued operations in the Consolidated Income
Statement, the results of which are set out below:
Results of discontinued operations
Operating income
Operating expenses
Goodwill impairment
Operating loss before tax
Tax
Loss after tax
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax
Loss for the period from discontinued operations
2011
million
2010
million
31.5
(29.5)
(4.5)
(2.5)
(0.2)
(2.7)
(24.9)
(27.6)
36.4
(31.6)
(6.5)
(1.7)
(1.7)
(1.7)
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3.1
Definitions
Current asset:
Non-current asset: An asset that does not meet the definition of a current asset.
A non-current asset (or disposal group) is classified as held for sale if its carrying
amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through
continuing use.
Commentary
Non-current assets (or disposal groups) classified as held for sale will be referred to
more simply as held for sale non-current assets in this session.
3.2
3.2.1
Recognition criteria
The asset must be available for immediate sale in its present condition.
The sale must be highly probable (i.e. significantly more likely than probable).
3.2.2
Highly probable
An active programme to locate a buyer and complete the plan must have been initiated.
The asset must be actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable relative to its
current fair value.
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Commentary
Fair value and active market are as defined by IFRS 13.
The sale should be expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one
year from the date of classification.
Commentary
However, an extension period does not preclude classification as held for sale if the
delay is beyond managements control and there is sufficient evidence of managements
commitment to its plan.
The actions required to complete the plan should indicate that significant changes to the
plan or withdrawal from the plan are unlikely.
3.2.3
it is highly probable that any other criteria that are not met at that date will be
met within three months.
3.2.4
Assets are not classified as held for sale if the recognition criteria are only met after the
reporting period.
However, if the criteria are met before the financial statements are authorised for issue,
the notes shall disclose the facts and circumstances.
Commentary
The event is non-adjusting (see IAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period).
3.3
Non-current assets (or disposal groups) to be abandoned include those that are to be used to the
end of their economic life and those that are to be closed rather than sold. A non-current asset
that has been temporarily taken out of use should not be treated as abandoned.
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Activity 2
Assuming all other criteria are met, explain which of the transactions and events in
Activity 1 give rise to the classification of non-current assets held for sale at 31
December 2012.
3.4
Measurement
3.4.1
Principle
Held for sale non-current assets are carried at the lower of:
Commentary
Immediately before initial classification as held for sale, carrying amount is measured
in accordance with applicable IFRSs.
3.4.2
Time value
If a sale is expected after one year, costs to sell are discounted to their present value.
Commentary
Any increase in the present value of the costs to sell arising from the passage of time is
treated as a financing cost.
3.4.3
Subsequent remeasurement
Assets and liabilities in a disposal group are remeasured in accordance with applicable IFRSs before
the fair value less costs to sell of the disposal group is remeasured.
3.4.4
Impairment losses for initial or subsequent write-downs to fair value less costs to sell
must be recognised.
Commentary
Reversals are recognised, but not exceeding cumulative impairment losses recognised so far.
3.4.5
Depreciation
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Illustration 2
An entity is planning to sell an asset with a carrying value of $20 million. The asset
meets the requirements of IFRS 5 and is classified as held for sale. On classification as
held for sale the fair value of the asset was $18 million and the entity expects to incur
costs of $1 million in selling the asset.
The asset should be measured at fair value less cost to sell of $17 million, in
accordance with IFRS 5. On initial recognition as a non-current asset held for sale it
would have been re-measured in accordance with the relevant standard (IAS 16,
IAS 38 or IAS 40) and an initial loss of $2 million would have been recognised in
profit or loss (or against revaluation reserve if one existed for that asset) and then a
further loss of $1 million would have been recognised in profit or loss bringing the
asset to its fair value less costs to sell.
3.5
If held for sale recognition criteria are no longer met, that classification ceases.
A non-current asset that ceases to be classified as held for sale is measured at the lower
of:
its carrying amount before it was classified as held for sale, adjusted for any
depreciation, amortisation or revaluations that would have been recognised had the
asset not been classified as held for sale; and
Any adjustment to the carrying amount is included in income from continuing operations in
the period in which the held for sale criteria ceased to be met.
4.1
Purpose
Commentary
Disclosure in IFRSs other than IFRS 5 do not apply to non-current assets (or disposal
groups) classified as discontinued operations or held for sale unless such disclosures:
are a specific requirement for such assets when classified as held for sale or
discontinued operations; or
relate to information about measurement which is outside the scope of IFRS 5 and
not otherwise disclosed in the financial statements.
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4.2
Discontinued operations
4.2.1
A single amount
Commentary
Where components of profit or loss are presented as a separate statement (as permitted
by IAS 1) a section identified as relating to discontinued operations is presented in that
separate statement.
4.2.2
An analysis
Commentary
Each with its related income tax expense.
4.2.3
Net cash flows attributable to the operating, investing and financing activities of discontinued
operations must be presented in a financial statement or in the notes.
Commentary
Comparative information must be re-stated for prior periods presented.
4.2.4
Importance of disclosure
It is essential that users of financial statements understand what information is relevant to future
years and what is not. Information about discontinued operations informs the user that the
results of discontinued operations will not happen in future years and therefore should not be
taken into account when making decisions.
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3009
Information provided in financial statements should be both predictive (i.e. about what will
happen in the future) and confirmatory (i.e that what was predicted to happen actually
happened). The disclosures required for discontinued operations goes someway to providing
this information.
Activity 3
Hamlet is considering the acquisition of another company in order to expand its
operations. It has obtained the published financial statements of two companies, Recall
and Revival, for the year to 31 March 2013. By coincidence both companies reported
the same operating profit before tax. Market expectations are that profits will increase
(or losses will reduce) by an average of 8% in the year to 31 March 2014.
Hamlet has extracted the following analyses of operating profits from the companies
statements of comprehensive income:
Recall
Revival
Operating profit:
$ million
$ million
Continuing activities
175
200
Acquisitions
(25)
75
Discontinued activities
100
(25)
250
250
Additional information
Notes to the financial statements of both companies referred to significant restructuring
during the year. Recalls discontinued operation represented the sale of its financial
services division on 30 September 2012; Recalls acquisition occurred on 1 January
2013. Revivals acquisition occurred on 1 July 2012 and its discontinued operation
represented the closure of its loss-making mining operations.
Required:
Assuming the market forecast of increased profits and reduced losses is correct
and applies to all sectors, calculate the expected operating profit for each
company for the year to 31 March 2014:
(a)
(b)
4.3
Continuing operations
If an entity ceases to classify a component as held for sale, the results of operations
previously presented as discontinued are reclassified to continuing operations for all periods
presented.
Commentary
Amounts for prior periods are then described as having been re-presented.
Gains and losses on the remeasurement of held for sale non-current assets that do not meet the
definition of a discontinued operation are included in profit or loss from continuing operations.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3010
4.4
4.4.1
Separate classification
Non-current assets classified as held for sale are to be shown separately from other
assets in the statement of financial position.
The liabilities of a held for sale disposal group are similarly presented separately from
other liabilities in the statement of financial position.
Commentary
Offsetting of such assets and liabilities is strictly prohibited.
The major classes of held for sale assets and liabilities are separately disclosed either in
the statement of financial position or in the notes.
4.4.2
Additional disclosures
Commentary
The following note disclosures are made in the period in which a non-current asset is
classified as held for sale or sold.
A description of the facts and circumstances of the sale or expected disposal (and the
expected manner and timing of that disposal).
The reportable segment in which the non-current asset (or disposal group) is presented
in accordance with IFRS 8 Operating Segments (if applicable).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3011
not depreciated;
presented separately on the statement of financial position.
Net cash flows attributable to the operating, investing, and financing activities of a
discontinued operation are presented separately.
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Focus
You should now be able to:
discuss the importance of identifying and reporting the results of discontinued operations;
define and account for non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations;
describe the criteria that need to be present before non-current assets are classified as held for sale,
either individually or as a disposal group;
account for non-current assets and disposal groups that are held for sale.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
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Activity solutions
Solution 1 Disposal groups
(2) the vehicle fleet and (4) the retail business are disposal groups because each of them is a
collection of assets to be disposed of by sale together as a group in a single transaction.
The sale of the 50 supermarkets is not classed as a disposal group as there is no indication that
they are to be sold as a package, each supermarket could be sold as a separate item.
DEFs fleet is classified as held for sale because it constitutes a group of assets to be
sold in their present condition and the sale is highly probably at the reporting date (as a
contract has been entered into).
(4)
JKLs sale of its retail business will not be completed until the final terms (e.g. of
purchase price) are agreed. However, the business is ready for immediate sale and the
sale is highly probable unless other evidence after the reporting date, before the
financial statements are authorised for issue, comes to light to indicate the contrary.
ABCs shares in Sucoma are not available for an immediate sale as shareholder
approval is required. In taking this into account of the assessment of whether the sale is
highly probable it is clearly not highly probable.
(3)
GHIs supermarkets are not available for immediate sale at the reporting date as the
shareholders approval was required. The held-for-sale criteria are only met after the
end of the reporting period and the assets cannot be treated retrospectively as held for
sale. However, the matter should be disclosed in a note to the financial statements (as a
non-adjusting event after the reporting period).
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3014
(a)
(b)
97
Revival
$ million
216 (200 108%)
108
324
Recall: Losses of $25 million for three months would extrapolate to $100 million for a
full year. The improvement in market expectations would reduce these losses by 8% to
$92 million. The previous profit of $100 million in 2013 from the financial services
division would no longer be attributable to Recall as it has been sold.
Revival: Profit of $75 million for a nine-month period would extrapolate to $100
million plus another 8% for improved market expectations giving a total of $108
million. The previous losses of $25 million from its mining operations would not recur
as they have been closed down.
Comments
The information on the discontinued operations and the acquisitions is very useful.
Without it, both companies would have forecast profits of $270 million and on this
basis it would be difficult to choose between the two companies. However, with the
provision of the information a very different position arises. Revival has far higher
forecast profits, $324 million compared to only $97 million for Recall. It would seem
that Revival has the better strategy; it has closed down its loss-making operations and
replaced it with a profitable one. Whereas Recall has sold a profitable division and
bought a loss-making one. That said it does not mean that Revival is a better purchase
than Recall. A lot would depend on the relative price of the two companies, and it may
be that Recall has a reputation for turning round loss-making companies and then
selling them on for a substantial profit.
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3016
Overview
Objective
To provide guidance on the treatment of items that arise after the reporting
period and before the date upon which the financial statements are approved
by management.
INTRODUCTION
Objective
Scope
Definitions
RECOGNITION
AND
MEASUREMENT
Adjusting events
Non-adjusting events
Dividends
Going concern
DISCLOSURE
Authorisation
Updating
Non-adjusting events
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3101
Introduction
1.1
Objective
when an entity should adjust its financial statements for events after
the reporting period; and
the disclosures an entity should give about the date when the
financial statements were authorised for issue and about events after
the reporting period.
Commentary
The fundamental question is whether or not to change amounts in the
financial statements.
1.2
Scope
IAS 10 should be applied in the accounting for, and disclosure of, events after
the reporting period.
1.3
Definitions
Events after the reporting period are those events, both favourable and
unfavourable, that occur between the end of the reporting period and the date
on which the financial statements are authorised for issue.
Commentary
The process involved in authorising the financial statements for issue will
vary depending upon the management structure, statutory requirements and
procedures followed in preparing and finalising the financial statements.
Essentially, it is when they are approved for publication.
those that are indicative of conditions that arose after the end of the
reporting period (non-adjusting events).
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2.1
Adjusting events
An entity should adjust its financial statements for adjusting events after the
end of the reporting period.
Examples
The settlement after the end of the reporting period of a court case that confirms
that an entity had a present obligation at the end of the reporting period. Any
provision previously recognised is adjusted in accordance with IAS 37.
Commentary
Mere disclosure of a contingent liability is not suitable as settlement provides
additional evidence regarding the obligation.
Bankruptcy of a customer which occurs after the end of the reporting period and
confirms that a loss already existed at the end of the reporting period on a trade
receivable account.
2.2
Non-adjusting events
An entity should not adjust its financial statements for non-adjusting events
after the reporting period.
Examples
The following events after the end of the reporting period are examples of non-adjusting
events that may be of such importance that non-disclosure would affect the ability of
the users of the financial statements to make proper evaluations and decisions:
Commentary
Non-adjusting events do not change amounts in the statement of financial
position but if sufficiently important, they are disclosed.
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2.3
Dividends
Activity 1
Which of the following events after the reporting period provide evidence of
conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period?
Proforma solution
YES/NO
(a)
(b)
Discovery of a fraud
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Strike by workforce
(i)
Earthquake.
(j)
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2.4
Going concern
An entity should not prepare its financial statements on a going concern basis
if management determines after the reporting period that:
Commentary
Deterioration in operating results and financial position after the reporting
period may indicate a need to consider whether the going concern
assumption is still appropriate.
The following disclosures are required by IAS 1 if the accounts are not
prepared on the basis of the going concern assumption:
Disclosure
3.1
Authorisation
An entity should disclose the date when the financial statements were
authorised for issue and who gave that authorisation.
If the entitys owners or others have the power to amend the financial
statements after issuance, that fact must be disclosed.
Commentary
Users need to know when the financial statements were authorised for issue,
as the financial statements do not reflect events after this date.
3.2
Updating
Disclosures about conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period should be
updated in the light of the new information received after the reporting period.
Commentary
This applies even when the information does not affect the amounts that it
recognises in its financial statements (e.g. in respect of a contingent liability).
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3.3
Non-adjusting events
Commentary
By definition, non-disclosure of such a material matter could influence the
economic decisions of users.
Illustration 1
57 Significant events after the balance sheet date
On 25 January 2012, the European Commission concluded
the formal state aid investigation that it had initiated on 12 September
2007. The issues are described in detail in Note 51, Litigation.
According to its decision, the Commission is requiring Deutsche
Post AG to repay this state aid to the Federal Republic of Germany
in the amount of 500 million to 1 billion plus interest. No other
state aid proceedings involving the Group are pending at the
European Commission. Deutsche Post AG is of the opinion that the
European Commissions decision of 25 January 2012 cannot withstand
legal review and will appeal to the European Court of Justice
in Luxembourg. Accounting will take place in accordance with the
envisaged procedures.
The procedure to exercise the put option on 12.1 % of Deutsche
Postbank AG shares was initiated in January 2012.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3106
Financial statements are adjusted for adjusting events (that provide further
evidence of conditions existing at the end of the reporting period).
Non-adjusting events (events or conditions that arose after the end of the reporting
period) are disclosed if of such importance that non-disclosure would affect the
ability of users to make decisions. Disclose:
Dividends declared after the reporting period are not a liability at the end of the
reporting period (therefore disclose as a non-adjusting event).
The date when the financial statements are authorised for issue (who authorised
and who can amend subsequently) must be disclosed.
Focus
You should now be able to:
distinguish between and account got adjusting and non-adjusting events after
the reporting date;
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Activity solution
Solution 1 Adjusting vs non-adjusting events
(a)
No Going concern assumption is not appropriate for only a part (1/15th) of the entity.
(b)
(c)
Yes Sales of inventories at less than cost (i.e. net realisable value less than cost).
(d)
No Movements in foreign exchange rates after the reporting period are in response to
changes in economic conditions etc after the reporting period.
(e)
(f)
Yes Out of court settlement of a legal claim means ultimate outcome known therefore
uncertainty eliminated.
(g)
(h)
No Strike action is after the reporting period (even if the reason for action was an
event before the end of the reporting period e.g. sacking of a colleague).
(i)
No Natural disaster was not a condition existing at the end of the reporting period.
(j)
No The operation was not disposed of as at the end of the reporting period. The
operation cannot be classified as held for sale at the end of the reporting period as there
is no commitment to a plan at that time. (IFRS 5)
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Overview
Objective
SCOPE
TERMINOLOGY
Related party
Related party transactions
Control
Significant influence
Government
THE RELATED
PARTY ISSUE
DISCLOSURE
Situations
Disclosure required
Aggregation
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3201
GOVERNMENTRELATED ENTITIES
Exemption
Disclosure required
Scope of IAS 24
1.1
Scope
1.2
Two entities simply because they have a director or other member of key
management personnel in common or because a member of key management
personnel of one entity has significant influence over the other entity.
Terminology
2.1
Related party
(a)
Commentary
Close family members are those that may be expected to influence, or be influenced by
that person this includes the individuals domestic partner and any children or
dependents of the individual or their domestic partner. Non-executive directors are
included in key management personnel.
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(b) An entity is related to a reporting entity if any of the following conditions applies:
The entity and the reporting entity are members of the same group; this means a
parent, subsidiary and fellow subsidiaries are related to each other.
One entity is an associate or joint venture of the other entity (or an associate or joint
venture of a member of a group of which the other entity is a member).
One entity is a joint venture of a third party and the other entity is an associate of the
third entity.
The entity is a post-employment benefit plan for the employees of the reporting
entity (or an entity related to the reporting entity).
A person having control or joint control of the reporting entity has significant influence
over the entity or is a member of the key management personnel of the entity.
Commentary
Substance of relationship, not merely legal form, should be considered. One
party has the ability to control the other party or exercise significant
influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions.
Illustration 1
31. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS (extract)
At December 31, 2011, the Group had borrowings amounting to EUR 69 million (EUR 69 million in 2010 and EUR 69
million in 2009) from Nokia Untersttzungskasse GmbH, the Groups German pension fund, which is a separate legal
entity. The loan bears interest at 6% annum and its duration is pending until further notice by the loan counterparts who
have the right to terminate the loan with a 90 day notice period.
There were no loans made to the members of the Nokia Leadership Team and the Board of Directors at December
31, 2011, 2010 or 2009, respectively.
Nokia in 2011
2.2
2.3
Control
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2.4
Significant influence
Power to participate in, but not control of, the entitys financial and operating
policy decisions.
2.5
Government
3.1
transactions occur which would not be entered into with unrelated parties;
transactions are not at the same amounts as for unrelated parties.
Even if related party transactions do not occur, the mere existence of the
relationship may affect transactions with other parties.
Illustration 2
Artur is the managing director of Entity A. A buys merchandise from Entity B. B is
managed by Boris, Artur father. B supplies goods to A at a substantial discount which
is not offered to other customers.
As gross profit margin will be higher and Bs gross profit margin will be lower than if
the transactions had been at arms length. Disclosure it therefore essential to ensure
that the users of the financial statements are not misled.
3.2
Pricing methods
No price (e.g. free provision of management services and interest free credit).
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3.3
Entity G
(controlled or jointly
controlled by Y)
Entity H
(controlled, jointly
controlled or significantly
influenced by Y)
Y controls or has joint control of entity G, and has control, joint control of or
significant influence over entity H.
Entity I
(controlled or jointly
controlled by X)
Entity J
Entity K
(subsidiary of J)
For the same reasons I is a related party for the financial statements of K.
Commentary
I would also be a related party if X was member of Js key personnel instead
of Ks.
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Person T
Domestic partners
Entity L
(controlled or jointly
controlled by S)
Entity M
(controlled, jointly
controlled or significantly
influenced by T)
Activity 1
Explain whether the following should be disclosed as related party transactions:
(a)
(b)
In 2012 Luka made a payment for $95,000 to Zed Bank on behalf of one of
its directors in settlement of a personal loan.
Disclosure
4.1
Examples of transactions
Examples of transactions that are disclosed if they are with a related party include:
4.2
Disclosure required
All related party relationships where control exists (irrespective of whether there
have been related party transactions), for example, between a parent and subsidiaries.
Commentary
This disclosure is in addition to the disclosure requirements in IAS 27 and IFRS 12
in these standards only significant investments are required to be disclosed.
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Illustration 6
The Companys major shareholder, Kukly Inc and its subsidiaries are related parties.
It is the companys policy to conduct all transactions and settle balances with related
parties on normal trade terms.
Key management compensation must be disclosed in total and for each of the following:
If there have been transactions between related parties, the entity must disclose the
nature of the relationships and information about the balances and transactions.
The minimum disclosures are:
doubtful debt provisions and expense relating to bad and doubtful debts.
Commentary
Note that although IAS 24 was revised in November 2009 it still uses the obsolete term
provision rather than allowance (against receivables). It is not a provision as
there is no liability as defined under IFRS.
Sufficient disclosure must be made to ensure that the nature of the transaction
is understood. These disclosures are for each classification of related parties:
parent;
subsidiaries;
associates;
joint ventures;
key management personnel;
parties with joint control of or significant influence over the entity;
other.
Commentary
This is an extension of IAS 1 which requires amounts payable to and
receivable from related parties to be disclosed. For example, fees received by
a group director from another group company.
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Illustration 6 Continued
The following transactions were carried out with related parties:
Sale of goods
Kukly Inc
Kokoschka Inc
Mishka Inc
2012
$m
70
40
20
___
2011
$m
50
35
22
___
130
___
107
___
Sales were carried out on commercial terms and conditions and at market prices.
Purchases of goods
Tass Inc
2012
$m
60
___
2011
$m
50
___
60
___
50
___
Purchases were carried out on commercial terms and conditions. Tass Inc is a fellow
subsidiary of Kukly Inc.
Year end balances relating to related parties)
Receivables from related parties
Kukly Inc
Mishka Inc
2012
$m
10
5
___
2011
$m
15
2
___
15
___
17
___
20
___
5
___
Illustration 7
20. Transactions with related parties (extract)
Furthermore, throughout 2011, no director had a personal interest in any transaction of significance
for the business of the Group.
Consolidated Financial Statements of the Nestl Group 2011
4.3
Aggregation
Similar items may be aggregated so long as users can understand the effects
of the transactions of the financial statements.
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Government-related entities
The requirements of IAS 24 are quite onerous for many government related entities.
5.1
Exemption
a government that has control, or joint control of, or significant influence over it; and
another entity that is a related party because the same government
has control or joint control of, or significant influence over it also.
Illustration 8
Government Z
Entity A
Entity C
Entity D
Entity B
Entity E
Entity F
However, there is not exemption for other related party transactions (e.g. if C
enters into transaction with key management personnel of A).
5.2
The name of the government and the nature of the relationship with the reporting entity.
The following information in sufficient detail to enable users to understand the effect
of the related party transactions on its financial statements:
monetary amount;
whether on non-market terms;
whether outside day-to-day business activities;
whether disclosed to regulatory or supervisory bodies;
whether reported to senior management or subject to shareholder approval.
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Focus
You should now be able to:
define and apply the definition of related parties in accordance with international
accounting standards;
describe the potential to mislead users when related party transactions are accounted for;
Activity solution
Solution 1 Related party transactions
(a)
The supplies of goods are related party transactions because even though X does not have
majority shareholding it has control of Ys financial and operating policies. Therefore
control exists for the purpose of applying IAS 24.
(b)
Luka will have made the payment only on the basis that the director reimburses the loan
(e.g. out of salary or bonus entitlements). Such a quasi loan must be disclosed as a
related party transaction. Clearly Luka would not have entered into such a transaction
with an unrelated third party.
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3210
Overview
Objective
To set out the principles that entities should follow in drafting interim
financial reports.
INTRODUCTION
Objective
Scope
Terminology
CONTENT OF AN
INTERIM
FINANCIAL
REPORT
Minimum components
Consolidation
Condensed statement of financial position
Condensed statement of comprehensive income
Condensed statement of cash flows
Changes in equity
Selected explanatory notes
RECOGNITION
AND
MEAUREMENT
General principles
Change in accounting policy
Tax charge
Use of estimates
Application examples
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Introduction
1.1
Objective
Timely and reliable interim financial reporting improves the ability of users
to understand an entitys capacity to generate earnings and cash flows and its
financial condition and liquidity.
Commentary
The interim financial report is intended to provide an update on the latest
complete set of annual financial statements. It focuses on new activities, events,
and circumstances and does not duplicate information previously reported.
IAS 34 prescribes:
Commentary
In the interest of timeliness and cost considerations and to avoid repetition of
information previously reported, an entity may be required to or may elect to
provide less information at interim dates as compared with its annual
financial statements.
1.2
Scope
1.2.1
Entities covered
governments;
securities regulators;
stock exchanges; and
accountancy bodies.
Commentary
IASB strongly encourages governments, securities regulators, stock exchanges,
international bodies and accountancy bodies to require companies whose debt or
equity securities are publicly traded to provide interim financial reports that
conform to the recognition and measurement criteria in IAS 34.
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Illustration 1
a) Significant accounting policies (extract)
1) Basis of accounting
UBS AG and subsidiaries (UBS or the Group) provide a broad
range of financial services including: advisory services, underwriting,
financing, market-making, asset management and brokerage
on a global level and retail banking in Switzerland. The Group was
formed on 29 June 1998 when Swiss Bank Corporation and
Union Bank of Switzerland merged. The merger was accounted
for using the uniting of interests method of accounting.
The consolidated financial statements of UBS (the Financial
Statements) are prepared in accordance with International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as issued by the International
Accounting Standards Board (IASB), and are stated in Swiss
francs (CHF), the currency of Switzerland where UBS AG is incorporated.
On 13 March 2012, the consolidated financial statements
were authorized for issue1. Consolidated financial statements
are prepared using uniform accounting policies for like
transactions and other events in similar circumstances. Transactions
and balances between Group companies are eliminated.
Disclosures incorporated in the Risk, treasury and capital management
section which are part of these financial statements are
marked as audited. These disclosures relate to requirements under
IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures and IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements and are not repeated in the Financial information
- consolidated financial statements section.
1.2.2
Disclosures encouraged
1.3
Terminology
Interim period is a financial reporting period shorter than a full financial year.
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2.1
Minimum components
Commentary
Although other IFRSs specify disclosures that should be made in financial statements,
these disclosures are not required in an interim financial report that includes only
condensed financial statements and selected explanatory notes. If a complete set, they
must comply with all relevant IFRSs.
2.2
Consolidation
2.3
assets;
liabilities; and
equity,
that were presented in its most recent annual statement of financial position.
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3304
Illustration 2
Group statement of financial position
as at 30 June
Restated*
Notes
30 June
2012
Rm
31 August
2011
Rm
Assets
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment
Vehicle rental fleet
5 663
4 682
2 364
1 440
17
10
1 396
1 376
Intangible assets
11
1 631
1 658
12
63
84
Interest in associate
13
Deferred taxation
14
196
101
13 869
11 887
Goodwill
Current assets
Inventories
15
3 723
3 059
16
8 209
6 704
363
352
25
41
395
1 532
1 376
217
19 532
16 786
32
Total assets
Equity and liabilities
Equity and reserves
Share capital and premium
17
4 245
4 245
Treasury shares
18
(245)
(263)
19
265
231
4 083
3 644
34
Retained earnings
Reserves of the discontinued operation classified as
available-for-sale
32
216
8 107
87
58
8 936
8 165
4 407
2 448
20
3 539
1 717
21
207
202
Deferred taxation
14
661
529
6 189
6 082
4 985
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables
21
5 024
Provisions
22
41
20
1 084
946
66
82
28
Taxation
Bank overdraft
Liabilities classified as available-for-sale
32
501
8 849
91
19 532
16 786
The prior year figures have been restated to reflect an additional R52 million paid for the Unitrans investment as per the
provisional accounting determined in accordance with IFRS 3.
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2.4
revenue;
2.5
A statement of cash flows should include the three major subtotals of cash flows
required by IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows. (However, this is not examinable.)
2.6
Changes in equity
2.7
the nature and amount of items affecting assets, liabilities, equity, net income,
or cash flows that are unusual because of their nature, size, or incidence;
dividends paid;
the effect of the acquisition or disposal of subsidiaries during the interim period;
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3.1
General principles
Entities should apply the same accounting recognition and measurement principles in
interim financial report as are applied in the preparation of annual financial statements.
Commentary
So, for example, an entity must apply the same impairment testing criteria at
an interim date as it would at the end of its financial year.
The entity should apply the basic principles from the Framework in the
recognition of assets, liabilities, income, and expenses.
Commentary
Costs that, by their nature, would not qualify as assets at the end of a
financial year would not qualify at interim dates either.
A liability at the end of an interim reporting period must represent an existing
obligation at that date, just as it must at the end of an annual reporting period.
3.2
If this is impracticable the new policy is applied prospectively from the earliest
practicable date.
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3.3
Tax charge
Income tax expense is accrued using the tax rate that would be applicable to
expected total annual earnings (i.e. the estimated average annual effective
income tax rate applied to the pre-tax income of the interim period).
3.4
Use of estimates
3.5
Application examples
3.5.1
Inventories
Full stocktaking and valuation procedures may not be required for inventories
at interim dates. Alternative methods might include:
3.5.2
Provisions
Estimates at interim dates may entail a simple updating of the prior annual provision.
Provisions may be made for bonuses which are earned through employment (i.e. accrue
with time). Bonuses will be recognised for interim reporting purposes only if they are
liabilities (i.e. legal or constructive obligation).
Provisions for unused holiday entitlement may be made for the end of interim reporting
periods as for the end of annual reporting periods.
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3.5.3
Revaluations
Materiality is assessed in relation to interim period financial data (which may rely
more on estimates than annual financial data).
Seasonal revenues and costs that are incurred unevenly cannot be anticipated or
deferred in interim reports unless this would be appropriate treatment at the end of
the financial year.
Focus
You should now be able to:
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3310
Overview
Objective
Background
INTRODUCTION
Objective
Scope
Terminology
Stages in transition to IFRSs
Transition overview
PRACTICAL
MATTERS
Overview
Making the transition
OPENING IFRS
STATEMENT OF
FINANCIAL POSITION
PRESENTATION
AND DISCLOSURE
Comparative information
Explanation of transition
Reconciliations
Other disclosures
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Introduction
1.1
Background
The European Unions requirement that all listed companies in the European Economic
Area publish their consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRSs by 2005,
meant that entities with a financial year end of 31 December needed to have an IFRS
statement of financial position as at 1 January 2004 (for comparative purposes).
One of the main differences between SIC-8 and IFRS 1 is that the IFRS permits
certain exemptions from recognition and measurement requirements where
compliance would otherwise cause undue cost or effort in application.
Commentary
However, there are NO exemptions from IFRS 1s enhanced disclosure
requirements, detailing how the change to IFRSs has affected financial
position, performance and cash flows.
1.2
Objective
To ensure that an entitys first IFRS contain high quality information that is:
Commentary
A first time adopter uses the provisions of IFRS 1 and not the transitional
provisions of other standards unless IFRS 1 specifies otherwise.
1.3
Scope
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Commentary
So, for example, if first IFRS financial statements are to be prepared to 31
December 2013, interim financial statements for six months to 30 June 2013
will also fall within the scope of IFRS 1.
1.4
Terminology
First IFRS financial statements the first annual financial statements in which IFRSs
are adopted by an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance with IFRS.
Commentary
That is compliance with all IFRSs (issued by IASB) and IASs (adopted by IASB
from predecessor body IASC) and applicable interpretations (IFRICs and SICs).
First IFRS reporting period the latest reporting period covered by first
IFRS financial statements.
Date of transition the beginning of the earliest period for which an entity presents
full comparative information under IFRSs in its first IFRS financial statements.
Deemed cost an amount used as a surrogate for cost or depreciated cost at a given date.
Illustration 1
An entity with a 31 December year end presenting its financial statements for 2013 will
have a date of transition as 1 January 2012.
Commentary
IAS 1 requires an entitys first IFRS financial statements to include at least three
statements of financial position and at least two of each of the other statements (Session 3).
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1.5
1.5.1
Accounting policies
The same accounting policies are used for all periods presented including the
opening IFRS statement of financial position.
The version of an IFRS that is extant at the end of the first IFRS reporting
period (i.e. 31 December 2013 in Illustration 1) is used subject to the
exemptions permitted under IFRS 1 (see later).
Commentary
Different versions effective at earlier dates must not be applied.
If a new IFRS permits early application then a first-time adopter may adopt
that standard early, but it is not required to do so.
The transitional arrangements in other IFRSs apply to entities that already use IFRSs.
They do not apply to first time adopters except in relation to the derecognition of
financial assets and financial liabilities and hedge accounting in accordance with IAS 39.
1.5.2
1.5.3
Estimates
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Illustration 2
An entitys date of transition to IFRSs is 1 January 2012.
New information on 15 July 2012 required an increase in the estimate of the allowance
for slow-moving inventory made under previous GAAP at 31 December 2011.
The entity does not reflect that new information in its opening IFRS statement of
financial position. The increase in estimate will be reflected as an additional expense
in the statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 2012.
An entity may need to make estimates under IFRSs at the date of transition that
were not required at that date under previous GAAP (e.g. if there was no
requirement to state inventory at the lower of cost and net realisable value). Such
estimates must reflect conditions that existed at the date of transition to IFRSs.
Commentary
For example, market prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, etc.
Estimates required
by previous
GAAP?
YES
NO
Calculation
consistent with
IFRSs?
NO
Evidence of error?
YES
YES
Make estimate
reflecting conditions at
relevant date
NO
Use previous
estimate and adjust to
reflect IFRSs
These same principles apply to estimates made for any comparative period
presented in first IFRS financial statements.
1.5.4
Historical summaries of selected data need not comply with recognition and
measurement requirements of IFRS 1. However, such summaries and comparative
information under previous GAAP must be clearly labelled as not being prepared
under IFRS and the nature of the main adjustments to comply with IFRS disclosed.
Commentary
The adjustments are not required to be quantified.
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1.6
Transition overview
1 Jan 2011
Previous
GAAP
31 Dec 2011
FP
31 Dec 2012
FP
CI, CF,
SOCIE (if any)
IFRS
FP
FP
CI, CF,
SOCIE
FP
CI, CF,
SOCIE
Abbreviations:
FP Statement of Financial Position
CI Statement of Comprehensive Income
CF Statement of Cash Flows
Commentary
The financial statements to 31 December 2011 are published under previous
GAAP. The financial statements to 31 December 2012 are prepared under
IFRS with the comparative information restated.
2.1
Recognise all assets and liabilities required by IFRSs (e.g. assets held under
finance leases and lease obligations).
Do not recognise assets and liabilities that are not allowed to be recognised
under IFRSs (e.g. provisions which do not meet the definition of a liability).
Measure all recognised assets and liabilities in accordance with IFRSs (e.g. at
cost, fair value or a discounted amounted).
Commentary
Because the adjustments that result from changes in accounting policy on transition arise
from events and transactions before the date of transition they are recognized directly in
retained earnings (or, if appropriate, elsewhere in the statements of changes in equity) at
the date of transition.
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2.2
deemed cost;
business combinations;
cumulative translation differences;
compound financial instruments;
assets and liabilities of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures;
designation of previously recognised financial instruments;
share-based payment transactions;
decommissioning liabilities included in the cost of property, plant and equipment;
leases;
fair value measurement of financial assets and liabilities; and
borrowing costs; and
joint arrangements.
Commentary
A first-time adopter may elect to use any one or more of the available exemptions.
Only those exemptions that relate to the DipIFR syllabus are detailed below.
2.3
Deemed cost
Cost based measurement of some items of property, plant and equipment may involve
undue cost or effort (e.g. if the entity has not kept up-to-date fixed asset registers).
Items of property, plant and equipment can therefore be measured at their fair value
at the date of transition and that value deemed to be cost (i.e. deemed cost).
If an entity has revalued assets under its previous GAAP and the revaluation is broadly
in line with IFRSs then that revalued amount can be taken to be the deemed cost.
Commentary
These exemptions are also available for investment property accounted for
under IAS 40s cost model and intangible assets meeting IAS 38s criteria for
asset recognition and revaluation.
If an entity has carried out a fair value exercise of all (or some) of its assets and
liabilities for a particular event (e.g. an initial public offering or privatisation)
then that fair value may be as the deemed cost at the event date.
Commentary
Comparing revaluation under IFRS 1 with that under IAS 16:
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2.4
Business combinations
2.4.1
If, however, a first-time adopter restates any business combination to comply with
IFRS 3, all later business combinations must be restated and IAS 36 and IAS 38 applied.
Illustration 3
A first-time adopter reporting at 31 December 2013 elects to restate a business
combination that occurred on 30 June 2010. It must restate all business combinations
that occurred between 30 June 2010 and 1 January 2012.
Commentary
This exemption also applies to past acquisitions of investments in associates
and of interests in joint ventures.
2.4.2
All assets and liabilities acquired or assumed are recognised at the transition date except:
assets, including goodwill, and liabilities that were not recognised in the
acquirers consolidated statement of financial position under previous
GAAP and also would not qualify for recognition under IFRSs in the
separate statement of financial position of the acquiree.
Commentary
Any resulting change is adjusted against retained earnings (or, if appropriate,
another category of equity), unless it results from the recognition of an intangible
asset that was previously subsumed within goodwill (see adjustments below).
The opening IFRS statement of financial position must exclude any item recognised under
previous GAAP that does not qualify for recognition as an asset or liability under IFRSs:
An intangible asset that does not qualify for recognition under IAS 38 is
reclassified (together with any related deferred tax and non-controlling
interests) as goodwill;
Commentary
That is unless goodwill was deducted directly from equity under previous GAAP, in
which case goodwill is not recognised in the opening statement of financial position.
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3408
An item that is not recognised under previous GAAP but recognized under
IFRS does not have a deemed cost of zero. It is measured in the consolidated
statement of financial position on the basis that IFRSs would require in the
separate statement of financial position of the acquiree.
Illustration 4
Finance leases acquired in a past business combination must be capitalised in the
consolidated financial statements as IAS 17 Leases would require in the acquirees
separate IFRS statement of financial position.
The converse also applies. An item subsumed in goodwill under previous GAAP that
would have been recognised separately under IFRS 3 remains in goodwill unless IFRSs
would require its recognition in the separate financial statements of the acquiree.
2.4.3
Goodwill adjustments
Commentary
Similarly, decreasing the carrying amount of goodwill if an intangible asset previously
subsumed in recognised goodwill meets IFRS criteria for recognition.
Commentary
This is regardless of whether there are any indications that the goodwill may be impaired.
No other adjustments are made to the carrying amount of goodwill at the date of transition.
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3409
2.4.4
The deemed cost of goodwill is the difference at the transition date between:
Activity 1
Suggest three reasons why a subsidiary may not have been consolidated under previous
GAAP.
Solution
2.4.5
2.5
The gain or loss on subsequent disposal of the foreign entity will then be adjusted only by
those accumulated translation adjustments arising after the first IFRS reporting period.
Commentary
If this exemption is not used, an entity must restate the translation reserve for
all foreign entities since they were acquired or created.
2.6
The split-accounting provisions of IAS 32 need not be applied where the liability
component of a compound financial instrument is no longer outstanding at the transition date.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3410
Commentary
That is, the original equity component of the compound instrument does not
have to be reclassified out of retained earnings and into other equity.
2.7
A subsidiary who adopts later than its parent may measure assets/liabilities at
carrying amounts determined for:
Commentary
A parent who adopts later than a subsidiary must measure assets/liabilities based
on the same carrying amounts determined for that subsidiarys transition.
2.8
2.9
2.10
Joint arrangements
The transitional provisions of IFRS 11 may be applied with one exception. When
changing from proportionate consolidation to the equity method the investment
must be tested for impairment (IAS 36) as at the beginning of the earliest period
presented. This is regardless of whether there is any indication of impairment.
Commentary
Any impairment loss will be adjusted against opening retained earnings for the
earliest period presented.
2.11
As well as the optional exemptions, there are five mandatory exceptions, concerning:
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3411
Commentary
So an entity cannot reflect in its opening IFRS statement of financial position
a hedging relationship that does not qualify for hedge accounting.
Total comprehensive income must be split between owners of the parent and noncontrolling interests even if this results in a deficit balance for non-controlling interests.
Any change in control status between the owners of the parent and non-controlling
interests is to be accounted for from the date of transition unless the adopter has
elected to apply IFRS 3 retrospectively to past business combinations.
Commentary
In this case IFRS10 requirements must also be applied retrospectively to the
past business combinations.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3412
3.1
Comparative information
3.2
Explanation of transition
An entity must explain how the transition to IFRSs has affected its reported
financial position, performance and cash flows.
Commentary
This is achieved through reconciliation and disclosure and there are no
exemptions to the requirements for these.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3413
Illustration 5
119
120
121
122
123
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3414
Illustration 6
Key changes in accounting policies (extracts)
The following notes highlight the main differences between UK GAAP and IFRS that had a material effect
on the financial statements of the Group.
(a) Share-based payment
Under UK GAAP, the Group recognised a charge in respect of employee share options based on the
difference between the exercise price of the option and the market value of a Tate & Lyle share at the grant
date. Accordingly, only grants made under the Tate & Lyle 2003 Performance Share Plan attracted a
charge under UK GAAP, based on their intrinsic value. Under IFRS2 the Group recognises a charge
reflecting the fair value of all employee share options granted since 7 November 2002 that had not vested
by 1 January 2005.
The UK GAAP charge for the year to 31 March 2005 totalled 2 million, reflecting expense for two years of
option grants. The impact of IFRS on profit before taxation for the year to 31 March 2005 is an additional
charge of 2 million. In the year to 31 March 2006, the IFRS charge increased to reflect expense covering
three years of option grants.
Net assets increased by 3 million at 31 March 2005 reflecting the deferred taxation impact.
(g) Other
Events after the balance sheet date
Under UK GAAP, the Group recognised a provision for the dividend declared within its financial statements.
IFRS specifically states that dividends approved by the relevant authority after the reporting date do not
meet the definition of a present obligation and should not therefore be recognised. The impact of this is to
increase net assets at 31 March 2005 by 65 million (1 April 2004 62 million).
3.3
Reconciliations
The following are required to enable users to understand the material adjustments to
the statement of financial position and statement of comprehensive income:
Commentary
That would be 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2011 for the
transition overview shown at section 1.6.
A reconciliation to its total comprehensive income under IFRSs for the latest
period in the most recent annual financial statements. The starting point is total
comprehensive income under previous GAAP (or profit or loss under previous
GAAP if such a total was not reported).
Commentary
That would be total comprehensive income (or profit or loss) for
the year to 31 December 2011 for the transition overview.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3415
Illustration 7
2. FIRST TIME ADOPTION OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS)
Reconciliation and explanatory notes on how the transition to IFRS has affected profit/(loss) and net assets
previously reported under UK Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (UK GAAP) are given below. No
Balance Sheet Reconciliation as at 1 July 2005 has been shown due to there being no measurement changes
from the adoption of IFRS:
INCOME STATEMENT RECONCILIATION
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2006
Subnote
RESTATED
UK GAAP
Revenue
Cost of sales
GROSS PROFIT/(LOSS)
Other operating income
Administrative expenses
Share based payments
CONSOLIDATED
Adjustments
IFRS
10,613
(1,655,986)
-
(545,033)
10,613
(1,655,986)
(545,033)
(1,655,373)
(545,033)
(2,200,406)
67,826
67,826
(1,587,547)
-
(545,033)
-
(2,132,580)
-
(1,587,547)
(545,033)
(2,132,580)
Commentary
The directors confirm, in the Directors Report that, after making enquiries, they have a
reasonable expectation that the Group has adequate resources to continue in operational
existence for the foreseeable future. For this reason, they continue to adopt the going
concern basis in preparing these accounts. Interestingly although the basis of
preparation note to the financial statements specifies that the accounts have been
prepared on a going concern basis there is no further comment on the issue.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3416
Illustration 8
Consolidated Balance Sheet as at 31 March 2005 (extract)
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Intangible assets
Property, plant and equipment
Investments in associates
Investments in joint ventures
Trade and other receivables
Other non-current assets
Current assets
Inventories
Trade and other receivables
Cash and cash equivalents
Current asset investments
TOTAL ASSETS
UK
GAAP in
IFRS
format
m
Employee
benefits
Note (b)
m
Intangible
assets
Note (c)
m
Business
combinati
ons
Note (d)
m
Joint
Ventures
Note (e)
m
Taxation
Note (f)
m
Other
Note (g)
m
173
1 111
2
211
60
16
1 573
(51)
(51)
11
(4)
(4)
(4)
9
150
1
(211)
4
(47)
194
1 264
3
13
16
1 490
288
361
59
296
1 004
2 577
(51)
85
56
30
171
124
(4)
(1)
1
295
(295)
372
418
384
1
1 175
2 665
IFRS
m
3.4
Other disclosures
If an entity uses fair value as deemed cost for any items of property, plant and
equipment (or investment property or intangible asset) as an alternative to
cost-based measurement, the following must be disclosed for each line item:
Practical matters
4.1
Overview
The finance director is most likely to be responsible for the conversion process. In
large entities a steering committee may be formed to manage the process.
Key stakeholders in the entity need to be made aware how staff may be
affected particularly in respect of training.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3417
whether specialist help may be needed and, if so, who can provide it;
Commentary
Many entities will turn to their auditors, business consultants, etc to advise
them. The skills and competence of professional advisors must be assessed.
assessing the significance of fair values (e.g. in relation to IASs 39 and 40);
Activity 2
Suggest FOUR contractual arrangements that could be affected by the change.
4.2
4.2.1
Accounting
Changes may need to be made to the accounting system to collect the information
necessary to meet disclosure requirements (e.g. of segment reporting).
Accounting policies used for internal reporting (e.g. in budgeting systems) may need to
be standardised or made compatible with those used for external financial reporting.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3418
4.2.2
Treasury
Treasury managers will need to review treasury policy and how they hedge risk.
Commentary
Some entities may not be able to hedge account in accordance IAS 39 even if
they change their hedging strategy.
4.2.3
IT and systems
Accounting system changes may be required as a direct result of the change to IFRS.
4.2.4
Human resources
4.2.5
Training
General business managers will need to be made aware of the impact of IFRS
on the business, its reporting and planning processes.
4.2.6
Communication
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3419
A first-time adopter makes an explicit and unreserved statement that its general
purpose financial statements comply with IFRSs.
Previous GAAP assets and liabilities that do not qualify for recognition under
IFRS are eliminated from the opening financial position (e.g. research
expenditure).
Conversely, all assets and liabilities that are required to be recognised by IFRS
must be recognised (e.g. deferred tax liabilities) and appropriately classified.
For IFRS estimates at the transition date, assumptions used to determine previous
GAAP estimates should be used. Later information can only be used to correct a
previous-GAAP error.
How the transition from previous GAAP to IFRS affects the previously reported
financial statements must be disclosed, with reconciliations.
Previous-GAAP accounting need not be restated for certain items (e.g. goodwill
written-off from reserves).
An initial IAS 36 impairment test must be made for goodwill in the opening
statement of financial position.
Focus
You should now be able to:
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3420
Activity solutions
Solution 1 Exclusion from consolidation
Bank and other loan agreements (e.g. financial ratios specified in loan
covenants may be adversely affected).
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3421
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3422
Overview
Objective
BIG GAAP VS
LITTLE GAAP
The debate
Difficulties
Differential accounting
IASB definition
Objectives of IASB SME standards
Stand-alone document
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3501
1.1
The debate
There has been a consensus for a long time that reporting requirements are
biased towards larger companies and ignore the needs of small companies.
The issue of the application of accounting standards to small companies has been the
subject of numerous studies in the UK and around the world. The debate has revolved
around whether:
1.2
Difficulties
Difficulties include:
Commentary
Although size is not the most important factor, it is the easiest to apply.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3502
1.3
Differential accounting
1.3.1
Meaning
It considers whether there should be a split in reporting and whether that split
should be based on a public vs private criterion or size.
1.3.2
Arguments for
The complex calculations, the quantity of disclosure and the technical terminology
required by accounting standards may render the accounts of small companies
incomprehensible to their principal users.
The owners of public companies are not generally involved in managing the
business. For this reason, a relationship of stewardship (i.e. accountability) exists
between owners and managers. This is not the case for owner-managed entities.
Commentary
In short, current standards fail to take adequate account of the needs of users.
owner-managers;
bankers; and
tax authorities.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3503
The recent developments in international standard setting have been driven by the
desire to achieve endorsement by IOSCO. The requirements of the newer standards,
in particular, are not necessarily appropriate to smaller entities.
1.3.3
Arguments against
Empirical research has not found that small companies find complying with
accounting standards a matter for concern.
Small entities normally have very few major accounting issues that need to be
addressed, simply because of their size. In practice, this means that many of
the IFRSs have negligible impact on the small company.
For companies already in existence, accounts formats with full disclosure will
already be in place.
In July 2009 the IASB issued its new standard, IFRS for Small and Medium-sized
Entities, giving possible relief for many companies from compliance with full IFRS.
2.1
IASB definition
The standard does not specifically define an SME, it leaves that up to national
regulatory authorities and it is these bodies that will set the eligibility criteria,
possible based upon turnover, value of assets or number of employees
In order to be classed as an SME the entity must have no public accountability and
will publish general purpose financial statements for external users.
The standard is therefore not relevant to those entities who have securities, equities or
debt, listed on a recognised market, or those in the process of obtaining a listing.
If an entity holds assets in a fiduciary capacity for others (e.g. banks) then it
also has public accountability and will not be able to apply this standard.
If a company is small but has a listing then it must apply full versions of IFRS.
2.2
To reduce the financial reporting burden on SMEs that want to use global standards.
To allow easy transition to full IFRS for those SMEs that become publicly
accountable or choose to switch to full IFRS.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3504
2.3
Stand-alone document
The standard takes the fundamental concepts from the framework document,
principles and mandatory guidance from appropriate standards and modifies
these to take account of users needs and cost-benefit considerations.
2.3.1
Topics omitted
Those standards that are not relevant to a typical SME are omitted altogether
from the standard. If a particular standard have impact on the SME then they
will refer to the full IFRS.
2.3.2
Where the full standard gives a choice of policy then only the simpler option
has been included in the SME standard.
IAS 16 & 38, where only the cost model is available for property,
plant and equipment and intangible assets.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3505
2.3.3
IAS 28, only the cost model would be used for valuing investments
in associates or joint venture.
Focus
You should now be able to:
outline the principal considerations in developing a set of accounting standards for SMEs;
discuss the reasons why the IFRS for SMEs does not address certain topics.
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3506
SESSION 36 INDEX
Comparability
209
Comparative information
308
Compensation for impairment
821
Completed contract method
602
Compliance with IFRS
305
Component
303, 3002
Compound financial instruments
3410
Compound instruments
2110
Concepts of capital
213
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
121
Condensed statement of cash flows
3306
Condensed statement of comprehensive income
3306
Condensed statement of financial position 3304
Consignment sales
509
Consistency
309
Consolidated statement of comprehensive
income
2501
Consolidated statement of financial position
2301
Consolidation
2305
Construction contracts
602
Contingent assets
1724
Contingent consideration
2405
Contingent liabilities
1724, 2406, 2410
Contingently issuable shares
2815
Continuing operations
3010
Contract costs
604
Control
1203, 2202, 2203, 3203
Control and ownership
2502
Convertible instruments
2809
Corporate assets
1517
Cost approach
217
Cost constraint
210
Cost formulas
705
Cost model
811, 1216, 1306, 1606
Cost plus contract
607
Cost recognition
507
Costs of disposal
1508
Costs to sell
1404
Cumulative translation differences
3410
Current assets
310, 3005
Current liabilities
312
Current tax
2003
Current/non-current distinction
310
Curtailment
1816
A
Abandoned assets
3006
Accounting estimates
411
Accounting for subsidiaries
2202
Accounting policies 327, 403, 2208, 2615, 3404
Accounting policy adjustments
2402
Accrual accounting
206
Accrual basis
306
Accumulated depreciation
812
Acquired goodwill
1516
Acquired in-process research and development
1211
Acquisition method
2207
Active market
216, 1216, 1404
Actuarial valuation method
1815
Actuary
1808
Adjusting events
3103
Advance payments
509
Advertising commissions
513
Aggregation
306, 3208
Aggregation criteria
2903
Agricultural activity
1402
Amortisation
1218
Amortised cost
2106, 2114, 2117
Asset
210
Asset ceiling
1816
Associated companies
2601
Authority of IFRS
114
B
Bargain purchases
Barriers to development
Basic earnings per share
Big GAAP
Biological assets
Bonus issue
Borrowing costs
Buildings
Business combinations
2414
117
2803
3502
1402
2805
1002
1107
1207, 2026
C
Capital disclosures
Capital expenditure
Capital maintenance
Capitalisation
Cash flow hedges
Cash-generating unit
Cash-generating units
Cash-settled transactions
Changes in accounting estimates
Changes in accounting policy
Changes in equity
Chief operating decision maker
328
804
213
1004
2125
1502
1514, 1608
1911
412
1607
3306
2903
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
D
Decommissioning costs
Deemed cost
Deferred consideration
Deferred income
Deferred taxation
Defined benefit plans
3601
1716
3407
2404
905
817, 1914, 2004
1807
SESSION 36 INDEX
E
Earnings per share
2802
Earnings performance
2802
Economic phenomena
207
Economic resources
206
Effective interest method
2106
Elements of financial statements
210
Embedded derivatives
2116, 3412
Employee benefits
1802
Employees remuneration
1905
Enhancing characteristics
209
Entity-wide disclosures
2910
Equity
210
Equity accounting
2602, 2607
Equity instrument
1904, 1906
Equity-settled transactions
1905
Errors
413
Estimates
3404
Estimation uncertainty
327
European Union
103
Events After the Reporting Period
3006
Exchange differences
2709
Exchange of assets
808, 1211
Exemptions from IFRSs
3407
Expenses
211
Explanatory notes
3306
Exploration and evaluation assets
1605
Exposure Draft
110
Extractive industries
1602
G
Gaap hierarchy
113
General purpose financial statements 114, 302
Geographical area
2911
Going concern
207, 306
Goodwill
1204, 2303, 2307, 2402
Goodwill adjustments
3409
Government assistance
909
Government grant
1224
Government grants
902, 1210, 1408, 1410
Government loans
909
Government-related entities
3209
Grants related to assets
905
Grants related to income
907
H
Harmonisation
Harvest
Hedge accounting
Hedged items
Hedges of a net investment
Hedging
Hedging instruments
Held for sale classification
Hierarchy of inputs
Highest and best market
Highly probable
F
Fair presentation
305
Fair value
215, 1404, 1502, 1508, 2407
Fair value hedges
2124
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3602
114
1402
2123, 2129, 3412
2122
2126
2122
2122
3005
217
216
3005
SESSION 36 INDEX
I
IAS 01 Presentation of Financial Statements
301
IAS 02 Inventories
701
IAS 08 Accounting Policies, Changes in
Accounting Estimates and Errors 401, 1602
IAS 10 Events After the Reporting Period
3101
IAS 11 Construction Contracts
601
IAS 12 Income Taxes
2001
IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment 801
IAS 17 Leases
1101
IAS 18 Revenue
502
IAS 19 Employee Benefits
1801
IAS 20 Accounting for Government Grants
901
IAS 21 Foreign Currency Rates
2701
IAS 23 Borrowing Costs
1001
IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures
3201
IAS 27 Separate Financial Statements 2202
IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint
Ventures
2602
IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation
2104, 2108
IAS 33 Earnings Per Share
2801
IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting
3301
IAS 36 Impairment of Assets
1501
IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and
Contingent Assets
1701
IAS 38 Intangible Assets
1201
IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition
and Measurement
2104
IAS 40 Investment Property
1228
IAS 41 Agriculture
1401
IASB
104
Identifiability
1203
IFRIC
107
IFRS 1 First-time adoption of International
Financial Reporting Standards
3401
IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements
2206, 2207, 2320, 2402
IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements
2603, 2619
IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other
Entities
2209, 2603, 2620
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement
1304,
1508, 2407
IFRS 2 Share-based Payment
1901
IFRS 3 Business Combinations 2207, 2402
IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and
Discontinued Operations
3001
IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of
Mineral Resources
1601
IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosure
2104
IFRS 8 Operating Segments
2901
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
J
Joint arrangements
Joint control
3411
3203
L
Land and buildings
Lease classification
Lessor accounting
Level 1 inputs
Liability
Licence fees
Line items
Little GAAP
1106
1105
1114
217
210, 1704
514
313
3502
M
Major customers
Major inspection
Market approach
3603
2912
810
217
SESSION 36 INDEX
Marketable securities
Materiality
Measurement bases
Measurement period
Mid-year acquisitions
Mineral resources
Monetary items
Monitoring Board
Pricing methods
Primary instruments
Prior period adjustment
Prior period errors
Products and services
Profit smoothing
Project update
Projected unit credit
Property, plant and equipment
Provisions
2407
306
212
2415
2317, 2509
1601
2702
105
N
Net investment in a foreign entity
Net realisable value
Non-adjusting events
Non-controlling interest
Non-controlling interests
Non-current asset
Non-current asset transfers
Non-depreciating assets
Non-financial assets
Non-monetary government grants
Notes to the financial statements
2708
709
3103
2311, 2507
2208
3005
2325, 2506
2409
216
904
325
Q
Qualifying assets
Qualitative characteristics
Quantitative thresholds
Reclassification
2116
Recognition
211, 2405
Recognition criteria
1212
Reconciliations
2909
Recoverable amount
1502, 1506
Refurbishment costs
1722
Regulatory framework
102
Related party
3202
Related party transactions
3203
Relevance
208
Rendering of services
507
Repairs and maintenance
1721
Reportable segments
2903
Reporting performance
402
Research and development expenditure 1225
Research phase
1213
Residual value
802, 820, 1218
Restructuring
1720
Retirements and disposals
1221
Retrospective application
406, 3411
Revaluation model
811, 1216, 1606
Revaluations
811, 1225
Revenue
603
Revenue expenditure
804
Revenue recognition
504, 602
Revenue recognition criteria
504
Reversals of impairment losses
1522
Rights issues
2805
Risks and rewards
1105
Royalties
508
P
808, 809
809
1709
402
213
2113
2414
1805
2204
2327
2803
2108
1707
2704
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1003
207
2904
Part exchange
Part replacement
Past event
Performance reporting
Physical capital maintenance
Planned future transactions
Positive goodwill
Post-employment benefits
Power
Pre-acquisition profits
Preference dividends
Preference shares
Present obligation
Presentation currency
3204
2102
406
413
2911
603
111
1815
3407
1706
3604
SESSION 36 INDEX
Underlying
2106
Underlying assumption
207
Understandability
209
Unidentifiable goods or services
1906
Unrealised profit
2320, 2503, 2505, 2618
Useful life
819, 1217
V
Valuation technique
Valuation techniques
Value in use
Variable returns
Verifiability
Vesting conditions
Vesting period
W
Warranties
Work program
T
Timeliness
Trade-in
Transaction costs
Transfer to retained earnings
Transition overview
Transition to IFRSs
Treasury shares
True and fair
209
808
2107
815
3406
3404
2113
2203
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
1910
216
1502, 1509
2206
209
1904, 1906
1907
3605
1707
111
SESSION 36 INDEX
2013DeVry/BeckerEducationalDevelopmentCorp.Allrightsreserved.
3606
Accounting
Project Management
Healthcare
This DipIFR Study System has undergone a Quality Assurance review by ACCA and includes:
An introductory session containing the Syllabus and Study Guide and approach to examining the
syllabus to familiarise you with the content of this paper
A visual overview at the beginning of each session showing how topics are related
Definitions of terms
Illustrations
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2013 DeVry/Becker Educational Development Corp. All rights reserved.