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    Learning Disabilities

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    This document discusses learning disabilities and provides definitions and considerations. It begins by defining learning disabilities according to federal definitions and those from the National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities and American Psychiatric Association. It notes learning disabilities involve difficulties in processes like listening, thinking, reading, writing and math. Causes may include genetic factors, toxins and medical issues. Characteristics include variations in academic skills like reading, writing and math as well as other skills. Educational approaches should focus on cognitive training, explicit instruction in areas like phonics and comprehension, and peer tutoring. Identification involves assessing discrepancies between achievement and ability through methods like response to intervention. Transition support includes early intervention and factors for successful postsecondary education and work.

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    Learning Disabilities

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    93 views23 pages
    This document discusses learning disabilities and provides definitions and considerations. It begins by defining learning disabilities according to federal definitions and those from the National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities and American Psychiatric Association. It notes learning disabilities involve difficulties in processes like listening, thinking, reading, writing and math. Causes may include genetic factors, toxins and medical issues. Characteristics include variations in academic skills like reading, writing and math as well as other skills. Educational approaches should focus on cognitive training, explicit instruction in areas like phonics and comprehension, and peer tutoring. Identification involves assessing discrepancies between achievement and ability through methods like response to intervention. Transition support includes early intervention and factors for successful postsecondary education and work.

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    This document discusses learning disabilities and provides definitions and considerations. It begins by defining learning disabilities according to federal definitions and those from the National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities and American Psychiatric Association. It notes learning disabilities involve difficulties in processes like listening, thinking, reading, writing and math. Causes may include genetic factors, toxins and medical issues. Characteristics include variations in academic skills like reading, writing and math as well as other skills. Educational approaches should focus on cognitive training, explicit instruction in areas like phonics and comprehension, and peer tutoring. Identification involves assessing discrepancies between achievement and ability through methods like response to intervention. Transition support includes early intervention and factors for successful postsecondary education and work.

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    93 views23 pages

    Learning Disabilities

    Uploaded by

    api-325331113
    This document discusses learning disabilities and provides definitions and considerations. It begins by defining learning disabilities according to federal definitions and those from the National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities and American Psychiatric Association. It notes learning disabilities involve difficulties in processes like listening, thinking, reading, writing and math. Causes may include genetic factors, toxins and medical issues. Characteristics include variations in academic skills like reading, writing and math as well as other skills. Educational approaches should focus on cognitive training, explicit instruction in areas like phonics and comprehension, and peer tutoring. Identification involves assessing discrepancies between achievement and ability through methods like response to intervention. Transition support includes early intervention and factors for successful postsecondary education and work.

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    of 23

    Learning Disabilities

    Hannah B & Kelsie M

    1.
    What Is A Learning Disability?

    Federal

    Definitions

    General--The term specific learning disability means


    a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological
    processes involved in understanding or in using
    language, spoken or written, which disorder may
    manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think,
    speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical
    calculations
    Disorders included--such term includes such conditions
    as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain
    dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia
    Disorders not included-- such term does not include a
    learning problem that is primarily the result of visual,
    hearing, or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of
    emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or
    economic disadvantage.

    Reference to psychological processes


    Omission of the intrinsic nature of
    learning disabilities
    Omission of adults
    Omission of self-regulation and social
    interaction problems
    Inclusion of terms difficult to define
    Confusion about the exclusion clause
    Inclusion of spelling

    Definitions
    NJCLD

    Federal

    Learning disabilities is a general term that refers to a


    heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant
    difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading,
    writing, reasoning, or presumed to be due to central nervous
    system dysfunction and may occur across the lifespan. Problems in
    self-regulatory behaviors, social perception, and social interaction
    may exist with learning disabilities but do not by themselves
    constitute a learning disability.
    Although learning disabilities may occur concomitantly with other
    handicapping conditions or with extrinsic influences, they are not
    the result of those conditions or influences.

    Definitions
    APA
    LD is a neurological disorder that
    affects academic learning

    Federal

    NJCLD

    Considers a specific learning


    disorder as a broad category with a
    single diagnosis rather than
    defining a learning disorder or
    disability in a specific area
    Removes the IQ-achievement
    discrepancy for identification of
    SLD.

    2.
    What Causes a Learning
    Disability?

    Causes
    Brain Damage vs. Brain
    Dysfunction (CNS Dysfunction)
    But what causes neurological
    dysfunctions?
    Genetic factors
    Toxins
    Medical factors

    3.
    Characteristics of Learning
    Disabilities

    Psychological & Behavioral Characteristics


    Interindividual Variation

    Academic Achievement Problems

    Heterogeneous

    Reading

    Intraindividual Variation
    Variability within their own
    profiles of abilities

    Writing
    Spoken Language
    Math

    Decoding, fluency,
    comprehension
    Phonological awareness
    Phonemic awareness

    Reading

    Spoken
    language

    Syntax
    Semantics
    Phonology
    Pragmatics

    Handwriting
    Spelling
    Composition

    Computation
    Word Problems

    Writing

    Math

    Other Characteristics
    Perceptual, Perceptual-Motor &
    General Coordination Problems
    Attention & Hyperactivity
    Memory & Metacognitive

    Social-Emotional Problems
    Motivational Problems
    Inactive Learner with Strategy
    Deficits

    4.
    Educational Considerations

    Cognitive Training
    The focus:
    1. Changing thought processes
    2. Providing Strategies for Learning
    3. Teaching Self-Initiative
    Techniques:

    Self-instruction
    Self-monitoring
    Scaffolded instruction
    Reciprocal teaching

    Instructional Approaches for Academics


    Approaches for Reading

    Explicit and systematic focus on


    phonological awareness
    Phonics
    Fluency
    Vocabulary
    Comprehension
    www.readingrockets.org

    Approaches for Writing

    Explicit and systematic for planning,


    revising, and editing compositions
    SRSD (self regulated strategy
    development)
    Writing as a problem-solving
    task
    Example

    **For more approaches in Math, Science, and Social Studies refer to textbook

    Additional Approaches
    Direct Instruction
    Systematic analysis of the
    concept to be taught, rather
    than the analysis of the
    characteristics of the student
    Task analysis

    Youtube link

    Additional Approaches
    Direct Instruction

    Peer Tutoring

    Systematic analysis of the


    concept to be taught rather
    than the analysis of the
    characteristics of the student

    Classwide peer tutoring (CWPT)

    Task Analysis

    Peer-assisted learning
    strategies (PALS)

    Service Delivery Model


    1)
    2)
    3)

    Keeping students in
    special education
    classrooms
    Cooperative Teaching
    Arrangements
    Full inclusion?

    5.
    Identification and
    Assessment

    Identification
    To be identified as learning disabled, the student needed to exhibit:
    severe discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability

    IQ-achievement
    discrepancy

    Response to
    Intervention
    (RTI)

    Assessment
    Curriculum Based Measurement
    Monitor academic progress
    See chart
    Informal Assessment
    Informal Reading Inventory
    Testing Accommodations
    Controversy

    6.
    Intervention and
    Transition

    Transition
    Early intervention
    Factors related to successful transition

    Perseverance
    Goal setting
    Acceptance of weakness and strength building
    Strong social support network
    Educational intervention
    High quality training
    Supportive work environment
    Do not let their disability rule them

    Secondary programming
    Postsecondary programming

    es
    :
    ou
    rc
    Re
    s

    Learning Disabilities Association of America:


    https://ldaamerica.org/resources/
    LD online: The Educators Guide to Learning Disabilities and ADHD:
    http://www.ldonline.org/index.php
    Center for Parent Information and Resources:
    http://www.parentcenterhub.org/repository/ld/
    Do2learn:
    http://do2learn.com/disabilities/CharacteristicsAndStrategies/S
    pecificLearningDisability_Strategies.html

    Any Questions?

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