911 F.

2d 1494

James Armando CARD, Petitioner-Appellant,

v.
Richard L. DUGGER, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 88-3729.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.
Sept. 4, 1990.

Larry H. Spalding, Billy H. Nolas, Thomas R. Dunn, Office of Capital

Collateral Representative, Tallahassee, Fla., for petitioner-appellant.
Gary L. Printy, Asst. Atty. Gen., Richard B. Martell, Dept. of Legal
Affairs, Tallahassee, Fla., for respondent-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of
Florida.
Before KRAVITCH, HATCHETT and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
KRAVITCH, Circuit Judge:

James Armando Card, a Florida prisoner sentenced to death, appeals from the
district court's denial of his petition for habeas corpus. Card was convicted of
robbery, kidnapping, and first degree murder in connection with the death of
Janice Franklin, clerk of a Western Union office in Panama City, Florida. On
the afternoon of June 3, 1981, the Western Union office was robbed of
approximately $1200. Blood was found on the floor and counters of the office,
the office safe was slightly ajar, and the cash drawer had been removed and was
on the floor. The clerk of the office was missing. Her body was found the next
day beside a dirt road in a secluded area 8.4 miles from the Western Union
office. Her blouse was torn, her fingers were severely cut and her throat had
been cut.

During the days immediately following the discovery of the body, police
investigated and ruled out at least thirty persons as potential suspects. Suspicion

did not focus on Card until June 8, 1981, when Vicky Sue Elrod, an
acquaintance of Card's, informed the police that Card had told her that he had
committed the murder. According to Elrod's trial testimony, Card had
telephoned her at about 6:30 on the morning of June 3 to tell her that he might
be coming to see her in Pensacola to repay her $50.00 that she had loaned him.
At about 5:30 p.m., she received another phone call from the defendant, saying
he was coming to Pensacola and needed to see her. At 9:30 that night, Elrod
met with Card at a motel in Pensacola. Card took a large stack of bills out of a
blue pouch. According to Elrod, she asked Card if he had robbed a convenience
store, and he told her that he had robbed a Western Union station and had killed
the woman who worked there. Among other things, he described scuffling with
the victim, tearing her blouse, and cutting her with his knife. He then said that
after taking the money, he took the victim in his car to a wooded area. He had
no intention of hurting her until she had gotten out of the car, but then he went
behind her and cut her throat, saying "die, die, die" while she was bleeding. He
further informed Elrod that the tire prints were the only thing that could
connect him to the crime, and asked her to exchange the tires from her car. She
also told the jury that Card showed her an old silver dollar that was in the blue
pouch. Card was arrested on June 8, 1981.
3

Elrod was the state's main witness, and it appears that her testimony was the
most damaging piece of evidence against Card. The other highly incriminating
evidence came from a forensic specialist who testified that tire tracks at the
murder scene indicated that a car at the scene had three different types of tires.
Casts made from these tracks matched the tread of each of the tires on the
defendant's car.

Among other witnesses, the state presented the testimony of two men, Albert
Powell and Chris Thomas, who each stated that they thought Card looked like a
man that they saw in the Western Union office at around 3:00 p.m. on June 3,
1981. Powell, however, testified that he saw two men in the Western Union
office prior to the offense and refused to swear on oath that the defendant was
the man he saw. A policeman testified that two different sets of footprints were
found at the scene where the victim's body was located. The footprints were not
positively identified as those of the defendant. A forensic serologist, Suzanne
Harang, testified that she could not determine whether blood found in Mr.
Card's car came from the victim because she could not determine the victim's
blood type.

At trial, Card attempted to introduce the testimony of Camille Cardwell (now

Camille Payne). The proffer to the trial court indicated that Cardwell would
testify that a few weeks before the offense she had heard her boyfriend, John

Green, and several of his friends, including Tom Wilmot, planning the robbery
of a place "where people sent in money orders." Green and the others planned
to commit the robbery between 2:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. and planned on using a
knife. Cardwell had given the police this information during an interview
conducted shortly after the offense. Her testimony was excluded as hearsay.1
6

Card was charged in Bay County, Florida, with first degree murder, robbery,
and kidnapping. Venue was transferred to Okaloosa County, where the trial was
held. Card was convicted on all three counts, and the jury recommended death
by a vote of 7 to 5. The case was returned to Bay County, where Judge Turner,
who had tried the case, imposed consecutive sentences of life imprisonment on
the robbery and kidnapping convictions, and a death sentence for the first
degree murder conviction based on his finding of five aggravating
circumstances and no mitigating circumstances.2

On direct appeal,3 the convictions and sentence were upheld by the Florida
Supreme Court. Card v. State, 453 So.2d 17 (Fla.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 989,
105 S.Ct. 396, 83 L.Ed.2d 330 (1984). Thereafter, Card filed a state petition for
a writ of habeas corpus and an appeal from the order of the circuit court
denying his motion to vacate the sentence pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal
Procedure 3.850.4 The Supreme Court of Florida denied all relief. Card v. State,
497 So.2d 1169 (Fla.1986), cert denied, 481 U.S. 1059, 107 S.Ct. 2203, 95
L.Ed.2d 858 (1987). Card again petitioned the Florida Supreme Court for a writ
of habeas corpus in 1987.5 The court again denied relief. Card v. Dugger, 512
So.2d 829 (Fla.1987). A petition for writ of error coram nobis was also filed
and denied. Card thereafter filed the present petition for habeas corpus in the
Northern District of Florida asserting the following eight claims:6

I. He received ineffective assistance of counsel in the guilt phase of trial;

II. He received ineffective assistance of counsel at the penalty phase of trial;

10

III. The trial judge erroneously excluded testimony indicating that someone
other than Card committed the crime;

11

IV. His trial and sentencing were conducted before a court lacking jurisdiction
under state law;

12

V. He was denied his right to a pretrial competency hearing, and his right not to
undergo criminal proceedings while incompetent;

13

VI. He received ineffective assistance of counsel on his direct appeal;

14

VII. The trial judge erred under Hitchcock in failing to find and consider
statutory and nonstatutory mitigation; and

15

VIII. Argument, instruction and comment by the prosecutor violated his rights
under Caldwell.

16

The district court held an evidentiary hearing on claims I and II only and denied
relief on all claims. We address each of Card's claims in turn.

I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel at the Guilt Phase of Trial

17
18

Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are evaluated under the two-prong

test set out by the Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984):

19 the defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient. This
First,
requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not
functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.
Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. This requires showing that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the
defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.
20

466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. Under the first prong of Strickland,
counsel's performance is considered deficient if counsel's acts or omissions
were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance. Id. at 689,
104 S.Ct. at 2065.

21

Card argues that trial counsels Thomas Ingles and Herbert Green 7 were
deficient within the meaning of Strickland in that they failed to investigate,
develop or present to the jury evidence tending to establish their client's
innocence and showing that some other person or persons had actually
committed the robbery and murder for which Card was convicted and
sentenced.

22

In Strickland v. Washington, the Supreme Court stressed that in assessing

attorney performance, every effort must be made "to eliminate the distorting
effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's challenged
conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time." Id.
Furthermore, "the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the

circumstances, the challenged action 'might be considered sound trial strategy.'

" Id. (citation omitted). The Court set out the relationship between adequate
investigation and strategic choices as follows:
23
[S]trategic
choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to
plausible options are virtually unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after less
than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable
professional judgments support the limitations on investigation. In other words,
counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable
decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary. In any ineffectiveness
case, a particular decision not to investigate must be directly assessed for
reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to
counsel's judgments.
24

Id. at 690-91, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. We assess Card's ineffective assistance of

counsel claim with these standards in mind.

25

A. Failure to Develop and Present the Testimony of Camille Cardwell

26

Card first asserts that counsel was ineffective in failing to present the testimony
of Camille Cardwell at trial suggesting that someone other than Card had
committed the robbery and murder. He also claims that counsel was ineffective
in failing to investigate and develop leads that might have corroborated
Cardwell's testimony.

27

The police took a statement from Camille Cardwell on June 5, 1981, two days
after Franklin's body was discovered. At that time, she informed the police that
approximately two weeks before the murder, she had heard three men planning
the robbery of a Western Union office in Panama City. In her statement to the
police, Cardwell stated that she had left Panama City on the 25th or 26th of
May, 1981, and that she had heard nothing else about the robbery until hearing
about it on television on June 4, 1981. Although this statement was available to
defense counsel prior to trial, counsel did not speak with Cardwell until after
the trial had begun.

28

At trial, after a short discussion with Cardwell, counsel proffered her testimony.
At the proffer, Cardwell was asked when she heard the robbery being planned.
She again testified that she flew back to Kansas on either the 18th or 19th of
May, so she must have heard the robbery planned before that. The proffer was
denied as inadmissible hearsay.

29

In an affidavit sworn in September of 1987, Cardwell stated that when counsel

29

In an affidavit sworn in September of 1987, Cardwell stated that when counsel

spoke with her during the trial, she attempted to tell him that she had heard John
Green and the others planning the robbery on the morning of June 3, 1981. She
stated that counsel did not seem interested in this information and told her that
he would only question her regarding her statement to the police. She further
stated that she would have told the trial judge more if she had been given the
chance.

30

Cardwell testified at the evidentiary hearing before the federal district court. At
that time, she stated that "at the day of the robbery I was not around." She also
stated that there was nothing about the plan that she heard that she did not tell
the police when questioned shortly after the murder.

31

Card claims that because counsel had failed to investigate Cardwell's testimony,
counsel was unprepared to elicit and use information that Cardwell had seen
various persons preparing for the robbery on the morning of the robbery. He
argues that Cardwell's account could have been corroborated by other evidence.
He points out that Cardwell testified at the evidentiary hearing that the
composite drawing made from one witness's description resembled Tom
Wilmot. He also points out that there were statements by witnesses Cathy Tew
and Peggy Tarbaux that they saw a '62-63 Chevrolet containing three males and
a female pull onto the dirt road where the body was found, and that Cardwell
had said John Green owned a '62 Chevrolet. In addition, another witness,
Anthony Prestigicacomo, told police of a similar car he had seen in the same
area on the morning of the day the body was found. Finally, there was evidence
that there were two sets of footprints at the scene where the body was found.
Card argues that all of this corroborated Cardwell's testimony, but this evidence
was not put before the jury at trial. He claims that Cardwell's testimony about
observing preparations on the day of the robbery would not have been excluded
as hearsay and that it would have created a reasonable doubt in the mind of the
jury.

32

We agree with the district court that counsel was not ineffective in failing to
investigate further the testimony of Cardwell and to present that testimony at
trial. We reach that conclusion, however, on grounds different from those relied
upon by the district court.

33

In holding that counsel was not ineffective for failing to further investigate and
to present the testimony of Cardwell, the district court started from the
proposition that Card's attorneys knew before trial, from Card's confessions,
that he had robbed the Western Union and murdered Janice Franklin. The court
pointed to a note in Attorney Ingles's files recording the substance of a jail

interview between Ingles and Card on July 2, 1981, at which time Card
confessed to the murder. He also noted that on the morning of trial, Card
admitted to co-counsel Green that he "cut her [Ms. Franklin's] throat." The
court stated that "[i]t is against these admissions that the charge of
ineffectiveness of counsel must be weighed." Card v. Dugger, No. TCA 8740243-MMP at 4 (N.D.Fla. July 1, 1988) (hereinafter "Order"). The court
found that "[t]he admission absolutely discredited the hypothesis of innocence
offered by potential defense witness Camille Cardwell (now Payne) that John
Green, Tom Wilmot, and 'Ringo' planned to rob the Western Union office and
that John Green later told her that he committed the Western Union robbery."
Id.
34

The district court concluded that it would have been unethical for the counsel to
attempt to establish Card's innocence by offering testimony that some other
persons had committed the crime. Relying on Williams v. Kemp, 846 F.2d
1276 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 1836, 108 L.Ed.2d
965 (1990), the court concluded that counsel could not have presented
Cardwell's testimony because to do so would have required him to engage in
illegal and unethical conduct. The court further found that trial counsel's failure
to develop leads that might arguably corroborate Cardwell's testimony was not
ineffective assistance because her evidence could not ethically be produced at
trial. It concluded that "rather than being charged with ineffective assistance,
counsel should be commended for defending [his] client without recourse to
offering knowingly false and misleading testimony to the court." Order at 6.

35

We agree with the court that a claim of ineffective assistance cannot be

grounded on the failure of trial counsel to produce false or misleading evidence.
The Supreme Court made this clear in Nix v. Whiteside, 475 U.S. 157, 106
S.Ct. 988, 89 L.Ed.2d 123 (1986). In Whiteside, the client informed counsel
that he would perjure himself on the stand. In determining whether counsel was
ineffective for informing his client that he would not aid him in presenting
perjured testimony, the Court stated:

36 Strickland, we recognized counsel's duty of loyalty and his "overarching duty to

In
advocate the defendant's cause." Ibid. Plainly, that duty is limited to legitimate,
lawful conduct compatible with the very nature of a trial as a search for truth.
Although counsel must take all reasonable lawful means to attain the objectives of
the client, counsel is precluded from taking steps or in any way assisting the client in
presenting false evidence or otherwise violating the law.
37

Id. at 166, 106 S.Ct. at 994.

38

Although a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is generally evaluated by

examining the actual motivation for counsel's trial strategy, the district court
did not focus on counsel's motivation for failing to present Cardwell's
testimony. We hold that this was error under the facts of this case. In a case
where counsel's ethical obligations are unambiguous, the reviewing court need
not look to trial counsel's actual motivation for failing to present testimony or
evidence. Instead, the court may infer that counsel's ethical duty to refrain from
certain conduct formed the basis for counsel's decision not to present particular
evidence. See Williams, 846 F.2d at 1281 (where record reflected that
defendant had told counsel he had written an incriminating note, counsel's
decision not to produce contrary testimony merely fulfilled his ethical
obligation). This is consistent with the Supreme Court's recognition in
Whiteside, that "an attorney's ethical duty to advance the interest of his client is
limited by an equally solemn duty to comply with the law and standards of
professional conduct." 475 U.S. at 168, 106 S.Ct. at 995.

39

In cases where the question of the ethical duty of counsel is open to debate,
however, a court reviewing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim should
look to counsel's actual motivation for failing to present testimony. If counsel's
failure to present testimony was motivated by a belief that an ethical obligation
precluded him from doing so and that belief was reasonable, then such conduct
may not be considered deficient performance under Strickland. If, however, the
record demonstrates that trial counsel's failure to present certain evidence may
not have been motivated by a perception of his ethical obligations, then the
court should not rely on its view of counsel's obligations in deciding an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. This is in keeping with Strickland 's
mandate that the reviewing court "evaluate the conduct from counsel's
perspective at the time [of trial]." 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065.

40

In this case, the question of whether Green, under the standards of ethical
conduct governing attorneys, was in fact precluded from presenting Cardwell's
testimony to the jury is debatable. An attorney in Green's position could have
reasonably believed that he was not ethically precluded from presenting
Cardwell's testimony. First, it appears that Green had good reason to discredit
Card's confession.8 Moreover, even if Green credited Card's confession, it is not
clear that the rules governing ethical conduct of attorneys would prohibit him
from putting Cardwell on the stand and having her testify that she heard other
individuals planning a similar robbery. Thus, this is not a case in which a court,
when engaging in a Strickland performance prong analysis, should ignore
counsel's actual motivation and infer that his actions were based on his ethical
obligations.

41

Turning to Green's motivation, a review of the record convinces us that Green

did not feel himself under an ethical duty to refrain from relying on Cardwell's
testimony, and we conclude that the district court clearly erred in finding that
this was Green's motivation. First, Green did attempt to introduce Cardwell's
testimony at trial, indicating that he was not being motivated by the ethical duty
suggested by the district court, but the testimony was rejected on grounds of
hearsay. Moreover, Green stated at the evidentiary hearing that if Cardwell's
testimony had been admitted, he would have called witnesses to corroborate it.
Finally, Green testified at the evidentiary hearing that he "surely" and
"certainly" would have used, relied on, and argued evidence that someone other
than Card had committed the offense, if he had such evidence.9 He also stated
that he would have used Cardwell's testimony to argue Card's innocence to the
jury. Finally, in closing argument, Green argued that the real killer was the man
in the red shirt who was seen by Chris Thomas at the Western Union counter
just three or four minutes before the robbery occurred.

42

Although we determine that the district court erred in holding that Green's
failure to investigate and offer Cardwell's testimony was based on his ethical
obligations, we conclude that the failure to further investigate or present such
testimony did not amount to deficient performance within the meaning of
Strickland. First, we find that Green did not act unreasonably in failing to
interview Cardwell before trial or to investigate leads that he was aware of
through her statement given to police. In Gates v. Zant, we stated:

43
Given
the finite resources of time and money that face a defense attorney, it simply
is not realistic to expect counsel to investigate substantially all plausible lines of
defense. A reasonably competent attorney often must rely on his own experience
and judgment, without the benefit of a substantial investigation, when deciding
whether or not to forego a particular line of defense. Consequently, counsel has
rendered effective assistance even though he decided not to pursue a particular line
of defense without substantial investigation so long as the decision was reasonable
under the circumstances.
44

863 F.2d 1492, 1498 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 353, 107
L.Ed.2d 340 (1989).

45

Green's files contain Camille Cardwell's statement to the authorities of June 5,

1981, described above. In this statement, Cardwell's testimony was limited to
her overhearing a conversation weeks before the incident. This version of
events is in accord with her proffer of testimony in state court, where she
reiterated that she was not around on the day of the incident. At no time before
or at trial did Cardwell inform Green that she had heard certain individuals

planning the robbery on the morning of June 3, 1981. We conclude that a

reasonably competent attorney in Green's position in January of 1982 would
have had no basis to believe that Cardwell possessed any further information
and could have reasonably decided that her statement did not warrant further
investigation.
46

As noted above, Green attempted to present Cardwell's testimony, but was

unable to do so because of the trial judge's ruling that it was hearsay. Card
argues that reasonably competent counsel could have surmounted a hearsay
objection by attempting to subpoena Wilmot, Ringo and Green or
demonstrating their unavailability or by preparing evidence corroborating
Cardwell's account. It is mere speculation, however, that the evidence would
have been admitted had counsel demonstrated unavailability or corroboration,10
and we hold that the petitioner has not carried his burden of showing that
Green's inability to get the evidence before the jury amounted to deficient
performance. Cf. Aldrich v. Wainwright, 777 F.2d 630, 636 (11th Cir.1985),
cert. denied, 479 U.S. 918, 107 S.Ct. 324, 93 L.Ed.2d 297 (1986) (speculation
insufficient to carry the burden of a habeas corpus petitioner as to what
evidence could have been revealed by further investigation).11

47

Green explained that after the trial judge excluded Cardwell's testimony, he
decided not to present witnesses Tew and Tarbaux, but instead to present the
testimony of Officer Polk, who stated that at 7:30 p.m. on the day that Card was
alleged to have committed the crime, he had only seen one tire track on the road
and that it was an old track. Green testified that once he had decided to call
Polk, it would have made no sense to present either Tew or Tarbaux, as the
accounts of those witnesses contradicted Officer Polk's testimony.12 Green's
decision to choose one line of defense over another because of the trial judge's
ruling was a reasonable tactical decision that does not raise Strickland-type
concerns.

48

B. Failure to Investigate Evidence that Would have Impeached the Testimony

of State Witnesses

49

Vicky Elrod was the state's main witness. She testified that Card confessed to
her on the evening of June 3, 1981, that he had committed the murder and that
he had described to her in great detail what he had done.13 Card claims that
defense counsel was aware of information that could have been used to
impeach the testimony of Vicky Elrod, but that counsel, through lack of
preparation, failed to impeach her. Specifically, he points to the existence of
telephone records indicating that certain phone calls from Card to Elrod were
made at times different from those testified to by Elrod. In addition, Elrod

testified that Card told her that he had gotten the money out of the safe. Counsel
did not impeach this statement despite evidence that the money was kept in the
cash drawer and not the safe. Further, Elrod testified that Card told her that he
had found the victim's wallet on the seat of the car, and there was evidence that
the wallet was normally kept in the victim's purse, which had been left at the
Western Union station. Finally, counsel did not present evidence regarding
Elrod's motive to fabricate her testimony about Card because of her animosity
towards him as a result of disagreements during their drug transactions.
50

Green testified at the evidentiary hearing that he had conducted substantial

investigation into Elrod's background, looking specifically for any criminal
activity or connection with drug dealing. In addition, the attorney's files
contained a lengthy deposition of Elrod taken by Green shortly before the trial
at which time Elrod denied ever selling Card marijuana, and denied the
existence of any drug debt between them. She also stated at that time that she
could have been mistaken about the time of one of the phone calls.

51

We conclude that at trial, Green conducted a competent cross-examination of

Elrod, questioning her about the circumstances surrounding Card's confession
and her motives for testifying. We agree with the district court that none of the
evidence that petitioner claims could have been introduced directly contradicts
or undermines the testimony of Elrod. See Aldrich v. Wainwright, 777 F.2d
630, 637 (11th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 918, 107 S.Ct. 324, 93 L.Ed.2d
297 (1986) (no prejudice where petitioner fails to identify any specific
information that would have added to the impeachment of state's witnesses
where witnesses were exposed to substantial cross-examination).

52

Card also alleges that counsel failed to investigate or present evidence that
would have impeached the testimony of state witnesses Powell and Thomas. On
June 3, 1981, witnesses Powell and Thomas gave descriptions to the police of
persons they had seen at the Western Union office on the afternoon the crime
was committed. Powell's description of one of the two men he had seen did not
match the appearance of Card, and Thomas's description, as well as a
composite sketch made from that description, did not resemble Card. At trial,
Thomas and Powell testified that the man they saw in the Western Union office
looked like the petitioner. Powell stated, however, that he could not swear Card
was the man he saw because of the passage of time.

53

Card states that Green acted unreasonably in failing to elicit Powell's prior
description in order to point out discrepancies between that description and
Card's appearance and in failing to show the composite sketch made from
Thomas's prior description to the jury. He argues that this evidence would have

established that the person those witnesses saw was not Card.
54

At the evidentiary hearing, Green made abundantly clear that he did not further
investigate or impeach Powell or Thomas because he felt that the testimony of
these witnesses did not hurt the defense case, given that their testimony was
inconclusive and did not link Card to the victim or the crime. Green stated that
weaknesses in the witnesses' testimony were apparent from their direct
testimony.

55

It is clear that Green made a tactical decision not to present the composite nor
to impeach Powell based on his assessment of the harm of the testimony to the
defense case. Green did call Thomas as a witness for the defense and pointed
out that there was a discrepancy between the description Thomas gave to police
on June 3, 1981 and his testimony at trial. While current counsel may have
treated the Thomas and Powell testimony differently, Green's decision at the
time of trial concerning the appropriate use of this testimony does not rise to the
level of deficient performance required for a showing of ineffective assistance
within the meaning of Strickland.

56

Card also claims that counsel conducted an insufficient investigation of the

state's forensic serology expert. At trial, a state forensic serologist testified that
she could not determine the victim's ABO blood type and thus could not say
that blood found in Card's car, which was of type B, did not come from the
victim. Card points out that in fact, investigators had determined that the victim
had type "O" blood, and thus it was clear that the blood could not have come
from the victim. Although counsel had this report indicating the victim's blood
type, the report was not used to impeach the serologist.

57

We agree with the district court that even if counsel should have impeached the
serologist with the report showing blood type, his failure to do so was not
deficient performance within the meaning of Strickland, as cross-examination
at trial was sufficient to show the weaknesses in the witness's testimony. See
Adams v. Wainwright, 804 F.2d 1526 (11th Cir.1986), modified, 816 F.2d
1493 (11th Cir.1987), reversed on other grounds, 489 U.S. 401, 109 S.Ct. 1211,
103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989) (defense counsel not ineffective for failing to obtain
expert pathologist, where defense counsel cross-examined state expert and
argued weaknesses in testimony to jury in closing argument). We note that on
cross-examination, the serologist testified that the blood stains in the car could
not have come from Janice Franklin, but that they did match the blood of Card's
son.

58

Card's other contentions relating to his ineffective assistance claim involve

58

Card's other contentions relating to his ineffective assistance claim involve

allegations concerning counsel's failure to utilize certain police reports
concerning footprints found at the spot where the victim's body was found, the
presence of unknown hairs on the victim's body, and a witness who stated that
he saw three men in front of the Western Union shortly before the robbery.
Testimony at the evidentiary hearing belies Card's assertion that trial counsel
was unaware of exculpatory evidence because he made no effort to investigate
the case or to read the discovery materials obtained from the state. Cf.
Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 385, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 2588, 91 L.Ed.2d
305 (1986) (finding counsel's failure to file a timely suppression motion
deficient where counsel was unaware of search that revealed incriminating
evidence because he had conducted no pretrial discovery). Although Card's
current counsel makes quite clear that had he been trial counsel, the case would
have been tried much differently, this is not the test for ineffective assistance.
See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065.

59

In sum, we find that this case bears little resemblance to those in which this
court has found that counsel's failure to investigate deprived the defendant of
his sixth amendment right to counsel.14 Card's allegations of attorney neglect
are contradicted by the record. His counsel actually performed much of the
investigation with which Card fails to credit him, and as to those areas where
counsel did not investigate, we find that this was not deficient performance.15
Because we find that counsel's performance was not deficient, we do not reach
the question of whether Card has demonstrated prejudice.

II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel at the Penalty Phase of Trial

60
61

Card argues that trial counsel failed to conduct an adequate investigation into
his background and history, resulting in the deprivation of powerful evidence in
mitigation which could have been used at the penalty phase of trial. He claims
that as a result he was denied his sixth amendment right to effective assistance
of counsel. Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

62

Card argues that counsel was ineffective in two ways: First, counsel failed to
call family members to testify as to Card's background. Second, counsel and the
mental health experts on whom counsel relied failed to perform an adequate
investigation of Card's background, including his medical problems. As a
result, despite the testimony of Dr. Hord, the jury was unaware of that
background when it made its sentencing recommendation. Card further asserts
that counsel's errors were prejudicial because the evidence was clearly
mitigating and, had it been presented to the jury that recommended death by a 7
to 5 vote, there is a high probability that the outcome would have been
different.

A. Testimony at the Sentencing Hearing

63

The only witness to testify during the penalty phase was Dr. James Hord, a
clinical psychologist called by defense attorney Ingles, who represented Card
during the penalty phase. Dr. Hord testified that in his opinion, Card evidenced
a "sociopathic personality adjustment pattern." According to Hord, persons with
this behavior pattern react impulsively to stress, show poor long-range
judgment, little forethought, and little awareness beyond the immediate
situation. Dr. Hord related this diagnosis to the events surrounding the robbery
of the Western Union office and the kidnapping and murder of Ms. Franklin.
He concluded that by the time the actual decision was made to kill her, the
defendant would have been in a state approaching panic, not knowing how to
get out of the situation he had gotten himself into. Dr. Hord stated that in his
opinion, at the moment of killing, Card was acting under extreme mental or
emotional disturbance, and that Card's capacity to conform his conduct to the
requirements of law was substantially impaired.

64

After testifying as to Card's emotional and psychological state at the time of the
offense, Dr. Hord testified that in his opinion, the cause of sociopathic behavior
can be found in interruptions in the childhood years in the natural identification
that normally takes place between an individual and his parents. He then
described how Card's history was consistent with the development of a
sociopathic personality.16 Dr. Hord outlined Card's harsh treatment by his
natural father and step-father during his early childhood and related specific
instances of cruelty. He informed the jury that Card's mother put Card into
psychiatric care for a short time at the age of five or six years. Finally, Dr. Hord
testified as to the probable effect of a prison term on Card's behavior, stating
that it could serve to rid Card of his sociopathic behavior.

65

Dr. Hord did not mention Card's poor performance in school, his medical
history (including records of head injuries), his criminal history as a juvenile
and an adult, or his discharge from the Army "for reasons of total unsuitability."

66

B. Counsel's Failure to have Family Members Testify

67

We turn first to Card's claim of ineffectiveness due to counsel's failure to call

members of Card's family to testify at the sentencing hearing. In evaluating
ineffective assistance of counsel claims, this court places particular weight on
the trial counsel's explanation of trial strategy, proffered at a state trial court or
federal district court evidentiary hearing, provided such a hearing has been
held. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065 (effort must be made to

reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's conduct and evaluate conduct from

counsel's perspective at the time).
68

In this case, Mr. Ingles, the attorney who represented Card at the sentencing
proceeding, had died in 1987 and was thus not present at the district court's
evidentiary hearing. Instead, Mr. Green, who was responsible for the guilt
phase of trial and who had worked extensively with Ingles on the case, testified
as to his opinion of Ingles's strategy at the sentencing hearing.

69

Green stated that although he himself did not meet Card's family until the trial,
Ingles had been corresponding with them since shortly after the murder. He
presented several reasons why, in his opinion, Ingles did not present the
testimony of Card's mother, Gloria Chenoweth, and Card's sister, Darla
D'Agostino, at the sentencing hearing.

70

First, Green testified that "Card exhibited a violent-type behavior toward

members of his family. We did not want that presented to the jury. We felt like
on cross they might get some of that in." Second, he stated that:

71 Card had a lot of brushes with the law in the past, and the State had failed to
Mr.
offer any testimony or any evidence to that, and we were concerned about them
getting that in under this type of evidence. We can take the same information,
basically the same information about his deprived childhood and all that stuff, and
let them--let them feed it to Dr. Hord, which they did, and then let Dr. Hord testify
to it. We got the best of both worlds, in my opinion. We get in the deprived
childhood syndrome without exposing ourselves to the possibility of ... the prior
record and the prior alleged violence, whatever, to his family members. So we got
the best of both worlds by not calling the family members themselves, but in getting
it in through Dr. Hord.
72

We find Green's assessment of Ingles's strategy convincing and supported by

the record.
This court has held that:

73 order to determine what evidence might be appropriate, defense counsel has the
In
duty to conduct a reasonable investigation. Thompson v. Wainwright, 787 F.2d
1447, 1450 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, U.S. [1042], 107 S.Ct. 1986, 95 L.Ed.2d 825
(1986) [sic]. The failure to conduct any investigation of a defendant's background
may fall outside the scope of reasonable professional assistance. Thompson, 787
F.2d at 1452. After a sufficient investigation, however, "counsel may make a
reasonable strategic judgment to present less than all possible available evidence in

mitigation." Mitchell, 762 F.2d at 899 (quoting Stanley v. Zant, 697 F.2d 955, 965
(11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, sub nom. 467 U.S. 1219, 104 S.Ct. 2667, 81 L.Ed.2d
372 (1984)).
74

Lightbourne v. Dugger, 829 F.2d 1012, 1025 (11th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 488
U.S. 934, 109 S.Ct. 329, 102 L.Ed.2d 346 (1988). Card urges this court to reject
Green's testimony concerning the strategic decision made by trial counsel. He
states that counsel could not have made any strategic decision as to whether to
call family members because counsel did not investigate or prepare for the
penalty phase and thus had no basis for making any decisions. In support of this
assertion, he points out that the attorney files do not contain background
records, family statements, or other matters relevant to sentencing. The
affidavits of Card's mother and sister demonstrate that Ingles never spoke to
them until trial. Finally, on the last day of the guilt phase, January 21, 1982,
Ingles indicated to the court that Card's mother and sister were present, but
stated that he did not know if he wanted to call them because he had no idea
what they would say if they testified. Ingles also indicated that he was meeting
with Dr. Hord that evening to discuss the penalty phase.

75

Card makes much of the fact that Dr. Wray's report, describing Card's
background on the basis of an interview with family members, could not have
possibly influenced counsel's thinking on how to conduct the penalty phase, as
it was prepared on January 27, 1982, five days after the penalty phase. Without
the testimony of Ingles, we cannot be entirely sure of exactly what information
was before him at the penalty phase on January 22, 1982. However, language
in Dr. Wray's report suggests that despite its date of January 27, 1982, Ingles
was appraised of its contents at the time of the penalty hearing. The report,
written in the form of a letter to Judge Turner, states that: "At Mr. Ingles
request, I also made a trip to Crestview on January 20, 1982 to specifically
evaluate the history of Mr. Card's mother and sister, since Mr. Ingles believed
that they may be helpful in producing mitigating circumstances if Mr. Card was
found guilty of first degree murder." The letter further states that all data that
Dr. Wray received "was verbally transmitted to Mr. Ingles. Therefore the
defendant had full benefit of my evaluations." Dr. Wray further stated that "
[Ingles] has spent several hours with me going over the copious case material."

76

Although the letter is dated January 27, 1982, it is reasonable to assume that the
data it contains is the same data that was verbally transmitted to Ingles for his
use at the penalty phase of trial. The letter contains the information Dr. Wray
received from his interview with Card's mother and sister. In that interview,
Card's family confirmed that the defendant had a fairly extensive criminal
record. In addition, Dr. Wray reported that "[o]n one occasion, but one occasion

only, he became severely angry at his mother and impulsively picked up a table
and threw it at her. His sister Darlene [sic] however says he has never been
violent with her or her sister, Sandra, who was killed in 1973.... On one
occasion he threatened Darlene's husband, Mike, with a knife, but Mike took
the knife away from him." Based on Dr. Wray's letter, we find that Ingles was
made aware of Card's past violence towards his family.
77

Although family members did not testify at the penalty phase, as noted above,
Dr. Hord did describe Card's difficult childhood to the jury and related this
childhood to his diagnosis that Card had a sociopathic personality. Card argues
that it would be illogical for counsel to decide to present evidence of family
background through Dr. Hord in order to avoid harmful cross-examination
because if Dr. Hord knew about Card's violence toward family members and
criminal record, he would be subject to the same cross-examination as family
members. We find this argument unpersuasive. Counsel could have quite
reasonably decided that, on re-direct, a mental health expert could explain how
violence and criminal conduct fit into his diagnosis of Card as demonstrating a
sociopathic personality and how it was consistent with his troubled childhood. 17
Family members may have been less adept at such explanations.

78

At the evidentiary hearing, Green further testified that "[Dr. Hord] is involved
in community affairs down there [in Panama City] and so forth. And, you
know, a lot of people know Dr. Hord. He really makes a good impression with
the jury, and he is very--appears to be very competent."18 This court
consistently has refused to second-guess counsel's choice of the manner in
which to present testimony relating to a defendant's background. Thus, in
Lightbourne, the court concluded that counsel's decision, after an adequate
investigation, to rely on the defendant's testimony to show a turbulent family
history rather than offering the testimony of defendant's family members was a
reasonable strategic choice. 829 F.2d at 1025-26. We have also held that
counsel may decide whether to rely on the testimony of experts or lay witnesses
in putting evidence before a jury. See Foster v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 402, 407
(11th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1241, 108 S.Ct. 2915, 101 L.Ed.2d 946
(1988) (decision to rely on lay testimony and to avoid the excessive use of
medical evidence was reasonable); Daugherty v. Dugger, 839 F.2d 1426 (11th
Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 871, 109 S.Ct. 187, 102 L.Ed.2d 156 (1988)
(same).

79

Card argues that the generalized, skeletal account of Card's upbringing offered
by Dr. Hord was completely inadequate to inform the jury of the neglect and
abuse he suffered in his childhood and youth, and did not portray the effects on
his behavior and development of what he had suffered.19 He contends that more

detailed testimony would have presented a compelling and humanizing portrait

which would serve to explain Card's behavior.
80

We conclude that there were sound tactical reasons for Ingles's choosing to
present fairly brief testimony as to Card's difficult childhood. Green testified
that in his opinion, emphasizing a client's deprived childhood does not have a
very beneficial impact on a northwest Florida jury, given the fact that many
jurors have had difficult lives, but have not turned to criminal conduct. We have
found that counsel's sense of the reaction of the jury to certain types of
testimony presents a sound basis on which to make tactical decisions. See
Foster v. Strickland, 707 F.2d 1339, 1344 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 466
U.S. 993, 104 S.Ct. 2375, 80 L.Ed.2d 847 (1984) (in assessing counsel's
performance, court may consider the fact that counsel felt that particular jury
would respond more favorably to emotional appeal rather than complicated
medical proof); Gates v. Zant, 863 F.2d at 1499 (in assessing failure to raise a
defense, court may consider fact that counsel was concerned about the way
jurors would react to jury discrimination challenge). In addition, curtailing
direct testimony may foreclose harmful cross-examination. See Adams v.
Wainwright, 709 F.2d 1443, 1446 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063,
104 S.Ct. 745, 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984) (decision to forego presenting evidence
of defendant's background not unreasonable where counsel may have feared
that if he presented evidence of positive aspects of background, state could
have refuted it by calling attention to damaging evidence in the record);
Mitchell v. Kemp, 762 F.2d 886, 890 (11th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 483 U.S.
1026, 107 S.Ct. 3248, 97 L.Ed.2d 774 (1987) (reasonable for attorney to
assume that the presentation of good character evidence might motivate the
state to introduce prior convictions). For all these reasons, we find that counsel
was not ineffective for failing to have family members testify as to Card's
background.

81

C. Failure to Provide Information to Mental Health Experts

82

Card claims that Ingles was ineffective because he did not provide background
materials to the appointed mental health experts, including information from
Card's mother and sister. Specifically, Card claims that Dr. Hord, as well as the
other mental health experts who examined Card, erred in failing to conclude
that Card suffered from organic brain damage and schizophrenia, and that the
cause of this error was counsel's failure to provide the experts with materials
from which such a diagnosis could be made. Card further claims that the
conclusions of the experts, based on the information that was before them, were
inadequate and reflected professional incompetence. He argues that had mental
health experts been provided with the background information, and had they

been competent, significant mental health mitigation would have been

forthcoming.
83

Card claims that counsel was deficient in failing to provide the following types
of evidence, among others, to the mental health experts: (1) school records
demonstrating Card's academic difficulties and poor performance; (2) juvenile
court records; (3) records from various correctional institutions where Card was
incarcerated; (4) Army records; (5) medical records from a medical center in
Nevada; and (6) records from a VA hospital in Nevada. He further claims that
counsel should have provided the experts with more detailed information from
family members.

84

Assuming arguendo that counsel did not in fact obtain these materials and
provide them to the mental experts,20 we find that his failure to do so does not
amount to deficient performance within the meaning of Strickland. At the time
that Card's sentencing hearing took place, Ingles had at least the following
information relating to Card's mental health: (1) a September 31, 1981 report
from Dr. Berland, a psychologist, finding Card competent to stand trial and
concluding that he was sane at the time of the offense and appeared to have
known the difference between right and wrong; (2) a September 23, 1981 report
from Dr. Cartwright, a psychologist, resulting from four hours of evaluation,
detailing the results of psychological tests, concluding that Card suffers from
sociopathic personality and behavior problems, but finding that he was
competent to stand trial and that at the time of the alleged offense, he was not
insane, but knew the difference between right and wrong; (3) two written
reports from October 10, 1981 and November 26, 1981, from Dr. Wray finding
the defendant competent to stand trial, detailing aspects of his background,
including his criminal record, violence, and infliction of self injury; and (4) one
oral report from Dr. Wray concerning his interview with Card's parents and
other information later contained in the January 27, 1982 letter. In addition, Dr.
Hord himself conducted his own examination of Card, administered various
tests, talked with family members, and consulted with Ingles before testifying at
the penalty hearing.

85

There is no indication that the experts felt incapable of basing their conclusions
on the information they obtained through their own testing and examinations.
Nor is there any reason that, after receiving the experts' reports, counsel was
obligated to track down every record that might possibly relate to Card's mental
health and could affect a diagnosis. The reports of four mental health experts
were unanimous in their conclusion that Card had been sane at the time of the
offense, and one report specifically discounted the existence of schizophrenia.
Thus, counsel was not on notice that further investigation was warranted. See

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91, 104 S.Ct. at 2066 (counsel may make
reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary); Foster,
823 F.2d at 407 (where counsel has no cause to suspect that additional medical
evidence would lead him to reassess his conclusion, counsel's decision not to
pursue additional medical evidence was reasonable); Funchess v. Wainwright,
772 F.2d 683, 689 (11th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031, 106 S.Ct. 1242,
89 L.Ed.2d 349 (1986) (same).
86

Finally, it is unclear that, even had these materials been provided to experts,
their evaluations of Card would have differed. In support of his claim that these
materials would have led the experts to a diagnosis of schizophrenia and
organic brain damage, Card relies heavily on the testimony of psychologist Dr.
Carbonell at the evidentiary hearing, who concluded, on the basis of her own
tests and review of these materials, that Card suffered from these illnesses.
While this may be one possible conclusion, it is not the only reasonable
diagnosis that could be made from the information contained in the materials.

87

Although records from the Nevada hospital reflect a history of head trauma and
headaches, tests performed there in 1972 and 1975, including x-rays, a brain
scan, and an EEG proved normal. The psychiatrist's report accompanying
Card's discharge from the Army in 1965 diagnosed Card as having an
emotionally unstable personality but stated that Card displayed no evidence of
"neurotic, psychotic or organic mental illness." The accompanying report
described Card's behavior in a manner completely consistent with Dr. Hord's
diagnosis of a personality disorder.

88

Dr. Carbonell also concluded that the mental health examinations that had been
done by Doctors Berland, Cartwright, and Wray, even without additional
materials, were inadequate and not in keeping with professional standards. A
psychologist's assessment in hindsight that another expert's testing methods and
conclusions were inadequate does not, standing alone, demonstrate that
counsel's performance at the penalty phase of trial was unreasonable within the
meaning of Strickland. See Daugherty v. Dugger, 839 F.2d at 1432 (mere fact
that an expert who would give favorable testimony for Daugherty was
discovered five years after sentencing proceedings is not sufficient to prove that
a reasonable investigation at the time of sentencing would have produced same
expert or another expert willing to give the same testimony). In this case, Dr.
Hord diagnosed Card as having a sociopathic personality, and testified to the
presence of two mitigating factors based on this diagnosis. Card's argument
appears to be that it would have been more helpful had Dr. Hord informed the
jury that Card was suffering from brain damage and schizophrenia instead of
informing them that he was a sociopath. In Elledge v. Dugger, however, we

made clear that "counsel is not required to 'shop' for a psychiatrist who will
testify in a particular way." 823 F.2d 1439, 1447 n. 17 (11th Cir.1987), cert.
denied, 485 U.S. 1014, 108 S.Ct. 1487, 99 L.Ed.2d 715 (1988). Dr. Hord's
testimony was based on his professional assessment of Card's mental health.
The fact that this assessment was not sufficient to cause the jury to recommend
a life sentence or to cause the judge to find the presence of mitigating factors
does not mean that counsel was ineffective.
89

Card states that this case is indistinguishable from Harris v. Dugger, 874 F.2d
756 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 573, 107 L.Ed.2d 568
(1989); Middleton v. Dugger, 849 F.2d 491 (11th Cir.1988); Stephens v. Kemp,
846 F.2d 642 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 872, 109 S.Ct. 189, 102
L.Ed.2d 158 (1988); Armstrong v. Dugger, 833 F.2d 1430 (11th Cir.1988); and
Magill v. Dugger, 824 F.2d 879 (11th Cir.1987), all cases in which this court
has found counsel's performance at the penalty phase of trial to fall outside the
scope of reasonable professional assistance. We find these cases easily
distinguishable.

90

In Harris, the defense presented no evidence in mitigation at the penalty phase.

874 F.2d at 759. Further, the testimony of Harris's two lawyers indicated that
neither of them had performed any investigation in advance for the penalty
hearing, each thinking that the other was responsible for that phase of the trial.
The court thus concluded that "counsel's failure to present or investigate
mitigation evidence resulted not from an informed judgment, but from neglect."
Id. at 763. "Thus, prior to the day of sentencing, neither lawyer had investigated
Harris' [sic] family, scholastic, military and employment background, leading
to their total--and admitted--ignorance about the type of mitigation evidence
available to them." Id. Likewise, in Middleton, we determined that resentencing
was required where trial counsel's lack of investigation resulted in the failure to
uncover "an overwhelming amount of documentary mitigating evidence." 849
F.2d at 493. As in Harris, counsel in Middleton failed to introduce any evidence
of defendant's background at sentencing, despite the existence of medical
records showing that the defendant suffered from schizophrenia, a childhood of
neglect, and mental illness. Id. at 494. The court further concluded that this
failure was not the result of counsel's valid tactical reasoning, as counsel
testified that he did not know of the existence of psychiatric records and that his
failure to seek them out was not the result of trial strategy. Id. In Armstrong and
Stephens, preparation for the penalty phase was similarly extremely limited.21

91

This court has held that "[t]he key aspect of the penalty trial is that the sentence
be individualized, focusing on the particularized characteristics of the
individual." Thomas v. Kemp, 796 F.2d 1322 (11th Cir.1989) (citing Gregg v.

Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976)). We determine
that Ingles's use of Dr. Hord at the penalty phase allowed the jury to make an
individualized determination, and that Ingles filled his role of "ensur[ing] that
the adversarial testing process works to produce a just result under the
standards governing decision." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064.
Because we conclude that counsel's performance was not deficient, we do not
reach the question of whether Card has demonstrated prejudice.
III. Disallowance of the Testimony of Camille Cardwell.
92
93

As discussed in Section I.A. above, the defense proffered at trial the testimony
of Camille Cardwell that she had heard three men planning a crime similar to
the crime for which Card was convicted. The trial court excluded her testimony
as hearsay. Card argues that the exclusion of this testimony was in violation of
his sixth, eighth, and fourteenth amendment rights as set out in Chambers v.
Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973).

94

We agree with the district court that Card's reliance upon Chambers is
misplaced. In Chambers, the Court held that due process requirements
supersede application of state hearsay rules, and that where testimony contains
sufficient indicia of reliability and directly affects the ascertainment of guilt or
innocence, the strict application of the hearsay rule cannot be employed to
disallow the evidence.

95

In Chambers itself, defense counsel sought to introduce testimony by three

witnesses who would have testified that another individual, McDonald, had
confessed to committing the murder for which defendant Chambers was being
tried. Two confessions were given by McDonald on the same night of the
shooting, and one was given the next day. Although the trial court granted the
motion requiring McDonald to appear at trial, it did not allow Chambers to
examine McDonald on the ground that he was not a true adverse witness. Id. at
292, 93 S.Ct. at 1044. In ruling that Chambers should have been allowed to
introduce the hearsay testimony of the three witnesses to whom McDonald had
confessed, the Court focused on the reliability of the out-of-court statements. It
pointed to four factors to be considered in assessing reliability: (1) the time of
the declaration and the party to whom the declaration was made; (2) the
existence of corroborating evidence in the case; (3) the extent to which the
declaration is really against a declarant's penal interest; and (4) the availability
of the declarant as a witness, that is, whether the state could cross-examine him
regarding his statements. Id. at 300-01, 93 S.Ct. at 1048-49.

96

In this case, the statements purportedly overheard by Cardwell were made

several weeks before the crime occurred. Although the statements were against
the declarants' penal interests, there was no showing that the declarants were
unavailable. We agree with the district court that although there was some
evidence corroborating Cardwell's testimony, this evidence was insufficient to
show that the statements were reliable.
97

In Cikora v. Dugger, 840 F.2d 893 (11th Cir.1988), we noted that "[f]ederal
courts have granted relief from state convictions when the trial court arbitrarily
excluded evidence tending to show that another person might have committed
the crime. They have done so, however, only when there was some
demonstration connecting another person to the particular crime for which the
defendant was on trial." Id. at 898. The decision of whether the exclusion of
testimony amounts to a denial of fundamental fairness violative of the due
process clause requires a balancing of interests:

98 defendant certainly has a strong interest in presenting exculpatory evidence, but

The
the state has an interest in promoting reliable trials, particularly in preventing the
injection of collateral issues into the trial through unsupported speculation about the
guilt of another party. Due process may require a trial court to allow the introduction
of evidence of another party's possible guilt when there is some showing of a nexus
between the other party and the particular crime with which a defendant is charged.
99

Id. (footnote omitted). We conclude that here Card has not shown a sufficient
nexus between the statements overheard by Cardwell and the crime for which
Card was charged. Therefore, the district court did not err in denying relief
based upon the exclusion of Cardwell's testimony as inadmissible hearsay.

IV. Jurisdiction of the State Trial Court

A. Background
100 Although the offense in this case was committed in Bay County, Florida, in the
Fourteenth Judicial Circuit, and the indictment was returned against Card by a
grand jury of that county, Card moved for a change of venue on grounds of
prejudicial pre-trial publicity. Card's motion was granted and the case was
moved to Okaloosa County, in the adjacent First Circuit. Despite the change of
venue, Judge Turner, a judge in the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit, continued to
preside over the case. The trial proceeded as scheduled in Okaloosa County.
Following the conclusion of the penalty phase, the case was returned to Bay
County where Judge Turner sentenced the defendant. At no point during these
proceedings did defense counsel contend that any jurisdictional defect existed,
nor did Card raise such a claim on direct appeal.

101 In Card's motion for post-conviction relief pursuant to Rule 3.850 and his
petition for habeas corpus, Card alleged that Judge Turner, a Fourteenth Circuit
judge, lacked authority to conduct a trial in the First Judicial Circuit absent an
order of temporary assignment from the Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme
Court. As a result, Card contends that the First Judicial Circuit was without
jurisdiction to hear the case because trials conducted in the First Circuit must
be conducted by a judge authorized to preside in that circuit.
102 In affirming the trial court's denial of post-conviction relief, the Florida
Supreme Court found that Turner had not been authorized to preside over the
case because he had failed to procure a temporary assignment from the Chief
Justice of the Florida Supreme Court pursuant to article V, section 2 of the
Florida Constitution and Florida Rule of Judicial Administration 2.030(a)(3)
(A). Card, 497 So.2d at 1172. The court concluded, however, that a technical
flaw in assignment does not strip a circuit court of subject matter jurisdiction
over a cause which is expressly conferred by law. Thus, the First Judicial
Circuit had subject matter jurisdiction over the cause, as Section 26.012(2)(d)
provides that circuit courts shall have jurisdiction over all felony trials. The
court then considered whether Judge Turner's failure to obtain a temporary
assignment rendered his judgment void or voidable. It stated that objections to a
void judgment may be lodged at anytime whereas objections to voidable
judgments must be made immediately. Id. at 1173. It held that:
103
A
circuit court judge who follows a transferred case outside of the circuit without
obtaining an order of temporary assignment from the Chief Justice presides over the
case as a de facto judge. Actions taken by a de facto judge are merely voidable and
not void. Thus, the failure to timely object to Judge Turner's administrative oversight
constitutes waiver.
104 Id.
105 The court further noted that the concept of a de facto judge is well established
in Florida law, that Judge Turner fit squarely within such a concept, and that the
requirement of a timely objection to the authority of a de facto judge is clearly
established under Florida law, and is based on sound public policy
considerations. See Sawyer v. State, 94 Fla. 60, 113 So. 736 (1927). Finally, it
noted that Card had failed to establish any prejudice from the lack of a
technically proper assignment, as he never questioned Judge Turner's
objectivity at either the guilt or sentencing phase of the trial. Card, 497 So.2d at
1174. It concluded that "Card's failure to object to Judge Turner's authority to
preside over his case constitutes waiver of that issue" and that all orders signed
by Judge Turner in the First Judicial Circuit were therefore valid. Id.

B. Procedural Bar
106 Card contends that the district court erred in finding that this consideration of
his claim on federal habeas review was barred under the procedural default rule
enunciated in Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594
(1977).
107 A state court's rejection of a federal constitutional claim on procedural grounds
will only bar consideration of that claim on federal habeas if the state court's
ruling rests on independent and adequate state grounds. County Court of Ulster
County v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 148, 99 S.Ct. 2213, 2220, 60 L.Ed.2d 777
(1979); Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. at 87, 97 S.Ct. at 2506. A state court
finding of waiver or procedural bar constitutes an independent and adequate
state ground if certain conditions are fulfilled. First, under Harris v. Reed, 489
U.S. 255, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989) the last state court rendering
a judgment in the case must fulfill the "plain statement rule" of Michigan v.
Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1042 & n. 7, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 3477 & n. 7, 77 L.Ed.2d
1201 (1983) and "clearly and expressly" state that it is relying on waiver as a
ground for rejecting the petitioner's claim. Harris, 489 U.S. at 263, 109 S.Ct. at
1043. Second, the procedural rule relied on by the state court must serve as an
independent state law ground for denying relief, and may not be intertwined
with an interpretation of federal law. Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320,
328, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 2639, 86 L.Ed.2d 231 (1985); Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S.
68, 75, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 1092, 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985). Finally, the state's
application of procedural bar must be adequate. That is, it must not be applied
in an arbitrary or unprecedented fashion, such that it thwarts federal court
review of those who, "in justified reliance upon prior decisions, seek
vindication in state courts of their federal constitutional rights." NAACP v.
Alabama ex rel Patterson, 357 U.S. 449, 457-58, 78 S.Ct. 1163, 1169, 2
L.Ed.2d 1488 (1958). Instead, a state court's procedural rule must be faithfully
and regularly applied, see Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, --- n. 6, 109 S.Ct.
1211, 1217 n. 6, 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989); Johnson v. Mississippi, 486 U.S. 578,
586, 108 S.Ct. 1981, 1987, 100 L.Ed.2d 575 (1988) and must not be manifestly
unfair in its treatment of a petitioner's federal constitutional claim. Spencer v.
Kemp, 781 F.2d 1458, 1470-71 (11th Cir.1986).
108 Card concedes that the state court found his claim to be procedurally barred. He
argues, however, that the bar was not independent because it was intertwined
with the court's disposition of the claim on the merits. That is, the state court's
determination of whether or not his challenge to jurisdiction was timely
depended on its determination of whether Judge Turner was acting as a de facto
judge, and, consequently, whether Judge Turner's decisions were void or

voidable.
109 It is clear, however, that the procedural bar asserted by the state court was not
intertwined with the court's interpretation of federal law, but was instead based
on an examination of the state court rules governing objections to
administrative irregularities. The state court could not determine the question of
waiver without examining the nature of Judge Turner's authority under Florida
law.22 Thus, that inquiry simply formed a part of its explanation for finding the
claim waived. Cf. Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. at 75, 105 S.Ct. at 1092
(judgment does not rest on independent state ground where state has made
application of procedural bar depend on an antecedent ruling on federal law).
110 Card next argues that the application of procedural bar was inadequate because
it had never before been announced, and had been applied against no other
similarly situated litigant in the Florida state courts. Florida has given ample
support for its application of procedural bar in this case, however, and such an
application is in accordance with state law. See White v. State, 446 So.2d 1031,
1034 (Fla.1984); State v. King, 426 So.2d 12, 14 (Fla.1982); Haddock v. State,
129 Fla. 701, 176 So.782 (1937). Thus, the state's bar has not been used in a
manner that is arbitrary, irregular, or manifestly unfair.
111 Notwithstanding a state's valid application of procedural bar, a federal court
may nevertheless entertain a petitioner's claim if the petitioner shows cause for
noncompliance with the state's procedural rule and prejudice resulting
therefrom. Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. at 87, 97 S.Ct. at 2506. Under
Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986),
ineffective assistance of counsel may constitute cause for procedural default.
Here, we hold that the petitioner has failed to show that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to object to Judge Turner's presiding over the trial despite
the flaw in assignment. The Florida Supreme Court indicated that had trial
counsel objected, the Supreme Court would have issued the order of temporary
assignment, thereby curing any default. Card, 497 So.2d at 1173. Counsel
cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to raise a defect in jurisdiction which
could and would have been immediately cured by an administrative action of
the Florida Supreme Court. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's finding
that this claim is procedurally barred.
V. Pretrial Competency Hearing and Competence to Stand Trial
112
113 Card contends that his constitutional rights were abridged by the state trial
court's failure to afford him a pre-trial competency hearing. He further claims
that he was in fact incompetent to stand trial and that the district court erred in

failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on this claim.

114 In Dusky v. United States, the Court stated that the test for competency to stand
trial is "whether [defendant] has sufficient present ability to consult with his
lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding--and whether he has
rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him." 362
U.S. 402, 402, 80 S.Ct. 788, 789, 4 L.Ed.2d 824 (1960). The Supreme Court
has made clear that the conviction of an accused person while he is legally
incompetent violates due process. Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 378, 86
S.Ct. 836, 838, 15 L.Ed.2d 815 (1966) (citing Bishop v. United States, 350 U.S.
961, 76 S.Ct. 440, 100 L.Ed. 835 (1956)). Furthermore, under Pate v.
Robinson, a defendant's due process rights are violated if the state trial court
does not afford him an adequate hearing on the question of competency
"whenever the trial judge becomes aware of a bona fide doubt concerning that
defendant's competence." Zapata v. Estelle, 588 F.2d 1017, 1020 (5th
Cir.1979);23 see Fallada v. Dugger, 819 F.2d 1564, 1568 (11th Cir.1987).
115 A. The State Court's Failure to Conduct a Hearing.
116 The district court determined that the state trial court did not err in failing to
conduct an evidentiary hearing on the issue of competency. In reaching this
conclusion, however, the district court relied on an improper legal standard. To
decide whether a state trial court was required to conduct a hearing on a
defendant's competence to stand trial, the reviewing court must "focus on what
the trial court did in light of what it then knew." Fallada, 819 F.2d at 1568. This
requires consideration of three factors: "(1) evidence of the defendant's
irrational behavior; (2) his demeanor at trial; and (3) any prior medical opinion
on his competence to stand trial." Id; see Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 17273, 95 S.Ct. 896, 904, 43 L.Ed.2d 103 (1975). A hearing is only required if
these factors, taken together, were sufficient to raise a bona fide doubt as to the
defendant's competency. Fallada, 819 F.2d at 1568.
117 In its order, the district court did not set out the legal standard as enunciated by
this court in Zapata and Fallada. Instead, it set out the standard that a federal
court is to use in deciding whether a defendant is entitled to an evidentiary
hearing when a substantive claim of incompetency is raised in a request for
post-conviction relief. In Fallada, we made clear that:
118 issue of whether the state trial court should have conducted an evidentiary
[t]he
hearing on the defendant's competence is distinct from the issue whether the
defendant was in fact competent to stand trial. The latter issue can be raised through
a request for post-conviction relief even when a bona fide doubt of competency is

not raised at trial. When the issue of competence to stand trial (as against the issue of
the right to a hearing on competency) is raised in a request for post-conviction relief
the burden on the defendant is higher.
119 819 F.2d at 1567-68 n. 1 (citations omitted).
120 The "higher burden" of a defendant raising the issue of incompetency in federal
habeas was described in Bundy v. Dugger as follows:
121
A
defendant is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his claim of incompetency
unless he "presents clear and convincing evidence to create a 'real, substantial and
legitimate doubt as to [his] mental capacity ... to meaningfully participate and
cooperate with counsel....' " Adams v. Wainwright, 764 F.2d 1356, 1360 (11th
Cir.1985), cert. denied, U.S. [1073], 106 S.Ct. 834, 88 L.Ed.2d 805 (1986) (quoting
Bruce v. Estelle, 483 F.2d 1031, 1043 (5th Cir.1973)). "The standard of proof is
high. The facts must 'positively, unequivocally and clearly generate' the legitimate
doubt." Id.
122 816 F.2d 564, 566 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 870, 108 S.Ct. 198, 98
L.Ed.2d 149 (1987). The district court erroneously set forth this "higher
burden" in determining whether a Pate violation had occurred.
123 Despite setting forth the improper legal test, the district court correctly
followed Fallada 's requirement that the focus be on the information before the
state trial court and that the reviewing court look to three factors in determining
whether a Pate violation has occurred.
124 The district court first looked to the medical reports before Judge Turner. It
noted that when Judge Turner ordered Card competent to stand trial in October
of 1981, he had before him the reports of Drs. Berland and Cartwright, who had
examined Card in September of 1981, pursuant to Card's request for an
examination by a mental health expert. Dr. Berland gave a very positive report
of Card's mental state at the time of trial, concluding that he was competent to
stand trial. Dr. Cartwright found that the defendant manifested a sociopathic
personality and had behavior problems, but concluded that he would be capable
of performing tasks relevant to his trial. After these two reports, the trial judge
found Card competent to stand trial. Nonetheless, the trial judge granted Card's
motion for a third examination by Dr. Wray, a forensic psychiatrist. Dr. Wray
concluded an initial report of October of 1981, by suggesting "a remote
possibility of insanity ... and diminished capacity, warranting further evaluation
upon receipt of medical records." In a final report, issued after trial was over,

Dr. Wray reported that there was no indication of paranoid schizophrenia or of

delusions, and concluded that Card was competent to stand trial.
125 The district court also noted that Card's ability to participate in his defense was
further illustrated by two incidents that arose prior to trial. First, Card brought
his own pro se motion before trial seeking to dismiss defense counsel for their
alleged refusal to interview two witnesses. Second, shortly before trial,
defendant engaged in an intelligent colloquy with the trial judge regarding
aspects of his case. The district court concluded that "these demonstrations by
defendant substantiate the conclusions of Drs. Berland, Cartwright and Wray
that defendant was knowledgeable of the proceedings before him and capable
of consulting with his attorneys and preparing for his defense." Order at 20.
126 Although the district court employed the incorrect legal standard, its factual
findings regarding the evidence before the state trial court judge are well
supported by the record. Thus, we have no difficulty in concluding that the
"objective facts known to the trial court were [not] sufficient to raise a bona
fide doubt as to the defendant's competency." Fallada, 819 F.2d at 1568. We
thus affirm the district court's holding that the trial court did not err in failing to
conduct a competency hearing.
B. Card's Competency to Stand Trial
127 Card also claims that he was in fact incompetent to stand trial and that the
district court erred in failing to conduct an evidentiary hearing on this claim. In
our discussion above, we have already set forth the Bundy court's articulation
of the high burden placed on a defendant who seeks to challenge his
competency in post-conviction proceedings. In order to be entitled to an
evidentiary hearing in district court on a competency claim, the defendant must
present facts sufficient to "unequivocally and clearly" generate a substantial
doubt as to mental capacity.
128 The district court did not address Card's actual competency to stand trial apart
from its discussion of whether the state trial court should have held a
competency hearing. Although the district court concluded, in the context of
Card's Pate claim, that Card did not meet the Bundy standard of raising a
legitimate doubt as to his competency, we are concerned that in reaching this
determination, the district court erroneously limited itself to the evidence of
competency before the state trial court.
129 Card claims that the mental health experts who evaluated him before and

during trial failed to conduct an adequate evaluation of his competency to stand

trial. He claims that none of the experts who examined him sought out or
considered information relating to his substantial history of mental and
emotional difficulties. Furthermore, they failed to conduct professionally
adequate testing. This resulted in serious deficiencies in the mental health
evaluations conducted at the time of trial. In support of these assertions, Card
points to the 1986 and 1987 reports of Doctors Smith and Carbonell received
into evidence by the district court.24 Both reports point out the inadequacies in
the mental health evaluations conducted at trial. Dr. Carbonell concluded that
Card was in fact incompetent to stand trial. Card also points to a 1986 letter of
Dr. Berland, recognizing errors with regard to that doctor's own 1981
competency evaluation.
130 The district court's order makes no mention of Dr. Carbonell's and Dr. Smith's
reports, nor does it address Card's assertions regarding the inadequacy of the
evaluations performed by the experts appointed to examine him. Because we
are unsure whether the district court considered this additional evidence in
concluding that Card had failed to raise a legitimate doubt as to his competency,
we cannot determine whether the court erred in failing to hold an evidentiary
hearing on this claim. See Bundy v. Dugger, 816 F.2d at 566 (reviewing
evidence on which district court relied in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing).
We thus remand for the district court to set forth its reasons for failing to hold
an evidentiary hearing on Card's claim of incompetency.
VI. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel
131
132 Card alleges that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise two
issues on direct appeal: (1) the trial court's lack of jurisdiction; and (2) the trial
court's failure to conduct a hearing pursuant to Richardson v. State, on an
alleged state discovery violation.25
133 Card's ineffective assistance claim relating to appellate counsel's failure to
challenge jurisdiction was raised in his first state habeas petition. His
ineffective assistance claim relating to the Richardson hearing was raised for
the first time in his second state habeas petition. The Florida Supreme Court
found the second claim barred by Card's failure to raise it in his first habeas
petition. It stated that where an initial motion for post-conviction relief raises an
ineffective assistance claim, the court may deny a successive motion which
raises additional grounds for ineffective assistance of counsel if those grounds
were known and could have been raised earlier.
134 With respect to appellate counsel's failure to challenge jurisdiction, we agree

with the Florida Supreme Court that Card cannot demonstrate that his counsel's
performance was deficient under Strickland. Card's trial counsel did not object
to Judge Turner's jurisdiction, and the Florida Supreme Court has made clear
that, under state law, any objection made after trial would have been deemed
untimely and thus denied. See Card, 497 So.2d at 1177. Counsel cannot be
labeled ineffective for failing to raise issues which have no merit. See Matire v.
Wainwright, 811 F.2d 1430, 1435 (11th Cir.1987) (evaluating likelihood of
success on claim in assessing deficiency of counsel); see also Cross v. United
States, 893 F.2d 1287, 1290 (11th Cir.1990) (assessing the likelihood of
appellate counsel's success on the merits of claim under prejudice prong of
Strickland ).
135 With respect to appellate counsel's failure to raise the claim concerning the
denial of a Richardson hearing, we affirm the district court's holding that Card
has failed to demonstrate cause for failure to raise the claim in his first state
habeas petition, and thus the claim is procedurally barred.
VII. Hitchcock Violation
136 Card claims that the district court erred in failing to find any mitigating
circumstances and in failing to consider evidence of nonstatutory mitigating
circumstances in violation of Hitchcock v. Dugger, 481 U.S. 393, 107 S.Ct.
1821, 95 L.Ed.2d 347 (1987).
137 Card contends that unrebutted testimony at the penalty phase of his trial,
presented through the testimony of Dr. Hord, established the existence of two
mitigating circumstances recognized under Fla.Stat. Sec. 921.141(6)(b) and (f):
that he was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance at
the time of the offense, and that his ability to conform his conduct to the
requirements of law was substantially impaired at the time of the offense.
138 In his sentencing report, the trial judge found that Dr. Hord's testimony was
insufficient to establish the existence of either of these statutory mitigating
circumstances. This finding was affirmed by the Florida Supreme Court. Card,
453 So.2d at 24. Card argues that in light of the mental health expert's
testimony, the trial court's finding that there were no statutory mitigating
circumstances was without basis.
139 We do not reach the question of whether the state court's finding of no
mitigating circumstances was fairly supported by the record,26 because the trial
judge also made clear that even if he found mitigation under section 921.141(b)

and section 921.141(f), "that would not outweigh the overwhelming evidence
of aggravating circumstances prevalent in the testimony."
140 "[A] federal habeas corpus court will not re-evaluate the weight accorded to
particular aggravating and mitigating factors. This determination is left to state
courts, providing the death penalty statute and sentencing hearings meet
relevant constitutional requirements." Magwood v. Smith, 791 F.2d 1438, 1449
(11th Cir.1986) (emphasis in original). See Ford v. Strickland, 696 F.2d 804,
818 (11th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 865, 104 S.Ct. 201, 78 L.Ed.2d
176 (1983) (process of weighing circumstances is a matter for judge and jury
and is not susceptible to proof by either party). As we find that Card's
sentencing hearing suffered from no constitutional infirmity,27 we will not
reweigh the aggravating and mitigating factors found by the state court.
141 Card next contends that the trial judge failed to consider evidence of
nonstatutory mitigating circumstances in violation of Hitchcock v. Dugger. In
Hitchcock, the Supreme Court invalidated a Florida death sentence where the
advisory jury was instructed not to consider and the sentencing judge refused to
consider evidence of nonstatutory mitigating circumstances, finding that the
sentencing did not comport with the requirements of Skipper v. South Carolina,
476 U.S. 1, 106 S.Ct. 1669, 90 L.Ed.2d 1 (1986); Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455
U.S. 104, 102 S.Ct. 869, 71 L.Ed.2d 1 (1982); and Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S.
586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1978). 481 U.S. at 397, 107 S.Ct. at 1824.
142 Card argues that post-Hitchcock sentencing proceedings will violate the eighth
amendment not only if they evince an affirmative preclusion of nonstatutory
mitigating evidence, but also if they fail to reflect that a full consideration was
given to nonstatutory mitigating factors independent of statutory factors. He
states that the judge's sentencing report shows that mental health mitigation
was considered only in terms of the statutory criteria, and that the trial judge
afforded no consideration to the mental health evidence that it deemed
insufficient to fall within the statute's strict technical standards.
143 We agree with Card that the trial judge did not make specific mention of
nonstatutory mitigating factors in his sentencing report. Further, the trial court's
sentencing report contains a sentence similar to that which, in Messer v. State,
834 F.2d 890 (11th Cir.1987), we found "clearly [indicated] that the judge
examined the psychological evidence only for the purpose of determining
whether Messer's problems satisfy the statutory requirement of extreme mental
or emotional disturbance." Id. at 894.28 Here, the trial court stated:
The Court has taken into account the testimony of Dr. Hord and finds that the
144

defendant is apparently a sociopathic personality. It is contended that this testimony

establishes that the defendant was under extreme mental or emotional disturbance at
the time of the commission of the offense and that the capacity of the defendant to
appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the
requirements of the law was substantially impaired. The Court finds, however, that
the testimony of Dr. Hord does not establish any particular mitigating circumstances.
145 Lack of reference in a sentencing report to nonstatutory mitigating
circumstances is not, however, standing alone, sufficient evidence of a
Hitchcock violation to justify relief. Parker v. Dugger, 876 F.2d 1470, 1475 &
n. 7 (11th Cir.1989), cert. granted, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 3270, 111 L.Ed.2d
780 (1990); Johnson v. Wainwright, 806 F.2d 1479, 1484 n. 8 (11th Cir.1986),
cert. denied, 484 U.S. 872, 108 S.Ct. 205, 98 L.Ed.2d 157 (1987).
146 In ruling on an alleged Hitchcock error, this court reviews the record on a caseby-case basis, matching the record in the case under consideration with that in
Hitchcock, and looking to the totality of the circumstances. See Delap v.
Dugger, 890 F.2d 285, 304 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct.
2628, 110 L.Ed.2d 648 (1990); Demps v. Dugger, 874 F.2d 1385, 1389 (11th
Cir.1989), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 1834, 108 L.Ed.2d 963 (1990);
Knight v. Dugger, 863 F.2d 705, 708 (11th Cir.1988). This requires
consideration not only of the sentencing report, but also of the trial judge's
instructions to the jury; any statements by the prosecutor, defense counsel or
judge reflecting an understanding as to whether nonstatutory mitigating
circumstances may be considered; remarks by the prosecutor or defense
counsel to the jury in opening or closing arguments; and, if relevant, the Florida
Supreme Court's statements in reviewing the sentencing decision of the trial
court.
147 Thus, in Hargrave v. Dugger, 832 F.2d 1528, 1534-35 (11th Cir.1987) (en
banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 1353, 103 L.Ed.2d 821 (1989), this
court found a Hitchcock violation where the jury instructions, comments by the
judge to counsel, comments by the prosecutor, and sentencing order clearly
reflected the court's belief that the jury and sentencing judge could only look to
those mitigating circumstances enumerated in the statute. Similarly, in Messer,
the court found that resentencing was required where, aside from the sentencing
order, the prosecutor's opening and closing statements, a colloquy between the
defense counsel and the court, and the court's instructions to the jury, indicated
that the judge and jury considered only statutory mitigating factors. 834 F.2d at
893-95.
148 Here, a consideration of the relevant factors convinces us that there has been no

Hitchcock violation. During the charge conference, comments by the defense

counsel, prosecutor, and judge made clear that they all understood that
nonstatutory mitigating circumstances could be considered. In his closing
argument, the prosecutor told the jury that "[t]he defense has a catch-all under
the mitigating circumstances that says, 'We give you some specific ones, and
then you can use anything else you can come up with.' " Defense counsel also
informed the jury that there could be unlimited consideration of any
nonstatutory mitigation offered by the defendant during the penalty phase. In
addition, the instructions to the jury informed them that in deciding on the
proper penalty, the jury could consider, aside from the two statutory mitigating
circumstances for which the defendant had presented evidence, "[a]ny other
aspect of the defendant's character or record, or any other circumstance of the
offense." Finally, while the sentencing order did not specify a finding of the
presence or absence of nonstatutory mitigating circumstances, unlike in
Hargrave and Messer, the judge did not state that he had only reviewed those
mitigating factors spelled out in the statute,29 but rather stated that he had
considered and weighed "all the evidence in the case."
149 In sum, "these factors indicate the court's awareness of the rule in Lockett and
persuade us that when the judge stated in his order that in imposing the
sentence of death, he had considered 'all the evidence,' he considered evidence
of nonstatutory mitigating circumstances, as well as of statutory mitigating
circumstances." Daugherty v. Dugger, 839 F.2d 1426, 1432 (11th Cir.1988).
Accordingly, we affirm the district court's finding that no Hitchcock error
occurred in this case.
VIII. Caldwell Violation
150 Card contends that the district court erred in denying relief for his claim based
on Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 86 L.Ed.2d 231
(1985).30
151 In Caldwell, the Supreme Court held that remarks by the prosecutor in a capital
case that misinformed the jury as to the role of appellate review violated the
eighth amendment. Id. at 336, 105 S.Ct. at 2634 (plurality opinion). In Mann v.
Dugger, 844 F.2d 1446 (11th Cir.1988) (en banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109
S.Ct. 1353, 103 L.Ed.2d 821 (1989), this court held that Caldwell applies to
Florida's capital sentencing scheme, reasoning that because Florida case law
requires the trial court to give significant weight to the jury's recommendation,
"the concerns voiced in Caldwell are triggered when a Florida sentencing jury
is misled into believing that its role is unimportant." Id. at 1454 (footnote
omitted). See also Adams v. Wainwright, 804 F.2d 1526, 1532 (11th Cir.1986),

modified, 816 F.2d 1493 (11th Cir.1987), reversed on other grounds, 489 U.S.
401, 109 S.Ct. 1211, 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989) (applying Caldwell to Florida's
sentencing scheme).
152 Card argues that relief is warranted under Caldwell, as the prosecutor
misinformed the jury as to its role in sentencing and diminished the jury's sense
of responsibility. We agree with the district court that this claim is procedurally
barred.
153 Caldwell was decided by the Supreme Court on June 11, 1985. Card's first state
petition for habeas corpus, filed on June 2, 1986, did not include a Caldwell
claim. Card raised his Caldwell claim for the first time in his second state
petition for habeas corpus filed on September 11, 1987. The Florida Supreme
Court did not reach the merits of Card's claim, holding that a Caldwell claim
was available to Card at the time he filed his first petition, and "[t]herefore, a
second petition filed after Caldwell which raises this issue for the first time
constitutes an abuse of the writ. See Raulerson v. Wainwright, 753 F.2d 869
(11th Cir.1985)." Card, 512 So.2d at 831.
154 Card claims that the Florida court's reliance on abuse of the writ does not
constitute an independent state ground precluding federal review because the
state's application of abuse of the writ was based on an antecedent ruling of
federal law, that is, the Florida court's perception that Caldwell does not apply
to Florida's sentencing scheme. We disagree. The Florida Supreme Court did
not base its holding on the inapplicability of Caldwell. Instead, it focused on the
fact that Caldwell was available to Card in 1986 and that the intervening
Eleventh Circuit decisions in Adams and Mann did not constitute a change of
law "sufficient to merit a subsequent post-conviction challenge to a final
conviction and sentence." Card, 512 So.2d at 831. In support of this position,
the Florida court did not rely on an interpretation of federal law, but rather on
the case of Witt v. State, 387 So.2d 922 (Fla.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1067, 101
S.Ct. 796, 66 L.Ed.2d 612 (1980) in which the Florida Supreme Court stated
that an alleged change of law will not be considered grounds for postconviction relief unless the change not only involves a constitutional
development of fundamental significance, but also emanates from the Florida
Supreme Court or the United States Supreme Court. Id. at 931. As Mann and
Adams emanated from an intermediate federal court, they do not fit that
description. This ruling constitutes an independent and adequate state ground on
which to bar review of Card's Caldwell claim.
155 We now examine whether Card has demonstrated cause and prejudice for
counsel's failure to raise the Caldwell claim in his first state habeas petition.

Our inquiry as to "cause" is guided by Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 109
S.Ct. 1211, in which the Supreme Court held that, prior to Caldwell, Florida
petitioners had the basis, under state law, for an objection at trial and argument
on appeal that the prosecutor's and/or trial judge's remarks to the jury misled
the jury as to its role in the sentencing process. This is because "the ground for
challenging the trial judge's instructions--that they were objectionable under
state law--was a necessary element of the subsequently available Caldwell
claim. In such a case, the subsequently available federal claim does not excuse
the procedural default." 489 U.S. at ----, 109 S.Ct. at 1217 (footnote omitted).
See also Clark v. Dugger, 901 F.2d 908, 914 (11th Cir.1990) (finding no cause
for failure to object to Caldwell-type error).
156 Although Dugger v. Adams concerned the failure to object at trial or raise the
argument on appeal, the reasoning of that case applies a fortiori to a failure to
object at a state collateral proceeding. Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850
provides that the motion does not authorize relief "based upon grounds which
could have or should have been raised at trial, and, if properly preserved, on
direct appeal of the judgment and sentence." See Cave v. State, 529 So.2d 293,
296 (Fla.1988). We thus find that Card cannot make a showing of cause for
counsel's failure to raise his Caldwell claim in his first state habeas petition.
157 We further hold that this is not an extraordinary case, in which principles of
fundamental justice allow a "federal habeas court [to] grant the writ even in the
absence of a showing of cause for the procedural default." Murray v. Carrier,
477 U.S. at 495-96, 106 S.Ct. at 2649. In Dugger v. Adams, the Supreme Court
made clear that in the context of a Caldwell error, a "fundamental miscarriage
of justice" does not occur even where the trial judge found an equal number of
aggravating and mitigating circumstances. 489 U.S. at ---- n. 6, 109 S.Ct. at
1217-18 n. 6. Here, the trial judge found five aggravating circumstances and no
mitigating circumstances. See Card, 453 So.2d at 23-24 (upholding trial judge's
finding of aggravating factors). In such a case, we cannot say that any alleged
error that diminished the jury's sense of its sentencing responsibility resulted in
a fundamental miscarriage of justice. See Clark v. Dugger, 901 F.2d at 915
(quoting Clark v. State, 379 So.2d 97, 104 (Fla.1979)) (no fundamental
miscarriage of justice where there remain several aggravating circumstances to
support the imposition of the death penalty). Because Card cannot surmount the
state procedural bar that precludes him from asserting his Caldwell claim in
federal collateral proceedings, we affirm the district court's denial of relief on
this ground.
IX. Conclusion

158 For the foregoing reasons, the district court's denial of the petition for a writ of
habeas corpus is AFFIRMED as to all claims other than claim V relating to
Card's competency to stand trial. As to claim V, we REMAND for the limited
purpose of allowing the district court, within sixty days, to set forth its reasons
for failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on that claim.

The defense also called, among other individuals: (1) Panama City police
officer George Dobos, who was examined regarding a description given to him
by Chris Thomas of a man Thomas had seen in the Western Union office; (2)
Chris Thomas, who was examined regarding the description he gave the police;
(3) Officer Slusser, who was examined regarding the Panama City Police
Department's investigation of the crime; and (4) Officer Charles W. Polk, who
was examined regarding a report he had written in which he stated that he had
driven down the road where the body was found at approximately 7:30 p.m. on
June 3, 1981, and that the body was not there and that there was only an old tire
track going down the road. All of these witnesses had also testified for the
prosecution

Judge Turner found the following five aggravating circumstances under

Fla.Stat. Sec. 921.141(5): (1) the murder was committed while the defendant
was engaged in the commission of a kidnapping; (2) the murder was committed
for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest; (3) the murder was
committed for pecuniary gain; (4) the murder was especially heinous,
atrocious, or cruel; and (5) the murder was committed in a cold, calculated, and
premeditated manner without any pretense of moral or legal justification

On appeal, Card raised two claims: (1) the trial court erred in excluding the
testimony of Camille Cardwell; and (2) the trial court erred in its findings on
aggravating and mitigating circumstances

Card raised four claims as follows: (1) lack of jurisdiction in the trial court; (2)
failure to conduct a pretrial competency hearing; (3) ineffective assistance of
trial counsel at the guilt and penalty phase of trial; and (4) ineffective assistance
of appellate counsel for failure to assert that the trial court was without
jurisdiction

Card raised five claims as follows: (1) a Hitchcock claim; (2) ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel for failing to challenge the trial court's failure to
hold a Richardson hearing; (3) a Caldwell claim; (4) denial of right to a
competency hearing and the right not to undergo trial while incompetent; and
(5) exclusion of Camille Cardwell's testimony during the penalty phase

In his petition before the district court, claims I and II were combined together
as a single claim. Thus, the petition contains only seven claims

Although both Ingles and Green participated in the investigation and

preparation of the case, Green represented Card at the guilt phase of trial and
Ingles represented Card at the penalty phase. For convenience, in discussing
each phase of the trial, this opinion will use "counsel" in the singular

While Card had purportedly told Ingles that he committed the crime, Green
testified that Card consistently told him that he was innocent. In explaining why
he represented Card in the guilt phase and Ingles represented Card at the
penalty phase, Green stated that:
Early on when Tom first got into it Mr. Card had admitted to him apparently in
detail about the robbery and the murder and what had happened. And when I
got into the case, Mr. Card was consistently telling me he didn't do it, so we
figured, well, maybe Guy Green can be a little more effective and more
persuasive, since Card hadn't actually told me he committed the crime. That's
why I ended up doing the guilt phase and Tom ended up doing the penalty
phase. Then unfortunately the morning of the trial he ended up telling me he
did it, too. I don't know if that made that much difference.
Green also testified that:
You know, he had told Mr. Engles [sic] early on that he had committed the
crime. And then when I got into it, he is telling me that, no, I didn't do it. And
he starts giving me leads, and I am trying to follow them, and they are all wild
goose chases, and Engels [sic] is saying you're wasting your time, he's the one
that did the thing. And these leads we are talking about, basically these are
leads that somebody else committed this crime, and they were just not checking
out, because we didn't have anybody else that did it. You can't prove something
that didn't happen. And we would try and check them out. No, they just
wouldn't go anywhere because you can't prove something that doesn't happen.
It seems that Green was also aware that Card was a pathological liar, whose lies
were designed to attract attention and tended to be in the nature of selfenhancement. For instance, Card spoke of killing many men in Vietnam,
although he had never been there, and he told stories about shooting police
officers, which were apparently false.

Green stated at the evidentiary hearing that:

if we could get it in [Cardwell's testimony], we would try to use it during the
trial. If we got it in during the trial, we have the same thing essentially on

Wilmot, John Green, as the State had on Jim Card. We had some girl saying
they were going to do it, and essentially the same evidence. And we would
have been able to argue they got--you know, there is a reasonable doubt
because of that. If that fails, then, you know, it would be raised on appellate
review as to whether or not it was admissible as hearsay, which it was.
10

Florida Evidence Code Sec. 90.804(2)(c) provides:

(2) Hearsay Exceptions. The following are not excluded [as hearsay] provided
that the declarant is unavailable as a witness:
(c) Statement Against Interest. A statement which, at the time of its making,
was so far contrary to the declarant's pecuniary or proprietary interest or tended
to subject him to liability or to render invalid a claim by him against another, so
that a person in the declarant's position would not have made the statement
unless he believed it to be true. A statement tending to expose the declarant to
criminal liability and offered to exculpate the accused is inadmissible, unless
corroborating circumstances show the trustworthiness of the statement. A
statement or confession which is offered against the accused in a criminal
action, and which is made by a codefendant or other person implicating both
himself and the accused, is not within this exception.

11

Card also argues that Cardwell's testimony, put forth in her 1987 affidavit, as to
preparations she witnessed on the day of the robbery would not have been
excluded as hearsay, and further states that Green did not know about this
testimony because he had failed to contact Cardwell prior to trial. It appears,
however, from Cardwell's testimony at the evidentiary hearing, that at trial she
would not have testified to witnessing such preparations. Furthermore, if she
had so testified, the state could have impeached her on the basis of her
statement given to police on June 5, 1981, in which she said she was not in
Panama City on the day of the robbery

12

According to statements given to police on the afternoon of June 3, 1981, both

witnesses had seen a car containing three persons pull into the road where the
body was found

13

Elrod's testimony was particularly convincing because she reported that Card
showed her a silver dollar. At the time Elrod gave her initial statement to the
police on June 8, 1981, the police had been unaware that the silver dollar was
missing; the victim's husband later confirmed that it had been kept in the safe

14

See, e.g., Code v. Montgomery, 799 F.2d 1481, 1482-83 (11th Cir.1986)
(failure to ask defendant where he was on day of robbery or to secure alibi
witnesses constitutes deficient performance where alibi is sole defense);
*

Beavers v. Balkcom, 636 F.2d 114, 116 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981) (where insanity
was sole defense and defendant had been previously treated at state mental
hospital, counsel acted unreasonably in relying solely on testimony of
defendant's wife and mother to prove insanity).
*

The Eleventh Circuit, in Stein v. Reynolds Securities, Inc., 667 F.2d 33 (11th
Cir.1982), adopted as precedent decisions of the former Fifth Circuit, Unit B,
rendered after September 30, 1981.

15

Card also notes that shortly before trial, Ingles had indicated that he was not
ready to go forward with the defense. Ingles's request for a continuance was
denied. On the day of trial, however, Green withdrew the motion for a
continuance and informed the court that he was ready to proceed. At the
evidentiary hearing, Green testified that he had received from the state on the
day of trial a report indicating the presence of semen and suggesting that the
victim might have been raped. Rather than risk the possibility that the state
would add a charge of rape if the trial were continued, counsel made the
tactical decision to proceed to trial. We cannot say that such a tactical decision
was unreasonable under the circumstances. Cf. Aldrich, 777 F.2d at 634 (court
finds no prejudice where, despite counsel's statement that he was totally
unprepared to try the case, there was in fact significant preparation and
investigation prior to trial and counsel vigorously represented his client in
court)

16

Dr. Hord also testified that one of the characteristics of sociopaths is that they
lie for self-aggrandizement, and that for this reason he did not rely solely on
Mr. Card in obtaining the history, but also spoke with members of the family

17

The state did not, in fact, cross-examine Dr. Hord on these matters

18

Green also stated that:

I have had a lot of experience with Dr. Hord. He has been very good to the
Defense Bar in our area, and we like to use him. He is a very, very effective
speaker, and he comes across real good with the jury. We use Dr. Davidson a
lot also. Dr. Davidson really gives us more of what we want, as far as reports,
but he doesn't come across before a jury very good.

19

At the evidentiary hearing, Card presented extensive and highly detailed

testimony in the form of affidavits from his mother, brother, and sister,
describing the events of his childhood and youth

20

It is unclear whether any of these records were before counsel. In his

November 26, 1981 letter to Judge Turner, Dr. Wray stated, however, that "[i]t

has been difficult to obtain all of the voluminous records, but I now have
examined most of them." He further stated that he had received partial VA
records
21

In Armstrong, counsel's sole preparation consisted of a brief discussion, after

the liability phase, with defendant's parole officer. 833 F.2d at 1433 n. 2. In
Stephens, we found counsel's performance deficient where, in preparation for
the penalty phase, counsel conducted no inquiry into the possibility of
presenting evidence of the defendant's mental history and conditions in
mitigation of punishment, despite his knowledge that the defendant had spent
time in a mental hospital shortly before the shooting. Counsel then failed to
explain the relevance of mitigation, elicited by the trial judge, that was
presented to the jury through the testimony of the defendant's mother
See also Magill v. Dugger, 824 F.2d 879, 889 (11th Cir.1987) (psychiatrist who
testified had never been asked by defense to examine defendant regarding
applicability of statutory mitigating circumstances); Elledge v. Dugger, 823
F.2d 1439, 1445 (11th Cir.1987) (total failure to investigate possible witnesses
professional and lay where mitigation is client's sole defense); Thomas v.
Kemp, 796 F.2d 1322, 1324 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 996, 107 S.Ct.
602, 93 L.Ed.2d 601 (1986) (little or no attempt to obtain mitigating evidence);
Thompson v. Wainwright, 787 F.2d 1447, 1452 (11th Cir.1986), cert. denied,
481 U.S. 1042, 107 S.Ct. 1986, 95 L.Ed.2d 825 (1987) (failure to conduct any
investigation of defendant's background); Tyler v. Kemp, 755 F.2d 741, 744
(11th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1026, 106 S.Ct. 582, 88 L.Ed.2d 564 (1985)
(no evidence introduced by either party at sentencing phase); King v.
Strickland, 748 F.2d 1462 (11th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1016, 105
S.Ct. 2020, 85 L.Ed.2d 301 (1985) (failure to present additional available
character witnesses as mitigating evidence not strategy decision).

22

Card argues extensively that the Florida Supreme Court erred in holding that
Judge Turner was acting as a de facto judge and claims that in reaching such a
conclusion, the Florida court arbitrarily refused to apply its own law.
Regardless of the merit of Card's contentions, it is settled law that this court
"may not issue the writ on the basis of a perceived error of state law." Pulley v.
Harris, 465 U.S. 37, 41, 104 S.Ct. 871, 875, 79 L.Ed.2d 29 (1984); Carrizales v.
Wainwright, 699 F.2d 1053 (11th Cir.1983)

23

The Eleventh Circuit, in the en banc decision Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661
F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981), adopted as precedent decisions of the former
Fifth Circuit rendered prior to October 1, 1981

24

In addition, both of these witnesses offered testimony, in the context of Card's

ineffective assistance of counsel claim, as to the alleged inadequacies of the

evaluations conducted by the prior experts
25

In Richardson v. State, 246 So.2d 771 (Fla.1971) the Florida Supreme Court
held that if the state fails to comply with a discovery rule, the court must
conduct an inquiry into the circumstances of the violation. Here, the alleged
discovery violation concerned the state's failure to inform defense counsel that
it would offer testimony regarding the fact that powersteering fluid was found
in the road near the victim's body and that Card's car was leaking fluid. The
trial judge overruled the defense's objection to the admission of the testimony,
but did not order a Richardson hearing

26

Card points to Magwood v. Smith, 791 F.2d 1438 (11th Cir.1986), in which this
court held that the trial court and Alabama Supreme Court erred in rejecting
two mental condition mitigating factors identical to those put forth by Card, as
not fairly supported by the record. Id. at 1450

27

See our discussion of Card's claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel at

the penalty phase in Section II above and our discussion of Card's claim of
Hitchcock error in this section

28

In Messer, the state trial court's sentencing report stated that:

In making this finding [that no mitigating circumstances are present], the Court
has considered the testimony of two clinical psychologists and a psychiatrist
who testified, none of whom diagnosed the Defendant to have been suffering
any extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the commission of
the offense.
834 F.2d at 894.

29

See Hargrave, 832 F.2d at 1535; Messer, 834 F.2d at 894

30

We note that the Supreme Court recently has decided that under the principles
announced in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334
(1989), a petitioner whose conviction became final before the court's ruling in
Caldwell may not rely on Caldwell to attack that conviction on federal habeas
corpus review. Sawyer v. Smith, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 2822, 111 L.Ed.2d 193
(1990). Because Sawyer post-dated the district court's decision, that court did
not rely on non-retroactivity when denying relief on this claim. The Supreme
Court has stated that the rule of Teague is not jurisdictional in the sense that a
court "must raise and decide the issue sua sponte." Collins v. Youngblood, --U.S. ----, ----, 110 S.Ct. 2715, 2716, 111 L.Ed.2d 30 (1990) (emphasis in
original). Because the district court did not address retroactivity and because

the state has not raised it before this court, we choose to dispose of this claim
on the grounds relied upon by the district court