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PA Notes by Ayesha Younas
PA Notes by Ayesha Younas
Pakistan Affairs
Revised Syllabus
Ayesha Younas
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The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor for later Muslim national movements
of the subcontinent. Dr. Sachin Sen
Topic 6: Educational Institutions-Aligarh Movement
1) Introduction
a. The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims.
b. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their adversaries
because they had ousted them from power
c. The British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic
changes
d. Arabic, Persian and religious education banned in schools
e. English made not only the medium of instruction but also the official
language in 1835
f. Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed
launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress through modern
education.
2) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 27 Mar 1898)
a. Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather Ex Mughal
PM)
b. Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine
c. Joined govt in 1839 after fathers death in a clerical job 1841
promoted as Sub-Judge 1846 transferred to Delhi Chief judge in
1846 was offered an estate for services rendered to British during
war 1857 but he rejected 1877 member of imperial council 1886
University of Edinburgh LL.D degree 1888 Knighthood
3) Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement
a. Objective:
i. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus
ii. Cooperation with the British government
b. Schools
i. Muradabad (1859)
ii. Ghazipur (1863)
c. Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)
i. (to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)
ii. 1866 Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments
of goodwill & friendship)
d. Muhammadan Educational Conference
i. Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern
education techniques Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik,
Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
ii. 1869 went to England, studied education system of Oxford &
Cambridge
e. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)
i. to impart modern knowledge to Muslims
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Conclusion
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1997: General elections are held, the fourth time such polls have taken
place since 1988. Nawaz Sharif's PML-N party wins and he is elected
prime minister for the second time. Rafiq Tarar is sworn in as President
the next year.
February 14, 2012 passing of 20th amendment for For Free and Fair
Elections
j.
2013 November - Lt Gen Raheel Sharif takes over as head of the army
on the retirement of General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani.
Lashkar-eJhangvi (LeJ)
Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT)
j.
Lashkar-e-Jabbar (LeJ)
8) Pakistans Efforts
a. A number of sectarian organizations was banned and their assets
frozen
b. Madrassas reforms.
c. Revamping the law enforcement agencies by better equipping and
training them,
d. NADRA
e. The government directed the expulsion and extradition of all foreign
students.
f. At the international level, the government cooperated with the UN to
curb the menace.
9) Counter Terrorism Strategy
a. Obama should avoid Bushs policies of use of force to avoid further
military and financial losses.
b. Involving UNSC & OIC would be in the interest of US to minmise anti US
sentiments in the Muslim world.
c. Interfaith dialogue can clear the misconceptions against each other.
d. Solution of issues like Kashmir and Palestine
e. The Muslims should discourage extremist groups in their social life.
f. Madressa reforms
g. Positive role of world media
10)
Counter Terrorism Strategy By Maleeha Lodhi
a. There is no silver bullet that can address global terrorism in all its
complexity, writes Dr Maleeha Lodhi in The Threats of all Threats.
b. She proposed a broad-gauge counter-terrorism strategy based on nine
Cs:
i. Comprehensiveness and multifaceted strategy is needed
ii. Consensus at the global level is required
iii. Causes and conditions that breed terrorism
iv. Confusion about the definition of terrorism
v. Capabilities must be improved and national capacities
strengthened
vi. Cooperative rather than coercive national and international
strategies
vii. Civil liberties and principles of good governance must be
viii. Civilization and cultural: dialogue and understanding
ix. Conference at the summit level must be called
Conclusion
a. Today terrorism is complex in scope, even across the continents by
non-state actors.
b. Deprivation and an unjust political and socio-economic dispensation
rapidly give rise to frustration.
c. The remedy lies in a tolerant and democratic society.
d. Make a distinction between terrorism and legitimate struggle for
freedom and right of self-determination, the denial of which can breed
terrorism and a threat to peaceful co-existence.
g. To cut off all shipments of fuel to Taliban and stop recruits from going
to Afghan.
8) Effects of Changing Foreign Policy:
a. Pakistan's decision to join world community in the war against
terrorism brought it back into the international mainstream and won it
the revived and stronger support from major countries of the world.
9) New Strategic Vision Of Foreign Policy Of Pakistan
a. The security of its own country and not the security of others.
b. Peaceful co existence, i.e. further development of regional ties and the
strengthening of their own positions.
10)
Conclusion
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4) What
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