United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
3d 1254
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of
Georgia.
Before COX, Circuit Judge, KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judge, and STAGG* ,
Senior District Judge.
At oral argument, the parties were ordered by this court to submit briefs on the
issue of whether this court has jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal.
Having reviewed the cases cited by the parties, we conclude that this court does
not have jurisdiction to entertain this appeal, and the appeal is dismissed.
I. BACKGROUND
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II. DISCUSSION
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The issue presented here is whether this court has jurisdiction to hear this
appeal pursuant to the collateral order doctrine announced in Cohen v.
Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 93 L.Ed. 1528
(1949). Defendants sought a certificate for interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28
U.S.C. 1292(b)1 , but were denied. Thus, this court has jurisdiction to hear this
appeal only if such jurisdiction is provided by the collateral order doctrine.
12
In Cohen, the Court stated that 28 U.S.C. 1291 does not "permit appeals, even
from fully consummated decisions, where they are but steps towards final
judgment in which they will merge." Id. at 546, 69 S.Ct. at 1225. "The purpose
is to combine in one review all stages of the proceeding that effectively may be
reviewed and corrected if and when final judgment results." Id. The collateral
order doctrine carves out a "narrow exception to the normal application of the
final judgment rule," Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States, 489 U.S. 794,
798, 109 S.Ct. 1494, 1498, 103 L.Ed.2d 879 (1989), limited to orders that (1)
conclusively determine (2) important legal questions which are (3) completely
separate from the merits of the underlying action and are (4) effectively
unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. See Cohen, 337 U.S. at 546, 69
S.Ct. at 1225-26. The defendants contend that the district court's order denying
their Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss based on the Act meets these four
preconditions and, therefore, is immediately appealable.
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It is clear that the Act does not provide immunity to insurance companies
against suit in federal court. The plain language of the Act does not mention
immunity, nor does it imply that it grants immunity to any person.3 The Act
does not allow federal laws of general application to invalidate state insurance
laws. This fact does not, however, extend to any person immunity from suit in
federal court. The protections of the Act are not analogous to the types of
The "primary legislative purpose of the Act was to reaffirm the states' power to
regulate insurance (subject to constitutional limitations) and to insure that state
regulatory schemes would not be impaired and overridden except by specific
and explicit congressional enactments." 21 L.Ed.2d 938, 949-950 (1969), citing
Hamilton Life Ins. Co. v. Republic Nat. Life Ins. Co., 291 F.Supp. 225
(D.C.N.Y.1968), affirmed, 408 F.2d 606 (2d Cir.1969). Section 1 of the Act
"shows the intention of Congress that states should continue regulating the
insurance business where Congress has not expressly taken over." 21 L.Ed.2d
938, 950 (1969), citing Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. v. Public Service
Commission, 332 U.S. 507, 68 S.Ct. 190, 92 L.Ed. 128 (1947). Thus, "the Act
has profoundly affected the question whether state or federal law applies in
insurance cases." 21 L.Ed.2d 938, 946 (1969). In practical application, the Act
"turns the traditional rule of federal preemption of state law on its head." Lee R.
Russ & Thomas F. Segulla, Couch on Insurance 3d 2-12 (1996). Based on the
above, this court concludes that the Act is a statute of preemption rather than
one granting immunity.
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Further, the cases of this circuit cited in the November 15, 1996 motion's panel
order regarding the applicability of the collateral order doctrine to this case, are
inapposite. In Uniforce, the court reviewed a final order--the district court's
grant of summary judgment. Thus, the collateral order doctrine was not
discussed, nor was the issue of the court's appellate jurisdiction raised. The
court addressed the merits of the summary judgment order and whether the Act
applied in that case. It did not discuss the Act as it relates to the collateral order
doctrine.
18
In TEC Cogeneration, the court merely recognized that this circuit has held that
the denial of state-action immunity from antitrust laws is immediately
appealable under the collateral order doctrine. See id. at n. 1.; Commuter
Transportation Systems, Inc. v. Hillsborough County Aviation Authority, 801
F.2d 1286, 1290 (11th Cir.1986). As previously stated, the Act does not
provide immunity from suit, as does state-action immunity. Thus, TEC
Cogeneration is inapplicable in this respect.
19
Because the Act does not provide immunity to suit, but rather a defense to
liability under federal statutes of general application, the denial of a motion to
dismiss based on the applicability of the Act to this controversy is not
immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine. Because the Act
provides a defense to liability, this issue is effectively reviewable on appeal
APPEAL DISMISSED.
Honorable Tom Stagg, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Western District of
Louisiana, sitting by designation