ENCE 4323 Fall 2009 Rapid Mixing Units
ENCE 4323 Fall 2009 Rapid Mixing Units
ENCE 4323 Fall 2009 Rapid Mixing Units
Fall 2009
RAPID MIXING UNITS
Diffusion by Pressured Water Jets (Fig. 1)
Very effective
But:
water must be free of suspended solids to prevent nozzle clogging,
prone to clogging by coagulant salts.
Design criteria:
Gt = 400 - 1600 (1000 average)
Minimum pressure, 0.7 kg/cm2, with mixing jet velocity, 6 - 7.6 m/s at the orifice.
In-line static mixers (Fig. 6.28)
Very effective
Head loss through the unit = 0.3 1.0 m. Therefore, additional power is needed (2.7 8.7
kwatt/m3.s) to overcome this head loss.
Hydraulic jumps (Fig. 8.10)
G = 300 s-1
Mixing time: 10 - 30 s
Serious disadvantages:
Lack of instantaneous mixing characteristics
Short-circuiting
Mixing period is too long for metallic coagulants
Shaft problems and gear drive failures in many installations
=
=
=
Therefore, for every mole of alum (600 g), 6 moles of alkalinity (HCO3-) are consumed.
1 eq
100 g CaCO 3 1 mole CaCO 3
=
=
=
74 g lime
mole lime = 0.37g lime
600 g alum
g alum
1 mole
mole alum
3 moles lime
Example
Assume an alum dosage of 50 mg/L, water alkalinity = 10 mg/L as CaCO3. Find the
chemical consumption for a treatment plant with a flow rate of 100 L/s.
Solution:
Only 2 x 10 mg/L of alum will be neutralized by the existing alkalinity. Therefore,
50 20 = 30 mg/L of alum must be neutralized with lime.
mg alum
mg lime
mg lime
Lime dosage = 30
0.37
= 11.1
L
mg alum
L
If Q = 100 L/s:
Alum consumption = 50 mg/L x 100 L/s x 86400 s/d x 1kg/106 mg = 432 kg/d
Lime consumption = 11.1 mg/L x 100 L/s x 86400 s/d x 1 kg/106 mg = 96 kg/d
Raw Water
Analyses
Jar Tests
Parameter
Turbidity, ntu
Alklinity, mg/L as CaCO3
Temperature, C
Alum, mg/L
pH
11
28
86
13
18
6.4
34
45
132
10
27
6.7
3
180
77
16
31
6.2
2
>200
82
36
6.4