United States v. Darrin Joseph Hoffman, 11th Cir. (2013)
United States v. Darrin Joseph Hoffman, 11th Cir. (2013)
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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 12-11529
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D.C. Docket No. 8:11-cr-00373-JSM-AEP-3
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On June 17 and 22, 2011, Hoffman sold to a confidential informant 1.7 grams and 1.8
grams, respectively, of methamphetamine. Law enforcement officers searched Hoffmans home
and discovered 46.3 grams of methamphetamine and other drug paraphernalia. After receiving
warnings pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966), Hoffman
admitted that, for the past year, he had been buying 12 ounces of methamphetamine per week
for re-sale from one of his co-defendants.
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cocaine and delivery of cocaine. The notice indicated that these convictions were
prior convictions for a felony drug offense under 21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(A),
which provides that having two such prior convictions raises the mandatory
minimum punishment for a 841(a), (b)(1)(A) conviction (Counts 1 and 10
against Hoffman) from ten years imprisonment to life imprisonment. Hoffman
filed no response or written objections to the governments 851 notice.
Hoffman proceeded to trial. Mid-way through the trial, Hoffman began
acting erratically, calling his competence into question. The district court
appointed a forensic psychologist to examine Hoffman, and the psychologist
concluded that Hoffman was malingering and faking his mental health symptoms.
The district court found Hoffman competent to proceed. On November 30, 2011,
a jury found Hoffman guilty on all charges.
B.
The PSI found the drug quantity attributable to Hoffman, based on Hoffmans
custodial statements made after receiving Miranda warnings, to be 2.21 kilograms
of methamphetamine. The PSI calculated Hoffmans advisory guidelines range by
assigning a base offense level of 34, pursuant to U.S.S.G. 2D1.1(c)(3), with no
adjustments to the offense level, and a criminal history category of IV, yielding an
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Besides these two juvenile arrests and convictions, the PSI indicated that Hoffman was
arrested or convicted 23 other times for various offenses between 1986 and 2011. In addition to
the August 1986 drug convictions, the PSI lists convictions for arson, failure to appear, grand
theft (twice), failure to re-deliver a hired vehicle, possession of crack cocaine, driving with a
suspended license, obstructing an officer without violence (twice), escape, and petit theft.
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Sentencing Hearing
At the sentencing hearing, defense counsel stated that he was unable to
discuss the PSI with Hoffman because Hoffman either refused to meet with
counsel, interrupted him, or made nonsensical statements. The district court
asked Hoffman whether he wanted to speak with his counsel about the PSI before
the hearing continued, but Hoffman declined. The district court found Hoffman
competent to proceed with the sentencing hearing.3
The district court presumed Hoffman objected to the PSIs factual accuracy,
but adopt[ed] the factual findings of the jury and the application of the Guidelines
as contained in the [PSI]. Defense counsel orally raised an objection about the
predicate convictions for the 851 sentence enhancement simply because he had
not been able to speak to Hoffman about them, but defense counsel could
articulate no reason why the prior convictions were not valid, so the district court
overruled the objection.
The district court sentenced Hoffman to life imprisonment on Counts 1 and
Hoffman does not challenge on appeal the district courts findings that he was competent
at trial and at sentencing.
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10 and 262 months imprisonment on the other two counts, to run concurrently.
Before announcing Hoffmans sentence, the district court expressly stated that it
reviewed the presentence report and considered the advisory Guidelines and the
factors of 18 U.S.C., Section 3553. The district court stated that [t]he sentence
imposed is the minimum mandatory sentence required by statute. After imposing
the sentence, the district court asked whether either party had objections. Neither
party had any objections.
Hoffman appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
A.
Standard of Review
On appeal, Hoffman raises two issues. Hoffman first argues that his
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both issues for plain error. See United States v. Patterson, 595 F.3d 1324, 1326
(11th Cir. 2010) (Where the defendant has failed to raise [an] issue below, we
review for plain error.). Plain error requires the defendant to show: (1) an error;
(2) that is plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4) that seriously affects the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. An error is
not plain unless it is contrary to explicit statutory provisions or to on-point
precedent in this Court or the Supreme Court. United States v. Schultz, 565 F.3d
1353, 1357 (11th Cir. 2009).
B.
convictions for a felony drug offense is convicted for possessing with intent to
distribute 50 or more grams of methamphetamine (or conspiring to do so, see 21
U.S.C. 846), he shall be sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment.
21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(A)(viii). Hoffman does not dispute that his 1986 state
cocaine possession, delivery, and trafficking conspiracy convictions qualify as
prior convictions for a felony drug offense under 841(b)(1)(A). Instead, he
argues that because he committed the state drug offenses while he was a juvenile,
imposing a mandatory life sentence based upon those offenses violates the Eighth
Amendments ban on cruel and unusual punishment.
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Hoffman has not met his burden of showing plain error. Hoffman cites
Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 125 S. Ct. 1183 (2005), in which the Supreme
Court held that the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid imposition of the
death penalty on offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were
committed. Id. at 568, 578, 125 S. Ct. at 1194, 1200. Roper is inapposite for
several reasons. First, Roper concerned imposition of the death penalty, not life
imprisonment. See id. at 568, 125 S. Ct. at 1194 (noting that the Eighth
Amendment applies in death penalty cases with special force).
Furthermore, Roper did not involve sentence enhancement for an adult
offender. In United States v. Wilks, 464 F.3d 1240, 124243 (11th Cir. 2006), this
Court rejected a challenge based on Roper to the use of youthful offender
convictions as predicate offenses to enhance a sentence under the career offender
sentencing guideline and the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. 924(e)(1).
The Wilks Court reasoned:
Roper does not deal specificallyor even tangentiallywith sentence
enhancement. It is one thing to prohibit capital punishment for those
under the age of eighteen, but an entirely different thing to prohibit
consideration of prior youthful offenses when sentencing criminals who
continue their illegal activity into adulthood. Roper does not mandate
that we wipe clean the records of every criminal on his or her eighteenth
birthday.
Wilks, 464 F.3d at 1243.
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Neither Lopez nor Willis mentions the age of the defendant at the time of the predicate
felony drug offenses. See Lopez, 649 F.3d at 1248; Willis, 956 F.2d at 251.
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Unreasonableness of Sentence
Hoffmans second claim is that his sentence is unreasonable because the
district court considered only Hoffmans prior felony drug convictions and the
amount of methamphetamine involved in the current offense, instead of
considering the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. 3553(a).6
Section 3553(a) requires the district court to consider certain factors in determining what
sentence to impose. The 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the
offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness
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After United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005),
sentencing requires two steps: (1) the district court must first correctly calculate
the advisory guidelines range, and (2) the district court must then consider the
3553(a) factors in arriving at a reasonable sentence. United States v. Talley, 431
F.3d 784, 786 (11th Cir. 2005). Hoffman challenges only the second step.
However, he has shown no error, plain or otherwise.
The district court remains bound by statutory mandatory minimum
sentences, even post-Booker. United States v. Castaing-Sosa, 530 F.3d 1358,
1362 (11th Cir. 2008).7 The district court stated that it had considered the
3553(a) factorswhich include the kinds of sentences available, 18 U.S.C.
3553(a)(3)and imposed the sentence mandated by statute. The district court
was statutorily required to sentence Hoffman to life, regardless of the other
3553(a) factors. See 21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(A)(viii); Castaing-Sosa, 530 F.3d at
1362.
of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (3)
the need for deterrence; (4) the need to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant
with needed educational or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences
available; (7) the Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing
Commission; (9) the need to avoid unwanted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide
restitution to victims. 18 U.S.C. 3553(a).
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A district court is not authorized to sentence a defendant below the statutory minimum
unless the government filed a substantial assistance motion pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3553(e), or
the defendant falls within the safety-valve provision of 3553(f). Castaing-Sosa, 530 F.3d at
136061. Neither exception applies here.
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AFFIRMED.8
This appeal was originally scheduled for oral argument, but under 11th Circuit Rule
343(f) it was removed from the oral argument calendar.
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